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The report finds that the leading characteristic of human-machine interaction should be that of human control and machine dependence on humans in the execution of the targeting cycle. The control exercised by the operator must be sufficient to reflect the operator's intention for the purpose of establishing the legal accountability and ethical responsibility for all ensuing acts.

Ende September 2016 endete die fünfte Überprüfungskonferenz des Vertrags über konventionelle Streitkräfte in Europa (KSE-Vertrag) in Wien ohne greifbares Ergebnis. Russland, das die Implementierung des Vertrags Ende 2007 suspendiert hat, nahm nicht teil. Auch die baltischen Republiken und andere Nato-Staaten gehören dem KSE-Vertrag nicht an. Erneut wurde deutlich, dass er keinen wirksamen Beitrag mehr leistet, um für militärische Zurückhaltung und Berechenbarkeit in einem Europa zu sorgen, dass von neuen Konflikten, einem konfrontativen Sicherheitsverständnis und der Gefahr militärischer Eskalation gekennzeichnet ist. Deshalb hatte der deutsche Außenminister Frank-Walter Steinmeier Ende August 2016 vorgeschlagen, einen strukturierten Dialog darüber zu führen, wie konventionelle Rüstungskontrolle wiederbelebt werden kann. Der Vorschlag wird von 14 europäischen Staaten unterstützt. Bisher besteht aber noch keine Klarheit über die politischen Voraussetzungen, die militärische Substanz und den rechtlichen Rahmen etwaiger Neuregelungen. Es ist an der Zeit, darüber nachzudenken, sollen Glaubwürdigkeit und Nachhaltigkeit der Initiative gewahrt werden. (Autorenreferat)

Since its origins, in the context of the Cold War's beginning, NATO has been a robust defensive alliance, acting in accordance with UN Charter, as a collective defence structure based on solidarity and mutual trust. Nowadays it has 28 member states and one can say that it fulfilled its main role: to protect the West against communist/Soviet threats using the deterrence and containmemt tools. Neither USSR nor its main instrument, the Warsaw Pact dare to attack the Euro-Altantic area. Our main assumption is that because the specific national interests of each member state, because of the domestic-constitutional issues and bureaucratic obstacles, the Alliance cannot yet forge a common strategic culture for all its members and also lacks a common lens for detecting real risks and therats, be they nation states or non-states actors. Nowadays, Russia and Islamic State are the main adversaries for the Western states, thus NATO should be more effective in dealing with them. And there is a need for reform and transformation. Divergences between adepts of territorial defence and those of pro-active "out of area" missions go in addition to divergences concerning the neeed for increased defence budgets for all members and especially concering the attitude towards Russia. Moscow used economic and energy tools trying to divise some allies like Hungary, Greece and Bulgaria and it partially succeeded. Using some theories of alliances and of democratic peace, resorting to recent facts and figures related to NATO's activities and plans, will help the reader understand the problem of increasing the power vs. increasing the security dilemma and the prospect of future conflicts.

In 2008 Russia's Defence Minister Anatoly Serdyukov launched a mammoth project of comprehensive military reforms, whose objectives his successor Sergei Shoigu has also upheld since his November 2012 appointment. Despite deficits in recruitment, equipment and funding, Moscow's armed forces have already accomplished the organisational transition from mass mobilisation army to modern combat force. Although the reforms will not fundamentally change the balance of power with the United States, increased military muscle-flexing vis-à-vis Europe must be expected. Above all, however, the reforms expand Moscow's ability to project power in the post-Soviet space and militarily reinforce Putin's efforts to tie that region more closely to Russia. (author's abstract)

"In diesem Beitrag werden separatistische Konflikte am Beispiel Südthailands und der südlichen Philippinen untersucht. Beide Konflikte dauern bereits lange an, sind äußerst gewalttätig und von ethnischen und religiösen Spannungen geprägt. Durch einen Vergleich der beiden Krisenregionen werden strukturelle Gemeinsamkeiten sichtbar, die auf ähnliche Konfliktursachen hinweisen. Binnenstaatliche Konflikte solchen Ausmaßes sind nicht nur eine Frage nationaler Politik. Staatliche und nichtstaatliche AkteurInnen nahmen und nehmen auf unterschiedliche Art und Weise und mit unterschiedlichen Zielen Einfluss auf separatistische Konflikte. Es wird deutlich, dass nicht-traditionelle Sicherheitsfragen in Verbindung mit binnenstaatlichen Konflikten eine proaktivere Rolle ASEANs im Rahmen des Konfliktmanagements notwendig machen." (Autorenreferat)

The conflict over the Iranian nuclear programme represents the greatest challenge for international efforts to prevent nuclear proliferation. For decades Iran has been violating obligations contained in its safeguards agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in order to become nuclear weapons capable.

But what impact does the conflict over Tehran's nuclear programme have on the nuclear non-proliferation regime? In three areas there is significant overlap between efforts to find a solution with Iran and broader discussions about strengthening non-proliferation norms, rules and procedures: verification of civilian nuclear programmes, limiting the ability to produce weapons-grade fissile materials, and nuclear fuel supply guarantees. The nuclear dispute with Tehran is likely to have specific effects in each of these fields on the non-proliferation regime's norms, rules and procedures.

The ninth NPT review conference, which will take place from 27 April to 22 May 2015, offers an opportunity to draw lessons from the nuclear conflict and discuss ideas for further strengthening the regime. Germany is the only non-nuclear-weapon state within the E3+3 group and the strongest proponent of nuclear disarmament. As a supporter of effective multilateralism, Berlin also bears a special responsibility for ensuring that steps to strengthen nuclear verification and control efforts in the talks with Iran also reflect the non-nuclear-weapon states' interest in disarmament and transparency on the part of the nuclear-weapons states. (Autorenreferat)

Aus israelischer Sicht

"'Was gesagt werden muss', das 'Gedicht' von Günter Grass, hat außer vereinzelter Zustimmung eine Welle der Empörung ausgelöst. Der Autor analysiert in seinem Beitrag sowohl die Trugschlüsse und Verzerrungen des Grassschen Textes als auch die realexistierende geopolitische Gefahrenlage im Nahen Osten." (Autorenreferat)

"The deepening civilizational crisis has already brought us to the point of structurally irreversible limits. As the great lessons from the 20th century teach us, it seems impossible that we can solve the problems of development, environment, human security and social peace through application of conventional wisdom by making simple 'make shift' policy changes at the global level or merely changing the 'forms' in the dominant paradigm. Therefore, as we enter into the 21th century, we ought to search for answers beyond the Capitalist-Socialist divide, or the State-Market dichotomy in a globalized world. Essentially, both are two different faces of the same paradigm of violence - based an violence of man by man and violence of nature by man. At the root of this paradigm is the acquisitive, self-seeking, utility-maximizing, atomistic, instrumentally rational, and anthropocentric homo oeconomicus. In our search for another world, we ought to look for radical alternatives to this very foundation of the present paradigm, and build up an agenda for a peaceful social transformation through a human revolution. Against this backdrop, this paper examines the Gandhian Paradigm of Non-Violent social transformation as an alternative to create a sustainable society, ensuring human wellbeing at the micro level and peace at the macro level, through a moral transformation of the anthropological monster, the homo oeconomicus." (author's abstract)