Suchergebnisse

Використання ділових ігор як методу навчання базується на імітаційному моделюванні процесів професійної діяльності фахівців та умов їх здійснення. Апаратно-програмне електронне забезпечення, що використовується під час їх проведення, дає змогу створювати квазіпрофесійне навчальне середовище та сприяє розвитку комп'ютерних ділових ігор. Застосування сучасних засобів імітаційного моделювання бойових дій у заходах індивідуальної та колективної підготовки військових фахівців відкриває додаткові можливості для формування їх компетентності під час вирішення професійних ситуацій в умовах невизначеності. Досвід застосування таких засобів у освітньому процесі вищої військової школи під час проведення практичних занять (тренувань) методом комп'ютерної ділової гри протягом останнього часу засвідчує потребу удосконалення їх навчально-методичного супроводу для більш результативного використання технологічних можливостей засобів імітаційного моделювання бойових дій. У статті автори на підставі визначення особливостей використання методу ділової гри, системи імітаційного моделювання JCATS розглядають методичне підґрунтя реалізації методу комп'ютерної ділової гри із застосуванням засобів імітаційного моделювання бойових дій під час проведення практичних занять (тренувань) із військовими фахівцями. ; Использование деловых игр как метода обучения базируется на имитационном моделировании процессов профессиональной деятельности специалистов и условий их осуществления. Аппаратно-программное электронное обеспечение, используемое при их проведении, позволяет создавать квазипрофессиональную учебную среду и способствует развитию компьютерных деловых игр. Применение современных средств имитационного моделирования боевых действий в мероприятиях индивидуальной и коллективной подготовки военных специалистов открывает дополнительные возможности для формирования у них компетентности во время решения профессиональных ситуаций в условиях неопределенности. Опыт применения таких средств в образовательном процессе высшей военной школы во время проведения практических занятий (тренировок) методом компьютерной деловой игры свидетельствует о необходимости совершенствования учебно-методического сопровождения их для более результативного использования технологических возможностей средств имитационного моделирования боевых действий.В статье авторы на основании определения особенностей использования метода деловой игры, системы имитационного моделирования JCATS рассматривают методическую основу реализации метода компьютерной деловой игры с применением средств имитационного моделирования боевых действий при проведении практических занятий (тренировок) с военными специалистами. ; Using business games as a teaching method is based on the simulation of professional activity processes and conditions for their implementation. The hardware-software electronic software is used to their conduct allows to create a quasi-professional learning environment and contributes to the development of computer business games. Using modern combat operations simulation tools during individual and collective training of military specialists opens up additional opportunities for competence formation among game participants while solving professional situations in conditions of uncertainty. The experience of using such tools in the educational process of a higher military school during exercises (training) indicates using computer business game method indicates the need to improve educational and methodological support them for a more effective using technical capabilities of combat operations simulation tools.In the article, the authors, based on determining features of the business game method, the JCATS simulation system, develop a methodological basis for the implementation of computer business game method using combat actions simulation tools during exercises (training) with military specialists.

Penelitian ini membahas mengenai latar belakang penerapan politik etis di Kerajaan Soppeng, bentuk penerapan dan dampak dari politik etis di Kerajaan Soppeng. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah yang terdiri dari empat tahapan, yaitu heuristik (mencari dan mengumpulkan sumber), kritik sumber (kritik intern dan ektern), interpretasi (penafsiran sumber) dan historiografi (penulisan sejarah). Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara melakukan penelitian lapangan terdiri dari wawancara dan mengumpulkan sumber arsip serta literatur-literatur yang berhubungan. Berdasarkan hasil pelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa masuknya pengaruh Hindia Belanda di Kerajaan Soppeng pertama kali Pada tanggal 25 September 1905 dan menenpatkan diri sebagai penguasa di Kerajaan Soppeng. Semenjak berkuasa, Belanda Menerapkan kebijakan politik etis, dimana kebijakan ini meliputi pembangunan 14 sekolah dan dibangunya 12 irigasi di Wilayah Kerajaan Soppeng. Wilayah ini menjadi perhatian pihak Belanda karena kondisi masyarakat yang terbelakang dalam bidang pengetahuan dan potensi pertanahan dan pertanian yang subur di wilayah ini patut untuk dikembangkan. Dari hasil penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa masuknya Belanda di Kerajaan Soppeng telah memeberikan dampak positif bagi kaum pribumi, hal ini dikarenakan masuknya Belanda telah mengajarkan konsep pendidikan formal serta tata cara mengelola pertanian dengan moderen seperti, membangun irigasi di Kerjaan Soppeng pada saat itu. Adapun dampak negatif ialah banyaknya kebiasaan lokal yang berubah. Kata Kunci : Politik, Etis, Kerajaan, dan Soppeng Abstract This research is discuss about the background of the application of Ethical Politics in the Kingdom of Soppeng, the terms of application and the impact of ethical politics in the Soppeng Kingdom. This research is using historical research method which consists of four stages, which is heuristics (searching and gathering sources), source criticism (internal and external criticism), interpretation (source interpretation) and historiography (history writing). The method of data collection is done by conducting field research consisting of interviews and collecting archives and related literatures. Based on the results of this research shows that the entry of the influence of the Dutch East Indies in the Kingdom of Soppeng was the first time on September 25th, 1905 and established itself as a ruler in the Kingdom of Soppeng. Since coming to power, the Netherlands has implemented an ethical political policy, which includes the construction of 14 schools and the construction of 12 irrigation systems in the Soppeng Kingdom Area. This region is concern to the Dutch because the backward condition of the community in the field of knowledge and the potential for fertile land and agriculture in this region deserves to be developed.From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the entry of the Netherlands in the Kingdom of Soppeng had a positive impact on the natives, this is because the Dutch entry had taught the concept of formal education and procedures for managing agriculture in a modern way, such as building irrigation in the Soppeng Work at that time. The negative impact is that many local habits have changed. Keyword : politics, Ethical, Kingdom, and Soppeng

158 p. ; La tesis titulada "El liderazgo y su relación con la gestión directiva de los directivos docentes en la Institución Educativa Monserrate del municipio de la Plata, Huila". Se realizó con el objetivo de Determinar la relación del liderazgo de los directivos con la gestión directiva de la Institución Educativa Monserrate del municipio de la Plata, Huila, para fortalecer los procesos de gestión directiva en cuanto a las relaciones del directivo docente con los diferentes estamentos educativos a través del liderazgo para el mejoramiento institucional. La investigación se apoyó en los procedimientos de la investigación cuantitativa, de tipo experimental y diseño correlacional. A través del cual se busca de manera especial presentar características de las variables que son materia de análisis, explicando los resultados del liderazgo y su relación y con la gestión directiva, lo que permitirá realizar la correlación entre las variables, explicando porque suceden los hechos y en qué condiciones se dan con relación a las variables que se plantean considerando las características de las preguntas en relación a la investigación. Una de las principales conclusiones fue que se evidenció la falta de realizar una autoevaluación objetiva y un seguimiento periódico a la gestión directiva en relación al direccionamiento estratégico, la cultura institucional, el clima y el gobierno escolar, además de las relaciones con el entorno; teniendo en cuenta que con los procesos de capacitación en liderazgo realizados se mejoraron substancialmente todos los procesos de gestión educativa. ; The thesis entitled "Leadership and its relationship with the directive management of the teaching directors in the Monserrate Educational Institution of the municipality of La Plata, Huila". It was carried out with the objective of determining the relationship of the leadership of the directors with the directive management of the Monserrate Educational Institution of the municipality of La Plata, Huila, to strengthen the directive management processes in terms of the relationships of the teaching director with the different levels education through leadership for institutional improvement. The research was supported by the procedures of quantitative research, experimental and correlational design. Through which it is sought in a special way to present characteristics of the variables that are the subject of analysis, explaining the results of leadership and its relationship and with the directive management, which will allow the correlation between the variables, explaining why the events happen and under what conditions are given in relation to the variables that arise considering the characteristics of the questions in relation to the research. One of the main conclusions was that there was evidence of the lack of an objective self-evaluation and periodic monitoring of the directive management in relation to the strategic direction, the institutional culture, the climate and the school government, in addition to the relations with the environment; taking into account that with the leadership training processes carried out, all educational management processes were substantially improved.

190 p. ; La presente investigación denominada "Acompañamiento pedagógico situado como estrategia para el fortalecimiento del conocimiento didáctico de contenido de los docentes de educación inicial del establecimiento educativo Fernando Rodríguez del municipio de Recetor – Casanare" se basa en el informe del año 2008, de la consultora internacional Mckinsey, el cual dicta en uno de sus apartes, que para experimentar cambios significativos y exitosos en los sistemas educativos de países en vía de desarrollo, se hace necesario incorporar pares educativos a las escuela, con el fin de conseguir capacitación y entrenamiento específico uno a uno en el aula. Esta estrategia de acompañamiento garantizaría el fortalecimiento del conocimiento didáctico de contenido de los docentes (CDC), que se basa en la teoría de Lee Shulman acerca de la relación que existe entre conocimiento de contenido (conocimiento disciplinar) y conocimiento didáctico para garantizar mejoras en las prácticas de aula. Para respaldar la investigación, se relacionan diferentes investigaciones y autores que dan cuenta de la importancia del acompañamiento pedagógico, del conocimiento didáctico de contenido y de los elementos esenciales en la línea técnica y política en educación inicial en Colombia. Esta investigación se desarrolla a través del enfoque mixto o cualicuantitativo, pues aborda la realidad para conocerla y transformarla; esta no es solamente realizada por el investigador, se realiza con la participación de la comunidad involucrada en ella. Así mismo, se presenta una guía como propuesta pedagógica que aporta y enmarca el proceso de acompañamiento pedagógico. ; The present investigation called "Pedagogical accompaniment located as a strategy for strengthening the didactic knowledge of content of the initial education teachers of the educational establishment Fernando Rodríguez of the municipality of Recetor - Casanare" is based on the report of the year 2008, of the international consulting firm Mckinsey , which dictates in one of its sections, that in order to experience significant and successful changes in the educational systems of developing countries, it is necessary to incorporate educational peers into schools, in order to achieve specific training and training one by one in the classroom. This accompaniment strategy would guarantee the strengthening of teachers' content didactic knowledge (CDC), which is based on Lee Shulman's theory about the relationship between content knowledge (disciplinary knowledge) and didactic knowledge to guarantee improvements in the classroom practices. To support the investigation, different investigations and authors are related that account for the importance of pedagogical accompaniment, didactic content knowledge and essential elements in the technical and political line in initial education in Colombia. This research is developed through a mixed or qualitative-quantitative approach, as it addresses reality in order to know and transform it; This is not only carried out by the researcher, it is carried out with the participation of the community involved in it. Likewise, a guide is presented as a pedagogical proposal that contributes and frames the process of pedagogical accompaniment.

El presente artículo indaga y reflexiona sobre aspectos relevantes presentesen las pedagogías feministas, como forma de propiciar la transformación de espacios de aprendizaje, alejados del pensamiento hegemónico patriarcal. Estas reflexiones emergen desde los movimientos sociales de 2018 definidos por los medios de comunicación como mayo feminista en Chile. Comenzamos a hacernos preguntas sobre cómo los feminismos permean a la sociedad y a la pedagogía en un contexto latinoamericano-chileno y donde las estructuras sociales, culturales y políticas están siendo remecidas frente al cuestionamiento de una sistemaeducativo que no va en sintonía de las necesidades de la ciudadanía.Con lo anterior, se toman algunas conceptualizaciones del pensamiento feminista latinoamericano y el feminismo de la diferencia sexual, para re-pensar los territorios educativos.Es así como este articulo indaga en las dinámicas del aprendizaje y se busca poner en valor aspectos relevantes para pensar las escuelas alejadas de prácticas discriminatorias, sexistas y marginadoras.De esta forma emergen las ideas de experiencias como procesos de vivencia compartida con otras-os, los contextos diversos para pensar pedagogías significativas, las propias narrativas y la consideración de un aprendizaje colaborativo y de relaciones amorosas, siendo estas últimas una práctica constante en el quehacer de las movilizaciones feministas ocurridas enChile durante mayo del 2018 y desde donde se abordan estos últimos planteamientos.Este trabajo es una invitación a visualizar nuevas formas de aprendizaje, desde la consideración de la singularidad y las trayectorias vitales para la construcción del conocimiento. ; Abstract. The present article investigates and reflects on relevant aspects present in feminist pedagogies, as a way of propitiating the transformation of learning spaces, far from patriarchal hegemonic thought. These reflections emerge from the social movements of 2018 defined by the media as feminist May (in Chile. We begin to ask ourselves questions about how feminisms permeate society and pedagogy in a Latin American-Chilean context and where social, cultural and political structures are being shaken in the face of the questioning of an educational system that is not in tune with the needs of the citizenry.In addition of above, some conceptualizations of Latin American feminist thought are taken and feminism of sexual difference to rethink educational territories. This is how this article investigates the dynamics of learning and seeks to value relevant aspects to think about schools away from discriminatory, sexist and marginalizing practices.In this way, the ideas of experiences emerge as processes of shared living with others, the diverse contexts for thinking about meaningful pedagogies, the narratives themselves and the consideration of collaborative learning and love relationships, the latter being a constant practice in the work of the 2018 feminist mobilizations and from where these last approaches are board.This work is an invitation to visualize new forms of learning, from the consideration of the singularity and the vital trajectories for the construction of knowledge.

El objetivo de este trabajo es el diseño de un experimento económico que funcione como mecanismo de evaluación, y eventualmente de cambio, que permita establecer cómo toman decisiones los individuos cuando se enfrentan a diferentes niveles de incertidumbre, comunicación e institucionalidad. Este mecanismo está enmarcado en la actualidad que tiene el país, especialmente en las consecuencias del Tratado de Paz firmado por el gobierno colombiano y la anterior guerrilla de las FARC. Consecuencias que afectan a los diferentes ecosistemas, especialmente el de aquellas regiones donde las FARC solían tener control territorial. La aplicación de este mecanismo y la formulación de políticas públicas construidas con la interacción de los habitantes de dichos territorios podría evitar futuros conflictos. El experimento tiene en cuenta la participación en votaciones como una forma de comunicación y como una institución que toma decisiones a nivel social. Además, incorpora la incertidumbre, asociada a distintas realidades del país, como una realidad para tener en cuenta, y las decisiones que toman los individuos en ausencia de certeza. Para comprobar la viabilidad de implementar este experimento, se realizó un piloto en la IED École La Candelaria de la ciudad de Bogotá, donde se obtuvieron resultados satisfactorios. Se plantean nuevas aproximaciones a tratamientos donde se tenga en cuenta la incertidumbre, el mecanismo de votación, la presencia de instituciones y se formula la responsabilidad que se tiene como investigador al entender el experimento como una instalación que deja un saldo pedagógico. ; The objective of this paper is the design of an economic experiment that works as evaluation mechanism, and possibly of change, that allows to establish how do individuals make decision when they face different levels of uncertainty, communication and institutionalism. This economic experiment framed in the current situation of the country, especially the consequences of the Peace Treaty signed by the Colombian government and the previous FARC guerrilla. Consequences that affect the different ecosystems, especially in those regions where FARC used to have territorial control, the application of this mechanism and the formulation of public policies built with the interaction of the inhabitants of those territories could avoid future conflicts. The experiment considers the participation in voting as a form of communication and as an institution that makes decisions at social level. Furthermore, it incorporates uncertainty, associated with different realities of the country, as a condition to consider, and the decisions taken by the individuals in the absence of certainty. To verify the feasibility of conducting this experiment, a pilot was carried out in the École Candelaria School in Bogotá, where satisfactory results were obtained. New approaches to treatments are proposed, considering uncertainty, the voting mechanism, the presence of institutions and the responsibility that one has, as a researcher, when the experiment is understood as an installation that leaves a pedagogical balance. ; Maestría

The aim of this article is to analyze the uses of documentary informative cinema as a cultural artifact which was employed as a pedagogical device. To do so, we studied motion pictures filmed in Argentina and shown in Spain in the second quarter of the 20th century, in an attempt to understand how a symmetrical aesthetic is shaped to narrate the bodily practices of youth. Informative documentary cinema, especially newsreels, constituted a resource for mass communications. A familiarity can be observed between the Argentinean images analyzed between 1938-1955 in Sucesos Argentinos, with others made in the second quarter of the 20th century in Spain, through No-Do. In addition to economic, political and cultural influences, Argentina imported into Spain ways of narrating state-organized physical culture. Sheltered in a nationalist rhetoric characteristic of the interwar period and the Second World War, it can be affirmed that there was a transnational aesthetic of how to narrate correct corporal and cultural comportment. Through images that were projected in theaters in these countries, newsreel broadcasts simultaneously and homogeneously transmitted the same discourse –everything, to everyone, at the same time–, resulting in a true transnational pedagogy. In short, a pedagogy outside the school walls is studied through informative documentary film images from the second quarter of the 20th century that aimed to form bodies and sensibilities. ; El objetivo es analizar los usos del cine informativo documental como artefacto cultural capaz de ser utilizado como dispositivo pedagógico. Para ello se estudian diversas imágenes en movimiento filmadas en Argentina que fueron proyectadas en España en el segundo cuarto del siglo XX con la intención de comprender cómo se conforma una estética simétrica para narrar prácticas corporales de y para la juventud. El cine documental informativo, especialmente el género noticieros cinematográficos, consistió en un recurso para la proyección masiva de comunicaciones en forma de noticias nacionales e internacionales. Se observa una familiaridad en las imágenes analizadas que produjeron el principal noticiero cinematográfico argentino entre 1938-1955, Sucesos Argentinos, con otros realizados en el segundo cuarto del siglo XX en España, a través del No-Do. Más allá de la influencia económica, política y cultural, Argentina exportó a España modos de narrar prácticas corporales organizadas estatalmente. Amparados en retóricas nacionalistas características del período entreguerras y durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, puede afirmarse que existió una estética transnacional de cómo narrar las técnicas corporales y culturales correctas. A través de imágenes que en estos países se proyectaban obligatoriamente en todas las salas, los noticieros cinematográficos transmitieron simultánea y homogéneamente un discurso –todo, a todos, al mismo tiempo–, resultando pedagogía por fuera de los muros escolares a través de imágenes de cine documental informativo del segundo cuarto del siglo XX que tienen por objeto la formación de los cuerpos y de las sensibilidades.

John Alimamy Kabba,1– 3 Peter Bai James,4,5 Zongjie Li,1– 3 Christian Hanson,6,7 Jie Chang,1– 3 Chenai Kitchen,1– 3 Minghuan Jiang,1– 3 Mingyue Zhao,1– 3 Caijun Yang,1– 3 Yu Fang1– 3 1Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; 2Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; 3Shaanxi Center for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; 4Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone; 5Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia; 6Pharmacy Board, Ministry of Health and Sanitation New England, Freetown, Sierra Leone; 7Pharmacy Department, Well Star Atlanta Medical Centre South, East Point, GA, USACorrespondence: Yu FangDepartment of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, #76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of ChinaTel +86 29 82655132Email yufang@mail.xjtu.edu.cnPurpose: Rational use of medicines is a necessary constrict towards increasing access for those that desperately need them in society. In this study, we assess medicines prescribing patterns in healthcare facilities implementing free healthcare policy for pregnant women, lactating mothers and children under the age of five in Sierra Leone.Materials and Methods: Using WHO drug use indicators, we evaluated prescription records from the pharmacies of four hospitals; one from each of the four regions in Sierra Leone. To study prescribing indicators, we systematically sampled 1200 prescriptions overall (300/hospital) retrospectively spanning a year, from June 2017 to July 2018. In evaluating patients care indicators, we randomly sampled 120 (30/hospital) patients encounter prospectively. We used MS Excel 2016 and IMB SPSS in data analysis, and p< 0.05 was considered significant for associational analysis.Results: The average drug per prescription was 3.6 (SD=1.3) overall, 3.5 (1.3) for children under five and 3.4 (1.4) for pregnant women/lactating mothers. Eighty-seven percent of prescriptions for under-five children contains antibiotics as opposed to 68.4% of prescriptions for pregnant women/lactating mothers. More injections were prescribed per encounter for pregnant women/lactating mothers 23.2% than for children under five 18.1%. Overall, generic prescribing and prescribing from the National Essential Medicines List were 74.9% and 73.8%, respectively. None of the studied health facilities dispensed all of the prescribed medicines. The most prescribed pharmacological class of drugs were antibiotics, and paracetamol was the most commonly prescribed drug.Conclusion: Following WHO drug use indicators used in this study, drugs were irrationally prescribed within government hospitals providing free healthcare in Sierra Leone. Sustainability of the free healthcare scheme will require efficient medicine supply and management strategies. Therefore, the formulation of stewardship programs and/or an active Drug and Therapeutics Committee may be necessary to optimise drug use in these hospitals.Keywords: prescribing pattern, rational drug use, drug utilisation, free healthcare, Sierra Leone

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 사범대학 체육교육과,글로벌스포츠매니지먼트전공, 2020. 8. Joon-ho Kang. ; One of the growing good governance interests and its democratization concerns is involvement of stakeholders, particularly, athletes in decision making processes. Governing bodies of sport, do provide a voice for athletes either through limited membership of the body's decision-making forum or through the formation of an athletes' committee/commission linked to the main forum. Athletes Commission serves as a link between active athletes and sport organizations to which they belong. Athlete involvement in the management of IFs appears to have increased in recent years, however, their level of effectiveness or impact on decision making/policy making remains largely unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand the role of Athletes Commission in FINA Governance and to examine athletes' awareness about Athletes' Commission existence. In order to answer to different research questions, a combination of both approaches quantitative and qualitative was implemented. A survey was developed and applied to 207 athletes whom participated in FINA World Aquatic Championships 2019, whereas, for qualitative approach, 4 members of Athletes' Commission in FINA were interviewed. Descriptive statistics were used to interpret the awareness of athletes for Athletes' Commission, while, for analyzing the qualitative data of the study, an inductive thematic approach was used. Overall, 40.81% of athletes are "not aware at all" about Athletes' Commission existence, whereas, only 10.2% are even partially or totally aware. The "not at all aware" athletes mostly come from: age group 15-20 (M=0.73); athletes' whom are high school graduated (M=0.98); and athletes whose biggest achievement in FINA World Championships was to represent their national team (M=0.97). One the other hand, the results of qualitative data show that the members of Athletes Commission are well aware for the lack of athletes' awareness. From members' perspective, the lack of athletes' awareness is associated to their lack of education and interest to get engaged with decision making processes. Athletes Commission has progress in terms of their constitutional rights for involvement in decision-making processes of FINA and their compliance with IOC guidelines for an effective Athletes' Commission. In terms of their operation, the results show: poor communication practices with current athletes, confusion over role clarity/responsibilities, and lack of transparency and accountability. ; Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.2 Research Purpose and Research Questions 5 1.3 Significance of the Study 6 Chapter 2. Literature Review 9 2.1 Governance 9 2.2 Sport Governance 13 2.4 Stakeholder Theory 21 2.4 Democratic Representation 27 2.5 Athlete's Commission 29 Chapter 3. Methods 37 3.1 Research Design 37 3.2 Data Collection 38 3.3 Data Analysis 42 Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 44 4.1 Quantitative Results 44 4.2 Awareness 48 4.3 Athletes' Commission Operation 52 4.4 Challenges faced by Athletes' Commission 66 Chapter 5. Conclusions 70 References 73 ; Master

In this article of bibliographic review, the objective is to give relevant information about the reform and educative politics around the decentralization in the educational, political and financial that looks for the quality of the educative system and show the particularities in some countries of the region such as Mexico, Argentina, Chile and Colombia, the efforts that the different governments have made and other actorsfor rearrange their systems in the last years of the XX century. An documental analysis was made, in which were considered grade works, magazine articles, among other, the results show that there exist poor efficiency of the management of the resources and the acquisition of them to solve many of the problems in levels of qualityand coverage in different territorial entities, poor training to the different actors that interpose in the educative process, bad orientation in the profiles and accomplishment of the functions to develop in everyone of the scenarios such schools, education secretariats, Ministry of education. ; En el presente artículo de revisión bibliográfica tiene como objetivo brindar información relevante sobre las reformas y políticas educativas en torno a la descentralización en lo educativo, administrativo, político y financiero que busca la calidad del sistema educativo y dar cuenta de las particularidades en algunos países de la región tales como México, Argentina, Chile y Colombia, los esfuerzos que han hecho los diferentes gobiernos y demás actores por reorganizar sus sistemas en los últimos años del siglo XX. Se utilizó el análisis documental en donde se consideraron trabajos de grado, artículos de revista, entre otros, los resultados dejan ver que existe poca eficiencia en manejo de los recursos y adquisición de ellos para solventar muchos de los problemas a nivel de calidad y cobertura en diversos entes territoriales, poca capacitación a los diferentes actores que intervienen el proceso educativo, mala orientación en los perfiles y cumplimiento de las funciones a desempeñar en cada uno de los escenarios como escuelas, Secretarías de Educación, Ministerio de Educación. ; O objetivo deste artigo de revisão bibliográfica é fornecer informações relevantes sobre reformas educacionais e políticas em torno da descentralização na educação, administração, política e finanças, que buscam a qualidade do sistema educacional e dar conta dasparticularidades de alguns países da região, como México, Argentina, Chile e Colômbia, os esforços feitos por diferentes governos e outros atores para reorganizar seus sistemas nos últimos anos do século XX.Utilizou-se a análise documental onde foram considerados trabalhos de licenciatura, artigos de revistas, entre outros, os resultados mostram que existe pouca eficiência na gestão de recursos e aquisição dosmesmos para resolver muitos dos problemas a nível de qualidade e cobertura em várias organizações territoriais, pouca formação dos diferentes atores envolvidos no proceso educativo, má orientação nosperfis e cumprimento das funções a serem desempenhadas em cada um dos cenários como escolas, secretarias de educação, ministério da educação.

While some sectors of the local economy continue to be devastated by the COVID-19 pandemic, many area firms are now beginning to recuperate from this spring's shockwaves. Overall local employment was 3.1 percent lower in July 2020 than it was one year earlier, but this is a clear improvement from what was seen in last quarter's St. Cloud Area Quarterly Business Report (at which time we reported an 11.5 percent year-over-year decline in area employment). In addition, published job losses in the Twin Cities (and across the state) are considerably worse than what is seen locally. For example, Twin Cities employment declined 8.7 percent over the year ending July 2020 (and state employment dropped 8.5 over the same period). These relatively stronger numbers in the St. Cloud labor market are little comfort to those firms in the leisure & hospitality sector, where local employment fell 23.1 percent over the past twelve months. The information and "other services" sectors, along with the local government sub-sector, also experienced double digit percentage employment declines over the year ending July 2020. Combined, these four sectors account for 17.3 percent of overall area employment. Other key local sectors are faring better than three months ago. For example, employment in the education/health sector was one percent higher in July 2020 than it was one year earlier (these numbers do not reflect the closure of the Health Partners Central Minnesota Clinic at the end of August). In addition, retail trade employment grew 9.8 percent over the year ending July 2020. Mining/logging/construction employment was also higher locally. These three growth sectors account for more than 40 percent of local jobs. The St. Cloud Index of Leading Economic Indicators was down 0.1% in the quarter and down 0.9% over the last year. Current business activity at surveyed firms was improved from three months ago (when reported activity was weaker than at any time over the 22 years that the St. Cloud Area Business Outlook Survey has been administered). For example, nearly half of surveyed firms report an increase in business activity over the past three months and more than one-third of firms indicate increased capital expenditures in the current quarter. The future outlook of surveyed firms is weaker than usual for the August survey but, on balance, area firms still expect improved business conditions by the beginning of next year. In special questions, nearly half of surveyed firms expect the local recession to continue into 2021—few firms think the local recession will be over by the end of 2020. In other special questions, area business leaders share any positive long-term impact that COVID-19 has had on their firms. They also weigh in on the extent to which the pandemic is likely to influence election outcomes. Finally, firms describe ways in which they are likely to be impacted by the form taken of K-12 school re-openings.

This article refers to the work carried out from the project "Writing as an aesthetic and political gesture. Poetic divergences in the Bolivian literature of the 20th and 21st centuries" which is presented as a continuity of the work carried out by the Grupo de Estudios sobre Narrativas Bolivianas since 2012. The Group's activities began with the Seminar "Political and Social Manifestations in the Bolivian Narrative of the 20th Century", taught by Magdalena González Almada at the Escuela de Letras as an optional seminar for students of the Modern Literature career. Since then, the Group of Studies on Bolivian Narratives has developed activities in close relationship with the "María Saleme de Burnichon" Research Center of the Faculty of Philosophy and Humanities and with the School of Letters, making a substantial contribution to the scientific and academic community by offering various approaches related to Bolivian narratives. Likewise, the sustained outreach work carried out by its members brought Bolivian literature, its social and political problems, closer to institutions and neighborhoods of Córdoba with the consequent transfer of knowledge, an activity that resulted in the promotion and dissemination of Bolivian narratives not only in our city but also in others in the country. This work, from its beginnings, was proposed as collaborative and in a network with institutions and participants related to the issues addressed by the group. ; Este artículo refiere al trabajo realizado desde el proyecto La Escritura como Gesto Estético y Político. Divergencias Poéticas en la Literatura Boliviana de los Siglos XX y XXI, que se presenta como una continuidad del trabajo realizado por el Grupo de Estudios sobre Narrativas Bolivianas desde el año 2012.Las actividades del grupo se inician a partir del seminario Manifestaciones Políticas y Sociales en la Narrativa Boliviana del Siglo XX, dictado por Magdalena González Almada en la Escuela de Letras como seminario optativo para las y los estudiantes de la carrera de Letras Modernas. Desde entonces, el Grupo de Estudios sobre Narrativas Bolivianas desarrolla actividades en vínculo estrecho con el Centro de Investigaciones "María Saleme de Burnichon", de la Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades y con la Escuela de Letras, realizando un aporte sustancial a la comunidad científica y académica al ofrecer diversos enfoques relacionados con las narrativas bolivianas.Asimismo, el sostenido trabajo de extensión llevado a cabo por sus integrantes acercó la literatura de Bolivia, sus problemáticas sociales y políticas a instituciones y barrios de Córdoba con la consecuente transferencia de saberes, actividad que redundó en la promoción y difusión de las narrativas bolivianas no solo en nuestra ciudad, sino también en otras del país. Este trabajo, desde sus comienzos, se propuso como colaborativo y en red con instituciones y participantes afines a los temas abordados por el grupo.

L'annexió de Crimea per part de Rússia en l'any 2014 va sorprendre els governs occidentals, que no esperaven una política tan agressiva per part de Moscou. No obstant això, les decisions de l'Kremlin podien explicar-se amb discursos d'identitat nacional que imperaven en la societat russa des de feia segles. La política exterior russa té la particularitat de poder explicar-se a través de la identitat nacional o, més concretament, a través de l'escola d'identitat nacional que prevalgui en el moment. Així, després de la dissolució de la URSS i des de l'ascens de Vladímir Putin a la presidència, els discursos d'identitat nacional han anat evolucionant, des d'una perspectiva liberal o occidental, a una estrictament nacionalista que, al seu torn, condicionen la política exterior. Durant aquest treball analitzarem les complexitats de definició de la identitat nacional russa i de quina manera han influenciat després de la dissolució de la URSS i, particularment, al segle XXI aquests discursos en matèria de política exterior. ; La anexión de Crimea por parte de Rusia en el año 2014 sorprendió a los gobiernos occidentales, que no esperaban una política tan agresiva por parte de Moscú. Sin embargo, las decisiones del Kremlin podían explicarse con discursos de identidad nacional que imperaban en la sociedad rusa desde hacía siglos. La política exterior rusa tiene la particularidad de poder explicarse a través de la identidad nacional o, más concretamente, a través de la escuela de identidad nacional que prevalezca en el momento. Así, tras la disolución de la URSS y desde el ascenso de Vladimir Putin a la presidencia, los discursos de identidad nacional han ido evolucionando, desde una perspectiva liberal u occidental, a una estrictamente nacionalista que, a su vez, condicionan la política exterior. Durante este trabajo analizaremos las complejidades de definición de la identidad nacional rusa y de qué manera han influenciado tras la disolución de la URSS y, particularmente, en el siglo XXI estos discursos en materia de política exterior. ; The annexation of Crimea by Russia in 2014 surprised Western governments, which did not expect such an aggressive policy from Moscow. However, the Kremlin's decisions could be explained with national identity speeches that prevailed in the Russian society for centuries. Its foreign policy has the particularity of being able to explain itself through national identity or, more specifically, through the school of national identity that prevails at the moment. Thus, after the dissolution of the USSR and since the rise of Vladimir Putin to the presidency, national identity discourses have evolved, from a liberal or western perspective, to a strictly nationalist one that, in turn, conditions the foreign policy. During this work we will analyze the complexities of defining Russian national identity and in what way they have influenced after the dissolution of the USSR and, particularly, in the XXI century these discourses on foreign policy.

ABSTRACT: This narrative inquiry aims to unveil the incorporation of policy agency within the construction of teacher identity of pre-service teachers in their academic practicums. Drawing on a critical-sociocultural approach to narrative inquiry, language policy, and teacher identity, the narratives of five students of an English teaching program in Medellín, Colombia, were examined. Their reflections and decision making on foreign language policies regulating their pedagogical practices at various schools show their social and critical awareness. Teaching represents a high moral load for them as they embrace a humanistic perspective. However, their narratives also pose challenges to language teaching programs in helping pre-service teachers to build micropolitical agency supported on solid theoretical knowledge to participate in policymaking. On the one hand, their narrations of the policy appropriation process they undertook show their frustration and disappointment in trying to participate when policy structures and other policy arbiters were close to them. On the other hand, when policy structures and arbiters openly allowed their policy participation, their actions and reflections focused on methodological concerns but rarely addressed social or critical awareness regarding curriculum design and development. Therefore, supporting pre-service teachers in strengthening their identities with solid theoretical constructs should be a priority because they will build micropolitical agency to overcome political tensions and negotiate their policy participation. ; RESUMEN: Esta investigación narrativa tiene como objetivo develar la incorporación de la agencia política dentro de la construcción de identidad docente de los docentes en formación en sus prácticas académicas. Partiendo de un enfoque crítico-sociocultural de investigación narrativa, política lingüística e identidad del maestro, se analizaron las narraciones de cinco estudiantes de una licenciatura en lenguas extranjeras con énfasis en inglés en Medellín. Sus reflexiones y decisiones sobre las políticas de lenguas extranjeras que regulan sus prácticas pedagógicas en varias escuelas muestran su conciencia social y crítica. La enseñanza representa una gran carga moral para ellos, pues adoptan una perspectiva humanista. Sin embargo, sus narrativas también plantean desafíos a los programas de enseñanza de idiomas al ayudar a los docentes en formación a construir una agencia micropolítica apoyada en conocimientos teóricos sólidos para participar en la creación de políticas. Por un lado, sus narraciones sobre el proceso de apropiación de políticas muestran su frustración y desilusión al intentar participar cuando las estructuras de políticas y otros árbitros de políticas se les cerraban. Por otro lado, cuando las estructuras políticas y los árbitros permitian abiertamente su participación política, sus acciones y reflexiones se centran en preocupaciones metodológicas, pero rara vez abordan la conciencia social o crítica con respecto al diseño y desarrollo del currículo. Por lo tanto, apoyar a los docentes en formación en el fortalecimiento de sus identidades con construcciones teóricas sólidas debería ser una prioridad porque construirán una agencia micropolítica para superar las tensiones políticas y negociar su participación política.

In Zaruma city, located in the El Oro province, Ecuador, gold mines have been exploited since before the colonial period. According to the chroniclers of that time, 2700 tons of gold were sent to Spain. This exploitation continued in the colonial, republican, and current periods. The legalized mining operation, with foreign companies such as South Development Company (SADCO) and national companies such as the Associated Industrial Mining Company (CIMA), exploited the mines legally until they dissolved and gave rise to small associations, artisanal mining, and, with them, illegal mining. Illegal underground mining is generated without order and technical direction, and cuts mineralized veins in andesitic rocks, volcanic breccia, tuffs and dacitic porphyry that have been intensely weatherized from surface to more than 80 meters depth. These rocks have become totally altered soils and saprolites, which have caused the destabilization of the mining galleries and the superficial collapse of the topographic relief. The illegal miners, called "Sableros", after a period of exploitation at one site, when the gold grade decreased, abandon these illegal mines to begin other mining work at other sites near mineralized veins or near legalized mining galleries in operation. Due to this anthropic activity of illegal exploitation through the mining galleries and &ldquo ; piques&rdquo ; that remain under the colonial center of the city, sinkings have occurred in various sectors detected and reported in various technical reports since 1995. The Ecuadorian Government has been unable to control these illegal mining activities. The indicators of initial subsidence of the terrain are small movements that accumulate over a time and that can be detected with InSAR technology in large areas, improving the traditional detection performed with geodetic instrumentation such as total stations and geodetic marks. Recent subsidence at Fe y Alegrí ; a-La Immaculada School, the city&rsquo ; s hospital and Gonzalo Pizarro Street, indicates that there is active subsidence in these and other sectors of the city. The dynamic triggers that have possibly accelerated the rate of subsidence and landslides on the slopes are earthquakes (5 to 6 Mw) and heavy rains in deforested areas. Although several sinks and active subsidence caused by underground mining were detected in these sectors and in other sectors in previous decades, which were detailed in various reports of geological hazards prepared by specialized institutions, underground mining has continued under the colonial city center. In view of the existing risk, this article presents a forecasting methodology for the constant monitoring of long-term soil subsidence, especially in the center of the colonial city, which is a national cultural heritage and candidate for the cultural heritage of humanity. This is a proposal for the use of synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) for the subsidence analysis of topographic relief in the colonial area of the city of Zaruma by illegal mining galleries.