Suchergebnisse

In this study, men and women were surveyed about their attitudes toward the use of white lies and other forms of benevolent deception in their romantic relationships. We predicted that people would be more accepting of telling lies than of having lies told to them. Furthermore, we predicted that women would be more accepting than men of benevolent deception in their romantic relationships. We found that people were more tolerant of telling benevolent lies than they were of being told such lies. However, we found that men, not women, were more accepting of benevolent deception in their relationships.

On May 31, 2010, in the early hours of the morning, Israeli Defense Forces boarded and occupied a flotilla of six vessels seventy-two nautical miles from the coast of Gaza. The flotilla carried food and other supplies to Gaza, which was under a naval blockade. During the incident, nine passengers were killed and several others wounded. In the aftermath, a key question that emerged was what body of law applied to the incident? Was it subject to human rights law, international humanitarian law, or some mix of the two? This same question has been at the heart of ongoing debates over the counter-terrorism operations of the United States in the wake of September 11, 2001. There was relatively little discussion of the relationship between human rights law and humanitarian law in the U.S. government before the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, because the issue did not often arise. On those few occasions that it did arise, the government's position was far from consistent. In 1970, the U.S. government supported U.N. General Assembly resolutions calling for compliance with human rights obligations during armed conflicts. In 1984, however, the United States made clear its view that the Convention Against Torture—a core human rights treaty—was inapplicable during armed conflict. The United States appeared to switch positions yet again when it adopted the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in 1992 without adding a similar disclaimer. [.]

Abstract
Gene regulation plays essential roles in all multicellular organisms, allowing for different specialized tissue types to be generated from a complex genome. Heterochromatin-driven gene repression, associated with a physical compaction of the genome, is a pathway involving core components that are conserved from yeast to human. Posttranslational modification of chromatin is a critical component of gene regulation. Specifically, tri-methylation of the nucleosome component histone 3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me3) is a key feature of this pathway along with the hallmark heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1). Histone methyltransferases are recruited by HP1 to deposit H3K9me3 marks which nucleate and recruit more HP1 in a process that spreads from the targeting site to signal for gene repression. One of the enzymes recruited is SETDB1, a methyltransferase which putatively catalyzes posttranslational methylation marks on H3K9. To better understand the contribution of SETDB1 in heterochromatin formation, we downregulated SETDB1 through knockdown by a dCas9-KRAB system and examined heterochromatin formation in a chromatin in vivo assay (CiA-Oct4). We studied the contribution of SETDB1 to heterochromatin formation kinetics in a developmentally crucial locus, Oct4. Our data demonstrate that SETDB1 reduction led to a delay in both gene silencing and in H3K9me3 accumulation. Importantly, SETDB1 knockdown to a ∼50% level did not stop heterochromatin formation completely. Particle-based Monte Carlo simulations in 3D space with explicit representation of key molecular processes enabled the elucidation of how SETDB1 downregulation affects the individual molecular processes underlying heterochromatin formation.

A Bayesian approach was developed by Hald et al.(1) to estimate the contribution of different food sources to the burden of human salmonellosis in Denmark. This article describes the development of several modifications that can be used to adapt the model to different countries and pathogens. Our modified Hald model has several advantages over the original approach, which include the introduction of uncertainty in the estimates of source prevalence and an improved strategy for identifiability. We have applied our modified model to the two major food‐borne zoonoses in New Zealand, namely, campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis. Major challenges were the data quality for salmonellosis and the inclusion of environmental sources of campylobacteriosis. We conclude that by modifying the Hald model we have improved its identifiability, made it more applicable to countries with less intensive surveillance, and feasible for other pathogens, in particular with respect to the inclusion of nonfood sources. The wider application and better understanding of this approach is of particular importance due to the value of the model for decision making and risk management.