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The confluence of entrepreneurship, gender, sustainability and especially the social dimension is intricate and underestimated. This book analyses social entrepreneurship through a gender lens by portraying German female social entrepreneurs and their political, social and economic contexts. Within a descriptive qualitative research design, a secondary analysis of different dimensions of the social entrepreneurship system and twenty-five in-depth interviews with social entrepreneurs and experts were conducted. The author shows that this sector entails potential to re-do gender and reframe the economy, challenging norms and borders towards systemic change. Attending to the call for more research in this field, the main goal of this study is to portray female social entrepreneurs in Germany. Focus is set on describing their perspectives through an analysis of the gendered profile of German social entrepreneurs as distinctive and contextually influenced as well as on assessing structural limitations and individual agency. To achieve this, the book proposes a descriptive and a cross-sectional qualitative research design. A conceptual and theoretical frame was developed based on a social constructionist and poststructuralist epistemological approach. Moreover, a secondary analysis of female social entrepreneurship in Germany was undertaken. Key results include, among others, the development of an integrative frame for the analysis of the social entrepreneurship ecosystem, insights into social entrepreneur's personal paths, as well as their enterprises purposes and management practices, ideas to promote the sector and discussions around its potential. Additionally, practices of doing gender are described, which show that a diverse spectrum of discourses on gender is utilized. Through the secondary analysis mainly political and economic policies and the forms and contents of initiatives that support and promote social enterprises are illustrated. Finally, recommendations for the field and future research are suggested.

Objective: This study examines the convergence of employment behaviour and work-life balance of foreign-born women with those of native-born Spanish women between 2014 and 2018. Background: The changing role of women in the labour market is a central development of the past century. However, the study of female labour market participation has focused on native women, typically with a college education. Method: We use the Spanish Labour Force Survey and its 2018 ad hoc module on the reconciliation of work and family life to compare the working behaviours of native and migrant women. We use a matching algorithm to construct a sample of native workers with comparable human capital and living arrangement characteristics. Results: The segmentation of the Spanish labour market leads to the concentration of female immigrants in specific occupational niches with precarious employment conditions, regardless of the length of their stay in the country. The country's employment and care regime forces female migrants to deal with their care responsibilities differently than their native counterparts: i.e., migrants are more likely than natives to interrupt their employment to fulfil household duties, and are less likely to engage in part-time work and to outsource care provision to family and professional caregivers. Conclusion: Female immigrants are doubly penalised as both immigrants and mothers.

Die Kenntnis über eine Behinderung des Ungeborenen wird von betroffenen Eltern oft als schockierend erlebt. Neben der Schwangeren sind auch werdende Väter von einem Befund emotional betroffen. Entsprechende Aufmerksamkeit wird Männern in dieser Situation aber kaum zuteil. "Kann und möchte ich Vater eines behinderten Kindes sein? Welche Entscheidung wird meine Partnerin treffen? Was heißt es für uns als Paar, mit einem behinderten Kind zu leben?" - Im Spannungsverhältnis zwischen der eigenen Belastung und einer erlebten Verantwortung berichten Männer von ihren Erfahrungen, Konflikten und deren Bewältigung.

Häusliche Pflege-Arrangements in Deutschland funktionieren häufig nur, weil eine ausländische Live-in-Pflegekraft beschäftigt wird. Der Bekanntheitsgrad dieses Versorgungsmodells steht seinem rechtlich unsicheren Kontext gegenüber. Wie werden die Arbeitsverhältnisse mit Live-in-Betreuungskräften von Angehörigen Pflegebedürftiger ausgestaltet? Diese Arbeit zeigt auf, welche Wissens- und Handlungsmuster die befragten Personen anleiten.

Purpose: This article investigates female vocational students' strategies for becoming part of a workplace community, what these strategies are and how they are tied to the formation of vocational identities within male-dominated industrial work. Of particular interest is how female students enrolled on Swedish upper secondary industrial programmes experience workplace-based learning at industrial workplaces as part of their vocational education. The theoretical framework derives from Wenger's concept of community of practice, but his theoretical concept does not explicitly include gender dimensions. Therefore, the concept of community of practice is also combined with Paechter's assumption of gender, whereby femininity and masculinity can be considered as different communities of practice. Methods: The article draws on evidence from a Swedish study based on interviews with 20 female students enrolled on the industrial programme at six upper secondary schools. In this vocational programme, there is a distinct gender distribution and only a small minority of the students on the programme are girls. In the analysis, the focus is on the female students' strategies used during workplace-based learning to become part of the work community which consists almost exclusively of male workers. Findings: The female students deliberately negotiated vocational identities as female industrial workers to become accepted in the male-dominated work community. The findings highlight three specific strategies that the female students used: Acting like gender does not matter, acting like boys (not like drama queens), and acting tough and joking around. The female students' strategies were part of - and tied to - a complex vocational identity formation process that featured contradictory requirements. By taking individual responsibility, they identified relevant information for becoming industrial workers and chose to act like boys. The female students saw no problem with being a girl, yet they struggled with implicit, diffuse and hidden gender structures and prejudices in the male-dominated industrial companies. Nevertheless, they strived for what they perceived to be an attractive vocational identity as industrial workers; it was an alternative, atypically feminine way of being that attracted the female students. Conclusions: The study concludes that female students mostly rely on their individual agency when interacting with others in the male-dominated workplace community. A "gendered vocational identity" is formed which shows that the identity formation of female students is a complex double process, in which vocational and gender identities are formed simultaneously and in parallel within the male-dominated workplace.

Dieser Beitrag begibt sich auf die Spur feministisch-geschlechterforscherischer Auseinandersetzungen mit neuen (digitalen) Technologien. Damit verfolgt er ein zweifaches Ziel: Erstens die gegenwärtig mit Blick auf Digitalisierung aus Geschlechterperspektive aufgeworfenen Fragen - nach den Effekten der Digitalisierung der Arbeitswelt, nach der Vergeschlechtlichung digitaler Artefakte sowie nach den Potenzialen digitaler Technologien für feministische Politik - einzuordnen in eine längere Tradition der Entwicklung und des Einsatzes neuer Technologien sowie deren kritische Begleitung durch Frauen- und Geschlechterforschungen; zweitens Lehren aus den dabei errungenen Einsichten zu ziehen und ausgehend hiervon zu reflektieren, wie aktuelle Digitalisierungsschübe aus feministischer, insbesondere intersektionaler, Sicht einzuschätzen sind und wo Konfliktlinien und Potenziale liegen.

Objective: The study investigates how partner support affects different types of work-to-family and family-to-work conflicts in dual-earner couples divided by gender and parenthood. Background: In Germany, as in other Western Countries, interrole conflicts between work and family increase, especially within dual-earner couples. Only few studies focused on the effects of partner support on different types of these conflicts. Method: We use longitudinal data deriving from waves 6 to 10 of the German Family Panel (pairfam) to uncover the extent to which the perception of having a supportive partner reduces time- and strain-based work-to-family and family-to-work conflicts. We conduct longitudinal structural equation models based on information of 1,252 persons, which are full-time employed and live in a dual-earner relationship. Results: Whereas for men partner support helps reduce stress-based work-to-family conflicts, for women perceived partner support is not beneficial. Within a subsample of parents, the experience of work-to-family conflicts is likely irrespective of partner support. Overall, women's family-to-work conflicts appear to be reduced by their partners' support whereas for men this detrimental effect only applies in the case of stress-based family-to-work conflicts. Conclusion: To sum up the findings, the differences for men and women in the effect of partner support on different types of interrole conflicts indicate a still existing impact of traditional gender norms that connect femininity to house work and masculinity to employed work.

Warum identifizieren sich Fachkräfte der Kinder- und Jugendhilfe leidenschaftlich mit dem Gerechtigkeitsideal der Vielfalt? Welche Verheißungen stecken im professionellen Ideal der Diversity-reflexiven Beziehung? Die Autorin nimmt in ihrer feministisch-lacanianisch angelegten Studie jenes Begehren in den Blick, das Fachkräfte an Vielfalt heften. Die damit verbundene Ausgestaltung der pädagogischen Beziehung deutet sie vor dem Hintergrund einer postödipalen und zugleich geschlechtsspezifischen Gesellschaftskonstellation, in welcher der Andere innerhalb der pädagogischen Beziehung paradoxerweise an Bedeutung zu verlieren scheint.

This study explains how the economy affects the foreign policy rhetoric used by American presidents. When economic conditions deteriorate, presidents criticize foreign nations to boost their approval ratings. Presidents use this "diversionary cheap talk" in response to the misery index of unemployment plus inflation, which poses a unique threat to their popularity. They target historical rivals, which make intergroup distinctions most salient. Diversionary cheap talk is most influential for and most frequently used by Democratic presidents, whose non-core constituents prefer hawkish foreign policy but already expect it from Republican presidents. I test the observable implications of the theory with the American Diplomacy Dataset, an original record of 50,000 American foreign policy events between 1851 and 2010 drawn from a corpus of 1.3 million New York Times articles.