Suchergebnisse

Donor interest in the extractives sector is based upon the premise that it represents an opportunity to improve a country's development prospects. However, in many cases the presence of extractive resources is associated with poor economic performance. As a result, some donors are trying a radically different approach. This paper explores two such programmes funded by the UK Department for International Development: the Facility for Oil Sector Transparency and Reform in Nigeria, and the Ghana Oil and Gas for Inclusive Growth programme in Ghana. The paper outlines five lessons learned from these examples. First, continual analysis is essential to understand the underlying incentives of key actors. Second, interventions need to be locally led in order to provide legitimacy for reform. Third, interventions need to be flexible and adaptive. Fourth, acceptance of an element of risk is necessary. Fifth, donors need to develop a new way of measuring impact.

A strong argument in the literature on rebel governance sees cooperation with civilians a key component for the success of rebel groups' political agendas. Coercion, in fact, may work only until territorial control is contested. Conversely, once control is secured, it may alienate civilian support and imperil the group's achievements. The key challenge here is how to build governance structures able to provide public goods. One factor affecting the development of such governance structures is the presence of international non-governmental organizations (INGOs). Ensuring INGOs collaboration may increase rebels' international/local legitimacy. However, compared to their increasing engagement, we know fairly little about the ways in which INGOs interact with conflict security governances. Thus the paper will address the following questions: How do NGOs define their security strategies, in adaptation to conflict dynamics? Which factors will most likely affect the decision making process? Drawing on two different sets of theories, the paper will advance a theoretical framework aiming to tackle such issues. It will compare two competing hypotheses, the first drawn on studies of governance in areas of limited statehood and rebel governance; the second based on the learning theories of organizations. Both hypotheses assume firstly that – to be operative – organizations must purchase security from the market for force. Secondly, that organizations have a set of strategies - avoidance, acceptance, alliance, fortress and engagement. For the first perspective, NGOs strategies are considered as contractual choices constrained by and adaptive to structural governance imperatives. For the second perspective, the 'purchase' spawns from a constant monitoring of the conflict, thus strategies result from a 'learning process'. The strategy is the explanandum, while the learning - the intermediate variable – is determined by experience, context and knowledge. This micro-level focus on NGOs officers allows to explore the processes driving the NGO interaction, to understand the dynamics behind arrangements of public goods, and shedding lights on the impacts on local governance.

Cloud Computing is being widely adopted globally due to its economies of scale, convenience and operational agility to organizations. With Cloud computing, organizations, institutions and companies no longer need to invest heavily in such resources, but instead have the option to migrate to a Cloud model enabling them to purchase or lease resources on line. In an economic context where companies are seeking to make the most from their investments and minimize operating costs, Cloud computing is seen as the solution for competitiveness. The benefits of Cloud computing are therefore of immense importance to the developmental needs of sub-Saharan African countries especially under the Information Communication and Technology for Development (ICT4D) program and the Smart Cities agenda. However, most developing countries, especially those in Sub-Saharan Africa stand the risk of not benefiting fully from the potential of Cloud computing service due to the absence of effective and well-structured decision making process of stakeholders and their accountabilities in Cloud implementation given that one of the basic principles of Cloud computing is that data may be posted or stored "anywhere in the world". This research is an empirical based study that elicited concerns on Cloud services governance and regulation militating against the rapid adoption and use of Cloud computing in Ghana. Respondents were made up of ICT officers who were in the decision making roles regarding the adoption and implementation of Cloud computing in their respective organizations. The results showed that the diversity of technology, service offerings and lack of coherent legislations and governance hindered Cloud service implementation. This has led to many organizations in developing countries sticking to their data centres and private Clouds in a bid to remain "safe" and "own" their data rather than venture into the "unknown" Cloud where ownership and governorship policies are unclear.

This document gives information on the adoption of metadata in the management of various units within the county. It brings to the fore the various categories of metadata that can be utilized to enable the counties visualize their objective. Metadata can be described as data about data it therefore details when, where and by whom a particular set of data was collected. It is therefore essential for understanding information stored in data warehouses. Many organizations since the advent of database technology, data warehousing and even recently cloud computing have been storing large volumes of data and information. Little of this data has been essential to this organizations whereas much percentage of the data has not been mined for utilization at all.

This study assesses how the mobile phone influences governance to improve information and communication technology (ICT) exports in Sub-Saharan Africa with data from 2000-2012. The empirical evidence is based on Generalised Method of Moments and three main governance concepts are used, namely: (i) institutional (comprising the rule of law and corruption-control); (ii) political (involving political stability/no violence and voice & accountability) and (iii) economic (including regulation quality and government effectiveness) governance. The following findings are established. First, there are positive net effects on ICT goods exports from independent interactions between mobile phones and 'political stability' 'voice and accountability' and corruption-control. Second, significant net effects are not apparent from independent interactions between mobile phones and government effectiveness, regulation quality and the rule of law. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

International audience ; The water-energy-food nexus has achieved considerable prominence across academic research and policy sectors. The nexus sets an imperative for integrated management and policymaking, centring on the potential trade-offs and complementarities between interdependent water, energy and food systems. Applications of the nexus focus largely on technical or managerial solutions and calls to acknowledge the political dimension of nexus interdependencies have implications for governance at the urban scale. This paper aims to 'urbanise' the nexus agenda and consider the implications of policy integration for urban governance. This examines the nexus in the context of current approaches to urban governance and power relations shaping the provision of water, energy and food in urban areas. Urban infrastructure networks underpin these resource systems and related management systems, although their management tends to operate in silos, with little joint decision-making and planning. Three hypotheses about the interplay between integrative policy framings and urban governance are explored to reconcile integrative policy framings at the urban scale: the appropriation of the nexus narrative by urban governments; re-establishment of political power through integrated management, and implementation of the nexus through smart city approaches. These hypotheses progress the political dimension of the nexus debate and reflect on the role of urban governance in addressing global challenges.

Part 7: Evaluation ; International audience ; The paper explores the patterns and factors of e-governance development in ineffective institutional settings. Although it is assumed that most of e-projects in such countries failed, we argue that in some contexts such initiatives can survive in the hostile environment and achieve relatively positive results, leading to limited institutional changes. We adapt the pockets of effectiveness framework in order to analyze the Our Petersburg portal (St. Petersburg, Russia). Our findings suggest that such electronic "pockets" may emerge as a deliberate policy of the political elite in an attempt to make institutions work properly. The key factors of such projects' success relate to agency, namely the political patronage and control, policy entrepreneurship, as well as organization autonomy and the power of the initiative.

International audience ; This research focuses on the score of intellectual capital perceived by analysts of an SRI asset management fund in relation to the level of European corporate governance and the institutional context in which it is situated: the country, regulation of the labor market and culture. We have a constant sample of 286 listed European companies and groups in the years 2010-2012. The methodology used is a longitudinal regression in panel data. The results show that governance practices are significantly associated with the intellectual capital score and that the institutional variables: country, labor market legislation and cultural elements have contrasting effects on the three dimensions of intellectual capital: human capital, structural capital and relational capital. ; Cette recherche s'intéresse au score du capital intellectuel perçu par les analystes d'un fonds de gestion d'actifs ISR en lien avec le niveau de gouvernance d'entreprises européennes et le contexte institutionnel dans lequel elles s'insèrent : le pays, la régulation du marché du travail et la culture. Nous utilisons un échantillon constant de 286 entreprises et groupes européens cotés suivis pendant les années 2010-2012. La méthodologie employée est une régression longitudinale en données de panel. Les résultats montrent que les pratiques de gouvernance sont très significativement associées au score de capital intellectuel et que les variables institutionnelles : pays, législation du marché du travail et éléments culturels ont des effets contrastés sur les trois dimensions du capital intellectuel : capital humain, capital structurel et capital relationnel.

Trust is a ubiquitous term used in emerging technology (e.g., Big Data, precision medicine), innovation policy, and governance literatures in particular. But what exactly is trust? Even though trust is considered a critical requirement for the successful deployment of precision medicine initiatives, nonetheless, there is a need for further conceptualization with regard to what qualifies as trust, and what factors might establish and sustain trust in precision medicine, predictive analytics, and large-scale biology. These new fields of 21st century medicine and health often deal with the "futures" and hence, trust gains a temporal and ever-present quality for both the present and the futures anticipated by new technologies and predictive analytics. We address these conceptual gaps that have important practical implications in the way we govern risk and unknowns associated with emerging technologies in biology, medicine, and health broadly. We provide an in-depth conceptual analysis and an operative definition of trust dynamics in precision medicine. In addition, we identify three main types of "trust facilitators": (1) technical, (2) ethical, and (3) institutional. This three-dimensional framework on trust is necessary to building and maintaining trust in 21st century knowledge-based innovations that governments and publics invest for progressive societal change, development, and sustainable prosperity. Importantly, we analyze, identify, and deliberate on the dimensions of precision medicine and large-scale biology that have carved out trust as a pertinent tool to its success. Moving forward, we propose a "points to consider" on how best to enhance trust in precision medicine and predictive analytics. ; ISSN:1536-2310 ; ISSN:1557-8100

ICT in governance is a growing field. Using the results of an exploratory study on ICT utilization for participation in the country, this paper discusses the types of ICTs that are used for e-participation, emerging themes, contents and purposes of ICT usage, and the constraints or barriers in the use of ICTs for e-participation. It also explores the effectiveness of ICTs as tools for participation and suggests directions to further enhance the potentials of ICT for participation. While some constraints and problems associated with the use of ICT in relating with government were pointed out, for instance, bandwidth connection and the lack of knowledge on the basics of ICT use, there is much use of ICT particularly through the internet and mobile phones in accessing and sharing information and monitoring government performance. NGOs particularly have found the internet as an effective mechanism for mobilization and advancing their advocacy. The findings highlight the potential of ICT as mechanism for bridging government and citizen and at the same time point to the barriers that must be overcome in order to take full advantage of its uses in enhancing citizen-state relations.

This paper analyses MEPs' voting behaviour on all regulations and directives forming the Six-Pack and the Two-Pack together with the key vote required to establish the European Stability Mechanism (ESM). Whereas scholarly work has traditionally showed MEPs voting behaviour to be primarily driven by ideology (more specifically, by the MEP's party group affiliation), we expect to find MEPs' national origins to play a counterbalancing role and – at least partially – weaken intra-party position on key economic governance matters, where a conflict of interest might exist between creditor and debtor member countries. Findings confirm that national interests and country-level economic variables can predict MEPs' votes in a considerable number of cases, opening new avenues for future research on territorial cleavages in the European Parliament.