Suchergebnisse

Der lokale Kontext hat wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Integrationsprozesse von Geflüchteten. In einer wachsenden Großstadt stoßen Geflüchtete auf angespannte Wohnungsmärkte. Hier finden sie oft nur über persönliche Kontakte preisgünstigen Wohnraum. Der großstädtische Arbeitsmarkt hingegen bietet ihnen vielfältige Zugangsmöglichkeiten. In Kleinstädten konnten Geflüchtete oft direkt in Wohnungen untergebracht werden. Mittlerweile ist der Markt aber auch hier zum Teil angespannt. Der Arbeitsmarkt bietet in Kleinstädten zwar weniger Möglichkeiten, der Zugang ist aber durch persönliche Kontakte oft leichter. Die Großstadt bietet vielfältigere Gelegenheiten für neue soziale Kontakte, die sich aber nicht selten als flüchtig erweisen. Im klein- und mittelstädtischen Kontext erlaubt die Überschaubarkeit eine größere Stabilität in den Netzwerken.

Diversity in education systems, and broader political and economic conditions, are commonly credited with international variation in inequality of educational opportunity (IEO). Comparing East and West Germany before reunification allows us to investigate whether vastly different political, economic, and educational systems led to differences in IEO. Postreunification, East Germany adopted the West's systems and experienced an economic recession. IEO had been smaller in East Germany than in West Germany but was on an upward trajectory before reunification. After 1990, IEO in East Germany converged to the West German level as a result of decreased IEO in the west and increasing levels in the east. Postreunification convergence suggests that differences in political context and education policy are crucial for IEO.

This article analyses the image of the three abrahamic religions in the recent political programs of the French Front National (2012 and 2017) in a comparative perspective with other successful populist radical right-wing parties in EU-Countries of continental Western and Northern Europe. It will be shown that even if there is a common tendency of representing Islam negatively and avoiding overt antisemitism, there are differences with regard to Judaism and/or Israel as well as to the weight of Christianity for the national and/or European culture, which have interesting parallels with the national discourse traditions and the particular radical right-wing history of these parties.

This paper uses agent-based modeling to investigate the philosophy of Adam Smith. During his lifetime, Smith published two books. In An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), he argued that market behavior was dictated primarily by self-interest. However, his earlier book, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), placed sympathy and benevolence at the center of human social psychology. Reconciling these apparently contradictory views is known as the Adam Smith Problem. This study uses an agent-based model to combine Smith's theories, exploring how social norms affect economic behavior, and vice versa. Although they share many basic assumptions, Smith's works leave important questions unanswered: Theory of Moral Sentiments offers a strong model of how social norms consolidate but lacks a coherent explanation for how norms change over time, and, on the other side, Wealth of Nations does not account for the influence of social norms on commercial transactions nor for the durability of seemingly irrational norms in a context of market competition. Considering both theories together in a single model sheds light on their underlying tensions and exposes instabilities that Smith did not anticipate.

This paper analyses the level of inequality in Spain and how it evolved over the course of the past crisis and the early stages of the current recovery. To this end, it first introduces the various dimensions of wage, income, consumption and wealth inequality, and studies how they have developed. The analysis shows less wage dispersion in Spain than in other comparable economies, even after the crisis years, while the surge in unemployment during the period resulted in a high level of inequality in per capita income. The level of inequality in Spain is more moderate when total gross household income is analysed, decreasing during the crisis as a result of pensions developing more favourably than other sources of income, in conjunction with young people delaying setting up home. Inequality in per capita consumption rose during the crisis, particularly as a result of a decrease in expenditure on consumer durables by low-income households. Wealth inequality exceeds income inequality and increased during the downturn as a result of financial assets outperforming real assets. Nevertheless, Spain's wealth inequality is moderate by international standards, as ownership of real assets is more widespread than in other countries. The way inequality has evolved during the early stages of the current economic recovery shows that falling unemployment has enabled a reduction in wage income inequality, as well as in per capita income inequality, albeit to a lesser extent.

In this article, we reflect on the methodology of a digital storytelling workshop held in May 2016, gathering activists and academics across four generations to share and record their activist histories. Drawing on observational notes and participant feedback, we investigate whether and how the workshop challenged knowledge-production conventions, ageist assumptions, and intergenerational scripts. We offer the concept of a feminist intergenerational mic, arguing that the norm-challenging possibilities of this methodology lay not in providing access to a mic, but rather in particular, routinized, feminist and intergenerational practices. Through this article, we contribute to conversations about feminist methodologies, power and vulnerability in research, participatory media creation, and aging studies.

Parks are essential public places and play a central role in urban livability. However, traditional methods of investigating their attractiveness, such as questionnaires and in situ observations, are usually time- and resource-consuming, while providing less transferable and only site-specific results. This paper presents an improved methodology of using social media (Twitter) data to extract spatial and temporal patterns of park visits for urban planning purposes, along with the sentiment of the tweets, focusing on frequent Twitter users. We analyzed the spatiotemporal park visiting behavior of more than 4000 users for almost 1700 parks, examining 78,000 tweets in London, UK. The novelty of the research is in the combination of spatial and temporal aspects of Twitter data analysis, applying sentiment and emotion extraction for park visits throughout the whole city. This transferable methodology thereby overcomes many of the limitations of traditional research methods. This study concluded that people tweeted mostly in parks 3–4 km away from their center of activity and they were more positive than elsewhere while doing so. In our analysis, we identified four types of parks based on their visitors' spatial behavioral characteristics, the sentiment of the tweets, and the temporal distribution of the users, serving as input for further urban planning-related investigations.

The collapse of the U.S. investment bank Lehman Brothers marked the escalation point of the financial crisis of 2008. Yet, while the consequences of the collapse are widely discussed, the developments that led to Lehman Brothers' demise have yet to be dealt with from a sociological perspective. In this paper, we tackle this research gap by asking why Lehman Brothers – as opposed to other ailing banks – was not saved by the US regulators. We will show that mounting pressure from public opinion caused a shift in the risk perception on the side of the regulators. Initially oriented towards the economic risk associated with a potential failure of Lehman Brothers, the critique of the 2008 bailouts prompted regulators to weight the political risks of further bailouts over the economic risk of the bank's collapse. Thus, we argue that the social change brought about by the collapse of Lehman Brothers was critique-induced.

Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Kernbefunde der empirischen Prekaritätsforschung seit den frühen 2000er Jahren zusammengefasst. Insbesondere in der Arbeits- und Industriesoziologie, der Familiensoziologie und der politischen Soziologie findet sich eine Vielzahl an Arbeiten, die die Einflüsse atypischer Beschäftigungsverhältnisse auf zentrale Bereiche des sozialen Lebens untersuchen. Die empirischen Kernbefunde und theoretischen Grundlagen aus diesen drei Teildisziplinen zusammenführend wird im Laufe des Beitrags ein handlungs- und desintegrationstheoretisch fundiertes Modells zur Erklärung der sozialen Konsequenzen atypischer bzw. prekärer Beschäftigungsformen skizziert. Anschließend wird die aktuelle (quantitative) Dateninfrastruktur in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland daraufhin untersucht, ob und inwieweit sich die im vorliegenden Beitrag aufgeworfenen Forschungsfragen und Orientierungshypothesen auf Basis der vorhandenen Datenbasis empirisch fundiert beantworten bzw. überprüfen lassen. Es zeigt sich, dass die vorhandene Dateninfrastruktur für eine theoretisch und empirisch fundierte erklärende Prekaritätsforschung in Deutschland bislang lediglich in Grundzügen vorhanden ist. Insbesondere (mögliche) Interaktionseffekte zwischen objektiven und subjektiven Prekaritätsdimensionen auf das Arbeits- und Familienleben sowie auf politische Einstellungen und Partizipationsformen lassen sich damit nur sehr grob untersuchen.

anthropological knowledge mobilised in land policies in the South intersects with outdated concepts and debatable public policy stories. The high epistemological and political uncertainty surrounding land policies and the proliferation of land knowledge production sites lead to the development of expertise as a supply of networks and debate on knowledge rather than as a response to orders. Drawing on our experience of anthropologists, researchers and expertise practitioners, we show how anthropological expertise can both inform the concepts and effects of land policies while engaging in forms of support for these policies that take on the incompleteness of the structure of public action. ; International audience Anthropologists involved in land policies in the South confront themselves to concepts once been central to their discipline but obsolete nowadays, and to debatable policy narratives. Given the current epistemological and political uncertainty characterizing land policies and the plurality of knowledge production sites on land issues, expertise in this field can best seen as feeding policy networks and promoting debate on land knowledge than as responding to fixed terms of references. Drawing on our experience as anthropologists involved in research and expertise, we show to what extent anthropological expertise contributes to unveil assumptions underlying land policy debates while accompanying these policies and assuming the structural incompleteness of public action. ; anthropological knowledge mobilised in land policies in the South intersects with outdated concepts and debatable public policy stories. The high epistemological and political uncertainty surrounding land policies and the proliferation of land knowledge production sites lead to the development of expertise as a supply of networks and debate on knowledge rather than as a response to orders. Drawing on our experience of anthropologists, researchers and expertise practitioners, we show how anthropological expertise can both inform the ...

Seit der Jahrtausendwende ist eine verstärkte Abwanderung zumeist junger Bevölkerung aus dem ländlichen Raum in die großen Städte zu beobachten. Die Bevölkerungsverluste ländlicher Kreise, die in Ostdeutschland nicht erst seit der Grenzöffnung zu verzeichnen sind, werden zunehmend auch in westdeutschen ländlichen Kreisen spürbar. Es ist wieder vermehrt von "Landflucht" die Rede. In Westdeutschland ist die Zahl der abwandernden 18- bis unter 25-Jährigen aus dünn besiedelten ländlichen Kreisen aktuell etwa gleich der von 1975 - allerdings bei deutlich geringerem Umfang dieser Altersgruppe. Im Gegensatz zu den 1970er-Jahren bleibt jedoch heute die Rückwanderung der 25- bis unter 30-Jährigen aus. Stattdessen zieht es auch die Angehörigen dieser Altersgruppe verstärkt in die Großstädte. Die Analyse stützt sich auf die Zeitreihen der Raumbeobachtung des BBSR zu Binnenwanderungen und die Matrix der Wanderungsverflechtungen auf Kreisebene. Als Erklärungsansätze für das geänderte Wanderungsverhalten werden in diesem empirischen Beitrag die Bildungsselektivität, die Veränderung der Erwerbs- und Familienbiografien herangezogen. Unterschiedliche Sozialisationserfahrungen aus den beiden früheren deutschen Teilstaaten dürfen dabei nicht unbeachtet bleiben.

Migrant adolescent girls in India's fast-growing urban-slum population face multiple intersecting vulnerabilities,
including gender, poverty and migrant-status.
The study aims to understand the opportunities and challenges for migrant adolescent girls in low-income urban
slum settings.
Qualitative data were collected through interviews with girls aged 12-19 who migrated during the past two years
and non-migrant adolescent girls for comparison to explore their experiences in fast-growing Indore. A groupinterview with slum women's group members discussedways to address challenges.
Push/pull factors linked with different employment/educational opportunities between rural and urban areas
motivated families of unmarried girls to migrate. Recently married girls joined city-based families or accompanied
husbands who were labor migrants. Neither married nor unmarried girls played decision-making roles in
migration.
Married migrant adolescent girls faced challenges in accessing education, employment, social opportunities and
services owing to restrictions on freedom of movement, weak social networks, and little awareness of
opportunities and services. Childbearing migrant girls faced particular risks. Contact with their natal families being
limited, the quality of relationship with husbands and marital families was crucial for married girls'well-being.
Unmarried girls attending schools were positive about the migration experience, perceiving the city to offer
greater educational opportunities. Through school, they accessed opportunities for new relationships and social
activities. Not all unmarried adolescent-girls wereable to access opportunities owing to family restrictions and
economic circumstances. These girls' worlds remained small despite moving to a large city.
Where girls' economic and/or family and social circumstances allowed, migration entailed a positive change that
enhanced their opportunities. Specific challenges of this population segment need focus in policies and programs,
prioritizing three particularly vulnerable groups: girls who are neither in education nor employment, pregnant
girls or new mothers, and those with difficult relationships in marital homes. Proactive outreach to raise awareness about opportunities and services and fostering social networks through front-line workers and slum women's groups are recommended.

International audience La notion de « services écosystémiques » a été introduite dans un but de conservation pour éclairer les liens entre la dynamique de la biodiversité et les valeurs que les humains lui accordent. L'article examine comment les propos des habitants d'un village de la province du Kénédougou au Burkina Faso, Kotoudéni, peuvent être traduits en termes de services écosystémiques. Des enquêtes semi-structurées menées auprès de 23 personnes ont eu pour but de situer socialement les interlocuteurs et de susciter leur discours sur les divers espaces de leur terroir, leur importance relative, les utilisations propres à chacun, mais également sur les religions, la « tradition » et les changements environnementaux et sociaux en cours. L'analyse de ces discours a permis de dégager une conception locale et paysanne des « services écosystémiques » qui a été confrontée aux catégories de la classification du MEA (2005). Les usages matériels mentionnés correspondent assez bien aux catégories du MEA, mais le principal service rendu par les écosystèmes est d'ordre spirituel : organiser le monde et assurer son harmonie par l'intermédiaire d'êtres invisibles (ancêtres et génies). Vouloir faire entrer ce service spirituel dans la catégorie des services culturels revient à le défigurer et à en nier la portée. La conclusion est qu'une telle catégorisation standardisée ne peut permettre de rendre compte des services culturels : pour ceux-ci le recours à des approches plus large de type anthropologique reste nécessaire.

This article examines the relationships between socioeconomic status and attitudes toward redistributive taxation across 33 countries using the complete International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) 2006 data set. We apply a simple rational-choice-inspired homo-economicus hypothesis proposing that those better off in the socioeconomic hierarchy should have less reason to support state-organized economic redistribution compared to those situated at lower levels in the socioeconomic hierarchy. The empirical results demonstrate substantial cross-country variation regarding the correspondence between empirical observations and theoretical expectations. When faced with such tremendous cross-national variation in response patterns, a common strategy among researchers is to question the quality of the data collection procedures for those countries deviating strongly from theoretical expectations. The strategy chosen in this study is, however, different. The main argument is that an observed lack of fit between theory and empirical observations may be rooted in problems related to theory rather than the quality of data collection procedures. Building on previous research, two "cultural distance" hypotheses are formulated, both of which argue that the correspondence between the homo-economicus theory and empirics should indeed vary systematically across countries. The first focuses on the role of the welfare state and the second on the level of economic affluence and associated scientific dominance. Both hypotheses receive considerable empirical support. The relationship between socioeconomic status and support for redistributive taxation is substantially stronger in the wealthy Western welfare states - particularly among those of Northern Europe - than in the poor non-Western countries lacking any institutional design reminiscent of a welfare state.