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Individuals' political participation and underlying political attitudes are important non-monetary returns to education covered in the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS). The data enables the scientific community to investigate the effect of education on political participation and political attitudes, and to trace corresponding mechanisms. In this paper, we provide an outline of the theoretical background behind the political participation elements of the NEPS survey program. We also present the measurement concept for the different NEPS starting cohorts, and provide some descriptive analyses of the NEPS items on political participation and political attitudes.

The article discusses some problems confronting teachers and psychologists when making decisions as to how to use the currently available test procedures. It reports data gathered on three separate occasions on the performance of a group of blind and partially sighted children on the Williams Intelligence Test which is the only specialist IQ test standardized in the UK. Correlation co-efficients indicate that the test achieves very satisfactory levels of test-retest reliability. Attention is drawn to changes, including improvements, in individual scores over time that have implications for educational advisers. Some of these improvements are attributed to the widening of experiences in the physical exploration of the environment, in language opportunities, and in socialization that are due to the effects of good pre-school and early-school placements. Despite the test's good reliability as revealed by this longitudinal study, it is suggested that the time has now come for the design and standardization of a new test incorporating current developments and thinking.

TV white space (TVWS) refers to the unused UHF and VHF spectrum owned by primary users, such as TV (DVB-T2) broadcasters in a certain location. The protection of primary users' interference from white space devices has been the major implementation issue. Protection ratio setting is commonly used to limit the amount of transmission power that white space devices can permit. In the present study, the simulation and experiment for the proposed protection ratio values are compared. Simulation using Monte Carlo has been conducted. Field measurements were implemented to see whether the protection ratio value could be used to assist the government in implementing TVWS. The outcomes showed that the simulation-based protection ratio was 1 dB greater than the field test result. The results indicate that the simulation model can be used as a reference for the government to estimate the value of the protection ratio and facilitate better efficient implementation

The need for outsourcing IT services has shown a significant growth over the past few years. This article presents a proposal for a measurement model for Software Tests with a focus on the management of these outsourced services by governmental organizations. The following specific goals were defined: to identify and analyze the test process; to identify and analyze the existing standards that govern the hiring of IT services and to propose a Measurement Model for outsourced services of this type. As to the analysis of the data collected (documentary research and semi-structured interviews), content analysis was adopted, and in order to prepare the metrics, the GQM - Goal, Questions, Metrics - approach was used. The result was confirmed by semi-structured interviews. Here is what the research identifies as possible: to establish objective and measurable criteria for a measurement size as the input to evaluate the efforts and deadlines involved; to follow up the test sub-processes and to evaluate the service quality. Therefore, the management of this type of service hiring can be done more efficiently.

The government and the private sector encouraged entrepreneurship by offering various types of loans that provide employment opportunities as an effort to reduce poverty. Evidence has shown that personality traits and behaviors are vital roles in influencing entrepreneurship. Different evaluations should be done, including tests of personality traits and behavior. Agencies typically use a common method in evaluating entrepreneurs, such as self-reporting, interviews, and questionnaires. Nevertheless, psychologists and social researchers strongly question the shortcomings of these evaluation methods. The drawbacks of these methods include bias and entrepreneurs can fake their answers (Social Desirability Response). These circumstances reduce the chance of an honest and prospective entrepreneur to get loans when judged against an entrepreneur who knows how to exploit their answers to impress the evaluators. In order to avoid false answers and biases, numerous attempts have been carried out to assess entrepreneur personality traits and behavior objectively. Geographical space influence the behavior of entrepreneurs (activities) and the entrepreneurs activities can also influence changes in the geographical space. Therefore, it is advisable to include spatial components in personality and behavior evaluation. This article suggests a different approach in evaluating potential entrepreneurs that assesses personality traits and behaviors from a spatial perspective. A total of 100 questionnaires were distributed to micro-entrepreneurs and agencies which provide loans for micro-entrepreneurs. SmartPLS3 software is used for data processing and analysis following the collection of data. It was concluded from the results of this study, it is possible to evaluate personality and behaviors from a spatial perspective.

AbstractThe distribution of education by social background and the mobility prospects of society are intimately connected. To begin to predict future trends in mobility in the UK we bring together evidence on educational inequality by family background for cohorts from 1958 to 2000 for a range of educational outcomes. There is evidence that educational inequalities have narrowed among recent cohorts as the overall level of educational achievement has increased. This could be promising for mobility provided the labour market returns to these qualifications are maintained. However, stubborn inequalities by background at higher attainment levels imply that narrowing inequalities and expanding equality of opportunity throughout the educational distribution is a difficult task.