Suchergebnisse

The Paris Agreement target of limiting global surface warming to 1.5-2°C compared to pre-industrial levels by 2100 will still heavily impact the ocean. While ambitious mitigation and adaptation are both needed, the ocean provides major opportunities for action to reduce climate change globally and its impacts on vital ecosystems and ecosystem services. A comprehensive and systematic assessment of 13 global- and local-scale, ocean-based measures was performed to help steer the development and implementation of technologies and actions toward a sustainable outcome. We show that (1) all measures have tradeoffs and multiple criteria must be used for a comprehensive assessment of their potential, (2) greatest benefit is derived by combining global and local solutions, some of which could be implemented or scaled-up immediately, (3) some measures are too uncertain to be recommended yet, (4) political consistency must be achieved through effective cross-scale governance mechanisms, (5) scientific effort must focus on effectiveness, co-benefits, disbenefits, and costs of poorly tested as well as new and emerging measures. ; We thank M. Khamla (CNRS) and S. Ghani (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology) for help with artwork. This is a product of "The Oceans Solutions Initiative", an expert group supported by the Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation, the Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre of the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Veolia Foundation, and the French Facility for Global Environment. AKM thanks the French Government for its support under the "Investissements d'avenir" programme, managed by the French National Research Agency (ANR-10-LABX-14-01). RB was supported by the RESCCUE project funded by the French Development Agency and the French Global Environment Facility (AFD CZZ 2205 01 W and FFEM CZZ 1667 01 H). WWLC acknowledges funding support from the Nippon Foundation-UBC Nereus Program. CMD participation was partly supported by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) through baseline funding. JH was partly supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement number 642018 (GREEN-WIN project) and by the grant SEASCAPE from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) as part of the Special Priority Program (SPP)-1889 "Regional Sea Level Change and Society" (SeaLevel). EM was supported by the Nature Conservancy and the International Climate Initiative (IKI) funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety. FM was partly supported by the US NSF (DEB-1212124 and OCE-1736830) and JJM by the Netherlands Earth System Science Center. The contents in this manuscript are solely the opinions of the authors and do not constitute a statement of policy, decision, or position on behalf of the Pacific Community

This paper offers some hypotheses to problematize and open the discussion about the political theoretical coordinates that allow us to approach the problem of the State in Nuestra America. Specifically, we emphasize three points: a- The historical productivity of the Latin American States. Here we follow the contributions did by Martín Cortés in his reflection on the "leviatán criollo". b- The intrinsic heterogeneity of contemporary state formations. In that point we offer a re-reading of Laclau's use of the concepts of sedimentation-reactivation to think politics. c- The state apparatus and the market as instances of power's condensation. Totalization and reinsurance instances of the multiple institutions that organize the social life, its productive and reproductive dynamics. Here we re-read Foucault's distinction between the old sovereign power to kill and the biopolitical power to let die. We do that in light of the Hinkelammert's theory about the power dynamics of state and market. These three ideas allow us to open a debate in the field of contemporary political theory about the relevance to reformulate the concept of the state and, at once, to propose some hypotheses about it. The reformulation proposed help us to construct an effective conceptual instruments to map with greater precision the topography of forces in which popular Latin American struggles take place. ; El presente escrito ofrece algunas hipótesis para problematizar y abrir la discusión sobre las coordenadas teórico políticas que nos permiten abordar el problema del Estado en Nuestra América.Específicamente enfatizamos tres puntos en nuestra reflexión:a- La productividad histórica de los Estados latinoamericanos. Aquí seguimos los aportes realizados por Martín Cortés en su reflexión sobre el leviatán criollo.b- La heterogeneidad intrínseca de las formaciones estatales contemporáneas. En este caso realizamos una relectura del uso que hace Laclau de los conceptos de sedimentación-reactivación para pensar la política.c- El aparato de Estado y el mercado como instancias de condensación del poder, de totalización y reaseguro del tejido institucional, y de articulación de la dinámica productiva y reproductiva de una formación social. Realizamos una relectura de la distinción que ofrece Foucault entre el poder de hacer morir soberano y el de dejar morir biopolítico a la luz de la teoría hinkelammertiana del poder estatal y mercantil.Estas tres ideas nos permiten abrir un debate en el campo de la teórica política contemporánea acerca de la necesidad de reformular el concepto de lo estatal y, al mismo tiempo, proponer algunas hipótesis al respecto. La reformulación nos ayuda a construir instrumentos conceptuales útiles para cartografiar con mayor precisión la topografía de fuerzas en las que tienen lugar las luchas populares latinoamericanas.

Background Forests have always played an important role in agreeing on accounting rules during the past two decades of international climate policy development. Starting from activity-based gross–net accounting of selected forestry activities to mandatory accounting against a baseline—rules have changed quite rapidly and with significant consequences for accounted credits and debits. Such changes have direct consequences on incentives for climate-investments in forestry. There have also been strong arguments not to include forests into the accounting system by considering large uncertainties, procedural challenges and a fear of unearned credits corrupting the overall accounting system, among others. This paper reflects the development of respective accounting approaches and reviews the progress made on core challenges and resulting incentives. Main text The historic development of forest management accounting rules is analysed in the light of the Paris Agreement. Pros and cons of different approaches are discussed with specific focus on the challenge to maintain integrity of the accounting approach and on resulting incentives for additional human induced investments to increase growth for future substitution and increased C storage by forest management. The review is solely based on scientific publications and official IPCC and UNFCC documents. Some rather political statements of non-scientific stakeholders are considered to reflect criticism. Such sources are indicated accordingly. Remaining and emerging requirements for an accounting system for post 2030 are highlighted. Conclusions The Paris Agreement is interpreted as a "game changer" for the role of forests in climate change mitigation. Many countries rely on forests in their NDCs to achieve their self-set targets. In fact, the agreement "to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century" puts pressure on the entire land sector to contribute to overall GHG emission reductions. This also concerns forests as a resource for the bio-based economy and wood products, and for increasing carbon reservoirs. By discussing the existing elements of forest accounting rules and conditions for establishing an accounting system post 2030, it is concluded that core requirements like factoring out direct human-induced from indirect human-induced and natural impacts on managed lands, a facilitation of incentives for management changes and providing safeguards for the integrity of the accounting system are not sufficiently secured by currently discussed accounting rules. A responsibility to fulfil these basic requirements is transferred to Nationally Determined Contributions. Increased incentives for additional human induced investments are not stipulated by the accounting approach but rather by the political decision to make use of the substitution effect and potential net removals from LULUCF to contribute to self-set targets.

© 2017, The Journal of Global Affairs is the official student research publication of the Department of International and Area Studies in the College of International Studies at the University of Oklahoma. Correspondence may be sent to: Journal of Global Affairs, C/O CIS/DIAS, 729 Elm Avenue, Hester Hall 150, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States of America. Email: jga@ou.edu. ; This paper explores the intersection of European and international refugee and human rights law. While numerous treaties incorporate the rights of forced migrants, the Refugee Convention with the 1967 Protocol represents the most important instrument in regards to refugee protection. The European Union (EU) has established its own regional refugee and human rights regime with the European Convention of Human Rights and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union as centerpieces. Although the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights have applied more progressive interpretations of refugee and asylum law, they have at times defaulted to conservative rulings, thereby compromising refugee protection. EU legislation, specifically the CEAS with the Dublin Regulation, has qualified the access to asylum and the principle of non- refoulement. The restrictive European visa regime and the various control mechanisms limit the right to seek asylum, the right to leave one's country, and access to an asylum procedure. The "safe country" concept further compromises refugee protection as it homogenizes asylum seekers and decreases the quality of asylum procedures. The EU is likely to continue and expand its conservative asylum system, which will come at the expense of overall refugee security and protection. ; About Stefanie Neumeier ; Stefanie Neumeier received a bachelor's degree in International Studies with a focus on International Relations from the University of Idaho. She is currently enrolled in the International Studies Master's program at the University of Oklahoma. Stefanie's research interests include Theory of International Relations, International Law, Human Rights, Forced Migration/Refugees, and the European Union. She is interested in further exploring regional and international migration and refugee regimes and the development of security institutions and international law. Previously, Stefanie worked as an intern in the US House of Representatives and in the Bundestag in Berlin, as well as volunteering in refugee camps and serving as a mentor to a Bosnian refugee family. After graduation in May, Stefanie will continue her graduate studies as a Ph.D. student in Political Science and International Relations at the University of Southern California. ; The Journal of Global Affairs is published in conjunction with the College of International Studies at the University of Oklahoma. ; undergraduate

Background: By 2013, the UK government's Migration Advisory Committee had listed sonography as an official 'shortage specialty'.[1,2] As a consequence of the working stresses allied to this shortage, British sonographers have increasingly been reducing hours or leaving clinical practice entirely.[3] Moreover, among those who remain, incidences of reported chronic pain and active injury are also on the increase within a profession that was already synonymous with high rates of work-related musculoskeletal disorder (WRMSD).[4] While contemporary research has described the rates of WRMSD among ultrasound practitioners[5], none has to date extensively explored its personal and professional impacts. Methods: Using a model of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis with proven facility in medical imaging research,[6,7] extended semi-structured interviews with N=10 experienced sonographers were analysed. Results: Participants routinely reported a sensation of guilt and depleted self-efficacy that not only permeated any working absence resultant of their own WRMSD, but also to taking legitimate leave when colleagues were suffering from WRMSD. An upshot of this was to recurrently "take one for the team" and work through excessive pain, even when this would likely result in greater prospective physical damage. While the basic shortage of sonographers was the core attribution for such behaviours, participants also cited (1) increasingly obese patients, (2) increasingly unhelpful (i.e. profiteering) equipment manufacturers, and (3) their own paternalism regarding healthcare. Conclusions: The present situation in ultrasound mirrors a culture of potentially dangerous pain acceptance that been noted in the psychology of sport for some time,[8] albeit for altruistic, rather than egotistic, reasons. References 1. Migration Advisory Committee. Skilled shortage sensible: Full review of the recommended shortage occupation lists for the UK and Scotland, a sunset clause and the creative occupations. 2013. 2. Parker PC, Harrison G. Educating the future sonographic workforce: Membership survey report from the British Medical Ultrasound Society. Ultrasound 2015;23:231-241. 3. Society and College of Radiographers. Sonographer workforce survey analysis. SCoR; 2014. 4. Harrison G, Harris A. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders in ultrasound: Can you reduce risk? Ultrasound 2015;23:224-230. 5. Bolton GC, Cox DL. Survey of UK sonographers on the prevention of work related muscular‐skeletal disorder (WRMSD). Journal of Clinical Ultrasound 2015;43:145-152. 6. Miller PK, Woods AL, Sloane C, Booth L. Obesity, heuristic reasoning and the organisation of communicative embarrassment in diagnostic radiography. Radiography 2017;23:130-134. 7. Miller PK, Booth L, Spacey A. Dementia and clinical interaction in frontline radiography: Mapping the practical experiences of junior clinicians in the UK. Dementia 2017. 8. Weinberg R, Vernau D, Horn T. Playing through pain and injury: Psychosocial considerations. J Clin Sport Psychol 2013;7:41-59.

This paper evaluates the implementation of the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) K to 12 Adjustment Assistance Program, established following the full implementation of the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013 (RA 10533) in 2016, with the Senior High School (SHS) rollout. This had far reaching implications for the education stakeholders affected, including CHED. Specifically, the transition was expected to adversely affect higher education institutions and faculty and non-teaching staff due to non-enrollment to college of the first two SHS cohorts. But while this transition threatened HEI labor and sustainability, it also presented a rare opportunity to upgrade the country's higher education sector. A key agency in the reform, CHED established the K to 12 Transition Program to (a) provide assistance to the basic education sector, (b) protect higher education from losses, and (c) leverage the transition to make unprecedented investments in higher education. Under the program, CHED designed a number of individual and institutional grants, including Scholarships for Graduate Studies; Instruction, Research, and Sectoral Engagement; Institutional Development and Innovation Grants; and SHS Support Grants, among others. The transition likewise meant organizational and process adjustments in the CHED bureaucracy that encountered capacity challenges and related concerns. In effect, the program—already on its second year of implementation—has been facing low uptake, program dropouts, and a barrage of complaints stemming mostly from the delayed release of program benefits. It is within this context that the Program was evaluated. This process evaluation examines the aspects of implementation that have led to said challenges by assessing the program logic and its plausibility, service delivery and utilization, and program organization. This study finds that the Program has to be appreciated as a transition program itself, one wherein an innovative program, spurred by the need to recognize the imperatives of globalization and internal reform, required adjustments to and in the internal bureaucracies of CHED, long steeped in bureaucratic processes and routine, a positive variation of bureaupathology. This has meant the establishment of a transition office in CHED, an ad hoc Program Management Unit, that itself had to go through its own transition measures as it adjusted to the regular CHED bureaucracy. The study has surfaced many of the administrative challenges encountered in the implementation of the K to 12 program, most notably CHED's lack of absorptive capacity, which hindered smooth program implementation, thereby overshadowing the program's innovativeness and gains. Overall, CHED must (re)focus on the broader goal of the K to 12 Transition Program, which is to contribute to making Philippine higher education more globally competitive. It is imperative to redouble collective efforts to develop and design accompanying policies, plans, and strategies to attain this goal.

This article elaborate the historical root of tafsir maqasidi through these steps:1) describing the four periods of the history of tafsir; 2) deducing points, from each period, which could provide an idea on the history of tafsir maqashidi, either theoretically or practically; 3) and providing examples of tafsir maqashidi. This article is done by documentation, by searching, reading, and reviewing qualitative data to be collected and analyzed by deductive method. The results of the article show: 1) historical roots of tafsir maqa>s{idi> have an intertwined with the history of tafsir in general, namely: marḥalat al-ta'sīs, marḥalat al-ta'ṣīl, marḥalat al-tafrī', and marḥalat al-tajdi>d. 2) among the points that can be explained related to the historical roots of tafsir maqas{idi> that is: a) in the ta'sīs period, there embryo maqāṣid al-shari>'ah. For example, there is a triple divorce in one majlis which is punishable by a single divorce at the time of the Prophet, during the time of Umar ra. punishable by three divorces, with consideration of 'urf, for the benefit; b) in the tafrī' period, born three maqāṣid al-shari>'ah theories. first, al-Tūfī argues that the Shari'ah is none other than mas}lah}ah itself, so if nas} is contrary to mas}lah}ah then take precedence of mas}lah}ah ('alā sabīl al-takhṣīṣ); secondly, al-Gazalī states that "mas}lah}ah" is nothing but the Shari'a itself, so the theory of mas}lah}ah is taken inductively from nas {{; Third, al-Shāṭibī argues that mas}lah}ah and shari'a are one unity, so if nas} that opposed to mas}lah}ah is qot}'i> al-dalālah, then nas {is precedence, and if nas} that opposed to mas}lah}ah is dhanni> al-dalālah, then mas}lah}ah is precedence; c) in the tajdi>d period, classical maqāṣid concepts that are protection and preservation, altered by some contemporary Muslims such as Jasser Auda into a new concept of development and rights. The idea of contemporaryization of this terminology was then rejected by many fuqaha. 3) an example of the application of tafsir maqāṣidi> is the interpretation of the Qur'an surah al-Nu>r verse 2 in the context of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. In this case there is a ta'āruḍ between nas which enjoins the caning and "mas}lah}ah". The application of the Islamic Criminal law in Indonesia to date has not received sufficient political support, so it will lead to greater mafsadah. Therefore, mas}lah}ah takes precedence and is made as takhṣīṣ above nas}.

This paper offers some hypotheses to problematize and open the discussion about the political theoretical coordinates that allow us to approach the problem of the State in Nuestra America. Specifically, we emphasize three points: a- The historical productivity of the Latin American States. Here we follow the contributions did by Martín Cortés in his reflection on the "leviatán criollo". b- The intrinsic heterogeneity of contemporary state formations. In that point we offer a re-reading of Laclau's use of the concepts of sedimentation-reactivation to think politics. c- The state apparatus and the market as instances of power's condensation. Totalization and reinsurance instances of the multiple institutions that organize the social life, its productive and reproductive dynamics. Here we re-read Foucault's distinction between the old sovereign power to kill and the biopolitical power to let die. We do that in light of the Hinkelammert's theory about the power dynamics of state and market. These three ideas allow us to open a debate in the field of contemporary political theory about the relevance to reformulate the concept of the state and, at once, to propose some hypotheses about it. The reformulation proposed help us to construct an effective conceptual instruments to map with greater precision the topography of forces in which popular Latin American struggles take place. ; El presente escrito ofrece algunas hipótesis para problematizar y abrir la discusión sobre las coordenadas teórico políticas que nos permiten abordar el problema del Estado en Nuestra América.Específicamente enfatizamos tres puntos en nuestra reflexión:a- La productividad histórica de los Estados latinoamericanos. Aquí seguimos los aportes realizados por Martín Cortés en su reflexión sobre el leviatán criollo.b- La heterogeneidad intrínseca de las formaciones estatales contemporáneas. En este caso realizamos una relectura del uso que hace Laclau de los conceptos de sedimentación-reactivación para pensar la política.c- El aparato de Estado y el mercado como instancias de condensación del poder, de totalización y reaseguro del tejido institucional, y de articulación de la dinámica productiva y reproductiva de una formación social. Realizamos una relectura de la distinción que ofrece Foucault entre el poder de hacer morir soberano y el de dejar morir biopolítico a la luz de la teoría hinkelammertiana del poder estatal y mercantil.Estas tres ideas nos permiten abrir un debate en el campo de la teórica política contemporánea acerca de la necesidad de reformular el concepto de lo estatal y, al mismo tiempo, proponer algunas hipótesis al respecto. La reformulación nos ayuda a construir instrumentos conceptuales útiles para cartografiar con mayor precisión la topografía de fuerzas en las que tienen lugar las luchas populares latinoamericanas.

The article devoted to the analysis of United States Code Title 35-Patents, Manual of Patent Examining Pro­cedure, Code of Federal Regulation Title-37 (37 CFR). There are considered regula­tory issues the extension of the term of a patent, which claims a human drug prod­uct, a method of using a human drug product, or a method of manufacturing a human drug product.The extension of patent term is necessary because a human drug product has been subject to a regulatory review period, which conducts Food and Drug Admin­istration (FDA) before its commercial marketing or use.A regulatory review period consists of two periods: a testing phase and an ap­proval phase. For human drug product, the testing phase begins when the exemp­tion to permit the clinical investigations of the drug becomes effective and runs until the approval phase begins. The approval phase starts with the initial submis­sion of an application to market the human drug product and continues until FDA grants permission to market the drug product.There are considered an agreement between the FDA and the United States Patent and Trademark Office, which establishes procedures for the exchange of in­formation between these government agencies to determine a regulatory review period. The determination of the length of the regulatory review period is shown on the example of the human drug GlucaGen®.If the patent is found to be eligible for extension, the United States Patent and Trademark Office then calculates the length of extension for which the patent is el­igible under the appropriate statutory provisions (35 U.S.C. 156(c); 37 CFR 1.750). The period of extension is calculated using the FDA determination of the length of the regulatory review period published in the Federal Register. ; В статье охарактеризованы нормативно-правовые акты США, регулирующие про­дление срока действия патента на изобретение, объектом которого является ле­карственное средство, способ использования лекарственного средства или способ изготовления лекарственного средства. Рассмотрен порядок продления срока дей­ствия патента, осуществляемый Ведомством США по патентам и торговым мар­кам, взаимодействие этого ведомства с Управлением по санитарному надзору за качеством пищевых продуктов и лекарственных средств, предоставляющим раз­решение на коммерческий маркетинг илииспользования лекарственного сред­ства. Приведена формула, по которой рассчитывается срок продления действия патента на изобретение. ; У статті охарактеризовано нормативно-правові акти США, що регулюють продовжен­ня строку дії патенту на винахід, об'єктом якого є лікарський засіб, спосіб використання лікарського засобу чи спосіб виготовлення лікарського засобу. Розглянуто порядок про­довження строку дії патенту, Відомством США з патентів і торгових марок, взаємодію цього відомства з Управліннямі санітарного нагляду за якістю харчових продуктів і лікарських засобів, яким надається дозвіл на комерційний маркетинг або використання лікарського засобу. Наведено формулу, за якою розраховується строк продовження дії патенту на винахід.

The paper analyzes the role of the U.S. foreign affairs agency in implementing the humanitarian initiatives of US Presidents Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry Truman in relation to political refugees from Germany and Austria in prewar and post-war time. It was the particular period of time that was characterized by the beginning of the United States active participation in assisting forced emigrants from the Third Reich at the expense of international actualization of that issue. That process took place against the backdrop of malfunctioning of existing institutional tools in the structure of the League of Nations on the one hand, and on the other hand, it was complicated by the complete rejection of foreign policy activity outside the American continent in any forms by the overwhelming majority of American congressmen. Under such circumstances, President Roosevelt could act solely within his own sphere of competence, also relying on Cordell Hull, the Head of the US Department of State. In the sphere of foreign policy, the US Department of State activities aimed to follow the proclaimed at the end of March 1938 president's course on the international application of the «responsibility of each nation» principle for the fate of European refugees from Nazism are of particular interest. For the scientific coverage of the theme, the author uses published documents of the United States Department of State from the series Foreign Relations of the United States, and memoirs of Cordell Hull, the Secretary of State. The contribution of the US State Department officials to the implementation of the plans of American leaders to establish international cooperation in the field of assistance to European refugees is retraced. Particular attention is paid to the coordinating work of professional diplomats with American delegations at international forums in Lima, Havana, Buenos Aires. The work of C. Hull on the realization of the president's humanitarian initiatives, his participation in solving refugee problems at the level of the heads of foreign policy departments of Latin America states is analyzed. The activities of the US foreign affairs agency on the actualization of refugee issues during the presidency of G. Truman are also considered. ; У статті аналізується роль американського зовнішньополітичного відомства у реалізації гуманітаристських ініціатив Президентів США Франкліна Делано Рузвельта та Гаррі Трумена стосовно політичних біженців з Німеччини й Австрії у довоєнний і повоєнний час. Залучено опубліковані документи Державного Департаменту США із серії Foreign Relations of the United States, мемуари очільника Держдепу Кордела Халла. Прослідковано внесок чиновників Держдепу США у втілення планів американського керівництва щодо налагодження міжнародної співпраці у питаннях надання допомоги європейським біженцям.

6 Pags.- 1 Tabl.- 1 Fig. © The Authors 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com ; RSAT (Regulatory Sequence Analysis Tools) is a suite of modular tools for the detection and the analysis of cis-regulatory elements in genome sequences. Its main applications are (i) motif discovery, including from genome-wide datasets like ChIP-seq/ATAC-seq, (ii) motif scanning, (iii) motif analysis (quality assessment, comparisons and clustering), (iv) analysis of regulatory variations, (v) comparative genomics. Six public servers jointly support 10 000 genomes from all kingdoms. Six novel or refactored programs have been added since the 2015 NAR Web Software Issue, including updated programs to analyse regulatory variants (retrieve-variation-seq, variation-scan, convert-variations), along with tools to extract sequences from a list of coordinates (retrieve-seq-bed), to select motifs from motif collections (retrieve-matrix), and to extract orthologs based on Ensembl Compara (get-orthologs-compara). Three use cases illustrate the integration of new and refactored tools to the suite. This Anniversary update gives a 20-year perspective on the software suite. RSAT is well-documented and available through Web sites, SOAP/WSDL (Simple Object Access Protocol/Web Services Description Language) web services, virtual machines and stand-alone programs at http://www.rsat.eu/. ; French Government implemented by RENABI-IFB program [ANR-11-INSB-0013] to N.T.T.N.; ANR [ANR-14-CE11-0006-02] to M.T.C. and D.T.; A.M.-R.'s laboratory is supported by a CONACYT grant [269449]; Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (PAPIIT-UNAM) grant [IA206517]; M.T.-C., A.M.R and D.T. further acknowledge SEP-CONACYT – ECOS-ANUIES support. J.A.C.M. benefited from a PhD grant from the Ecole Doctorale des Sciences de la Vie et de la Sant´e, Aix-Marseille Université, and is supported by Norwegian Research Council [187615]; Helse Sør-Øst, and University of Oslo through the Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM); B.C.M. was funded by Spanish MINECO [AGL2016-80967-R] and by Aix-Marseille Universit´e as Chercheur Invit´e in 2015; C.D.R.-E.'s laboratory is supported by a Wellcome Trust Seed Award [204562/Z/16/Z]; PAPIIT-UNAM grant [IA200318]; R.O. is supported by a PhD studentship from CONACYT. Funding for open access charge: Agence Nationale de la Recherche. ; Peer reviewed

Background Forests have always played an important role in agreeing on accounting rules during the past two decades of international climate policy development. Starting from activity-based gross–net accounting of selected forestry activities to mandatory accounting against a baseline—rules have changed quite rapidly and with significant consequences for accounted credits and debits. Such changes have direct consequences on incentives for climate-investments in forestry. There have also been strong arguments not to include forests into the accounting system by considering large uncertainties, procedural challenges and a fear of unearned credits corrupting the overall accounting system, among others. This paper reflects the development of respective accounting approaches and reviews the progress made on core challenges and resulting incentives. Main text The historic development of forest management accounting rules is analysed in the light of the Paris Agreement. Pros and cons of different approaches are discussed with specific focus on the challenge to maintain integrity of the accounting approach and on resulting incentives for additional human induced investments to increase growth for future substitution and increased C storage by forest management. The review is solely based on scientific publications and official IPCC and UNFCC documents. Some rather political statements of non-scientific stakeholders are considered to reflect criticism. Such sources are indicated accordingly. Remaining and emerging requirements for an accounting system for post 2030 are highlighted. Conclusions The Paris Agreement is interpreted as a "game changer" for the role of forests in climate change mitigation. Many countries rely on forests in their NDCs to achieve their self-set targets. In fact, the agreement "to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century" puts pressure on the entire land sector to contribute to overall GHG emission reductions. This also concerns forests as a resource for the bio-based economy and wood products, and for increasing carbon reservoirs. By discussing the existing elements of forest accounting rules and conditions for establishing an accounting system post 2030, it is concluded that core requirements like factoring out direct human-induced from indirect human-induced and natural impacts on managed lands, a facilitation of incentives for management changes and providing safeguards for the integrity of the accounting system are not sufficiently secured by currently discussed accounting rules. A responsibility to fulfil these basic requirements is transferred to Nationally Determined Contributions. Increased incentives for additional human induced investments are not stipulated by the accounting approach but rather by the political decision to make use of the substitution effect and potential net removals from LULUCF to contribute to self-set targets.

Vascular Spiders and related LesiollS of the Skin. By William Bennett Bean, M.D. Pp. xix + 372. 130 figures. 63s. net. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. 1958.The Nursing and Management ofSkin Diseases. By D. S. Wilkin. son, M.D., M.R.C.P. Pp. 288. 13 figures. 32s. 6d. London: Faber and Faber. 1958.Hermaphroditism, Genital Anomalies and Related Endocrine Disorders. By Howard W. Jones, Jr., M.D. and William Wallace Scott, M.D., Ph.D. Pp. xvi + 456. 466 illustrations. 128s. London: Bailliere, Tindall and Cox Ltd. 1958.Progress in Radiation Therapy. Edited by Franz Buschke, M.D. with 13 contributors. pp. iii + 284. illustrations. $9.75. New York and London: Grune & Stratton, Inc. 1958.The Year Book 0/ Ophthalmology 1958-59. Edited by Derrick Vajl, B.A., M.D., D.Oph. (Oxon.), EA.CS., ER.CS. (Hon.). Pp. 407. 78 figures. 7.50. Chicago: Year Book Publishers, Inc. 1959.Staphylococcus Pyogenes and its Relation to Dise7Jse. By Stephen D. Elek, M.D., D.Sc., Ph.D., D.P.H. Pp. vii+767. 44 figures. XXII tables. 84s. net + 3s. postage abroad. Edinburgh and London: E. & S. Livingstone Ltd. 1959.The Sella in Health and Disease. By Mahmoud El Sayed Mah· moud, Ph.D. Red., M.B., B.Ch., D.M.R.E. Supplement No. 8 to the British Journal 0/ Radiology. Pp. xii + 100. 120 figures. 35s. London: The British Institute of Radiology. 1958.An Atlas 0/ Surgery. By F. Wilson Hadow, M.B.? B.S. cpurham), F.R.C.S. (Eng.). Pp. xiii + 363. 1,2.92 illustratIons. 50s. net. London: William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd. 1958.The Care 0/ the Geriatric Patient. Edited by E. V. Cowdry, Ph.D., Sc.D. (Hon.). Pp. 438. South African price 68s. St. Louis: The C. V. Mosby Company. 1958.A History 0/ Sexual Customs. By Richard Lewinsohn, Dr. Med., Dr. Rerum Politicarum (Berlin). Translated by Alexander Mayce. Pp. xiv + 424. Illustrations. 31s. London- ew York-Toronto: Longmans, Green and Co. 1958.Physiology of Spinal Anaesthesia. By . M. Greene! B.S., M.A., M.D. pp. xi + 195. illustrations. $6.00. Baltunore: The Williams & Wilkins Company. 1958.A Synopsis of Hygiene (Jameson and Parkinson). 11th edition. By L1ywelyn Roberts, M.D., M.R.C.P., D.P.H., assisted by Kathleen M. Shaw, M.B.E. Pp. viii + 694. 22 illustrations. 60s. net. London: J. & A. Churchill Ltd. 1958.Recent Advances in Paediatrics. 2nd edition. Edited by Douglas Gairdner, D.M., F.R.C.P. Pp. viii + 378. 82 illustrations. 48s. net. London: J. & A. Churchill Ltd. 1958. Radium-Isodosen. Die Radiumdosierung in "r". Von Dr. A. Verhagen. Mit einen Geleitwort von Prof. Dr. K. ]'Iordmeyer (Deutscher und Englischer Text). viii + 96 Seiten. 34 Abbildungen. DM 19.50. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag. 1958.Symposium on Nuclear Sex. Edited for the Organizing Committee by the Secretary, D. :Robertson Smith, M.A., M.D. and William M. Davidson, M.D. pp. xvii + 188. 14 figures. 21s. net. London: William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd. 1958.

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals, with 169 associated targets aspire to integrate in a balanced way the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. The goals address a variety of complex problems that emphasise on human-environment interactions –environmental degradation, climate change, sustainable management of natural resources, fresh water scarcity, loss of biodiversity - whose addressing will require cross-sectoral solutions, collaborative work across disciplines, and integration of socio-economic and environmental data and information. Big Earth Data, providing a wide range of long-term time series and multiple spatio-temporal scales covering all of Earth's spheres (ie.g atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere), open windows of opportunity for applications in support of the SDG global indicator framework, including baseline data collection and monitoring of SDG targets' trends. Opportunities of using Big EO data in support of the implementation of the SDG indicator framework come with some challenges, including data storage and management, data quality and reliability, whether methods are transferable to different geographies and scales, or how the results can be interpreted to produce Voluntary National Review reports that inform the progress towards the implementation of the SDGs. Through the Australia's National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS), since 2010, 12 government and academic institutions have been working cooperatively in the implementation of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN). One component of this network, the TERN's Landscapes platform, conducts environmental monitoring using remote sensing techniques to characterise and monitor Australian ecosystems at a landscape and continental scale. The platform also undertakes modelling and synthesis activities to extrapolate and interpolate from observational data to produce modelled data products (e.g. land cover vegetation fraction). The TERN Landscape is an example of using Big Earth Observation data to characterise and detect change relating to vegetation structure and composition, land cover underlying forces, and bushfire dynamics and impacts, etcetera. Valuable lessons related to open data access, validation, calibration, inter-institutional cooperation for value added products in support of environmental management have been learned through its implementation.This presentation will discuss key aspects of the formulation, development and implementation of TERN Landscapes, using dense time-series of optical satellite data from the Australian Geoscience Data Cube (AGDC), high resolution MiniSat data, and C- and L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR; collation of publicly available field, drone and aircraft observations; and the collection of new datasets under common protocols. It will reflect on the opportunities and challenges that national initiatives like TERN Landscapes present for effective operational delivery of value added Big EO in support of the SDGs indicators.

Better utilization of science in policy has been seen as a way to enable solving environmental problems. Several science-policy interface organisations have been established to compile and assess existing knowledge, as well as facilitate dialogue between science and policy (Tinch et al. 2016). Simultaneously, statements ignoring science in policy and emergence of alternative facts has led to claims that we currently live in a post-truth era (Lockie, 2017). However, it can be questioned whether the use of knowledge in policy has ever been apolitical. So far, there is only a little research on the impact of environmental science-policy interface organisations (also as SPI or boundary organization). The impact has been studied, however, e.g. through relevance, credibility, legitimacy and iterativity. The interface actors may have different perceptions on what the impact means. In addition, the various organisations can have similar objectives, their functions and activities are partly overlapping and therefore their relationships are not clear. In this research project I study: 1) How various actors perceive the meaning of the impact of environmental science-policy platforms and organisations? 2) How various organisations act in relation to each other and their objectives? 3) How organisations work as a combination in the alleged post truth-era? The post doc research project will start 2018 and last 26 months. First work package focuses on actors. In first article, I will study Finnish participants of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) (10 persons) and supplementary views from members of the Finnish national IPBES panel (5) using thematic interviews. In second article, I will study knowledge produces perceptions by interviewing Red List evaluators (10). Red List is an example of international knowledge production and assessment organization. In this article, I focus on peatland evaluation because peatland conservation policy has showed examples of political use of knowledge. In the second work package, I will conduct a systematic literature review that produces a typology of impact of various Finnish environmental science-policy panels from Web of Science and SCOPUS. It covers interrelationships of various panels and stakeholders, as well as panels' objectives and achievement of those objectives. The article will be supplemented with the materials produced by panels and actor involvement. Actors will be asked to comment the typology. Finally, I bring together all data from different work packages to answer third research question. Lockie, S. 2017. Post-truth politics and the social sciences. Environmental Sociology, 3(1), 1-5. Tinch, R., Balian, E., Carss, D., de Blas, D. E., Geamana, N. A., Heink, U., … Young, J. C. 2016. Science-policy interfaces for biodiversity: dynamic learning environments for successful impact. Biodiversity and Conservation. (online) ; peerReviewed