Suchergebnisse

La tesi analizza la valenza artistica e politica delle esperienze di riproposta e di ricerca della musica popolare in Italia. La riflessione si sviluppa a partire dall'opera di Gramsci (in particolare le sue "Osservazioni sul Folklore", il rapporto fra egemonia culturale e egemonia politica, il ruolo degli intellettuali), analizzando come questa abbia condizionato gli studi sul folklore dal dopoguerra, soprattutto nel lavoro di Ernesto De Martino e di Gianni Bosio. Seguendo il filo rosso della riflessione sul senso del riproporre la musica popolare e sulle sue modalità di riproposta la tesi racconta le attività e i principali dibattiti interni al Nuovo Canzoniere Italiano, con un focus finale sull'opera di Giovanna Marini, che viene letta come una grande sintesi di questo percorso. In Italia la riflessione e il lavoro sulla musica popolare sono stati fortemente condizionati e, almeno fino agli anni ottanta, sostanzialmente indirizzati dalle considerazioni espresse in proposito da Antonio Gramsci che, come viene ricostruito nel primo capitolo di questa tesi, in alcune pagine dei suoi Quaderni del carcere definiva il popolo come «l'insieme delle classi subalterne e strumentali di ogni forma di società finora esistita» e il folklore come la «concezione del mondo» di questa parte della società. Questa tesi cerca di ricostruire il dibattito fra coloro che si sono occupati di musica popolare in Italia in questo specifico senso (e che in effetti non si limitarono all'ambito della musica di tradizione orale o "contadina"), cercando di approfondire in particolare due aspetti: il valore politico dello studio e della riproposta dei repertori popolari e la riflessione sulle modalità della riproposta stessa. I due fili sono chiaramente intrecciati perché la modalità di esecuzione di un brano, il contesto dove viene eseguito, le scelte interpretative, ecc., contribuiscono sempre a definire il senso che si vuole dare ad una operazione. La riscoperta della musica popolare in Italia è stata collegata ad un dibattito di ampio respiro (fra musicisti, intellettuali, organizzatori, ricercatori, ecc.) su quale ruolo essa avrebbe potuto avere come mezzo per valorizzare la cultura delle classi che (in questa visione) la esprimevano, nel quadro di una concezione che assegnava alla cultura un ruolo da protagonista nella lotta per l'emancipazione politica: una specificità tutta italiana. L'interesse per la riscoperta e la riproposta della musica popolare in Italia dal secondo dopoguerra in poi è scaturito ed è stato sempre accompagnato da una grande riflessione teorica e da un grande dibattito sul senso delle operazioni che venivano messe in atto. Non si è trattato del lavoro di "semplici" musicisti o appassionati che hanno scoperto e appunto revivalizzato, cioè ridato nuova vita, a un repertorio che tendeva ad essere dimenticato, ma dell'opera di intellettuali che si sono interessati anche alla musica (in veste di teorici, organizzatori, esecutori e autori) o di musicisti che convergendo su questo tipo di repertorio hanno poi sviluppato anche una profonda riflessione teorica su aspetti che non necessariamente sarebbero stati collegati ad esso. La definizione di folklore data da Gramsci come concezione del mondo delle classi subalterne e la sua riflessione sul ruolo della cultura e degli intellettuali sono il punto di partenza di questa tesi che cerca di ricostruire i riferimenti ideologici che animarono il lavoro di alcune figure chiave di questa stagione andando a costituire la cornice teorica nella quale esse inserirono il loro agire. Ernesto De Martino è la seconda figura di rilievo che incontriamo: la sua riflessione è analizzata nei suoi aspetti di continuità e di discontinuità con quella di Gramsci, soprattutto attraverso alcuni articoli scritti fra la fine degli anni quaranta e la metà degli anni cinquanta. La tesi cerca anche di mettere in evidenza il modo militante in cui De Martino declinava la sua vocazione di studioso e il suo tentativo di essere un intellettuale vicino alle classi oggetto dei suoi studi. Gramsci vedeva il folklore come legato all'espressione di una subalternità culturale e quindi come qualcosa da superare, ma al tempo stesso come una materia che gli intellettuali avrebbero dovuto conoscere e studiare in profondità, da usare come trampolino per una spinta propulsiva che contribuisse alla nascita di una nuova cultura generata dalle classi non egemoni stesse, integrando il meglio della cultura borghese. La definizione di folklore come concezione del mondo delle classi subalterne, che quindi lo identificava come l'espressione di una precisa classe sociale (e non ad esempio in modo temporale o in base ad una collocazione geografica), insieme al suo particolare modo di guardare al ruolo della cultura e degli intellettuali, sono stati la principale eredità gramsciana raccolta in seguito da De Martino e soprattutto da Gianni Bosio (intellettuale, editore, organizzatore di cultura, animatore del gruppo Nuovo Canzoniere Italiano). De Martino accoglieva la definizione gramsciana di folklore, ma mostrava come in esso fossero già presenti importanti elementi progressivi, cioè messaggi di emancipazione e non solo di rassegnazione e sottomissione (anche Gramsci parla di questi aspetti, ma in modo marginale e in testi che probabilmente De Martino non conosceva). In De Martino l'arretratezza poteva configurarsi addirittura come una forma di resistenza. Sarà Bosio a compiere un passo ulteriore teorizzando l'importanza dello studio e della riscoperta del folklore nella sua totalità in quanto tutto espressione di una cultura "altra" rispetto a quella delle classi egemoni e ad essa oppositiva. Secondo Bosio questa immensa cultura non era mai stata veramente valorizzata e compresa nella sua alterità, prima di tutto perché non era mai stata espressione di una classe egemone e poi perché era essenzialmente orale, quindi non veniva riconosciuta da chi pensava alla cultura come qualcosa da trovare solo nei libri. Da qui l'idea di "restituire" alle classi non egemoni la loro cultura proprio nel momento in cui, con l'abbandono delle campagne e l'affermarsi dei mass media, sembrava inevitabile che i legami con essa venissero recisi; in questa visione il folklore stava scomparendo (pareva) a vantaggio di un'altra cultura preconfezionata dalle classi al potere che oltretutto si configurava come un prodotto da comprare, innescando un meccanismo nel quale essere consumatori di prodotti culturali significava anche assimilare sempre più dei messaggi che andavano a rafforzare l'egemonia politica di chi dalla vendita di questi prodotti traeva un profitto. Il contributo dato dal lavoro avviato da Gianni Bosio, dal Nuovo Canzoniere Italiano e dall'Istituto Ernesto De Martino per lo studio e la riscoperta della musica popolare italiana è stato chiaramente importantissimo anche perché potessero successivamente affermarsi modi più "scientifici" e meno militanti di approcciarsi alla materia, quindi, per tutte le influenze che ha avuto, seguire il filo del dibattito che questa tesi cerca almeno in parte di ricostruire è fondamentale anche per capire come viene pensata ed eseguita la musica popolare oggi in Italia. Tuttavia la cosa che forse resta più attuale di questo dibattito è non tanto quello che può dirci sulla musica popolare in sé, ma, soprattutto, l'idea che essa fosse una importante espressione culturale e che lavorare per una sua maggiore diffusione e riscoperta fosse un'operazione politica di fondamentale importanza (politica prima di tutto perché culturale). Questa tesi si basa soprattutto su fonti interne o vicine al NCI perché tenta di ricostruire specificamente il dibattito al suo interno (e nelle immediate vicinanze) sul significato essenzialmente politico dell'occuparsi della musica e della cultura popolare. Anche parlando di Gramsci le fonti principali sono non a caso Cesare Bermani e Mimmo Boninelli, anch'essi due figure molto importanti nel Nuovo Canzoniere Italiano. Questa scelta mira sia a mostrare come il lavoro del gruppo (ricerca, editoria, produzione discografica e di spettacoli) affondasse le sue radici e traesse le sue motivazioni profonde dalla riflessione di un pensatore così importante, sia a mettere in evidenza il modo particolare in cui Gramsci fu letto dal gruppo: particolare perché molto diverso da altri modi in cui fu letto specialmente nei partiti della sinistra (soprattutto per quello che riguarda il ruolo della cultura e degli intellettuali). Dall'incontro fra Gianni Bosio e Roberto Leydi nacquero nel 1962 la rivista e successivamente l'omonimo gruppo Nuovo Canzoniere Italiano, all'interno del quale si discusse moltissimo su quali dovessero essere le più corrette modalità di riproposta, proprio per rendere più evidente (ed insieme più efficace) il significato politico di un lavoro che voleva essere "al servizio della classe". Leydi era una figura vicina al mondo dello spettacolo (come focus di interessi e frequentazioni) ed ebbe probabilmente un ruolo molto importante per dare una spinta alla nascita del gruppo musicale e alle successive produzioni teatrali. Il suo sodalizio con il NCI però presto si ruppe: la tesi cerca di mostrare come le motivazioni alla base di questa frattura fossero più sfumate di quello che sembra (almeno sulla carta), ricostruendo le posizioni di Bosio e Leydi negli scritti di quegli anni; molti di questi scritti vertono infatti sul significato politico delle attività del NCI e su quali fossero le più corrette modalità di riproposta al fine di massimizzare i possibili esiti che quel lavoro poteva avere in tal senso. Seguendo sempre il filo della riflessione fra valore politico del lavoro e modalità di riproposta il secondo capitolo si occupa dei principali spettacoli del NCI (usando come fonte soprattutto la rivista omonima): Pietà l'è morta (aprile 1964), Bella Ciao (giugno 1964), Ci ragiono e canto (1966) e, successivamente, lo spettacolo Sentite buona gente (1967), curato da Leydi dopo il suo allontanamento dal NCI (in questo caso usando come fonte soprattutto il libro di Domenico Ferraro Roberto Leydi e il "Sentite Buona gente"). Intorno a tutti gli spettacoli c'era un dibattito molto acceso e significativo che si cerca ricostruire mettendo in evidenza forse più i punti di contatto che non i punti di rottura, pur provando ad evidenziare gli aspetti realmente problematici. Il terzo capitolo continua a seguire questo filo soprattutto nella seconda serie della rivista NCI. Questa seconda serie fu di soli due numeri (datati 1970 e 1972) entrambi caratterizzati da una forte riflessione sul rapporto fra riproposta e teatro (con dettagliati resoconti anche su manifestazioni contemporanee del teatro popolare), dal momento che la modalità teatrale si stava affermando come probabilmente la più incisiva per il revival. Successivamente in primo piano continua ad esserci il NCI (gruppo e rivista, che poi ebbe anche una terza serie, pubblicata fra l'aprile del 1975 il marzo del 1977), ma, specialmente per gli anni successivi alla morte di Bosio (avvenuta improvvisamente nel 1971), viene dato conto anche di una parte del dibattito svoltosi altrove. Gli autori degli scritti presi in esame, però, sono sempre riconducibili in qualche modo al NCI, cioè avevano avuto almeno in passato un legame con esso e tutto sommato continuavano a considerarlo un interlocutore. Ad esempio: la rivista "La musica popolare" era diretta dall'ex Cantacronache ed ex NCI Michele L. Straniero, Diego Carpitella aveva avuto molti rapporti con il gruppo e lo stesso vale naturalmente per quanto riguarda Roberto Leydi e Sandra Mantovani. Nel terzo capitolo viene riportato e analizzato abbastanza dettagliatamente anche il dibattito sull'ingresso del folk nella trasmissione televisiva "Canzonissima", una discussione interessante perché diventa l'occasione per analizzare e discutere molti punti problematici, soprattutto riguardo al rapporto fra musica popolare, media e industria discografica. Queste domande ritornano in modo autocritico e problematico anche sulle pagine della rivista NCI (prima, durante e dopo il dibattito sul folk a "Canzonissima") e in altre riflessioni in particolare di Ivan Della Mea. Questa parte della storia si chiude intorno al 1977, quando le attività nel NCI sostanzialmente si diradano fino (quasi) a scomparire. A restare, pur tra mille difficoltà economiche e gestionali, fu l'Istituto Ernesto De Martino, che tutt'oggi custodisce un prezioso archivio con una buona parte dei materiali frutto delle ricerche degli operatori del NCI (e non solo) e continua la sua opera di razionalizzazione, ricerca e diffusione. Il quarto ed ultimo capitolo arriva fino ai giorni nostri soffermandosi però solo sulla figura di Giovanna Marini, anche se un serio lavoro su una musicista così poliedrica richiederebbe naturalmente molto più spazio e approfondimento. Seguendo il filo conduttore di questa tesi anche nell'opera di Marini vengono presi in esame e approfonditi in particolare la ricerca di un equilibrio "fra estetica e politica" attraverso una ricostruzione della sua formazione, del suo particolare modo di stare nelle fila del NCI, delle strade che ha scelto di seguire dopo la disgregazione del gruppo, delle soluzioni che ha trovato per portare avanti un suo discorso musicale nuovo ma nutrito sia da uno studio approfondito della musica di tradizione orale italiana che dalla sua formazione di musicista classica, riuscendo a restare sempre profondamente politico. Come emerge molto bene anche dalla testimonianza di Francesca Breschi, in Giovanna Marini etica ed estetica cercano sempre di fondersi. Il lavoro di Giovanna Marini è stato anche un importante lavoro di didattica e divulgazione della musica di tradizione orale italiana; la tesi cerca di mostrare come anche questo aspetto si possa leggere in chiave politica (sia per il semplice fatto che è un grande lavoro culturale, sia per il suo oggetto specifico, sia infine per le ricadute di vario tipo che ha avuto). In generale, in tutte le discussioni che si tenta di ricostruire in questa tesi la tendenza è quella di soffermarsi più sui punti di contatto che su quelli di rottura; anche nel caso di Giovanna Marini il tentativo è quello di dimostrare come l'insieme del suo lavoro (composizione, ricerca, didattica, interpretazione in concerto.) si possa leggere nell'ottica di un'assimilazione, in una felice sintesi, e in un superamento di molti nodi tematici e punti problematici messi in luce dal NCI (e dintorni). Naturalmente quella di Giovanna Marini non è l'unica "soluzione" possibile, ma il suo lavoro sembra davvero riuscire a superare molte contraddizioni senza aggirarle e ha davvero ancora tanto da dire, a chi lo voglia ascoltare.

Sri Lanka's population is still largely rural, nearly 85 percent lives outside of cities. There will probably be rural-to-urban migration in the future, which represents a potential opportunity to m-money providers. People working in cities often wish to repatriate their savings to their rural families conveniently and at a low cost. Income is fairly evenly spread across Sri Lanka s provinces, with the exception of the Western Province where Colombo, the largest city, is situated. Its GDP per capita places Sri Lanka near the average of comparable Southeast Asian countries. Malaysia is clearly an outlier with a considerably higher GDP per capita, but Sri Lanka s GDP is higher than that of the Philippines, where m-money has taken off dramatically. Poverty is less of a problem in Sri Lanka relative to countries like Bangladesh or Cambodia, where GDP per capita is much lower. The key point is that Sri Lanka is at a different stage in its economic development and is unlikely to have the same socioeconomic conditions that made m-money in Kenya accelerate so rapidly.

En raison des restrictions législatives de plus en plus sévères sur la pollution de l'environnement, les industries laitières font face au fil des dernières années à un défi crucial de valorisation des grandes quantités de lactosérum générées. Ainsi, grâce aux récents progrès technologiques et scientifiques ainsi que la forte croissance du marché d'ingrédients biofonctionnels, une voie de valorisation plus efficiente et prometteuse du lactosérum a émergé. En effet, au cours des dernières années, plusieurs études ont démontré que les attributs nutritionnels et biofonctionnels du lactosérum sont particulièrement liés à ses protéines qui constituent une source optimale d'ingrédients alimentaires fonctionnels et de peptides bioactifs. Ainsi, la ß-lactoglobuline (ß-lg), protéine majeure du lactosérum est un additif fréquemment utilisé dans une large gamme de produits alimentaires en raison de ses excellentes propriétés biofonctionnelles, de sa valeur nutritionnelle élevée et de son faible coût. Ces propriétés biofonctionnelles de la ß-lg peuvent être améliorées par différentes méthodes de traitement, notamment les traitements physiques, chimiques et enzymatiques. Cependant, en raison de sa structure globulaire compacte, la ß-lg sous sa forme native est relativement résistante aux modifications. Bien que les traitements conventionnels soient efficaces pour améliorer les propriétés structurelles et fonctionnelles des protéines ainsi que la production de peptides biologiquement actifs, ils sont cependant consommateurs de ressources et peuvent affecter négativement la qualité des produits finaux. Par conséquent, l'application de méthodes de traitement physique non thermique émergentes s'avère nécessaire. Ainsi, dans le cadre de ce projet doctoral, les traitements électriques à hauts voltages (TEHV) respectueux de l'environnement, notamment les champs électriques pulsés (CEP) et les arcs électriques (ARC) ont été utilisés comme méthode de prétraitement de la ß-lg. Un prétraitement thermique de la ß-lg a été effectué afin de comparer l'efficacité des prétraitements par TEHV avec l'approche conventionnelle. De ce fait, les échantillons de ß-lg préchauffés étaient considérés comme témoin positif et ceux de la forme native, comme témoin négatif. L'effet des prétraitements sur les propriétés fonctionnelles de la ß-lg a été évalué. De même, l'impact des TEHV et du prétraitement thermique sur la structure de la ß-lg et sa susceptibilité à l'hydrolyse trypsique et chymotrypsique a été étudié. La chromatographie liquide ultra-performante couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem (UPLC-MS/MS) a été utilisée afin d'analyser et de caractériser les fractions peptidiques issus des différents hydrolysats de la ß-lg. De plus, les scores d'éco-efficience (EE) de génération de peptides après hydrolyses trypsique et chymotrypsique ont été calculés dans le but de déterminer laquelle des méthodes de prétraitement était la plus efficiente. Les résultats ont démontré une amélioration des propriétés fonctionnelles (propriétés moussantes, émulsifiantes et d'hygroscopicité) de la ß-lg favorisée par l'impact positif des TEHV sur sa structure secondaire. En effet, les analyses structurales ont montré que les TEHV ont induit une modification partielle de la conformation de la ß-lg. Une telle modification structurelle a eu pour conséquence une augmentation du degré d'hydrolyse (DH) de près de 2 fois après prétraitement par TEHV comparée à la protéine native. Dans le cas du prétraitement par chauffage conventionnel, l'augmentation du DH était d'environ 1,2 fois comparée à la protéine native. Ces résultats ont été confirmés par l'amélioration des paramètres cinétiques de la ß-lg à l'état d'équilibre, après les TEHV. Par ailleurs, une différence significative a été observée entre la trypsine et la chymotrypsine quant au DH et l'efficacité catalytique des deux enzymes. En effet, les constantes d'efficacité catalytique de la chymotrypsine étaient plus élevées que celles de la trypsine, suggérant une meilleure affinité de la chymotrypsine pour la protéine par rapport à la trypsine. En outre, l'analyse des échantillons prétraités en UPLC-MS/MS a démontré que l'application des TEHV a conduit à la libération de peptides à partir des molécules de ß-lg avant même l'ajout de trypsine et de chymotrypsine aux milieux réactionnels. De plus, les TEHV ont généré en moyenne 37 à 50 % plus de peptides que les protéines natives et préchauffées. Enfin, l'analyse de l'EE a révélé que les TEHV constituaient une méthode de prétraitement plus éco-efficiente que la méthode conventionnelle car leurs scores EE étaient plus élevés tant pour les procédés d'hydrolyse que pour les peptides bioactifs résultant de l'hydrolyse. Cette thèse apporte également de nouveaux éléments de compréhension quant à la valorisation multidirectionnelle des protéines du lactosérum. ; Due to increasingly severe legislative restrictions on environmental pollution, dairy industries have faced over the past few years a crucial challenge of valuing the large quantities of whey generated. Thus, thanks to recent technological and scientific progress as well as the important growth of the biofunctional ingredients market, a more efficient and promising way of whey valorization has emerged. Indeed, in recent years, several studies have demonstrated that the nutritional and biofunctional attributes of whey are particularly linked to its proteins, which constitute an optimal source of functional food ingredients and bioactive peptides. Therefore, -lactoglobulin (ß-lg), a major whey protein is an additive frequently used in a wide range of food products due to its excellent biofunctional properties, its high nutritional value and its low cost. These biofunctional properties of ß-lg can be improved by different treatment methods, including physical, chemical and enzymatic ones. However, due to its compact globular structure, ß-lg in its native form is relatively resistant to modifications. Although conventional treatments are effective in improving the structural and functional properties of proteins as well as the production of biologically active peptides, they are nonetheless resource intensive and can negatively affect the quality of final products. Therefore, the application of emerging nonthermal physical treatment methods is necessary. Thus, in the frame of this doctoral project, sustainably high-voltage electrical treatments (HVET), namely pulsed electric fields (PEF) and electric arcs (ARC) were used as pretreatment method of ß-lg. Thermal pretreatment of ß-lg was performed in order to compare the efficiency of HVET pretreatments with the conventional approach. Therefore, the preheated ß-lg samples were considered as positive control and those of the native one as negative control. The effect of pretreatments on the functional properties of ß-lg was evaluated. Likewise, the impact of HVET and heat pretreatments on the structure of ß-lg and its susceptibility to tryptic and chymotryptic hydrolyses was investigated. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to analyze and characterize the peptide fractions from the various hydrolysates of ß-lg. In addition, the eco-efficiency (EE) scores of peptide generation after tryptic and chymotryptic hydrolyses were calculated in order to determine which of the performed pretreatment methods was the most efficient. The results demonstrated an improvement in the functional properties (foaming, emulsifying and hygroscopicity properties) of ß-lg promoted by the positive impact of HVET on its secondary structure. Indeed, structural analyzes have shown that HVET induced a partial modification of the conformation of ß-lg. Such structural modification resulted in almost 2-times increase in the degree of hydrolysis (DH) after HVET pretreatments compared to the native protein. In the case of the conventional heating pretreatment, the increase in DH was approximately 1.2-times compared to native protein. These results were confirmed by the improvement in the kinetic parameters of ß-lg at steady state after HVET. Furthermore, a significant difference was observed between trypsin and chymotrypsin with regard to DH and the catalytic efficiency of the two enzymes. Indeed, the catalytic efficiency constants of chymotrypsin were higher than those of trypsin, suggesting a better affinity of chymotrypsin with the protein compared to trypsin. In addition, the UPLC-MS MS analysis of pretreated samples demonstrated that the application of HVET led to the release of peptides from ß-lg molecules even before the addition of trypsin and chymotrypsin to the reaction media. Additionally, the HVET have generated in average 37-50% more peptides than native and preheated proteins. Finally, the EE analysis revealed that HVET were the most efficient pretreatment method than the conventional one as their EE scores were higher for both hydrolysis processes and bioactive peptides generated from performed hydrolyses. This thesis highlights new understanding elements regarding the multidirectional valorization of whey proteins

XXXII, 612 p. ; 24 cm ; Libro Electrónico ; En este documento se plantea un tema de interes general mas como lo es especificamente el tema de la evolucion de la sociedad en materia de industria y crecimiento de las actividades humanas en el aspecto de desarrollo de la creatividad enfocada a los mercados ; edited by Mark Tovey ; foreword by Yochai Benkler (re-mixed by Hassan Masum) ; prefaces by Thomas Malone, Tom Atlee & Pierre Levy ; afterword by Paul Martin & Thomas Homer-Dixon. ; The era of collective intelligence has begun in earnest. While others have written about the wisdom of crowds, an army of Davids, and smart mobs, this collection of essays for the first time brings together fifty-five pioneers in the emerging discipline of collective intelligence. They provide a base of tools for connecting people, producing high-functioning teams, collaborating at multiple scales, and encouraging effective peer-production. Emerging models are explored for digital deliberative democracy, self-governance, legislative transparency, true-cost accounting, and the ethical use of open sources and methods. Collective Intelligence is the first of a series of six books, which will also include volumes on Peace Intelligence, Commercial Intelligence, Gift Intelligence, Cultural Intelligence, and Global Intelligence. ; Table of Contents Dedication i Publisher's Preface iii Foreword by Yochai Benkler Remix Hassan Masum xi The Wealth of Networks: Highlights remixed Editor's Preface xxi Table of Contents xxv A What is collective intelligence and what will we do 1 about it? (Thomas W. Malone, MIT Center for Collective Intelligence) B Co-Intelligence, collective intelligence, and conscious 5 evolution (Tom Atlee, Co-Intelligence Institute) C A metalanguage for computer augmented collective 15 intelligence (Prof. Pierre Lévy, Canada Research Chair in Collective Intelligence, FRSC) I INDIVIDUALS & GROUPS I-01 Foresight I-01-01 Safety Glass (Karl Schroeder, science fiction author 23 and foresight consultant) I-01-02 2007 State of the Future (Jerome C. Glenn & 29 Theodore J. Gordon, United Nations Millennium Project) I-02 Dialogue & Deliberation I-02-01 Thinking together without ego: Collective intelligence 39 as an evolutionary catalyst (Craig Hamilton and Claire Zammit, Collective-Intelligence.US) I-02-02 The World Café: Awakening collective intelligence 47 and committed action (Juanita Brown, David Isaacs and the World Café Community) I-02-03 Collective intelligence and the emergence of 55 wholeness (Peggy Holman, Nexus for Change, The Change Handbook) I-02-04 Knowledge creation in collective intelligence (Bruce 65 LaDuke, Fortune 500, HyperAdvance.com) I-02-05 The Circle Organization: Structuring for collective 75 wisdom (Jim Rough, Dynamic Facilitation & The Center for Wise Democracy) I-03 Civic Intelligence I-03-01 Civic intelligence and the public sphere (Douglas 83 Schuler, Evergreen State College, Public Sphere Project) I-03-02 Civic intelligence and the security of the homeland 95 (John Kesler with Carole and David Schwinn, IngeniusOnline) I-03-03 Creating a Smart Nation (Robert Steele, OSS.Net) 107 I-03-04 University 2.0: Informing our collective intelligence 131 (Nancy Glock-Grueneich, HIGHEREdge.org) I-03-05 Producing communities of communications and 145 foreknowledge (Jason "JZ" Liszkiewicz, Reconfigure.org) I-03-06 Global Vitality Report 2025: Learning to transform I-04 Electronic Communities & Distributed Cognition I-04-01 Attentional capital and the ecology of online social 163 conflict and think together effectively (Peter+Trudy networks (Derek Lomas, Social Movement Lab, Johnson-Lenz, Johnson-Lenz.com ) UCSD) I-04-02 A slice of life in my virtual community (Howard 173 Rheingold, Whole Earth Review, Author & Educator) I-04-03 Shared imagination (Dr. Douglas C. Engelbart, 197 Bootstrap) I-05 Privacy & Openness I-05-01 We're all swimming in media: End-users must be able 201 to keep secrets (Mitch Ratcliffe, BuzzLogic & Tetriad) I-05-02 Working openly (Lion Kimbro, Programmer and 205 Activist) I-06 Integral Approaches & Global Contexts I-06-01 Meta-intelligence for analyses, decisions, policy, and 213 action: The Integral Process for working on complex issues (Sara Nora Ross, Ph.D. ARINA & Integral Review) I-06-02 Collective intelligence: From pyramidal to global 225 (Jean-Francois Noubel, The Transitioner) I-06-03 Cultivating collective intelligence: A core leadership 235 competence in a complex world (George Pór, Fellow at Universiteit van Amsterdam) II LARGE-SCALE COLLABORATION II-01 Altruism, Group IQ, and Adaptation II-01-01 Empowering individuals towards collective online 245 production (Keith Hopper, KeithHopper.com) II-01-02 Who's smarter: chimps, baboons or bacteria? The 251 power of Group IQ (Howard Bloom, author) II-01-03 A collectively generated model of the world (Marko 261 A. Rodriguez, Los Alamos National Laboratory) II-02 Crowd Wisdom and Cognitive Bias II-02-01 Science of CI: Resources for change (Norman L 265 Johnson, Chief Scientist at Referentia Systems, former LANL) II-02-02 Collectively intelligent systems (Jennifer H. Watkins, 275 Los Alamos National Laboratory) II-02-03 A contrarian view (Jaron Lanier, scholar-in-residence, 279 CET, UC Berkeley & Discover Magazine) II-03 Semantic Structures & The Semantic Web II-03-01 Information Economy Meta Language (Interview with 283 Professor Pierre Lévy, by George Pór) II-03-02 Harnessing the collective intelligence of the World- 293 Wide Web (Nova Spivack, RadarNetworks, Web 3.0) II-03-03 The emergence of a global brain (Francis Heylighen, 305 Free University of Brussels) II-04 Information Networks II-04-01 Networking and mobilizing collective intelligence (G. Parker Rossman, Future of Learning Pioneer) II-04-02 Toward high-performance organizations: A strategic 333 role for Groupware (Douglas C. Engelbart, Bootstrap) II-04-03 Search panacea or ploy: Can collective intelligence 375 improve findability? (Stephen E. Arnold, Arnold IT, Inc.) II-05 Global Games, Local Economies, & WISER II-05-01 World Brain as EarthGame (Robert Steele and many 389 others, Earth Intelligence Network) II-05-02 The Interra Project (Jon Ramer and many others) 399 II-05-03 From corporate responsibility to Backstory 409 Management (Alex Steffen, Executive Editor, Worldchanging.com) II-05-04 World Index of Environmental & Social 413 Responsibility (WISER) By the Natural Capital Institute II-06 Peer-Production & Open Source Hardware II-06-01 The Makers' Bill of Rights (Jalopy, Torrone, and Hill) 421 II-06-02 3D Printing and open source design (James Duncan, 423 VP of Technology at Marketingisland) II-06-03 REBEARTHTM: 425 II-07 Free Wireless, Open Spectrum, and Peer-to-Peer II-07-01 Montréal Community Wi-Fi (Île Sans Fil) (Interview 433 with Michael Lenczner by Mark Tovey) II-07-02 The power of the peer-to-peer future (Jock Gill, 441 Founder, Penfield Gill Inc.) Growing a world 6.6 billion people would want to live in (Marc Stamos, B-Comm, LL.B) II-07-03 Open spectrum (David Weinberger) II-08 Mass Collaboration & Large-Scale Argumentation II-08-01 Mass collaboration, open source, and social 455 entrepreneurship (Mark Tovey, Advanced Cognitive Engineering Lab, Institute of Cognitive Science, Carleton University) II-08-02 Interview with Thomas Homer-Dixon (Hassan 467 Masum, McLaughlin-Rotman Center for Global Health) II-08-03 Achieving collective intelligence via large-scale argumentation (Mark Klein, MIT Center for Collective Intelligence) II-08-04 Scaling up open problem solving (Hassan Masum & 485 Mark Tovey) D Afterword: The Internet and the revitalization of 495 democracy (The Rt. Honourable Paul Martin & Thomas Homer-Dixon) E Epilogue by Tom Atlee 513 F Three Lists 515 1. Strategic Reading Categories 2. Synopsis of the New Progressives 3. Fifty-Two Questions that Matter G Glossary 519 H Index 525

This is my annual post about the new films I saw over the prior year. Here's a link to last year's list if you want to work backwards through my choices over time. I made the following point last year and it remains true thanks to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic:I saw nearly all of these films at home rather than at my local multiplex. I think the last movie I saw in the cinema was Little Women in December 2019. On Long Island. I vividly recall the experience and miss it dearly. This first group of films is excellent. All that were eligible last year (the top 5) were nominated for Oscars and were worthy of those nominations. The 2020 Oscar competition allowed for films released early in 2021 to be eligible for consideration, which explains why they are included here. As for the "new" crop of 2021 films, I found Limbo to be excellent with a potent political (and humanistic) message about the duty to care for refugees. Power of the Dog is a novel western in that it addresses themes not ordinarily present in the genre. Tier INomadlandJudas and the Black MessiahThe FatherOne Night in MiamiQuo Vadis, Aida?LimboPower of the DogThese next films were also entertaining, but they were clearly a notch below the selections in the top tier. CODA is earning a lot of awards buzz and may well be worth it. I found it to have predictable "movie of the week" themes, but it is very well done and it reveals a bit of the world unfamiliar to most of us. King Richard was also well done, but it relies upon a number of sport film tropes that will be familiar to viewers. Shiva Baby was very hard to watch at times, with extremely awkward situations and an atonal soundtrack. It may make your skin crawl, but it is smart. See Rams. I really wanted to like Don't Look Up and I very much appreciated its message about science, but I think it may have been overly ambitious with its attacks on media and celebrity culture. It wasn't as funny as it should have been despite the all-star cast and production team. By contrast, I Care a Lot is excellent social satire that is quite well written and funny. Its targets are not as ambitious. Tier III Care A LotKing RichardQuiet Place IIRamsCODANo Sudden MovesDon't Look UpNo Time to DieShiva BabyRiders of JusticeTogether TogetherThe White TigerWorthI also saw these new films in 2021:Tier IIIThe Kid DetectivePlan BOh, also, I saw a few new documentaries in 2021. Summer of Soul was one of the best movies of the year and should earn an Oscar nomination. A Glitch in the Matrix was not worth my time -- or yours. I enjoyed 227 by the same director and they have a similar odd take on pop culture. But no, skip it. Summer of SoulSome Kind of Heaven Derek DelGaudio's in & of Itself A Glitch in the MatrixI almost forgot to add a list of Films of 2021 I still plan to see:About Endlessness, Akilla's Escape, All is Forgiven, Amusement Park, Anne at 13,000 ft, Assassins, Atlantis, Azor, Beginning, Belfast, Belushi, Bergman Island, Card Counter, Censor, The Climb, C'mon C'mon, Come From Away, Come True, Concrete Cowboy, The Courier, Cowboys, Cruella, The Disciple, The Dig, Dream Horse, Dune Part One, First Wave, FTA, Green Knight, Hearts and Bones, Holler, Hope, Human Factor, Human Voice, Identifying Features, I'm Your Man, Inheritance, Karen Dalton, Keep an Eye Out, Killing of Two Lovers, Land, Lapsis, Licorice Pizza, Little Fish, Lost Daughter, Mass, Mitchells vs. The Machines, Memoria, MLK/FBI, Mogul Mowgli, Night of the Kings, Nobody,  Outside Story, Oxygen, Passing, Pieces of a Woman, Pig, The Reason I Jump, Red Rocket, The Rescue, Ride or Die, Rocks, Rose Plays Julie, Saint Maud, Saint-Narcisse, Shadow in the Cloud, Slow Machine, Souvenir Part II, Spencer, Stowaway, Supernova, This Is Not a Burial It's a Resurrection, tick, tick...Boom!, Tina, Tragedy of Macbeth, Truffle Hunters, Two of Us, Undergods, Undine, The Vigil, White Lie, Wild Indian, World to Come, Yellow Rose, Zola. And these are Films of 2020 I still need to see:All In: The Fight for Democracy, Babyteeth, Bacurau, Banana Split, The Beach House, Beanpole, Beats, Bloody Nose Empty Pockets, City Hall, Color out of Space, Come as You Are, David Byrne's American Utopia, Donut King, End of Sentence, Ghost of Peter Sellers,  Half of It, Herself, How to Build a Girl, Lost Girls, Madre, Mangrove, Martin Eden, Miss Juneteenth, Mr. Jones, My Darling Vivian, The Nest, Ordinary Love, Place of No Words, The Platform, Possessor, Premature, Proxima, Relic, the Rental, Selah and the Spades, She Dies Tomorrow, Social Dilemma, Sorry We Missed You, Spaceship Earth, Straight Up, Sugar Daddy, The Surrogate, True History of the Kelly Gang, The Truth, Vitalina Varela, Wander Darkly, The Whistlers, A White, White Day, White Riot.
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Problem setting. The rapid development of modern society requires the creation of new forms of cooperation and mutual understanding and requires new forms of communication, which will be characterized by even greater efficiency, openness, transparency, efficiency and quality. The total penetration of communication into all spheres of public life actualizes its significance and functional role. Modern transformational processes taking place in society necessitate the creation of responsible institutions of civil society, which include public organizations that act as a mediator between the community and the state. The level of public trust in them depends on the effectiveness of communicative activities of NGOs because successful communication is the basis of constructive dialogue between public organizations and society. Recent research and publications analysis. Ukrainian scientists study various aspects of the activity of NGOs, in particular, the development of mass and civil communication, public relations are studied in their works of such domestic scientists as: E. Afonin, V. Bebyk, M. Bilynska, O. Valevskyi, T.Vasilevskaya, N. Hrytsyak, N. Hudyma, V. Hurkovskyi, O. Dmytrenko, L.Klymanska, M. Lohunova, D. Nelipa, I. Panteleichuk, O. Petroye, G.Pocheptsov, O. Pukhkal, V. Rebkalo , V. Rizun, E. Romanenko, A. Savkov, S.Seryogin, G. Sytnyk, S. Teleshun, I. Chaplai and others. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Understanding the general features and trends of the development of public organizations, as well as the establishment of their effective internal and external communicative activity, require more detailed consideration and detailed study. The paper aims at theoretically substantiating the tools for ensuring the effectiveness of communicative activities of NGOs as a basis for open and rational dialogue in a consolidated society. Paper main body. The issue of improving the communicative interaction of public organizations with government bodies and the media does not disappear from the agenda of either government agencies or public associations. The effectiveness of communication of public organizations in Ukraine depends primarily on the literacy of their communication campaigns, which implies the presence in NGOs of communication strategies, which involve high-level professionals with many years of practical experience. Today, the participation of Ukrainians in the social movement and the trust in the institutions of the third sector and their influence on the development of society and community are growing. The results of the study showed that the efficiency of communicative activities of NGOs directly depends on public confidence in them. Social networks are a unique platform for consolidating different groups of actors based on the commonality of their interests, and as a result of communicative interaction, there is a large-scale synergetic effect. This way of showing civic activity can be considered the most efficient and widespread. The article considers the advantages and risks of the use of social networks by public organizations in the communicative activity of the public sector, outlines several rules of communication in social networks for public organizations. The article states that the effectiveness of communication of NGOs also depends on cooperation with journalists and the choice of audience. The quality of feedback and the level of public trust in NGOs depend on the ability to convey relevant information to the audience in a timely and high-quality manner. We should not underestimate the growing role of public organizations in the consolidation of society, a necessary condition for which is the creation of a single information space. National consolidation will be successful when the state policy in this area is complemented by the activities of civil society institutions, their effective internal and external communication activities. In our opinion, there is a necessity to establish consolidated communication as a process of multifaceted communication within society through various communication channels and tools to strengthen, unite, integrate and pull together society to form a common coherent approach to solving societal problems. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Effective NGOs, as an element of civil society, are the catalyst for its development. Every NGO, since its inception, seeks to plan its activities in such a way as to achieve its goals in the shortest possible time, to become known, to influence public opinion. This area is an important factor that affects the necessity for communicative interaction between the state and civil society. Among the tools for ensuring the efficiency of communicative activity of NGOs, we consider it appropriate to name: the presence of feedback and the level of public confidence in them; literacy of public communication campaigns; correct use of social networks in the communicative activity of the public sector; establishing active cooperation with journalists; definition of the target audience; use of modern communication formats; selection of communication channels that correspond to the target audience; establishing consolidated communication. Further research in this direction should be aimed, in particular, at an in-depth studying of consolidated communication as a major factor in the consolidation of Ukrainian society. ; Розглянуто особливості комунікативної діяльності громадських організацій у період суспільних трансформацій. Проаналізовано рівень довіри населення до громадських організацій як каталізатора розвитку громадянського суспільства. Встановлено, що ефективність комунікативної діяльності громадських організацій напряму залежить від довіри суспільства до них. Обґрунтовано інструменти забезпечення ефективності комунікативної діяльності громадських організацій як основи для відкритого та раціонального діалогу в консолідованому суспільстві. Зазначено, що важливою умовою національної консолідації має бути налагодження консолідованої комунікації з метою зміцнення, об'єднання, інтеграції та згуртування суспільства.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi -- Kaynakça var. ; Social, economic, and gender issues are increasingly recognized as significant factors in countries of east and southern Africa that underlie the HIV epidemic, keep maternal mortality and fertility rates high, and increase the likelihood that social economic welfare of such people will be compromised. (Krug et al, 2002; Mugawe & Powell, 2006 pg63). In this regard therefore, my study focused on the finding out numerous causes and common forms of gender based violence, examining the effects of gender based violence on socioeconomic welfare majorly at household level and to assess the measures that have been employed in reimbursement of gender based violence in families and to inaugurate the full picture for its sustained occurrence in families in Kisagazi parish Lwamata S/C. During the study, it was revealed that there are mainly five forms of GBV that affect the people of Kisagazi parish notably; physical intimate partner violence which happened at highest rate mostly in 2000s and back but has now drastically reduced majorly because people have obtained education thereby cutting down illiteracy levels and drastic reduction in GBV levels, sexual violence (SGBV), psychological violence, early child marriage enforcement and economic violence whereby women are not allowed to claim ownership of anything in a family. This impacted socio-economic welfare at household level in the following documented disciplines including hindrance to agricultural production which is the backbone of the economy, high costs of nursing injuries inflicted onto GBV victims, neglect of responsibilities, spread of HIV/AIDS, divorce and separation, retarding education of children and uncontrolled spending all these hinder socio-economic welfare at household level. However, the stakeholders had fought tooth and nail to curb down the scourge through employment of the measures such as sensitization of masses, strengthening institutions, using government bodies, educative programmes and role of religious institutions, starting up self-help projects, among others. The study concluded that GBV cases were prevalent in Kisagazi parish but had reduced drastically due to change in demographic characteristics of the citizens such as education, levels of income, stable governments, extension of police service to the parish among others had made cases reduce for the betterment of socio-economic welfare in Kisagazi parish and that these factors had positively affected socio-economic development at household level and therefore recommended the need for involvement of stakeholders at different levels and also to make comprehensive policies and incorporate couples to the formulation of policies since they affect both partners. ; Declaration, i -- Supervisor's Approval, iii -- Dedication, iv -- Acknowledgements, v -- List of tables, ix -- List of figures, x -- List of maps, x -- List of appendices, xi -- List of Photos used, xii -- List of acronyms, xiii -- Abstract, xv -- CHAPTER ONE, 1 -- 1.0 Introduction, 1 -- 1.1 Background to the Study, 1 -- 1.2 Statement of the problem, 5 -- 1.3 Scope of the study, 7 -- 1.3.1 Area of the study, 7 -- 1.4.1 General objectives, 9 -- 1.4.2 Specific objectives, 10 -- 1.5 Research questions, 10 -- 1.6 Significance of the study., 10 -- 1.7 Review of related literature., 10 -- 1.7.1 Prevalence of GBV, 10 -- 1.7.2 Forms of Gender-Based Violence., 11 -- 1.7.3 Causes of Gender Based Violence, 14 -- 1.7.4 Impact of GBV on socio-economic development., 17 -- 1.7.5 Mitigating GBV and challenges associated, 19 -- 1.8 Research methodology, 21 -- 1.8.1 Research design, 21 -- 1.8.2 Study population and sampling design, 21 -- 1.8.4 Sampling procedure., 21 -- 1.9 Data collection methods and tools, 22 -- 1.10 Data analysis, 22 -- 1.11 Ethical consideration, 22 -- 1.12 Limitations of the study, 23 -- CHAPTER TWO, 24 -- PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION OF THE STUDY FINDINGS, 24 -- 2.0 Introduction, 24 -- 2.1 Demographic Characteristic of Study Respondents, 24 -- 2.1.1 Sex Distribution of Respondents, 24 -- 2.1.2 Age Distribution of Respondents, 26 -- 2.1.3 Marital Status of Respondents, 27 -- 2.1.4 Academic Qualification, 28 -- 2.1.5 The Occupations of Respondents, 29 -- 2.2 major forms of GBV experienced by people of Kisagazi parish, 30 -- 2.2.1 Physical intimate partner violence, 31 -- 2.2.2 Economic violence, 31 -- 2.2.3 Sexual violence, 31 -- 2.2.4 Psychological violence, 32 -- 2.2.5 Child marriage, 32 -- 2.3 Causes of GBV in families and communities, 34 -- 2.3.1 Poverty and property ownership, 34 -- 2.3.2 Alcohol and drug abuse, 34 -- 2.3.3 Polygamous relationships, 35 -- 2.3.4 Associating with bad groups, 36 -- 2.3.5 Others, 36 -- 2.4 Effects of GBV on socio-economic welfare, 38 -- 2.4.1 Hindering agricultural production, 38 -- 2.4.2 Fueling high school dropout rate, 38 -- 2.4.3 GBV has resulted into attempted commitment of suicide, 38 -- 2.4.4 Job insecurity and family instability, 39 -- 2.4.5 High Costs of nursing injuries caused by GBV, 39 -- 2.4.6 Neglect of responsibilities, 40 -- 2.4.7 Existence of child families., 41 -- 2.5 Measures to curb down GBV, 43 -- 2.5.1 Sensitization, 43 -- 2.5.2 Strengthening institution, 43 -- 2.5.3 Role of government agencies, 43 -- 2.5.4 Education, 44 -- 2.5.5 Workshops and role of religious institutions, 44 -- 2.5.6 Starting up self-help projects, 44 -- 2.5.7 Other measures, 44 -- 2.5.7.1 Media, 45 -- 2.5.7.2 Creating fear on perpetuators, 45 -- 2.6 Challenges associated with measures to mitigate GBV, 47 -- 2.6.1 Corruption, 47 -- 2.6.2 Reluctance on reporting, 47 -- 2.6.3 Unimplemented policies, 47 -- 2.6.4 Culture, 48 -- 2.6.5 Limited sensitization and ignorance, 48 -- 2.6.6 Limited monitoring of individual behavior, 48 -- CHAPTER THREE, 50 -- 3.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS, 50 -- 3.1 CONCLUSIONS, 50 -- 3.2 RECOMMENDATIONS, 51 -- 3.3 Further areas for research, 51 -- References, 52

Aim of the research During the last decades, society has changed and become increasingly market driven. As a result, organizations within all sectors of society, and particularly those within the nonprofit/voluntary sector, have been encouraged, and in many cases forced, to compete for funding from a diminishing governmental budget while simultaneously minimizing their excessive governmental dependence. Consequentially, traditional sector boundaries have eroded. However, neither the state nor the free market have managed to provide universal social welfare/security or respond to some of our major societal challenges (e.g., mass migration and inequality; Huybrechts & Nicholls, 2012). A possible answer to these challenges might be social entrepreneurship. Social entrepreneurs are found within the blurred sectors of society. Social entrepreneurs in sports consist of organizations that prioritize social values ahead of both sporting results and financial profits (Schenker & Peterson, 2017), differing from CSR in terms of the organizations' primary goals and handling of profits (Huybrechts & Nicholls, 2012). Research has however shown that organizations engaged in social entrepreneurship have difficulties in creating sustainable businesses (e.g., Austin, Stevenson & Wei-Skillern, 2006). One possibility often highlighted in research to successfully maintain and develop such businesses is the use of networks. Despite this, Phillips, Lee, Ghobadian, O'Regan and James (2015) show that (a) social entrepreneurs struggle to identify and develop relevant networks, and (b) research needs to be more empirical (qualitative) regarding which roles the actors within the organizations might have for social entrepreneurs. The aim of this study is to better understand and discuss how social entrepreneurship and networking can be manifested in a sports organization. Hence, this study fills a knowledge gap in research on social entrepreneurship in general, and in sport in particular. Theoretical background Social entrepreneurs do not operate in a vacuum, but in a social context in which they navigate to find resources. By synthesizing the welfare triangle, with its theoretical description of society's organization (Pestoff, 1998), with different types of networks (Lechner, Dowling & Welpe, 2006), it is possible to illustrate, understand and discuss the transboundary work and networking of social entrepreneurs within the blurred sectors of society. Methodology This study is based on an explorative case study of a sports organization within the voluntary sector, situated on a small island in Sweden. The sports organization can, based on Schenker and Peterson's (2017) theoretical development of the concept of sport and social entrepreneurship, be compared to a social entrepreneurial sports organization. The data includes documents (e.g., annual reports) and semi-structured interviews with six respondents from the sports organization as well as its partners, who were chosen based on the theoretical framework. The data underwent a qualitative content analysis. Data containing the organization's business and network was first organized based on the theoretical framework. All identified partners were then categorized with respect to the welfare triangle. Lastly, the different collaborations were analysed and discussed in a concept-driven manner. Results The sports organization in question has a multifaceted business, which can be seen as a result of their stated social goal. An example of their social responsibility is that they incorporate youths from a juvenile detention centre into their activities, thereby contributing to the youths' rehabilitation. The study shows that the organization relies on and uses various types of networks within different sectors of society. Most collaborations are with other actors in the voluntary sector. This finding implies that organizations most easily collaborate with actors with similar sectorial affiliations, probably because these organizations "play" by the same rules (Pestoff, 1998). Also, due to the organizational form, the organization has access to several institutional networks (e.g., with the municipality). Some of these are strengthened by the organization's use of various reputational networks (e.g., by contact with universities), which increase their legitimacy. However, the organization is not dependent on institutional networks and grants. It generates approximately 55 percent of its revenue by arranging income-generating activities of their own and through the use of different networks (e.g., a commercial local hotel & conference center). Several of these networks are furthermore characterized by both an interdependence and a drive for win-win situations, rather than the unilateral dependence otherwise apparent in research. The present study fills a research gap (Phillips et al., 2015) and contributes to an understanding of the importance of various types of networks. Additionally, although entrepreneurs exist within a certain social context, this study contributes to inspiration for practitioners. References Huybrechts, B. & Nicholls, A. (2012). Social entrepreneurship: Definitions, drivers and challenges. In C. K. Volkmann, K. O. Tokarski, & K. Ernst (Eds.), Social entrepreneurship and social business: An introduction and discussion with case studies (pp. 31–48). Wiesbaden: Springer-Gabler. Lechner, C., Dowling, M. & Welpe, I. (2006). Firm networks and firm development: The role of the relational mix. Journal of Business Venturing, 21, 514–540. Pestoff, V. A. (1998). Beyond the market and the state: Social enterprises and civil democracy in a welfare society. Aldershot: Ashgate. Peterson, T. & Schenker, K. (2017). Sport and social entrepreneurship in the Swedish context. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics. Advance online publication. 1–16. Phillips, W., Lee, H., Ghobadian, A., O'Regan, N. & James, P. (2015). Social innovation and social entrepreneurship: A systematic review. Group and Organization Management, 40, 428– 461.

We intend to highlight the sociopolitical process of building an European film and audiovisual industry by addressing through the issue of European funds that areMEDIA and Eurimages. We use two complementary working methods : an analysis of the European pressreleases on funding programs and objectives, and also a questionnaire survey of European producers of the sector.Several main lines emerge from this reflection. It appears that European funding for the sector have been an opportunity for the creation and implementation of a cinematographic cultural policy. At the same time, it promoted an entire industrialized business area of cultural production. The latter is measured with quantitative economic indicators, but can also be measured with qualitative tools concerning the cultural influence, effectiveness in European cohesion or effectiveness in building a European cinematographical identity perspective that we suggest as evolution. Politicians entered the game and valued the industry in order to better finance culture, since the cultural field is difficult to defend. It also emerges a division of producers into three categories. The pan-European who are satisfied. Even if they find the procedure rather complicated, they would not change anything in substance. Eurosceptic, nationalist producers who voluntarilyisolate themselves and denigrate funds they do not know. Volunteers producers, that would like to obtain the funds and make European co-productions, but do not have the critical mass required for access. Finally, this research reveals an European cinema which can be defined as aconglomerate of European nationalities, whose strengths are precisely the cultural,linguistical and aesthetical diversity, recognized even outside of Europe.Through the cinematographical and audiovisual sector, the European Union adopts an imaginary and an identity conveyed on screen. A strong cultural dominance canbe distinguished : that of the arthouse films. They register a good transnational movement, and their socio-cultural heritage is prevailing. Behind the cinema and audiovisual field actually hides a challenge of a differents cale : the European identity, based on its diversity, made with added cultural exceptions.We conclude by emphasizing that the European Union is using cinematographicaland audiovisual industry as an excuse to build and consolidate an European cinemathrough national cinemas and their specificities. Europe is funding the project methodology and the "technique" to achieve the ultimate aim of creating anEuropean cohesion and there fore identity, through the vehicle of the most powerful imaginary : the film. All this in a subversive way in order to have the support of all countries which preserve their cultural prerogatives, protecting Europe fromstandardization. ; Nous nous proposons de mettre en évidence le processus sociopolitique de construction d'une industrie cinématographique et audiovisuelle européenne en abordant la question par l'entrée des financements européens que sont MEDIA et Eurimages. Nous utilisons deux méthodes de travail complémentaires : une analyse des communiqués de presse européens sur les programmes de financement et leurs objectifs, et d'autre part une enquête par questionnaire auprès des producteurs européens du secteur.Plusieurs lignes de force se dégagent de cette réflexion. Il apparaît en effet que les financements européens pour ce secteur ont été une opportunité pour la création et l'implémentation d'une politique culturelle cinématographique. Mais en même temps, elle a favorisé la rentabilisation de tout un secteur industrialisé de la production culturelle. Cette dernière est mesurable avec des indicateurs économiques quantitatifs, mais peut aussi être mesurée avec des outils qualitatifs portant sur le rayonnement culturel, l'efficacité dans la cohésion européenne ou l'efficacité dans la construction d'une identité cinématographique européenne que nous suggérons comme perspective d'évolution.Les politiques sont entrés dans le jeu et ont valorisé l'industrie pour mieux financer la culture, puisque le domaine culturel est épineux à défendre.Il émerge aussi une répartition des producteurs en trois catégories. Les paneuropéens qui sont satisfaits, et même s'ils trouvent la procédure un peu lourde, ils n'y changeraient rien sur le fond. Les eurosceptiques, producteurs nationalistes qui s'isolent volontairement et qui dénigrent des fonds qu'ils ne connaissent pas. Les producteurs volontaires, qui souhaiteraient obtenir les fonds et faire des coproductions européennes, mais qui n'ont pas la taille critique requise pour y accéder. Enfin, cette recherche fait apparaître un cinéma européen pouvant se définir comme un conglomérat de nationalités européennes, dont les points forts sont justement la diversité culturelle, linguistique et esthétique, reconnue en dehors même du territoire européen. A travers la cinématographie et l'audiovisuel, l'Union Européenne se dote d'un imaginaire et d'une identité véhiculée à l'écran. On peut y distinguer une dominante culturelle forte : celle des films art et essai. Ils connaissent une bonne circulation transnationale, et une dominante socioculturelle et patrimoniale. Derrière le champ du cinéma et de l'audiovisuel se cache en réalité un enjeu d'une toute autre envergure : l'identité européenne, qui se fonde sur sa diversité, faite d'exceptions culturelles additionnées. Nous concluons en soulignant que l'Union Européenne se sert de l'industrie cinématographique et audiovisuelle comme prétexte pour construire et consolider un cinéma européen à partir des cinémas nationaux et de leurs spécificités. L'Europe finance la méthodologie de projet et la "technique" pour atteindre un but ultime : la création d'une cohésion européenne et par conséquent une identité, à travers le vecteur de l'imaginaire le plus puissant : le cinéma. Tout cela de manière subversive, afin d'avoir l'adhésion de l'ensemble des pays, qui conservent leurs prérogatives culturelles, protégeant l'Europe de la standardisation.

We intend to highlight the sociopolitical process of building an European film and audiovisual industry by addressing through the issue of European funds that areMEDIA and Eurimages. We use two complementary working methods : an analysis of the European pressreleases on funding programs and objectives, and also a questionnaire survey of European producers of the sector.Several main lines emerge from this reflection. It appears that European funding for the sector have been an opportunity for the creation and implementation of a cinematographic cultural policy. At the same time, it promoted an entire industrialized business area of cultural production. The latter is measured with quantitative economic indicators, but can also be measured with qualitative tools concerning the cultural influence, effectiveness in European cohesion or effectiveness in building a European cinematographical identity perspective that we suggest as evolution. Politicians entered the game and valued the industry in order to better finance culture, since the cultural field is difficult to defend. It also emerges a division of producers into three categories. The pan-European who are satisfied. Even if they find the procedure rather complicated, they would not change anything in substance. Eurosceptic, nationalist producers who voluntarilyisolate themselves and denigrate funds they do not know. Volunteers producers, that would like to obtain the funds and make European co-productions, but do not have the critical mass required for access. Finally, this research reveals an European cinema which can be defined as aconglomerate of European nationalities, whose strengths are precisely the cultural,linguistical and aesthetical diversity, recognized even outside of Europe.Through the cinematographical and audiovisual sector, the European Union adopts an imaginary and an identity conveyed on screen. A strong cultural dominance canbe distinguished : that of the arthouse films. They register a good transnational movement, and their socio-cultural heritage is prevailing. Behind the cinema and audiovisual field actually hides a challenge of a differents cale : the European identity, based on its diversity, made with added cultural exceptions.We conclude by emphasizing that the European Union is using cinematographicaland audiovisual industry as an excuse to build and consolidate an European cinemathrough national cinemas and their specificities. Europe is funding the project methodology and the "technique" to achieve the ultimate aim of creating anEuropean cohesion and there fore identity, through the vehicle of the most powerful imaginary : the film. All this in a subversive way in order to have the support of all countries which preserve their cultural prerogatives, protecting Europe fromstandardization. ; Nous nous proposons de mettre en évidence le processus sociopolitique de construction d'une industrie cinématographique et audiovisuelle européenne en abordant la question par l'entrée des financements européens que sont MEDIA et Eurimages. Nous utilisons deux méthodes de travail complémentaires : une analyse des communiqués de presse européens sur les programmes de financement et leurs objectifs, et d'autre part une enquête par questionnaire auprès des producteurs européens du secteur.Plusieurs lignes de force se dégagent de cette réflexion. Il apparaît en effet que les financements européens pour ce secteur ont été une opportunité pour la création et l'implémentation d'une politique culturelle cinématographique. Mais en même temps, elle a favorisé la rentabilisation de tout un secteur industrialisé de la production culturelle. Cette dernière est mesurable avec des indicateurs économiques quantitatifs, mais peut aussi être mesurée avec des outils qualitatifs portant sur le rayonnement culturel, l'efficacité dans la cohésion européenne ou l'efficacité dans la construction d'une identité cinématographique européenne que nous suggérons comme perspective d'évolution.Les politiques sont entrés dans le jeu et ont valorisé l'industrie pour mieux financer la culture, puisque le domaine culturel est épineux à défendre.Il émerge aussi une répartition des producteurs en trois catégories. Les paneuropéens qui sont satisfaits, et même s'ils trouvent la procédure un peu lourde, ils n'y changeraient rien sur le fond. Les eurosceptiques, producteurs nationalistes qui s'isolent volontairement et qui dénigrent des fonds qu'ils ne connaissent pas. Les producteurs volontaires, qui souhaiteraient obtenir les fonds et faire des coproductions européennes, mais qui n'ont pas la taille critique requise pour y accéder. Enfin, cette recherche fait apparaître un cinéma européen pouvant se définir comme un conglomérat de nationalités européennes, dont les points forts sont justement la diversité culturelle, linguistique et esthétique, reconnue en dehors même du territoire européen. A travers la cinématographie et l'audiovisuel, l'Union Européenne se dote d'un imaginaire et d'une identité véhiculée à l'écran. On peut y distinguer une dominante culturelle forte : celle des films art et essai. Ils connaissent une bonne circulation transnationale, et une dominante socioculturelle et patrimoniale. Derrière le champ du cinéma et de l'audiovisuel se cache en réalité un enjeu d'une toute autre envergure : l'identité européenne, qui se fonde sur sa diversité, faite d'exceptions culturelles additionnées. Nous concluons en soulignant que l'Union Européenne se sert de l'industrie cinématographique et audiovisuelle comme prétexte pour construire et consolider un cinéma européen à partir des cinémas nationaux et de leurs spécificités. L'Europe finance la méthodologie de projet et la "technique" pour atteindre un but ultime : la création d'une cohésion européenne et par conséquent une identité, à travers le vecteur de l'imaginaire le plus puissant : le cinéma. Tout cela de manière subversive, afin d'avoir l'adhésion de l'ensemble des pays, qui conservent leurs prérogatives culturelles, protégeant l'Europe de la standardisation.

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are used to impart oil- and water-repellant and surfactant properties to numerous products, and they are among the most persistent chemicals to ever enter commerce. PFAAs are detected in the blood of humans all over the world. The two 8-carbon PFAAs, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), have been associated with a number of adverse health outcomes. Compounds capable of transforming to PFAAs, known as PFAA precursors, are a potentially important but poorly-understood source of indirect PFAA exposure. Unlike the PFAAs, there are many types of PFAA precursors, some of which are not publically known, and analytical standards for their measurement are often unavailable. Thus, a central challenge to characterizing PFAA precursor occurrence is a lack of available analytical tools to measure them. In this research, a new oxidation-based technique of PFAA precursor measurement was developed for aqueous and solid samples. Along with other analytical tools, this precursor assay was used to gain insight into the occurrence and fate of PFAA precursors in two sources: urban runoff and soil and groundwater impacted by firefighting materials known as aqueous film forming foams (AFFF).The occurrence of PFAA precursors in urban runoff was investigated to determine the extent to which runoff could serve as a source of PFAAs to drinking water supplies during storage in aquifers or reservoirs. An indirect technique of measuring PFAA precursors was developed for urban runoff samples by exposing samples to a high concentration of hydroxyl radicals and converting precursors to measureable perfluorinated carboxylate products (Chapter 2). By comparing perfluorinated carboxylate concentrations before and after oxidation, the total concentration of PFAA precursors was inferred. Analysis of thirty-three urban runoff samples collected from locations around the San Francisco Bay, CA indicated that C8 forms of PFAAs and C6 forms of PFAA precursors were predominant in runoff. The assay demonstrated that commonly measured PFAA precursors represented only a small fraction (<25%) of the total concentration of precursors present in runoff, confirming the utility of the precursor assay.To assess the persistence of AFFF-derived PFAA precursors, groundwater, soil, and aquifer solids were obtained in 2011 from an unlined firefighter training area at a U.S. Air Force Base where AFFF was regularly used between 1970 and 1990 (Chapter 3). To measure the total concentration of PFAA precursors in archived AFFF formulations and AFFF-impacted environmental samples, the oxidation-based assay developed in Chapter 2 was adapted for these media. This precursor assay was employed along with direct measurement of twenty-two precursors found in AFFF and a suite of other poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). On a molar basis, precursors accounted for 41% to 100% of the total concentration of PFASs in archived AFFF formulations. In the training area, precursors measured by the precursor assay accounted for an average of 23% and 28% of total PFASs in groundwater and solids samples, respectively. Thus, much of the mass of precursors released at the site appeared to be converted to perfluorinated carboxylates and sulfonates over a residence time of twenty years or more. One precursor in AFFF, perfluorohexane sulfonamide amine, was detected at low concentrations on several highly contaminated soil and aquifer solids samples, but no other precursors also measured in AFFF formulations were detected in any samples at this field site. Suspected intermediate transformation products of precursors in AFFF that were directly measured accounted for approximately half of the total precursor concentration in samples from the training site.In order to elucidate the conditions most amenable to AFFF-derived PFAA precursor transformation, microcosms were constructed with soil and sediment inocula and were incubated under different redox conditions with two different types of AFFF (Chapter 4). Live microcosms amended with AFFF manufactured by 3M demonstrated an ability to utilize the carbon in AFFF, but no changes in PFAS concentrations were observed over 60- to 90-day incubation periods. The main precursor in AFFF manufactured by Ansul, 6:2 fluorotelomer thioamido sulfonate (6:2 FtTAoS), was transformed in both aerobic and anaerobic live incubations. Under aerobic conditions, three amendments of 6:2 FtTAoS were completely transformed over a 90-day incubation and 8% of the 6:2 FtTAoS loss was accounted for as perfluorinated carboxylate and fluorotelomer sulfonate transformation products. Two additional aerobic transformation products containing one or two oxygen additions to 6:2 FtTAoS were also identified. Transformation was much slower under all anaerobic conditions, with complete transformation of 6:2 FtTAoS under live nitrate-reducing conditions after 200 days of incubation and 45% to 71% transformation of 6:2 FtTAoS after 320 days of incubation under sulfate-reducing, iron-reducing, and methanogenic conditions. A transformation product not observed under aerobic conditions, a carboxylate hydrolysis product of the 6:2 FtTAoS amide group, was identified under all anaerobic conditions. Application of the precursor assay to microcosm slurries suggested that all unquantifiable biological transformation products under aerobic conditions were partitioned to the microcosm slurry. In the anaerobic microcosms, the precursor assay indicated that unidentified biological transformation products were either sufficiently volatile to leave the slurry or unable to be oxidized to perfluorinated carboxylates. Transformation products reported in soil and groundwater beneath many U.S. military firefighter training areas (Chapter 3) are consistent with the aerobic transformation products observed in Ansul AFFF-amended microcosm.

[spa] Manuel Vázquez Montalbán (1939-2003) dedicó parte de su obra a reflexionar sobre el deporte, uno de los grandes fenómenos de masas del siglo XX. El objetivo de esta tesis es identificar, recopilar, ordenar y sistematizar las referencias al deporte presentes en ensayos, novelas, poemas y, sobre todo, artículos periodísticos de este autor para analizar su pensamiento deportivo. La elaboración de su biografía deportiva permite determinar la importancia del deporte en su vida y las circunstancias personales que concurren en la formación de su pensamiento deportivo. Su perfil deportivo responde más al del aficionado que al del practicante de una modalidad determinada. Las experiencias de su infancia y juventud en el barrio del Raval, el compromiso en la lucha antifranquista, la síntesis entre la cultura popular y académica realizada en la prisión de Lérida y la coincidencia con un grupo de intelectuales de izquierda barcelonistas configuraron una visión del deporte lúcida y original. Su extensa producción periodística y literaria incluye 700 textos deportivos. Su preocupación por las cuestiones deportivas responde, más que a su afición, a un interés personal por reflexionar, desde una perspectiva crítica y subcultural, sobre un fenómeno escasamente estudiado por los intelectuales. En un primer momento, sus comentarios pretenden evidenciar los lazos del deporte con el franquismo y reflexionar sobre el sentido del deporte en la sociedad de masas. Con la transición democrática, sus escritos deportivos se centran en los medios de comunicación, la política o la sociedad en general. Posteriormente, al convertirse en un autor de prestigio, fue reclamado por diversos medios de comunicación nacionales e internacionales para explicar algunas cuestiones específicas relacionadas con el "Barça", los Juegos Olímpicos de Barcelona (1992) o los partidos "Barça"-Real Madrid. Después de analizar cuantitativamente el contenido de los textos deportivos montalbanianos y sistematizar sus ideas alrededor de seis ámbitos temáticos —el deporte en general, el fútbol en general, el olimpismo, el fútbol español, el F. C. Barcelona y el deporte español- podemos concluir que el pensamiento deportivo de Manuel Vázquez Montalbán está configurado en torno a tres ejes temáticos: la crítica marxista, el barcelonismo y el análisis de las tensiones políticas y sociales del Estado español a través del fútbol. La influencia del análisis marxista en la obra deportiva montalbaniana va desde una crítica a la manipulación política del deporte durante el franquismo y la Guerra Fría a la denuncia de su mercantilización en el mundo globalizado. Respecto al barcelonismo, Manuel Vázquez Montalbán no se limita a explicitar la simple afinidad con un club de fútbol sino que se adentra en su representatividad política y social fraguada durante el franquismo. Del fútbol español analiza la atribución de un simbolismo a los clubes como una vía para canalizar los conflictos políticos y sociales latentes durante el franquismo y un instrumento que evite enfrentamientos en un Estado democrático configurado por diferentes identidades. Esta mirada propia articulada a través de estos tres ejes le permite interpretar los procesos sociales partiendo de los datos obtenidos en la observación de la práctica deportiva y, a su vez, comprender el deporte como un reflejo de la realidad política, económica y social. En esta vinculación tan estrecha entre deporte y sociedad probablemente se halle la clave para entender su pensamiento deportivo. ; [eng] Manuel Vazquez Montalban (1939-2003) devoted much of his work to reflect on sport, one of the great mass phenomenon of twentieth-century. The aim of this thesis is to identify, collect, organize and systematize sport references found in essays, novels, poems, and, especially, this author newspaper articles in order to examine his sport thinking. The development of his sportive biography allows to set the importance of sport in his live and personal circumstances which contribute to develop his sportive mind. The experiences of his childhood and youthood in the neighborhood of Raval, the commitment in the fight against Franco, the synthesis between popular and academic culture done at Lleida's prison and the coincidence with an intellectual leftist Barça-friendly group shaped a lucid and original vision of sport. His huge journalistic and literary production includes 700 sportive texts. His concern for sporting affairs responds initially a personal interest, from a critical and subcultural perspective onto a phenomenon that intellectuals seldom study. Later he was claimed by various national and international media in order to comment some aspects of the F. C. Barcelona, 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games or matches "Barça" vs. Real Madrid. Montalbanian sportive thought is set around three themes: the marxist critique, barcelonism and the analysis of political and social tensions at Spanish State seen through football. The marxist analysis influence in the montalbanian sportive work is ranging from a critique of the political manipulation of the sport during Franco's regime and the Cold War to the claim of its commercialization in the globalized world. Regarding with barcelonism not only explains his affinity with the football club but delves into social and political representativeness forged under Franco. Spanish football attribution analyzes the symbolism to clubs as a way to channel the latent social and political conflicts during Franco's regime and an instrument to avoid clashes in a democratic set by different identities.

International audience This study investigates U.S. churches' response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic by looking at their public Facebook posts. For religious organizations, in-person gatherings are at the heart of their activities. Yet religious in-person gatherings have been identified as some of the early hot spots of the pandemic, but there has also been controversy over the legitimacy of public restrictions on such gatherings. Our sample contains information on church characteristics and Facebook posts for nearly 4000 churches that posted at least once in 2020. The share of churches that offer an online church activity on a given Sunday more than doubled within two weeks at the beginning of the pandemic (the first half of March 2020) and stayed well above baseline levels. Online church activities are positively correlated with the local pandemic situation at the beginning, but uncorrelated with most state interventions. After the peak of the first wave (mid April), we observe a slight decrease in online activities. We investigate heterogeneity in the church responses and find that church size and worship style explain differences consistent with churches facing different demand and cost structures. Local political voting behavior, on the other hand, explains little of the variation. Descriptive analysis suggests that overall online activities, and the patterns of heterogeneity, remain unchanged through end-November 2020.

As part of its Global Policy Initiative, Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) partnered with the Superintendence of Banks, Insurance and AFPs of Peru in late 2008, with the purpose of enhancing the understanding of the issues and trends in consumer relations when financial services are delivered through branchless banking, particularly through agents, which are used in ever increasing scale in Peru. The product was this joint report. Three other countries with relevant experience in branchless banking (Kenya, Brazil and India) participated in a similar exercise at approximately the same time. As in the case of Peru, the exercise gave an opportunity for regulators of each jurisdiction to look at their regulatory and institutional framework for protecting branchless banking users, evaluate their regulatory and supervisory actions, and identify areas for improvements. A forthcoming CGAP focus note complements the effort, by making an overall evaluation of the lessons learned in these countries and drawing on the knowledge from other pioneer countries such as South Africa, Mexico, Colombia and the Philippines. The focus note will point out and address priority areas of concern and possible regulatory and policy options to address them. The first part of the report outlines the financial inclusion efforts currently being undertaken by the Superintendence. The following section summarizes the most important points of the legal and regulatory framework for financial consumer protection, pointing out any specificity of branchless banking. The third part describes the branchless banking business in Peru and describes the issues and problems identified in the relationship between branchless banking clients and providers, and the supervisory and enforcement implications. The last section draws conclusions and makes recommendations for achieving a balance between openness to innovation and protection in a branchless banking environment.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Sonath-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 445 ha in Sonath -1 microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, four per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 80 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 16 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 65 per cent area has very shallow (150 cm) soils.  About 72 per cent of the area has clayey soils and about 24 % loamy soils at the surface.  About 55 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 12 per cent gravelly to very gravelly soils (15-60 % gravel) and 29 per cent extremely gravelly soils (60-80%).  About 65 per cent of the area has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 67 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3%), about 13 per cent area is gently sloping (3-5%) and about 16 per cent area has moderately sloping (5-10%) lands.  An area of about 34 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1), 33 per cent moderately eroded (e2) and 29 per cent severely eroded (e3).  An area of about 23 per cent has soils that are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), about 37 per cent moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), about 15 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 22 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 47 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 7 per cent low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 82 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 140 (31) - Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 140 (31) Jamun - 107 (24) Sunflower 140 (31) - Musambi 107 (24) 33 (7) Cotton 107 (24) 33 (7) Lime 107 (24) 33 (7) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 140 (31) - Custard apple 140 (31) - Bengal gram 140 (31) 75 (17) Amla 140 (31) - Guava - - Tamarind - 107 (24) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in sustained production and also maintaining in the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provides fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Sonath-1 micro-watershed (Sonath-1 sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk and district) is located in between 17035'–17037' North latitudes and 7705'–7707' East longitudes, covering an area of about 445 ha, bounded by Mormanchi, Malsapur, Kinhi, Chengta and Margatti villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Sonath-1 micro-watershed (Sonath subwatershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 60.5 to 39.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 62.8 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 72.1 per cent.  Social groups belong to general caste is around 50 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 50 per cent.  About 10 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 60 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 30 per cent of sample household.  Women participation in decisions making is among all the households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding 1.6 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belonging to marginal and small and large farmers. The rain fed land is the total cultivated land area among all the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 72.1 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation around 11.6 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.75901 per household. Mobile and television are popular mass media communication.  The average farm assets value is around Rs. 181375 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers having bullock cart, plough, sprayer and tractor.  The average livestock value is around Rs. 71250 per household; among the all sample household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 823 grams (1811.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 60 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 55519 per household. About 80 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 2428. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 628 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 345861 per year for the total area of 444.65 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 8286/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in redgram (Rs. 19003) followed by black gram (Rs. 3970) and green gram (Rs. 1886).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in redgram (Rs. 57451) followed by green gram (Rs. 48847) and black gram (Rs. 45488). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (86.0 %) followed by black gram (8.2 %) and green gram (5.7 %).  Sonath-1 micro-watershed, major soil is Marguti (DDT) series having very shallow soil depth cover around 44.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing redgram, Novinihala (DGR) are having shallow soil depth cover around 3 16.9 % of area, the crops are red gram and Mannur soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 24.0 % of area; major crops are black gram, red gram and green gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 23799 ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 1.46) and Rs.19508 /ha in NHA soil (with BCR of 2.53).  In green gram the cost of cultivation Rs 38785ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 1.06) and black gram the cost of cultivation in MAR soil Rs.22377/ha (with BCR of 1.18).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (0 to 21.2 %), green gram (18.5 %) and black gram (32.5 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project