Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nirligi-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 400 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 84 per cent is covered by soils and 16 per cent by habitation and water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 9 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units. The length of crop growing period is 200 mm/m) in available water capacity. Entire area of about 7 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 77 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 13 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 71 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 3 per cent are moderately alkaline (pH pH 7.8-8.4), 17 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 64 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 0.75%) in entire area of the soils. Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in entire area of about 84 per cent in the microwatershed. About 52 per cent of the soils are medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 32 per cent soils are high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium content. Available sulphur is low (320 ppm) in the area of about 9 per cent soils. Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 31 per cent area and 52 per cent are medium (0.5-1.0 ppm). Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 0.6 ppm) in about <1 per cent area. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 13 (3) 256 (64) Sapota - - Maize - 269 (67) Pomegranate - 249 (62) Bajra - 270 (68) Musambi - 249 (62) Groundnut - 0.2 (<1) Lime - 249 (62) Sunflower - 249 (62) Amla - 270 (68) Red gram - 149 (37) Cashew - - Bengalgram 13 (3) 257 (65) Jackfruit - - Cotton 13 (3) 256 (64) Jamun - 136 (34) Chilli - - Custard apple 13 (3) 257 (65) Tomato - - Tamarind - 136 (34) Brinjal - 269 (67) Mulberry - 249 (62) Onion - 0.2 (<1) Marigold - 269 (67) Bhendi - 269 (67) Chrysanthemum - 269 (67) Drumstick - 249 (62) Jasmine - 20 (5) Mango - 136 (34) Crossandra - 100 (25) Guava - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Nirligi-2 is located at North latitude 150 11' 54.589" and 150 10' 16.469" and East longitude 760 5' 41.693'' and 760 4' 11.588" covering an area of about 399.61 ha coming under Neeralagi, Betageri and Matthura Villages of Koppal taluk. Socio-economic analysis of Nirligi-2 micro watersheds of Bettageri subwatershed, Koppal taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 total respondents, 12 (34.29%) were marginal, 9(25.71%) were small, 6 (17.14 %) were semi medium and 3 (8.57 %) were medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 97 (56.07%) men and 76 (43.93 %) were women. The average population of landless was 5.4, marginal farmers were 4.2, small farmers were 4.9, semi medium farmers were 5.5 and medium farmers were 6.3. Majority of the respondents (46.82%) were in the age group of 16-35 years. Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 38.73 per cent illiterates, 21.97 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.09 per cent middle school education, and 15.61 per cent high school education, 6.94 per cent of them had PUC education, 4.62 per cent attained graduation, and 1.16 them had other education. About, 88.57 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 24.28 per cent of the household members. In the study area, 82.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 8.57 per cent possess pucca house. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 62.86 per cent possess TV, 34.29 per cent possess mixer grinder, 85.71 per cent possess mobile phones and 28.57 per cent possess motor cycles. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 8.57 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor and 14.29 per cent possess bullock cart. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 20.00 per cent possess local cow. The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.69, women available in the micro watershed was 1.69, hired labour (men) available was 5.06 and hired labour (women) available was 4.66. 2 Further, 91.43 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 62.72 per cent (38.06 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 29.84 per cent area is irrigated land. There were 13.00 live bore wells and 7.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 37.14 per cent of the households. The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Cotton, Groundnut and Onion and cropping intensity was recorded as 92.35 per cent. Out of the sample households 68.57 percent possessed bank account and 68.57 per cent of them have savings in the account. About 68.57 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. Per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Cotton, Groundnut and Onion was Rs.38106.55 , 26905.47, 40422.12, 25061.05 and 48540.00 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 2.40, 1: 2.30, 1: 3.20 and 1:2.10 respectively. Further, 11.43 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 114200.00 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 71800.00 comes from agriculture. Sampled households have grown 3 horticulture trees and 31 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards. Regarding marketing channels, 25.71 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 54.29 per cent have sold in regulated markets. Further, 77.14 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. Majority of the farmers (71.43%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 68.57 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 94.29 per cent of the households and 5.71 per cent households has LPG connection. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 82.86 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. In the study area, 71.43 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 94.29 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 5.71 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards. 3 Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (85.71%), pulses (85.71%) and oilseeds (28.57%) are adequate for consumption. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (71.43%) wild animal menace on farm field (74.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (62.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (14.29%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (37.14%), high rate of interest on credit (11.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (17.14%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (25.71%), inadequate extension services (8.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (25.71%), Less rainfall (57.14%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (48.57%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Devarapalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 554 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 343 ha (62%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 204 ha (37%) covered by rock outcrops and others covers an area of 8 ha (1%) in the microwatershed. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 6 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. An area about 343 ha (62%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 10 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75 -100 cm), 34 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm) and 18 per cent soils are shallow (25 -50 cm) in the microwatershed. About 7 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 45 percent soils are loamy and 10 per cent soils clayey at the surface. An area of 29 per cent soils are non gravelly (0.75%) and 32 percent is medium (0.50- 0.75%) in organic carbon content. An area of 1 percent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus and about 41 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 20 percent is low (337kg/ha), about 30 percent is medium (145- 337 kg/ha) and 29 percent is low (20ppm), 20 percent is medium (10-20ppm) and 42 percent area is low (4.5ppm) in an area of about 59 per cent and deficient (<4.5ppm) in an area of about 3 per cent in the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in all the soils of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 16(3) 226(41) Guava - 55(10) Maize 55(10) 188(34) Sapota - 55(10) Bajra 55(10) 187(34) Pomegranate - 55(10) Groundnut 38(7) 72(13) Musambi - 55(10) Sunflower - 54(10) Lime - 55(10) Redgram - 54(10) Amla 55(10) 187(34) Bengal gram - - Cashew - 16(3) Cotton - 148(27) Jackfruit - 55(10) Chilli 55(10) 188(34) Jamun - - Tomato 55(10) 188(34) Custard apple 55(10) 187(34) Brinjal 55(10) 188(34) Tamarind - - Onion 55(10) 188(34) Mulberry - 55(10) Bhendi 55(10) 188(34) Marigold 55(10) 188(34) Drumstick - 55(10) Chrysanthemum 55(10) 188(34) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 83 (47.7%) men and 91 (52.30%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.8, marginal farmers' was 5.13, small farmers' was 5.09 and semi medium farmers' was 4. The data indicated that, 30 (17.24%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 83 (47.70%) were in 16-35 years of age, 50 (28.74 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 11 (6.32 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Devarapalli-2 had 62.07 per cent illiterates, 16.09 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.87 per cent of them had middle school education, 9.77 per cent of them had high school education, 2.30 per cent of them had PUC education and 4.6 per cent them possess degree education. The results indicate that, 80 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 22.86 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourer. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 16.67 per cent of the household members, 63.79 per cent were agricultural labourers, 0.57 per cent were in private service, 16.09 per cent were students and 1.72 per cent were children. The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 97.14 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 2.86 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 77.14 per cent of the households possess TV, 34.29 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 17.14 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 85.71 per cent of the households possess mobile phones and 5.71 per cent of them possess computer/laptop. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 4,944, mixer/grinder was Rs. 2,416, motor cycle was Rs. 46,666, mobile phone was Rs. 2,882 and computer/ laptop was Rs. 25,500. About 5.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 11.43 per cent of them possess plough, 17.14 per cent of them possess sprayer, 25.71 per cent of them possess weeder and 14.29 per cent of them possess harvester. The result shows that, the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 20,000, plough was Rs. 1,550, sprayer was Rs. 8,333, weeder was Rs. 68 and harvester was Rs. 1,022. The results indicate that, 17.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 2.86 per cent of the households possess local cow buffalo. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.67, average own labour (women) available was 1.64, average hired labour (men) available was 5.34 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.47. 2 The results indicate that, 94.29 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Devarapalli-2 micro-watershed possess 31.55 ha (100%) of dry. Marginal farmers possess 10.64 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 14.44 ha (100 %) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.48 ha (100 %) of dry land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 367,521.81. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 563,926.94 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 304,596.41 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 185,250 for dry land. The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (1.49 ha), red gram (24.08 ha) and sorghum (0.40 ha). The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Devarapalli-2 micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent. The results indicate that, 71.43 per cent of the households have bank account and savings. The results indicate that, 51.43 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed from cooperative and grameena bank. The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in microwatershed was Rs, 19,960. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources. The results indicate that, around 40 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from high rate of interest. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 59533.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39102.03. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. -20431.76. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.66. The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 28727.77. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46849.73. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 18121.96. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.63. The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 29383.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 69866.19. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 40482.33. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.38. The results indicate that, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate. 3 The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 20,833.33 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 62,893.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 102,181.82 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 173,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 7,508.83. For landless households it was Rs. 3,166.67, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,015.56, for small farmers it was Rs. 8,779.61 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 8,779.61. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 2 coconut and 2 mango trees in their field and also 2 coconut guava trees in their backyard. The results indicate that, households have planted 31 eucalyptus, 2 teak and pongamia, 20 neem, 6 tamarind and 1 pongamia trees in their field. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 371.43 for land development and Rs. 57.14 for improved crop production. The results indicated that asset selling was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development and soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development and improved crop production. The results indicated that, cotton and sorghum was sold to the extent of 100 per cent and red gram was sold to the extent of 95.33 per cent. The results indicated that, about 31.43 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 51.43 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated markets. The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the households have used cart and truck, 77.14 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 34.29 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.86 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 42.86 per cent and 54.29 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 40 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 45.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.14 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 91.43 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 60 per cent, 4 vegetables were adequate for 42.86 per cent, fruits were adequate for 45.71 per cent, milk were adequate for 11.43 per cent, eggs were adequate for 20 per cent and meat were adequate for 2.86 per cent. The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 2.86 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 8.57 per cent, oilseed was inadequate for 40 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 51.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 48.57 per cent, milk were inadequate for 74.29 per cent, egg were inadequate for 80 per cent and meat were inadequate for 97.14 per cent. The results indicated that, vegetables were market surplus for 2.86 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 77.14 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field and frequent incidence of pest and diseases (74.29%), Inadequacy of irrigation water and high rate of interest on credit (20%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemical (48.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (22.86%), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.43%), inadequate extension services (8.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agril produce to the market (31.43%), less rainfall (42.86%) and source of agri-technology information (34.29%) ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Raghunathahalli West-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 384 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils and 1 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 7 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units. The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils. Entire area of about 99 per cent has clayey soils at the surface. About 33 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 89 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) and 10 per cent has gently sloping (3-5%) lands. Entire area of about 99 per cent has soils that are moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 48 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 51 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 337 kg/ha) in available potassium content. Available sulphur is medium in about 66 per cent area and high (>320 ppm) in 33 per cent soils. Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 83 per cent area, 14 per cent are medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and 1 per cent area is high (>1.0 ppm). Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 97 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in about 1 per cent area. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of about 99 per cent soils. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 74 (19) 129 (34) Sapota - - Maize - 202 (53) Pomegranate - 196 (51) Bajra - 202 (53) Musambi 74 (19) 122 (32) Groundnut - - Lime 74 (19) 122 (32) Sunflower 74 (19) 122 (32) Amla - 203 (53) Red gram - 116 (30) Cashew - - Bengalgram 74 (19) 129 (34) Jackfruit - - Cotton 74 (19) 129 (34) Jamun - 117 (30) Chilli - - Custard apple 74 (19) 129 (34) Tomato - - Tamarind - 116 (30) Brinjal - 203 (53) Mulberry - 196 (51) Onion - - Marigold - 203 (53) Bhendi - 203 (53) Chrysanthemum - 203 (53) Drumstick - 196 (51) Jasmine - 7 (2) Mango - 41 (11) Crossandra - 119 (31) Guava - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 121 (56.28%) men and 94 (43.72%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.8, marginal farmers' was 4.9, small farmers' was 4.2, semi medium farmers' was 4.25 and large farmers' was 5. The data indicated that, 43 (20%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 83 (38.60%) were in 16-35 years of age, 64 (29.77%) were in 36-60 years of age and 25 (11.63%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Raghunathanahalli west-3 had 17.67 per cent illiterates, 0.93 per cent were functional literates, 26.98 per cent of them had primary school education, 6.05 per cent of them had middle school education, 21.86 per cent of them had high school education, 12.09 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.47 per cent had diploma, 2.79 per cent of them did ITI, 4.19 per cent of them had degree education and 1.86 per cent did masters. The results indicate that, 22.92 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 72.92 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers and 4.17 per cent were general labourers. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 14.88 per cent of the household members, 49.77 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.86 per cent of the households general laborers, 0.47 per cent of the households were in government service, 5.12 per cent were in private service, 22.33 per cent were students and 4.65 per cent were children. The results show that 98.60 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions, 0.93 per cent of the population participated in gram panchayat and 0.47 per cent participated in raitha sangha. The results indicate that 8.33 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 85.42 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 2.08 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house and 4.17 per cent possessed semi pucca house. The results show that 93.75 per cent of the households possess TV, 8.33 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 12.50 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 39.58 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 93.75 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs.8066, mixer grinder was Rs.1950, bicycle was Rs. 1183, motor cycle was Rs.32000 and mobile phone was Rs.2449. About 6.25 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 4.17 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.08 per cent of them possess chaff cutter, 2.08 per cent of them possess tractor, 4.17 per cent of them possess sprayer, 20.83 per cent of them possess weeder and 2.08 per cent of them possess earth remover/duster. 2 The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.17666, the average value of plough was Rs.1500, the average value of chaff cutter was Rs.2000, the average value of tractor was Rs.200000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.2450, the average value of weeder was Rs.43 and the average value of earth remover/duster was Rs.16000. The results indicate that, 12.50 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 6.25 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.08 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow, buffalo, goat and poultry. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.69, average own labour (women) available was 1.36, average hired labour (men) available was 6.11 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.16. The results indicate that, 91.67 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Raghunathanahalli west-3 microwatershed possess 72.35 ha (98.57%) of dry land and 1.05 ha (1.43%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 10.89 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 22.62 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 28.72 ha (96.47%) of dry land and 1.05 per cent (3.53%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 10.12 ha (100%) of dry land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 230,046.99 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 570,000.02. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 440,579.71 for dry land. In case of small famers it was Rs. 256,324.93. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 189,678.74 for dry land and Rs. 570,000.02 for irrigated land and in case of large farmers it was Rs. 59,280 for dry land. The results indicate that, there were 2 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 4.17 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 4.78 meters. The results indicate that, semi medium and large farmers had irrigated area of 1.05 ha and 10.12 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (9.5 ha), bajra (5.34 ha), sunflower (6.73 ha), Bengal gram (12.29 ha), sorghum (13.05 ha), Greengram (1.54 ha), onion (3.34 ha), groundnut (2.43 ha) and wheat (1.76 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra, bengalgram, maize, onion, sesamum and sunflower. Small farmers have grown bajra, bengal gram, green gram, onion, sorghum, sunflower and wheat. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, bengal gram, groundnut, maize, onion, sorghum and sunflower. Large farmers have grown bengal gram, sorghum and maize. 3 The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Raghunathanahalli west-3 microwatershed was found to be 63.84 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 96.28 per cent, small farmers it was 93.51 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 69.21 and in case of large farmers it was 20 per cent. The results indicate that, 37.50 per cent of the households have bank account and 8.33 per cent have savings. The results indicate that, 37.50 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 16.67 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial bank, another 16.67 per cent have availed loan from cooperative bank and 66.67 per cent of the households obtained loan from grameena bank. The results indicate that, average credit availed in the micro watershed was Rs.83,611. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources. The results indicate that, around 88.89 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 5.56 per cent of the households opined that the rate of interest was higher in institutional sources. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Bengalgram was Rs. 22652.36. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23722.16. The net income from Bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 1069.81, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.05. The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 30663.02. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32269.82. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 1606.80. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.05. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 39536.05. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 66690. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 27153.95. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.69. The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 25726.99. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 19694.17. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. -6032.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.77. The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 22831.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47412.41. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 24580.92. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.08. The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 29291.16. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 25004.27. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 4286.89. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.85. 4 The total cost of cultivation for greengram was Rs. 19834.44. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29250. The net income from greengram cultivation was Rs. 9415.56. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.47. The total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 28636.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 417048.32. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. 388411.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:14.56. The total cost of cultivation for sesamum was Rs. 18627.44. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 79849.14. The net income from sesamum cultivation was Rs. 61221.70. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.29. The total cost of cultivation for wheat was Rs. 30216. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 137529.60. The net income from wheat cultivation was Rs. 107313.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.55. The results indicate that, 12.50 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 14.58 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 23,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 92,785.71, for small farmers it was Rs. 72,100, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 125,333.33 and for large farmers it was Rs. 180,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 7,392.55. For landless households it was Rs. 6,250, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,076.53, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,292.97, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 6,152.78 and for large farmers it was Rs. 126,000. The results indicate that, households have planted 68 neem trees, 5 teak and 16 banyan trees in their fields. The results indicated that, all crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent except jowar (96.67%) and maize (97.8%). The results indicated that, about 22.92 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets, 75 per cent of the farmers have sold to local/village merchants, 6.25 per cent have sold their produce to agents/traders and 4.17 per cent have sold their produce to cooperative marketing society. The results indicated that, 89.58 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce, 16.67 per cent have used cart as a mode of transport and 2.08 per cent have head loads of their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 27.08 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 21.43 per cent of the marginal farmers, 31.25 per cent of the small farmers and 41.67 per cent of semi medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems. The results indicated that, 62.50 per cent have shown interest in soil test i.e 64.29 per cent of marginal, 75 per cent of small and 75 per cent of semi medium farmers. 5 The results indicated that, 75 per cent of the households used firewood and 25 per cent used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 18.75 per cent of the households, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 47.92 per cent of the households and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 33.33 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 18.75 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 20 per cent of the landless, 7.14 per cent of the marginal farmers, 25 per cent of the small farmers, 16.67 per cent of the semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of the large farmers. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 31.25 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 91.67 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 4.17 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 14.58 per cent, fruits were adequate for 12.50 per cent, milk was adequate for 87.50 per cent, eggs were adequate for 89.58 per cent and meat was adequate for 10.42 per cent. The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 6.25 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 89.58 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 85.42 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 77.08 per cent, milk was inadequate for 8.33 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 4.17 per cent and meat was inadequate for 83.33 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, pulses were market surplus for 2.08 per cent, oilseeds were market surplus for 6.25 per cent and milk was market surplus for 4.17 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 45.83 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (79.17%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (66.67%), inadequacy of irrigation water (70.83%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (70.83%), high rate of interest on credit (75%), low price for the agricultural commodities (77.08%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (70.83%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (22.92%), inadequate extension services (14.58%), less rainfall (12.50%) and source of agri-technology information (10.42%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kerehalli-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 396 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 95 per cent is covered by soils, 150 cm). About 9 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 25 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 60 per cent clayey soils at the surface. About 78 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 13 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 82 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands. An area of about 64 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 31 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded. An area of about 4 per cent soils are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 30 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 33 per cent soil are slightly alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.3-9.0) and 27 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in 55 per cent area. Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. An area of about 68 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 27 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is low (1.0 ppm) in 39 per cent area of the microwatershed. An area of about 91 per cent is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) and 4 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content. Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content. Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in available zinc content. The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 34(9) 268(67) Sapota 21(5) 152(39) Maize 21(5) 318(80) Pomegranate 21(5) 182(46) Bajra 46(12) 302(76) Guava 9(2) 165(42) Groundnut 24(6) 315(80) Jackfruit 21(5) 153(39) Sunflower 34(9) 161(41) Jamun 12(3) 122(31) Cotton 25(6) 277(70) Musambi 34(9) 170(43) Red gram 21(5) 173(44) Lime 34(9) 170(43) Bengalgram 20(5) 281(71) Cashew 29(7) 76(19) Chilli 21(5) 250(63) Custard apple 108(27) 219(55) Tomato 21(5) 250(63) Amla 96(24) 229(58) Brinjal 83(21) 278(70) Tamarind 12(3) 58(15) Onion 53(13) 285(72) Marigold 21(5) 280(71) Bhendi 53(13) 307(78) Chrysanthemum 21(5) 280(71) Drumstick 41(10) 169(43) Jasmine 21(5) 250(63) Mulberry 41(10) 178(45) Crossandra 21(5) 250(63) Mango 12(3) 29(7) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Kerehalli-2 is located at North latitude 150 22' 21.052" and 150 20' 16.654" and East longitude 760 19' 16.276'' and 760 17' 31.936" covering an area of about 396.54 ha coming under kerehalli, Shapura and Agalakeri Villages of Koppal taluk. Socio-economic analysis of Kerehalli-2 micro watersheds of Kerehalli subwatershed, Koppal taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 36 total respondents, 7 (19.44 %) were marginal, 15 (41.67%) were small, 7 (19.44 %) were Semi medium and 2 (5.56 %) were medium farmers. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 87 (63.97%) men and 49 (36.03 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4, marginal farmers were 3.9, small farmers were 3.4, semi medium farmers were 4.4 and medium farmers were 3.5. Majority of the respondents (44.85%) were in the age group of 16-35 years. Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 49.26 per cent illiterates, 19.12 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.47 per cent middle school education, and 19.12 per cent high school education, 4.41 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.47 per cent of them had Diploma, 1.47 per cent attained graduation and 3.68 them had other education. About, 83.33 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 11.11 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 68.38 per cent of the household members. In the study area, 63.89 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 13.89 per cent possess pucca house. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 80.56 per cent possess TV, 13.89 per cent possess mixer grinder, 86.11 per cent possess mobile phones and 50.00 per cent possess motor cycles. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 19.44 per cent of the households possess plough, 11.11 per cent possess bullock cart and 13.89 per cent possess sprayer. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 11.11 per cent possess local cow. The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.87, women available in the micro watershed was 1.29, hired labour (men) available was 8.52 and hired labour (women) available was 8.03. 2 Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 54.16 per cent (38.36 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 43.21 per cent area is irrigated land. There were 13.00 live bore wells and 6.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households. Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 38.89 per cent of the households. The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Bengalgram, Sunflower and Paddy and cropping intensity was recorded as 92.54 per cent. Out of the sample households 63.89 percent possessed bank account and 2.78 per cent of them have savings in the account. About 58.33 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose. Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 35.71 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations. Per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Bengalgram, Sunflower and Paddy was Rs.36592.32 , 32567.54, 50814.82, 25793.01, and 51958.91 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.10, 1: 1.00, 1: 2.80, 1: 1.70, and 1:3.00 respectively. Further, 27.78 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 16.67 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 88652.22 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 73975.00 comes from agriculture. Sampled households have grown 44 horticulture trees and 20 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards. Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2861.11 for land development and Rs. 722.22 for irrigation facility. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.78 per cent depends on own funds and 50.00 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities. Regarding marketing channels, 63.89 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 8.33 per cent have sold in regulated markets. Further, 66.67 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. Majority of the farmers (13.89%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 58.33 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 61.11 per cent of the households and 36.11 per cent households has LPG connection. 3 Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 36.11 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 97.22 per cent of the households. In the study area, 69.44 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.22 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.22%), pulses (75.00%) and oilseeds (63.89%) are adequate for consumption. Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (61.11%) wild animal menace on farm field (63.89%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (63.89%), inadequacy of irrigation water (44.44%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (69.44%), high rate of interest on credit (69.44%), low price for the agricultural commodities (61.11%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (77.78%), inadequate extension services (50.00%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (61.11%), Less rainfall (19.44%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (2.78%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Katarki West-1microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 485 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soil and 1 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below The soils belong to 7 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units. The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils. Entire area in the microwatershed is clayey soils at the surface. About 87 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 13 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 86 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 16 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 83 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 5 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 93 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in 40 per cent area of the soils. Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 25 per cent area of the soils. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 342(71) 136(29) Sapota - - Maize - 466(96) Pomegranate - 383(79) Bajra - 478(99) Musambi 308(63) 75(16) Groundnut - - Lime 308(63) 75(16) Sunflower 308(63) 75(16) Amla - 478(99) Redgram - 355(74) Cashew - - Bengal gram 342(71) 136(28) Jackfruit - - Cotton 342(71) 136(28) Jamun - 321(66) Chilli - - Custard apple 342(71) 136(28) Tomato - 12(3) Tamarind - 321(66) Brinjal - 478(99) Mulberry - - Onion - - Marigold - 478(99) Bhendi - 466(96) Chrysanthemum - 478(99) Drumstick - 383(79) Jasmine - 107(23) Mango - - Crossandra - 107(23) Guava - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 2 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY The survey was conducted in Katarki West-1 is located at North latitude 150 15' 40.732" and 150 14' 2.333" and East longitude 760 4' 10.044'' and 760 2' 3.61" covering an area of about 485.27 ha coming under Bettageri, Bisarahalli and Gudlanura villages of Koppal taluk. Socio-economic analysis of Katarki West-1 micro watersheds of Katarki subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 39 total respondents, 10 (25.64 %) were marginal, 11 (28.21%)were small, 9 (23.08 %) were Semi medium and 4 (10.26 %) were medium farmers. The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 90 (52.63%) men and 81 (47.37 %) were women. Majority of the respondents (36.26%) were in the age group of 16-35 years. Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 25.15 per cent illiterates, 71.92 per cent pre university education and 8.19 per cent attained graduation. About, 89.74 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 10.26 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers. Agriculture was the major occupation for 26.32 per cent of the household members. In the study area, 66.67 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 15.38 per cent possess pucca house. The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 82.05 per cent possess TV, 23.08 per cent possess mixer grinder, 76.92 per cent possess mobile phones and 30.77 per cent possess motor cycles. Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 7.69 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.56 per cent possess tractor, 12.82 per cent possess bullock cart and 5.13 per cent possess sprayer. Regarding livestock possession by the households, 5.13 per cent possess local cow. The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 11.32 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.55. Further, 94.87 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 79.69 per cent (60.34 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 20.31 per cent area is irrigated land. There were 5 live bore wells and 6 dry bore wells among the sampled households. 2 Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 17.94 per cent of the households. The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Sunflower, Onion, Bengal gram and Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 94.31 per cent. Out of the sample households 76.92 percent possessed bank account and 76.92 per cent of them have savings in the account. About 76.92 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources. The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Sunflower, Onion, Bengal gram and Groundnut was Rs.31759.16, 41360.34, 27869.68, 20719.38 and 45897.68 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.50, 1: 1, 1: 1.80, 1: 2.10 and 1:0.90 respectively. Further, 10.26 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.56 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate. The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 66071.79 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 54379.49 comes from agriculture. Sampled households have grown 43 horticulture trees and 57 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards. Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1307.69 for land development and Rs. 230.77 for irrigation facility. Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.56 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities. Regarding marketing channels, 28.21 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 58.97 per cent have sold in regulated markets. Further, 79.49 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. Majority of the farmers (76.92%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 74.36 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing. Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100 per cent of the households. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 87.18 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. In the study area, 100 per cent of the households possess toilet facility. Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.44 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 2.56 per cent of the household's possessed APL card. Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (89.74%), pulses (53.85%) and oilseeds (25.64%) are adequate for consumption. 3 Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (74.36%) wild animal menace on farm field (53.85%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (51.28%), inadequacy of irrigation water (17.95%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (35.90%), high rate of interest on credit (10.26%), low price for the agricultural commodities (15.38%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (23.08%), inadequate extension services (17.95%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (51.28%), Less rainfall (71.79%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (38.46%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hire Bagnalu-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 485 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 82 per cent is covered by soil, 13 per cent by rockout crops, 150cm) soils. About 66 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 17 per cent has clayey (sandy clay) soils at the surface. About 23 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 3 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 80 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 11 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 72 per cent is moderately eroded (e2). An area of about 8 per cent is slightly acid (pH 6.0 to 6.5), 19 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3), 22 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8) and 34 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75 %) in entire area of the microwatershed. Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) 49 per cent area of the soils. Available potassium is low (20 ppm) in 8 per cent area of the soils. Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 51 per cent of the area. Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 50 per cent of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 16(3) 204(42) Sapota 16(3) 104(21) Maize 16(3) 204(42) Pomegranate 16 (3) 139(29) Bajra 16(3) 308(64) Guava - 120(25) Redgram 16(3) 35(7) Jackfruit 16(3) 104(21) Bengal gram 35(7) 148(3) Jamun 16 (3) 139(29) Groundnut - 328(68) Musambi 16(3) 139(29) Sunflower 16 (3) 35(7) Lime 16(3) 139(29) Cotton 16(3) 204(42) Cashew - 154(32) Chilli 16(3) 169(35) Custard apple 16(3) 382 (79) Tomato 16 (3) 169(35) Amla 16(3) 382(79) Brinjal - 188(39) Tamarind 16(3) 58 (12) Onion - 187(39) Marigold 16(3) 204(42) Bhendi - 187(39) Chrysanthemum 16(3) 204(42) Drumstick 16 (3) 74(15) Jasmine 16 (3) 169(35) Mulberry 16(3) 212(44) Crossandra 16 (3) 169(35) Mango 16(3) - - - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 111 (61.67%) men and 69 (38.33%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.16, marginal farmers' was 5.33, small farmers' was 5, semi medium farmers' was 5.3 and medium farmers' was 5. The data indicated that, 39 (21.67%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 74 (41.11%) were in 16-35 years of age, 58 (32.22%) were in 36-60 years of age and 9 (5%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Hire Bagnalu-3 had 32.22 per cent illiterates, 41.11 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.22 per cent of them had middle school education, 4.44 per cent of them had high school education, 7.78 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.56 per cent did diploma, 2.22 per cent of them did ITI and 1.67 per cent of them had degree education. The results indicate that, 86.11 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 8.33 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers and 2.78 per cent were general labour. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 17.78 per cent of the household members, 55.56 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.56 per cent were general labour, 1.67 per cent were in private service, 21.67 per cent were students, 0.56 per cent were housewives and 2.22 per cent were children. The results show that 99.44 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions; only 1 per son participated in NGO. The results indicate that 8.33 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 69.44 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 22.22 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 58.33 per cent of the households possess TV, 27.78 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 5.56 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 38.89 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 66.67 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 4,761, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,760, bicycle was Rs. 3,000, motor cycle was Rs. 44,285 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,115. About 19.44 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 27.78 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.56 per cent possessed irrigation pump, 2.78 per cent of the households possess power tiller, 11.11 per cent possess tractor, 16.67 per cent of them possess sprayer, 2.78 per cent of them possess thresher and 41.67 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 15,714, the average value of plough was Rs. 1,166, the average value of irrigation pump was Rs.1,300, 2 power tiller was Rs.1,50,000, tractor was Rs.575,000, thresher was Rs.300, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 5,600 and the average value of weeder was Rs.29. The results indicate that, 36.11 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 41.67 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.78 per cent were crossbred cow and 2.78 per cent were buffalo. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.89, average own labour (women) available was 1.43, average hired labour (men) available was 13.29 and average hired labour (women) available was 13.31. The results indicate that, 97.22 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate. The results indicate that, households of the Hire Bagnalu-3 micro-watershed possess 16.64 ha (33.11%) of dry land and 33.61 ha (66.89%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.17 ha (88.69%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (11.31%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 7.69 ha (89.03%) of dry land and 0.95 ha (10.97%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 5.78 ha (33.21%) of dry land and 11.61 ha (66.79%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 20.64 (100%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 294,405.25 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 303,395.95. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 630,102.03 for dry land and was Rs. 1,235,000 for irrigated. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 260,000 for dry land and was Rs. 633,333.36 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 155,781.35 for dry land and Rs. 395,888.50 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 217,941.18 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 20 functioning bore wells and 21 nonfunctioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 55.56 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 32.17 meters. The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 0.40 ha, 0.81 ha, 11.98 and 16.23 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (29.41 ha), bajra (6.6 ha), paddy (6.32 ha), sugarcane (3.24 ha), groundnut (1.62 ha) and pearlmillet (1.21 ha). Marginal and small farmers have grown maize and bajra. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, bajra, paddy, sugarcane and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown maize, bajra, paddy, sugarcane and pearlmillet. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hire Bagnalu-3 micro-watershed was found to be 70.93 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, 3 small farmers it was 84 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 70.70 and medium farmers it was 63.80 per cent. The results indicate that, 83.33 per cent of the households have bank account and savings. The results indicate that, 83.33 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sugarcane was Rs. 55529.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 133380. The net income from Sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 77850.89. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.4. The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 28961.88. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36880.47. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 7918.59. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.27. The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 96761.57. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31769.74. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 64991.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.33. The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 36805.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 54441.97. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 17636.49. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.48. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 37934.72. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 61132.50. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 23197.78. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.61. The results indicate that, 16.67 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 25 per cent opined that dry fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 38,333.33 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 32,333.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 47,666.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 97,150 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 103,987.50. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 3,447.45. For landless households it was Rs. 1,250, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,033.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 2,138.89, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 4,070 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 4,859.38. The results indicate that, households have planted 139 coconut trees and 8 mango trees in the field. Also, they have planted 100 coconut trees in their backyard. The results indicate that, households have planted 53 neem trees, 212 teak trees, 1 tamarind tree and 1 acacia trees in their field. The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 5347.22 and for improved crop production Rs. 727.78. 4 The results indicate that, government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for land development and for 2.78 per cent for improved crop production. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 22.22 per cent for land development and for another 11.11 per cent for improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 25 per cent for land development and for 5.56 per cent for improved crop production. The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 80 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 25 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 95.02 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 96.67 per cent and sugarcane was sold to the extent of 69.09 per cent. The results indicated that, about 25 per cent of the famers have sold their produce to local/village merchants, 75 per cent of the farmers have sold their produce to regulated market and 2.78 per cent of the farmers have sold through contract marketing arrangement. The results indicated that, 11.11 per cent of the households have used cart, 88.89 per cent used tractor and 2.78 per cent used truck as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 22.22 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 77.78 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 52.78 per cent of the households and piped supply was the source of drinking water for 47.22 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 66.67 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.22 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 77.78 per cent, oilseed were adequate for 30.56 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 36.11 per cent, fruits were adequate for 44.44 per cent, milk was adequate for 19.44 per cent and eggs were adequate for 33.33 per cent. The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 25 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 63.89 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 58.33 5 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 44.44 per cent, milk were inadequate for 38.89 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 58.33 and meat was inadequate for 2.78 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 80.56 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (75%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (33.33%), inadequacy of irrigation water (16.67%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (11.11%), high rate of interest on credit (8.33%), low price for the agricultural commodities (22.22%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (13.89%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (25%), source of agri-technology information (13.89%) and inadequate extension services (11.11%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kerehalli-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 601 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 51 per cent is covered by soil, 40 per cent by rock out crops, eight per cent by quarry and one per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below The soils belong to 13 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use classes. The length of crop growing period is 0.75%) in 27 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 20 per cent of the soils. Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 8 per cent area of the soils. Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 21 per cent of the area. Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 7 per cent of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area. The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 15(2) 149(25) Pomegranate 40(7) 15(2) Maize 15 (2) 149 (25) Guava 40(7) 15(2) Bajra 15(2) 155(26) Jackfruit 40(7) 15(2) Redgram 15(2) 35 (6) Jamun - 46(8) Bengal gram - 163(27) Musambi 40(7) 15(2) Groundnut 15(2) 61 (10) Lime 40(7) 15(2) Sunflower 15 (2) 35 (6) Cashew 40(7) 54(9) Cotton - 163(27) Custard apple 40(7) 183(30) Chilli 15(2) 49(8) Amla 40(7) 183 (30) Tomato 15(2) 49(8) Tamarind - 40(7) Drumstick 15(2) 41(7) Marigold 15(2) 149(25) Mulberry 15(2) 95(16) Chrysanthemum 15(2) 149 (25) Mango - 40(7) Jasmine 15(2) 149(25) Sapota 40(7) 15(2) Crossandra 15(2) 49(8) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMU's by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 118 (60.20%) men and 78 (39.80%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers' was 5.75, small farmers' was 4.83, semi medium farmers' was 5.67, medium farmers' was 3 and large farmers' was 10. The data indicated that, 35 (17.86%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 88 (44.90%) were in 16-35 years of age, 53 (27.04%) were in 36-60 years of age and 20 (10.20%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Kerehalli-3 had 33.67 per cent illiterates, 1.02 per cent functional literate, 21.43 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.08 per cent of them had middle school education, 18.88 per cent of them had high school education, 14.29 per cent of them had PUC education, 3.06 per cent of them had degree education and 0.51 per cent of them did diploma. The results indicate that, 50 per cent of households were practicing agriculture and 50 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 39.29 per cent of the household members, 33.67 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.51 per cent were general labourers, 2.55 per cent were in private service, 20.41 per cent were students, 0.51 per cent were housewives and 3.06 per cent were children. The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 97.22 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 2.78 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 86.11 per cent of the households possess TV, 36.11 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 5.56 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 44.44 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.78 per cent possess landline phone and 83.33 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 8838, mixer grinder was Rs. 2038, bicycle was Rs. 2000, motor cycle was Rs. 50312, landline phone was Rs. 2000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1694. About 11.11 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.78 per cent of them possess sprayer and 66.67 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.1,500, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 3,000 and the average value of weeder was Rs.51. The results indicate that, 11.11 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 2.78 per cent possess buffalo and 11.11 per cent of the households possess local cow. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.78, average own labour (women) available was 1.22, average hired labour (men) available was 17.97 and average hired labour (women) available was 16.08. 2 The results indicate that, 97.22 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 2.78 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate. The results indicate that, households of the Kerehalli-3 micro-watershed possess 18.81 ha (34.24%) of dry land and 36.13 ha (65.76%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.59 ha (86.47%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (13.53%). Small farmers possess 13.80 ha (89.50%) of dry land and 1.62 ha (10.50%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.43 ha (8.87%) of dry land and 24.96 ha (91.13%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.67 ha (100%) and large farmers possess 6.48 ha (100%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 366,594.97 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 301,556.90. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 541,158.07 for dry land and Rs. 1,235,000 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 354,926.69 for dry land and was Rs. 555,750 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for dry land and Rs. 336,381.32 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 224,545.46 for irrigated land and in case of large farmers it was Rs. 77,187.50. The results indicate that, there were 22 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 61.11 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 82.55 meters. The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium, medium and large farmers had irrigated area of 0.40 ha, 1.62 ha, 24.36 ha, 2.67 and 6.48 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (46.55 ha), groundnut (3.24 ha), paddy (2.96 ha) and chilly (1.3 ha). Marginal farmers have grown maize. Small farmers have grown maize and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, paddy and chilly. Medium farmers have grown maize. Large farmers have grown maize and groundnut. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kerehalli-3 micro-watershed was found to be 88.82 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, small farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 98.79, medium farmers it was 60.67 per cent and large farmers had a cropping intensity of 50 per cent. The results indicate that, 2.78 per cent of the households have bank account. The results indicate that, 2.78 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 68869.77. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 57237.62. The net income from 3 Paddy cultivation was Rs. -11632.15. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.83. The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 29260.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 51031.25. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 21771.11. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.74. The total cost of cultivation for Chilly was Rs. 30609.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46312.50. The net income from Chilly cultivation was Rs. 15703.02. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.51. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 54395.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 75829. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 21433.87. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.39. The results indicate that, 8.33 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 8.33 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 68,125 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 67,500, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 76,888.89, for medium farmers it was Rs. 18,000 and for large farmers it was Rs. 468,500. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 11,085.65. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 15,562.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 5,013.89, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 2,759.26, for medium farmers it was Rs. 12,000 and for large farmers it was Rs. 215,000. The results indicate that, households have planted 15 coconut trees and 9 mango trees in the field. The results indicate that, households have planted 71 neem trees, 2 tamarind trees and 2 acacia trees in their fields. The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 1,916.67, for improved crop production Rs. 555.56 and for irrigation facility Rs. 277.78. The results indicate that, loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 16.67 per cent for land development, for 5.56 per cent for irrigation facility and for 11.11 per cent for improved crop production. The results indicated that, chilly was sold to the extent of 75 per cent, groundnut 71.43 per cent, maize 97.88 per cent and paddy 72.22 per cent. The results indicated that, about 5.56 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated market and 97.22 per cent of the farmers have sold to local/village merchants. The results indicated that, 105.88 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. 4 The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 94.44 per cent of the households used firewood and 5.56 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 13.89 per cent of the households, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 66.67 per cent of the households and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 13.89 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 97.22 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 50 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet. The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 44.44 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 97.22 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 13.89 per cent, fruits were adequate for 16.67 per cent, milk was adequate for 88.89 per cent, eggs were adequate for 97.22 per cent and meat was adequate for 13.89 per cent. The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 2.78 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 97.22 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 83.33 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 77.78 per cent, milk were inadequate for 8.33 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 2.78 per cent and meat was inadequate for 83.33 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 86.11 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (97.22%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (86.11%), inadequacy of irrigation water (55.56%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (50%), high rate of interest on credit (50%), low price for the agricultural commodities (86.11%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (91.67%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (88.89%), inadequate extension services (88.89%), less rainfall (2.78%) and source of agri-technology information (2.78%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Budihalu microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 792 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils and 1 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 21 soil series and 33 soil phases (management units) and 9 land management units. The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils. About 58 per cent has clayey soils, 35 per cent has loamy and 2 per cent has sandy soils at the surface. About 66 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 5 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) and 88 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. About 58 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 35 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 1 per cent are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 27 per cent are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 12 per cent are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 31 per cent are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 18 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 5 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is non-saline (0.75%) in 33 per cent soils. Available phosphorus is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content. Available sulphur is low (320 ppm) in about 59 per cent soils. Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 47 per cent, 47 per cent are medium (0.5- 1.0 ppm) and 1.0 ppm). Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 74 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in about 20 per cent area. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in about 21 per cent and deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 72 per cent soils. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 282 (36) 389 (49) Sapota 169 (21) 180 (23) Maize 87 (11) 584 (74) Pomegranate 175 (22) 334 (42) Bajra 334 (42) 362 (46) Musambi 271 (34) 238 (30) Groundnut 174 (22) 313 (39) Lime 271 (34) 238 (30) Sunflower 271 (34) 228 (29) Amla 334 (42) 395 (50) Red gram 169 (21) 286 (36) Cashew 109 (14) 235 (30) Bengalgram 111 (14) 585 (74) Jackfruit 169 (21) 174 (22) Cotton 237 (30) 434 (55) Jamun 126 (16) 321 (41) Chilli 184 (23) 317 (40) Custard apple 445 (56) 284 (36) Tomato 184 (23) 323 (41) Tamarind 126 (16) 154 (20) Brinjal 208 (26) 460 (58) Mulberry 149 (19) 365 (46) Onion 166 (21) 333 (42) Marigold 144 (18) 527 (66) Bhendi 166 (21) 502 (63) Chrysanthemum 144 (18) 527 (66) Drumstick 175 (22) 349 (44) Jasmine 144 (18) 362 (46) Mango 126 (16) 49 (6) Crossandra 171 (22) 476 (60) Guava 148 (19) 195 (25) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 97 (53.59%) men and 84 (46.41%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.5, marginal farmers' was 4.4, small farmers' was 5.0, semi medium farmers' was 5.2, medium farmers' was 6.2 and for large farmers' it was 7.0. The data indicated that 22 (12.15%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 76 (41.99%) were in 16-35 years of age, 62 (34.25 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 21 (11.60%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Budihalu micro watershed had 34.81 per cent illiterates, 0.55 per cent were functional literates, 19.89 per cent of the people had primary school education, 6.63 per cent of them had middle school education, 16.02 per cent of them had high school education, 10.50 per cent of them had PUC education, 5.52 per cent of them had degree education and 0.55 had studied ITI. The results indicate that, 91.43 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 2.86 per cent of the household heads were in government service and 8.57 per cent of the households heads had other occupation. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 55.80 per cent of the household members, 14.36 per cent were agricultural labourers, 16.57 per cent were students, 3.31 per cent were children and housewives, 1.66 per cent were in government service. The results show that 96.69 per cent of the population has not participated in any local institution, 1.10 per cent have participated in sthree shakthi sangha and 0.55 per cent each have participated in gram panchayat, taluk panchayat, dairy cooperative and raitha sangha. The results indicate that 68.57 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 11.43 per cent of them possess pucca house, 2.86 per cent of them possess thatched house and 17.14 per cent of them possess semi pucca house. The results shows that 74.29 per cent of the households possess TV, 17.14 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 42.86 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 34.29 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 82.86 per cent of the households possess mobile phones, 2.86 per cent of the households possess radio, 5.71 per cent of the households possess DVD player and 5.71 per cent of the households possess auto. The results shows that the average value of television was Rs.4730, mixer grinder was Rs. 2033, bicycle was Rs.3686, motor cycle was Rs. 29214, auto was Rs. 175000, mobile phone was Rs.1477, radio was Rs. 1000 and DVD player was Rs. 1600. About 17.14 per cent of the households possess plough, 22.86 per cent of them possess bullock cart, 2.86 per cent of the households possess sprayer, and 2.86 per cent of the households possess tractor. 2 The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.2333, bullock cart was Rs.22250, sprayer was Rs.3000 and tractor was Rs.300000. The results indicate that, 20 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 25.17 per cent of the households possess local cow, 8.57 per cent of the households possess crossbred cows, 2.86 per cent of the households possess buffalo, 8.57 per cent of the households possess goat, 5.71 per cent of the households possess sheep and 45.71 per cent of the households possess poultry birds. The results indicate that, average own labour (men) available in the micro watershed was 2.39, average own labour (women) available was 1.67, average hired labour (men) available was 2.30 and average hired labour (women) available was 1.67. The results indicate that, 60 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 34.29 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate. About 55.56 per cent of the marginal farmers, 70 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium and 33.33 medium farmers and 50 per cent of large farmers have opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Budihalu micro watershed possess 53.60 ha (73%) of dry land and 19.83 ha (27%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.99 ha (100%) of dry land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 170,772.45 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 357,971.02. The results indicate that, there were 13 functioning and 5 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed which was possessed by small farmers, medium farmers, semi medium farmers and large farmers. The depth of bore well was found to be 34.21 meters. The results indicate that, small farmers had 1.01 ha, semi medium farmers had 5.67 ha, medium farmers had 8.24 ha and large farmers had 3.24 ha of irrigated area. Farmers have grown Maize (26.66 ha), Bajra (4.78 ha), Sunflower (4.05 ha), Redgram (8.1 ha), Bengal gram (1.01 ha) and Sorghum (2.23 ha). Marginal farmers have grown maize, cotton, bajra, sunflower, sorghum and groundnut. Small farmers have grown maize, cotton, bajra, and sorghum. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, cotton, sunflower, sorghum and banana. Medium farmers have grown maize, red gram, cotton, bajra, sunflower, onion, sorghum and bengal gram. Large farmers have grown maize, cotton and chilly. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Budihalu micro watershed was found to be 61.92 per cent. In case of Marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, for small farmers it was 76.94 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 78.95 per cent, medium farmers had cropping intensity of 66.67 per cent and large farmers had a cropping intensity of 35.71 per cent. 3 The results indicate that, 22.86 per cent of the households have bank account and 17.14 per cent of the households have savings. Among landless, medium and large farmers nobody possessed bank account and savings. The results indicate that, 44.44 per cent of marginal, 30 per cent of small and 16.67 per cent semi medium have borrowed credit from different sources. Around 25 per cent have availed loan from commercial bank, 12.5 per cent have availed loan from cooperative bank, 37.5 per cent have availed loan from grameena bank and 12.5 per cent have availed loan from money lender. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is Rs. 234000. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agricultural production purpose. The results indicate that, 16.67 per cent of the households have repaid their loan partially. The data also shows that 66.67 per cent of households have unpaid their loans and only 16.67 per cent of households have fully repaid their loans taken from institutional sources. Around 100 per cent of the households have not repaid their loan borrowed from non institutional sources. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 30217.71. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37123.44. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 6905.72, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.23. The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 10077.65. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 14806.28. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs.4728.63. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.47. The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 34942.88. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 54239.18. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 19296.30, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.55. The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 54100.63. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 12054.82. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 42045.81. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.22. The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 31049.45. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31250.07. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 200.63. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.01. The total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 16968.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 19924.67. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. 2956.05. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.17. The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 17508.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 61750. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 44241.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.53. 4 The total cost of cultivation for banana was Rs. 40661.40. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 3161600. The net income from banana cultivation was Rs. 3120938.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:77.75. The total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 47423.61. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 1729.00. The net income from bengal gram cultivation was Rs. -45694.61. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.04. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 28538.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32968.22. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 4429.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.16. The total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 16581.91. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 12350. The net income from chilly cultivation was Rs. - 4231.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.74. The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate which includes 8.57 per cent of marginal farmers and 40 per cent of small farmers. Around 40 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The data revealed that 8.57 per cent of the farmers opined that dry fodder is inadequate. The results indicated that, banana, Bengal gram, chilly, groundnut, jowar, onion, redgram and sorghum were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Around 34.29 per cent of the households have sold their produce to agents/traders, 68.57 per cent of the households have sold their produce to village merchants, 28.57 per cent of the households have sold their produce in regulated markets and 11.43 per cent of the households have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society. Around 17.14 per cent of the households have carried head load, 77.14 per cent have used cart and 57.14 per cent have used tractor as a mode of transport for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 11.43 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing i.e. 22.22 per cent of marginal farmers, 10 per cent of small farmers and 14.29 per cent of medium farmers have shown interest in soil testing. The results indicated that, 14.29 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding which includes 22.22 per cent of marginal, 20 per cent of small farmers, and 14.29 per cent of medium farmers. Around 8.57 per cent of soil conservation structure is constructed by farmers on their own, and another 5.71 per cent is constructed by farmers' organization. The results indicated that, 3.03 per cent of the households used dung cake as a source of fuel, 93.94 per cent used fire wood and another 3.03 per cent of the households used LPG. Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 48.57 per cent of the households, bore well was the major source for 40 per cent of the households, open 5 well was the major source for 11.43 per cent of the households and canal was the major source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent of the households. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 50 per cent of landless, 44.44 per cent of the marginal, 30 per cent of the small, 50 per cent of the semi medium and 14.29 per cent of the medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility. Around 80 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 14.29 per cent possessed APL card. Around 60 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of landless farmers, 33.33 percent of the marginal, 50 per cent of the small, 66.67 per cent of the semi medium, 85.71 percent of the medium farmers and 100 per cent of the small farmers. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.14 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 60 per cent of the households, oilseeds were adequate for 20 per cent of the households, vegetables were adequate for 40 per cent of the households, fruits were adequate for 25.71 per cent of the households, milk was adequate for 48.57 per cent of the households, eggs were adequate for 22.86 per cent of the households and meat was adequate for 28.57 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 3.03 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (60.61%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (51.52%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (15.15%), high rate of interest on credit (24.24%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (12.12%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (90.91%), less rainfall (100%), source of Agri-technology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (96.97). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Tavaregere-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 788 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soil, four per cent by rock out crops and less than one per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below The soils belong to 11 soil series and 44 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes. The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils. About 9 per cent is sandy (loamy sand), 79 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 7 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface. About 73 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 10 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) and 85 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 32 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 64 per cent is moderately eroded (e2). An area of about 6 per cent is moderately acid (pH 5.5 to 6.0), 24 per cent is slightly acid (pH6.0-6.5), 41 per cent has neutral soils, 12 per cent slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), 8 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4), 4 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 9.0). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 57 kg/ha) in 81 per cent of the soils. Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 2 per cent area of the soils. Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 1 per cent area of the soils. Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 76 per cent of the area. Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 41 per cent of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area. The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 168(21) 198 (28) Pomegranate 86(11) 279(35) Maize 168 (21) 198 (25) Guava 86(11) 279(35) Bajra 229(29) 200(25) Jackfruit 86(11) 279(35) Redgram 86(11) 216 (27) Jamun - 245(31) Bengal gram 14(2) 352(45) Musambi 86(11) 279(35) Groundnut 147(18) 378 (61) Lime 86(11) 279(35) Sunflower 86 (11) 216 (27) Cashew 154(20) 223(28) Cotton - 365(46) Custard apple 215(27) 536(68) Chilli 154(20) 184(23) Amla 215(27) 536 (68) Tomato 168(21) 170(22) Tamarind - 121(15) Drumstick 86(11) 475(60) Marigold 154(20) 212(27) Mulberry 86(11) 602(46) Chrysanthemum 154(20) 212 (27) Mango - 121(15) Jasmine 154(20) 212(27) Sapota 86(11) 279(35) Crossandra 154(20) 184(23) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 104 (54.45%) men and 87 (45.55%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 4.8, small farmers' was 5.4, semi medium farmers' was 7 and medium farmers' was 5.5. The data indicated that, 40 (20.94%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 75 (39.27%) were in 16-35 years of age, 55 (28.80%) were in 36-60 years of age and 21 (10.99%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Tavaregere-2 had 29.32 per cent illiterates, 0.52 per cent functional literate and ITI, 45.55 per cent of them had primary school education, 13.61 per cent of them had high school education, 5.76 per cent of them had PUC education and 2.62 per cent had degree education. The results indicate that, 80 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 17.14 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture labour. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 15.18 per cent of the household members, 55.50 per cent were agricultural labourers, 2.09 per cent were in private service, 24.08 per cent were in students, 2.62 per cent were housewives and 0.52 per cent were in children. The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 45.71 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 37.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 20 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 94.29 per cent of the households possess TV, 91.43 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder player, 31.43 per cent of them possess bicycle, 45.71 per cent o f the households possess motor cycle and 88.57 per cent of them possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 4,636, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,707, bicycle was 1,000, motor cycle was Rs. 33,187 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,500. About 22.86 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 31.43 per cent of them possess plough, 45.71 per cent of them possess sprayer, 100 per cent of them possess weeder and 2.86 per cent of them possess chaff cutter. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 17,625, plough was Rs. 1,730, sprayer was Rs. 2,876, weeder was Rs.57, and the average value of chaff cutter was Rs. 3,000. The results indicate that, 25.71 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 28.57 per cent of the households possess local cow, 11.43 per cent possess buffalo and 5.71 per cent possess sheep. 2 The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.10, average own labour (women) available was 1.9, average hired labour (men) available was 6.52 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.74. The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate. The results indicate that, households of the Tavaregere-2 micro-watershed possess 31.31 ha (64.21%) of dry land, 32.47 ha (32.47%) of irrigated land and 1.62 ha (3.32%) of permanent fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 4.4 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 13.94 ha (85.74%) of dry land and 2.32 ha (14.26%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 7.28 ha (53.96%) of dry land and 6.22 ha (46.04%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 5.69 ha (38.94%) of dry land, 7.30 ha (49.97%) of irrigated land and 1.62 ha (11.09%) of permanent fallow land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 217,086.72, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 366,206.54 and the average value of permanent fallow land was Rs. 216,125. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 454,044.11 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 222,328.69 for dry land and Rs. 603,490.39 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 150,944.44 for dry land and Rs. 353,776.04 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 105,480.43 for dry land, Rs. 301,386.57 for irrigated land and Rs. 216,125for permanent fallow land. The results indicate that, there were 10 de-functioning and functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, there were 1 de-functioning and functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, 28.57 per cent of the bore well and 2.86 per cent of the open well was the irrigation source in the micro water shed. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 18.90 meters and 0.17 meters The results indicate that small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 2.32 ha and 7.29 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (19.95 ha), bajra (12.34 ha), groundnut (7.91 ha), mango (5.56 ha), Bengal garm (0.91 ha), cotton and paddy (0.81 ha) and sunflower (0.49 ha). Marginal farmers have grown maize, bajra, groundnut and bengal gram. Small farmers have grown maize, bajra, groundnut, mango, cotton and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, bajra, groundnut and mango. Medium farmers have grown maize, bajra, groundnut, mango and paddy. 3 The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Tavaregere-2 micro-watershed was found to be 73.01 per cent. The results indicate that, 94.29 per cent of the households have bank account and savings. The results indicate that, 94.29 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 22307.91. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 19018.26. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -3289.65. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.85. The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 58641.04. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 63763.38. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 5122.34. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.09. The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 29687.65. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27748.28. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. - 1939.38. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.93. The total cost of cultivation for mango was Rs. 59922.80. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 459720.57. The net income from mango cultivation was Rs. 399797.77. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:7.67. The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 74765.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58045. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. - 16720.28. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.78. The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 46034.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49400.00. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 3365.61. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.07. The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 40006.43. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 98800.00. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 58793.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.47. The total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 52520.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 76067.26. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 23546.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.45. The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 81,300 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 63,200, for small farmers it was Rs. 84,792.31, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 156,942.86 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 137,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 6,359.30. For landless households it was Rs. 8,800, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,777.78, for 4 small farmers it was Rs. 3,840.24, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 8,355.10 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 10,375. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 86 trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 9 teak, 18 neem and 2 tamarind trees in their field. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4,829.33 for land development, Rs. 3,531.95 for irrigation facility, Rs. 2,285.86 for improved crop production and Rs.600.09 for improved livestock management. The results indicated that government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 77.14 per cent for land development, 42.86 per cent for irrigation facility and improved crop production and 11.43 per cent for improved livestock management. The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 55.25 per cent, Bengal gram was sold to the extent of 68.75 per cent, cotton and mango was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, ground nut was sold to the extent of 93.06 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 97.24 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 60 per cent and sunflower was sold to the extent of 87.50 per cent. The results indicated that, about 105.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce through regulated market. The results indicated that, 5.71 per cent of the households used cart and 102.86 per cent of them used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households used firewood and 5.71 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 8.57 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 91.43 per cent of the households in micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 51.43 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent of the households not possessed PDS card. The results indicated that, 41.67 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.14 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 14.29 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 5 57.14 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 34.29 per cent, fruits were adequate for 42.86 per cent, milk were adequate for 28.57 per cent and meat was adequate for 34.29 per cent. The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 27.78 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 85.71per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 20 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 62.86 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 28.57 per cent, milk was inadequate for 40 per cent and egg were inadequate for 57.14 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 82.86 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (31.43%),frequent incidence of pest and diseases (37.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (28.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (40%), high rate of interest on credit (5.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (17.4%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (20%), inadequate extension services (34.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (22.86%), less rainfall (31.43%) and source of Agritechnology information (2.86%) . ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chukkanakallu-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 518 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 68 per cent is covered by soil, 1 per cent by rock outcrops and 31 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below The soils belong to 9 soil series and 20 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units. The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils. About 14 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 54 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface. About 45 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 17 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 51 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 37 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 30 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 39 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 8 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4), 9 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 12 per cent is very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 0.75%) in 21 per cent area of the soils. Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 1 per cent area of the soils. Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 12 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available zinc is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 65(13) 216(42) Sapota 36(7) 94(18) Maize 16(3) 266(52) Pomegranate 36(7) 210(41) Bajra 36(7) 274(53) Musambi 65(13) 181(35) Groundnut - 58(11) Lime 65(13) 181(35) Sunflower 65(13) 181(35) Amla 36(7) 273(53) Redgram 36(7) 163(32) Cashew - 130(25) Bengal gram 29(6) 280(54) Jackfruit 36(7) 94(18) Cotton 65(13) 216(42) Jamun 36(7) 154(30) Chilli 16(3) 149(29) Custard apple 65(13) 244(47) Tomato 16(3) 149(29) Tamarind 36(7) 153(30) Brinjal 94(18) 188(37) Mulberry 16(3) 230(45) Onion 94(18) 71(14) Marigold 16(3) 265(52) Bhendi 94(18) 188(37) Chrysanthemum 16(3) 265(52) Drumstick 36(7) 210(41) Jasmine 16(3) 149(29) Mango 36(7) 124(24) Crossandra 36(7) 176(34) Guava 20(4) 110(21) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 78 (57.35 %) men and 58 (42.65 %) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless' was 2.8, marginal farmers' was 4.2, small farmers' was 4.3, semi medium farmers' was 4 and medium farmers' was 4.5. The data indicated that, 15 (11.03 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 51 (37.5 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 57 (41.91 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 13 (9.56 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Chukkanakallu-2 had 37.50 per cent illiterates, 34.56 per cent of them had primary school education, 7.35 per cent of them had middle school education, 10.29 per cent of them had high school education, 2.94 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.47 per cent of them had Diploma and degree education and 2.21 per cent of them had masters education. The results indicate that, 91.18 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 5.88 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 23.53 per cent of the household members, 67.65 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.47 per cent were in government service, 6.62 per cent were students and 0.74 per cent were children. The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any of the institution. The results indicate that 82.35 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 17.65 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 55.88 per cent of the households possess TV, 70.59 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 5.88 per cent of them possess bicycle, 32.35 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.94 per cent of the households possess auto and 67.65 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs 5,515, mixer/grinder was Rs 1,875, bicycle was Rs 2,000, motor cycle was Rs. 49,272, auto was Rs. 200,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,336. About 5.88 per cent of the households possess bullock cart and thresher, 52.94 per cent of them possess plough, 8.82 per cent of them possess sprayer, 52.94 per cent of them possess weeder and 2.94 per cent of them possess Cultivator. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 10,000, plough was Rs. 1,877, sprayer was Rs. 1,550, average value of weeder was Rs. 123, average value of thresher was 190 and the average value of Cultivator was Rs. 32. The results indicate that, 17.65 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 14.71 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.94 per cent of the households possess Buffalo. 2 The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.93, average own labour (women) available was 1.10, average hired labour (men) available and average hired labour (women) available was 15.86. The results indicate that, 85.29 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate. The results indicate that, households of the Chukkanakallu-2 micro-watershed possess 26.24 ha (72.73%) of dry land, 7.36 ha (20.39 %) of irrigated land and 2.48 ha (6.88%) of permanent fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 5.92 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 12.27 ha (78.85 %) of dry land, 0.81 ha (5.20 %) of irrigated land and 2.48 ha (15.95%). Semi medium farmers possess 8.05 ha (86.22 %) of dry land and 1.29 ha (13.78%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 5.26 ha (100 %) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 350,462.68, the average value of irrigated land was Rs.230,968.10 and the average value of permanent fallow land Rs. 201,468.19. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 675,324.68 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 325,965.03 for dry land, Rs. 247,000 for irrigated land and Rs. 201,468.19 for permanent fallow land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 148,944.72 for dry land and Rs. 388,364.77 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, Rs.190,000 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 4 functioning and de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 11.76 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 3.59 meters. The results indicate that semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.29 ha and 2.83 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (22.36 ha), Bajra (7.36 ha), Sunflower (2.83 ha) and Wheat (3.34 ha). Marginal farmers have grown maize, bajra and sunflower. Small farmers have grown maize, bajra and cowpea. Semi medium farmers have grown maize and bajra. Medium farmers have grown maize and sunflower. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Chukkanakallu-2 micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent. The results indicate that, 79.14 per cent of the households have bank account and savings. The results indicate that, 79.41 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 7.41 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank. 3 The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 5,000. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources. The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that helped to perform timely agricultural operation. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 15704.22. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24107.32. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 8403.10. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1:1.54. The total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 25491.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40617.78. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 15126.36. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.59. The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 44628.49. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40066.01. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. - 4562.48. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.9. The total cost of cultivation for cowpea was Rs. 11809.29. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37050. The net income from cowpea cultivation was Rs. 25240.71. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.14. The results indicate that, 2.94 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 43,833.33 for landless households, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 32,400, for small farmers it was Rs. 68,916.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 77,500 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 115,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 4,806.06. For landless households it was Rs. 7,666.67, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,346.67, for small farmers it was Rs. 2,751.89, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 7,104.17 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 16,250. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 1 coconut, 2 guava and 4 mango trees in their field and1 in backyard. The results indicate that, households have planted 22 teak, 50 neem and 1 tamarind trees in their field and also 1 neem trees in their backyard. The results indicated that, Bajra were sold to the extent of 79.17 per cent, cowpea were sold to the extent of 60 per cent, maize were sold to the extent of 98.33 per cent and sunflower were sold to the extent of 92.86 per cent. The results indicated that, about 73.53 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market. The results indicated that 79.41 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. 4 The results indicated that, 20.59 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 76.47 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood, 2.86 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel and 2.86 per cent of the households used Kerosene. The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 2.94 per cent of the households and bore well was the major source of drinking water for 97.06 per cent of the households in micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 23.53 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 76.47 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 70.59 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 20.59 per cent, vegetables and egg were adequate for 14.71 per cent, fruits were adequate for 44.12 per cent, milk was adequate for 17.65 per cent and meat was adequate for 8.82 per cent. The results indicated that, Cereals were inadequate for 11.76 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 17.65 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 67.65 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 70.59 per cent, fruits was inadequate for 41.18 per cent, milk were inadequate for 44.12 per cent and egg and meat was inadequate for 70.59 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, milk and egg were market surplus for 11.76 per cent and fruits and meat were market surplus for 14.71 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 76.41 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (79.41%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (20.59%), inadequacy of irrigation water and inadequate extension services (5.88%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (20.59%), high rate of interest on credit and low price for the agricultural commodities (8.82%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (23.53%), less rainfall (26.47%) and source of agri-technology information (14.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Halhalli microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 734 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, three per cent by rock-out crops and two per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 15 soil series and 31 soil phases (management units) and 8 land use classes. The length of crop growing period is 150 cm). About 5 per cent of the area is having sandy soils, 54 per cent loamy soils and 36 per cent has clayey soils at the surface. About 46 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) . An area of about 6 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 89 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 45 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 50 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 2 per cent is very strongly acid to strongly acid (pH 4.5-5.5), 27 per cent is moderately acid to slightly acid (pH 5.5 -6.5), 25 per cent is neutral (pH 7.3-7.8), 36 per cent is slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4), 4 per cent is under strongly alkaline to very strongly alkaline (pH 8.4- >9.0) in reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75 %) in 41 per cent area of the soils. Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 34 per cent of the soils. Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 17 per cent of the soils. Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 33 per cent area of the soils Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 46 per cent of the area. Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 14 per cent of the area. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area. The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 84(12) 81 (11) Pomegranate 42(6) 201(28) Maize 5(<1) 150(20) Guava 42(6) 159(22) Bajra 67(9) 330(45) Jackfruit 42(6) 159(22) Redgram 42(6) 106 (15) Jamun 37(5) 167 (23) Bengal gram 42 (6) 268 (37) Musambi 83 (11) 160(22) Groundnut 62(8) 441(60) Lime 83(11) 160 (22) Sunflower 83 (11) 65(9) Cashew 42(6) 188(26) Cotton 79(11) 86(12) Custard apple 110 (15) 543(74) Chilli 42(6) 81(11) Amla 67(9) 585(80) Tomato 42(6) 81(11) Tamarind 37(5) 46 (6) Drumstick 42(6) 283(39) Marigold 42(6) 123 (17) Mulberry 42(6) 446(61) Chrysanthemum 42(6) 123 (17) Mango 37(5) 5(<1) Jasmine 42(6) 81(11) Sapota 42(6) 159(22) Crossandra 42(6) 122(17) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Ketanapura microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 599 ha in Ketanapura microwatershed in Chamarajnagar taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 769 mm, of which about 316 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 252 mm during north-east and the remaining 201 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, 150 cm) soils, an area of 32 per cent has moderately deep to deep (75-150 cm) soils. An area of about 36 per cent is under moderately shallow (50-75 cm) soils and shallow (25-50 cm) soils occupy 27 per cent area in the microwatershed. An area of about 5 per cent has clayey soils at the surface, 38 per cent has loamy soils at the surface and an area of about 53 per cent has sandy at the surface. An area of about 3 per cent has non-gravelly (9.0) soils in the microwatershed. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in 85 per cent area in available phosphorus. An area of about 12 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 26 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available boron is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 15 per cent area and high (>1.0 ppm) in 81 per cent area of the microwatershed. About 55 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5ppm) in the available iron. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed. An area of about 31 per cent has soils that are deficient (<0.6 ppm) and 65 per cent has soils are sufficient in available zinc. The land suitability for 9 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crops Suitability area in ha (%) Highly Suitable (S1) Moderately Suitable (S2) Sorghum 59(10) 346(58) Maize 59(10) 346(58) Finger millet 59(10) 346(58) Red gram - 91(15) Groundnut 59(10) 346(58) Cotton - 371(62) Chilli 59(10) 346(58) Mango - 32(5) Sapota - 150(25) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass, which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kethanapura micro-watershed (Chamarajanagara taluk and district) is located in between 15018' – 15020' North latitudes and 7603' – 7605' East longitudes, covering an area of about 599.11 ha, bounded by Harave, Mukkadhalli, Govindawadi and Maliyur villages with a length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kethanapura Microwatershed in Chamarajanagara taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators; Male and female ratio is 53.8 to 46.2 per cent to the total sample population. Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 56.4 per cent to the total population. Literacy population is around 71.8 per cent. Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 40.0 per cent. Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 36.4 per cent. About 60.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card. Majority of farm households (30.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment. Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among the all sample households. Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 80 per cent of sample households. Institutional participation is only 5.1 per cent of sample households. Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 10 per cent of farm households. Women participation in decisions making are around 9.9 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators; The average land holding is 0.97 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land of 37.8 % and irrigated land 62.2 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. Agriculture is the main occupation among 60 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 5.7 per cent of sample households. The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 15838 per household. Mobile and television are popular most mass communication. The average value of farm assets is around Rs.2022 per household, about 30.0 per cent of sample farmers own plough. The average value of livestock is around Rs.40625 per household; about 54.5 per cent of household are having livestock. The average per capita food consumption is around 749 grams (1939 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827.7 gram. Around 70 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation. The annual average income is around Rs.74659 per household. About 80 per cent of farm households are below poverty line. The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1119. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services; The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use. The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.360 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.149262 per year for the total area of 599.11 ha. The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 51293/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in coconut (Rs. 71534) followed by maize (Rs. 15241), horse gram (Rs. 4084), sorghum (Rs. 254) and cowpea (Rs. 24400), sunflower is negative returns. The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1572/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in horse gram (Rs. 2099) followed by maize (Rs. 1650) and sorghum (Rs. 968). The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. Per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 126417) followed by sorghum (Rs. 43928), maize (Rs. 35648), horse gram (Rs. 23639), sunflower (Rs. 16628) and cowpea (Rs. 9797). 3 Economic Land Evaluation; The major cropping pattern is horse gram (41.9 %) followed by maize (29.3 %), sorghum (18.6 %), coconut (7.5 %), sunflower (1.4 %) and cowpea (1.4 %). In Ketanapura micro-watershed, major soils are alluvial landscape of Harve (HRV) soil series is having shallow soil depth cover around 25.99 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cowpea (50 %) and sunflower (50 %). Soil of granite and granite gneiss landscape of Lakkur (LKR) are also having moderately shallow soil depth cover 22.25 % of area; crops are coconut (13.9 %), horse gram and maize (43.1 %) each. Hooradahalli (HDH) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 9.66 % of area. Crops are horse gram (48 %), maize (18.4 %) and sorghum (33.5). Kengaki (KGK) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 1.16 % of area, crops are horse gram and sorghum. The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for sunflower ranges between Rs. 48471 /ha in HRV soil (with BCR of 1.16). In cowpea the cost of cultivation Rs. 64960 /ha in HRV soil (with BCR of 0.62). In coconut the cost of cultivation Rs. 13152 /ha in HRV soil (with BCR of 6.48). In horse gram the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 26637/ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 1.85) and Rs. 12160/ha in KGK soil (with BCR of 1.40). In maize the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs. 68431/ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 1.84) and Rs. 33997/ha in LKR soil (with BCR of 1.32). In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between is Rs. 28048/ha in HDH soil (with BCR of 1.48) and Rs. 26732/ha in KGK soil (with BCR of 1.20). The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions; Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. 4 By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in horse gram (30.4 to 16.2 %), coconut (74.2 %), maize (57.3 to 72.7 %), sorghum (47.2 to 51.6 %), sunflower (69.6 %) and cowpea (36.1%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kalakeri microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 497 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 99 per cent is covered by soils, 150 cm). About 2 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 65 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 31 per cent clayey soils at the surface. About 80 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 4 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 95 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands. An area of about 53 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 46 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded. An area of about 10 per cent soils are moderately acid to slightly acid (pH 5.5-6.5), 12 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 68 per cent soil are slightly alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.3-9.0) and 8 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in 59 per cent area. An area of about 52 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 47 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. An area of about 34 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 24 per cent area of the microwatershed. An area of 66 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) and 58 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content. Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content. An area of about 24 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content. The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 58(12) 81(16) Sapota 56(11) 112(23) Maize 56(11) 99(20) Pomegranate 56(11) 170(34) Bajra 56(11) 186(37) Guava - 168(34) Groundnut - 380(77) Jackfruit 56(11) 112(23) Sunflower 58(12) 81(16) Jamun 56(11) 154(31) Cotton 58(12) 82(16) Musambi 58(12) 168(34) Red gram 56(11) 77(16) Lime 58(12) 168(34) Bengalgram 2(<1) 137(38) Cashew - 195(39) Chilli 56(11) 25(5) Custard apple 58(12) 417(84) Tomato 56(11) 25(5) Amla 56(11) 419(84) Brinjal 15(3) 389(78) Tamarind 56(11) 76(15) Onion 15(3) 330(66) Marigold 56(11) 84(17) Bhendi 15(3) 389(78) Chrysanthemum 56(11) 84(17) Drumstick 56(11) 294(59) Jasmine 56(11) 25(5) Mulberry 56(11) 419(84) Crossandra 56(11) 56(6) Mango 56(11) 75(13) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY Results indicated that, 49 farmers were sampled in Kalakeri micro watershed among them 17 (34.69%) were marginal farmers, 19 (38.78 %) were small farmers, 6(12.24 %) were semi medium farmers, 2 (4.08 %) were medium farmers and 5 (10.20 %) landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey. The data indicated that there were 228 population households were there in the studied micro watershed. Among them 135 (59.21%) men and 93 (40.79 %) were women. The average family size of landless was 3, marginal farmers and medium farmers were 4, small farmer was 5 and semi medium farmer was 7. On an average the family size was 5. The data indicated that 35 (15.35%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 110 (48.25 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 58 (25.44 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 25 (10.96 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that the Kalakeri had 35.53 per cent illiterates, 27.19 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.63 per cent of them had both middle school, 14.91 per cent them had high school education, 8.77 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.44 per cent them had Diploma education, 2.63 per cent of them had degree education, 1.75 per cent of them had masters education and 6.14 per cent them had others. The results indicated that, 89.79 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 2.04 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour and 8.16 per cent of the household heads were general labour. The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 52.63 per cent of the household members, 12.72 per cent were agricultural labourers, 5.70 per cent were general labours, 0.44 percent were in government service, 4.39 per cent of them were in private sector, 1.32 per cent of them were trade and business, 17.54 per cent of them were students, 4.82 per cent of them were children and 0.44 per cent were housewives. In case of landless households 76.47 per cent were general labourers and 11.76 per cent were students. In case of marginal farmers 59.70 per cent were agriculturist, 8.96 percent was in agricultural labour, 2.99 per cent of both were in private and trade and business and 20.90 per cent were students. In case of small farmers 58.06 per cent of them were agriculturist and 15.05 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 48.84 per cent of the family members were agriculturist and 23.26 per cent of them were students. In case of medium farmers 62.50 per cent of the family members were agriculturist and 25 per cent of them were in private service. The results showed that 0.88 per cent of them participated in self help groups and 99.12 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. Small, semi medium and medium farmers were found to have no participation in any local 2 institutions. Land less and marginal farmers were found to participate in one or the other local institutions. The results indicated that 65.31 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 2.04 per cent of the households possess Pucca house, 30.61 per cent of the households possess Semi Pacca house and 2.04 per cent of them possess Thatched house. 100 percent of the landless and medium farmers possess Katcha house. The results showed that, 2.04 per cent of the households possess radio, 83.67 per cent of the households possess TV, 53.06 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 2.04 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 32.65 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 30.61 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.04 per cent of the households possess Auto, 89.80 per cent of the households possess mobile phones and 4.08 per cent of the households possess computer/laptop. The results showed that the average value of radio was Rs.800, television was Rs. 5024, mixer grinder was Rs.1892, refrigerator was Rs.15000, bicycle was Rs.7437, motor cycle was Rs.42866, Auto was Rs. 100000, mobile phone was Rs.1723 and computer/laptop was Rs. 2000. Results showed that 12.24 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 20.41 per cent of them possess plough, 6.12 per cent of the households possess seed/fertilizer drill, 10.20 per cent of the households possess irrigation pump, 4.08 per cent of the households possess tractor, 16.33 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 2.04 per cent of the households possess sprinkler, 67.35 per cent of the households possess weeder, 12.24 per cent of the households possess harvester, 4.08 per cent of the households possess chaff cutter and 2.04 per cent of the households possess JCB/Hitachi. The results showed that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.20833; the average value of plough was Rs. 1040, the average value of seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 1925, the average value of irrigation pump was Rs. 20750, the average value of tractor was Rs. 301500, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 4825, the average value of sprinkler was Rs. 500, the average value of weeder was Rs. 73, the average value of harvester was Rs. 80, the average value of chaff cutter was Rs. 3000 and the average value of JCB/Hitachi was Rs. 300000. The results indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 20.41 per cent of the households possess local cow, 6.12 per cent of the households possess buffalo, 2.04 per cent of the households possess sheep and 4.08 per cent of the households possess poultry birds respectively. In case of marginal farmers, 17.65 per cent of the households possess bullock and local cow respectively and 5.88 per cent of the households possess poultry birds. In case of small farmers, 42.11 per cent of households possess bullock, 21.05 per cent possess local cow, 10.53 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 5.26 per cent possess sheep and poultry birds respectively. In case of semi medium farmers, 50 per 3 cent of the households possess both bullock and local cow correspondingly, 16.67 per cent of the households possess buffalo. The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.56, average own labour (women) available was 1.33, average hired labour (men) available was 22.16 and average hired labour (women) available was 21.63. In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.18, average own labour (women) was also 1.18, average hired labour (men) was 11.65 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.18. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 1.72, average own labour (women) was 1.28, average hired labour (men) was 30.28 and average hired labour (women) available was 30.28. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was 2, average hired labour (men) was 25 and average hired labour (women) available was 21.67. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 2, average own labour (women) was 1, average hired labour (men) was 30 and average hired labour (women) available was 32.50. The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate which includes 94.12 per cent of the marginal farmers, 94.74 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium and medium farmers and 2.04 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was inadequate. The results indicated that, households of the Kalakeri micro watershed possess 28.05 ha (62.87 %) of dry land and 16.57 ha (37.13 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 10.26 ha (98.07 %) of dry land and 0.20 ha (1.93%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 15.25 ha (70.99 %) of dry land and 6.23 ha (29.01 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.54 ha (29.46 %) of dry land and 6.09 ha (70.54 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.05 ha (100%) of irrigated land. The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 495354.20 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 633488.03. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 682051.27 for dry land and Rs. 1482000 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 419532.91 for dry land Rs. 737792.21 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 196656.04 for dry land and Rs. 706183.51 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 321100 for irrigated land. The results indicated that, there were 7 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 39.13 per cent of the farmers. The results indicated that on an average the depth of the bore well was 39.76 meters. The results indicated that, in case of marginal farmers there was 0. 20 ha of irrigated land, in case of small farmers there was 9.06 ha of irrigated land, semi medium farmers were having 8.05 ha of irrigated land and medium farmers were having 8.10 ha of irrigated land. On an average there were 25.41 ha of irrigated land. 4 The results indicated that, farmers have grown bajra (12.09 ha), maize (83.02 ha), paddy (1.82 ha) and sesamum (0.81ha) in kharif season. Also grown chilly (1.21 ha), cow pea (2.24 ha), groundnut (3.63 ha), paddy (0.40 ha), sunflower (3.04ha) and tomato (0.08 ha) in Rabi season. Marginal farmers have grown Maize, Bajra, sesamum, cowpea and groundnut. Small farmers have grown bajra, maize, paddy, cowpea, groundnut and tomato. Semi medium farmers have grown Maize, bajra, chilly, cowpea, groundnut and sunflower. Medium farmers have grown bajra, maize and sunflower. The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Kalakeri micro watershed was found to be 177.17 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 527.38 per cent, in small farmers it was 92.17, in semi medium farmers it was 79.59 and in medium farmers it was 100 per cent. The results indicated that, 41.30 per cent of the households have bank account and savings respectively. Among marginal farmers 58.82 percent of them possess both bank account and savings. 36.84 per cent of small farmers possess both bank account and savings correspondingly. Semi medium farmers possess 16.67 per cent of both bank account and savings respectively and medium category of farmers possess 50 per cent of bank account and also savings correspondingly. The results indicated that, 58.82 per cent of marginal, 31.58 per cent of small and 50 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources. The results indicated that, 11.76 per cent have availed loan in commercial bank and friends/ relatives correspondingly, 52.94 per cent have availed loan from Grameena bank, 23.52 per cent have availed loan from money lender and 29.41 per cent have availed loan from SHGs/CBOs. The results indicated that, marginal, small and medium have availed Rs.37500, Rs. 90166.67 and Rs. 200000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 62000. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production. The results indicated that, agriculture production, purchase–agricultural implements/ farm machinery, purchase-vehicle, household consumption and social functions like marriage reasons were the purpose for which marginal and small farmers borrowed loan from private credit. About 54.55 percent of loan was taken for agriculture production, 9.09 per cent of the loan was taken for purchase–agricultural implements/ farm machinery, purchase-vehicle, household consumption respectively and 18.18 per cent of the farmers taken loan for social functions like marriage. Results indicated that 9.09 per cent of the households have repaid their institutional credit partially and 90.91 percent of the households have unpaid their loan. 5 Results indicated that 27.27 per cent of the households have repaid their private credit partially, 54.55 percent of the households have unpaid their loan and 18.18 per cent of them fully paid their loan. The results indicated that 9.09 per cent of the households were opined that they were helped to perform timely agricultural operations, higher rate of interest and forced to sell the produce at low price to repay loan in time respectively. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 32955.96. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29877.63. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -3078.33, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.91. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 48488.33. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 94802.50. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 46314.17. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.96. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 42321.23. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 60771.15. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 18449.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.44. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sesamum was Rs. 11003.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20748.00. The net income from Sesamum cultivation was Rs. 9744.86. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.89. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Chilly was Rs. 18128.02. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 75746.67. The net income from Chilly cultivation was Rs. 57618.64. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.18. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Cowpea was Rs. 32618.68. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 16444.98. The net income from Cowpea cultivation was Rs. -16173.70. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.5. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 75670.65. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 82435.19. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 6764.53. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.09. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 21608.43. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 19142.50. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. -2465.93. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.89. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Tomato was Rs. 148312.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 493999.99. The net income from Tomato cultivation was Rs. 345687.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.33. The results indicated that, 32.65 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.04 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. 6 Similarly 28.57 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and 2.04 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was inadequate. The results indicated that the average income from service/salary was Rs. 3,918.37, business Rs. 1,530.61, wage Rs. 38,653.06, agriculture Rs. 61,736.73, dairy farm Rs. 612.24 and goat framing Rs. 1,020.41. The results indicated that the average expenditure from service/salary was Rs. 816.33, business Rs. 979.59, wage Rs. 8,326.53, agriculture Rs. 33,040.82, dairy farm Rs. 204.08 and goat farming Rs. 510.20. The results indicated that, sampled households have grown 105 coconut trees and 21 mango tree in their field. The results indicated that, households have planted 1 Eucalyptus tree, 4 teak trees, 97 neem trees, 16 tamarind tress and 4 banyan trees in their field and also grown 2 Neem tree in the backyard. The results indicated that for 2.04 per cent of the households were dependent on government subsidy for land development, irrigation facility and improved crop production respectively. The results indicated that, Bajra, Chilly, Cowpea, Paddy, Sesamum and Tomato crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Groundnut, maize and sunflower were sold to the extent of 56.32 per cent, 75.89 per cent and 75 per cent respectively. The results indicated that, 75.51 percent of the households have sold their produce to agent/traders, 18.37 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchant and 26.53 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets. The results indicated that 24.49 per cent of the households have used head load as a mode of transport, 32.65 per cent of them have used cart and 63.27 per cent have used tractor. The results indicated that, 36.73 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing. The results indicated that, 14.29 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding which includes 23.53 per cent of marginal, 10.53 per cent of small farmers and 16.67 per cent of semi medium farmers. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households who adopted field bunding opined that full replacement is required for the bunds. The results indicated that 10.20 per cent of soil conservation structure is constructed by the government and 4.08 per cent is constructed by others. The results indicated that, 71.43 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel, 24.49 percent of the households used LPG and 4.08 per cent of the households used dung cake as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 51.02 per cent, 36.73 per cent of them were using bore well and 10.20 per cents of the households were using lake/tank for drinking water. 7 The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, 48.98 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 20 per cent of landless, 47.06 per cent of marginal, 42.11 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium and 50 per cent of medium had sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 95.92 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 4.08 per cent of the sampled households have not possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 32.65 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 60 per cent of the landless, 17.65 percent of the marginal, 15.79 per cent of the small, 100 per cent of the semi medium and 50 percent of the medium farmers. The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits , milk, egg and meat were adequate for 100 per cent, 83.67 per cent, 57.14 per cent, 69.39 per cent, 20.41 per cent, 91.84 per cent, 81.63 per cent and 63.27 per cent respectively. The results indicated that, vegetables, fruits and meat were inadequate for 26.53 per cent of the households. Pulses, oilseed, milk and egg were inadequate for 16.33 per cent, 42.86 per cent, 6.12 per cent and 10.20 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 38.78 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (67.35%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (30.61%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (44.90%), high rate of interest on credit (53.06%), low price for the agricultural commodities (34.69%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (46.94%), inadequate extension services (26.53%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (38.78%), less rain fall (48.98%) and Source of Agri-technology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (18.37 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Tonsanhalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 676 ha in Chitapur taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 762 mm, of which about 571 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 99 mm during north-east and the remaining 92 mm during the rest of the year. Entire area of the microwatershed is covered by soils. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 2 soil series and 6 soil phases (management units) and 1 land use class. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area of the microwatershed has suitable for agriculture Entire area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm). Entire area of the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface All the soils of the microwatershed are gravelly (15-35%) Entire area of the microwatershed is very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity. Entire area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1- 3% slope) lands. An area of about 83 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 17 per cent moderately eroded (e2). An area of about 76 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 24 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75) in organic carbon. About 98 per cent of the area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About 1 per cent of the soils are low (4.5 ppm) in 67 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 10 per cent of soils in the microwatershed. The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 676(100) Sapota - 676(100) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 676(100) Jamun - 676(100) Sunflower - 676(100) Musambi 676(100) - Cotton - 676(100) Lime 676(100) - Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean - 676(100) Custard apple 676(100) - Bengal gram - 676(100) Amla 676(100) - Guava - 676(100) Tamarind - 676(100) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUC by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fiber and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also help in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Tonsanhalli-2 micro-watershed (Mulkod sub-watershed, Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17012' – 17014' North latitudes and 7705' – 7708' East longitudes, covering an area of about 676 ha, bounded by Mattimadu, Tengli, Mulkod, Mudbol and Invi villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Tonsanhalli-2 micro-watershed (Mulkod subwatershed, Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators; Male and female ratio is 44.0 to 56.0 per cent to the total sample population. Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 58 per cent to the total population. Literacy population is around 86.0 per cent. Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 66.7 per cent. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 66.7 per cent. About 22.2 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card. Majority of farm households (85.7 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment. Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among all sample households. Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 44.4 per cent of sample households. Institutional participation is only 2.0 per cent of sample households. Women participation in decisions making are around 88.9 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators; The average land holding is 1.2 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land of total cultivated land area among all the sample farmers. Agriculture is the main occupation among 50.0 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 43.75 per cent of sample households. The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.16737 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular communication media. The average value of farm assets is around Rs.107062 per household, about 66.7 per cent of sample farmers having plough, bullock cart and sprayer. The average value of livestock is around Rs.31438 per household; about 57 per cent of household are having livestock. The average per capita food consumption is around 767.1 grams (1718.7 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 77.8 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation. The annual average income is around Rs. 28573 per household. About 77.8 per cent of farm households are below poverty line. The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1560. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services; The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use. The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 906 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 612754 per year for the total area of 676.39 ha. The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 154532/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in cotton (Rs. 41649) followed by sorghum (Rs. 19376) and redgram (Rs. 13624). The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 525/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in sorghum (Rs. 525). The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in redgram (Rs. 58796) followed by cotton (Rs. 58265) and sorghum (Rs. 37643). 3 Economic Land Evaluation; The major cropping pattern is cotton (16.7 %) followed by red gram (67.6 %) and sorghum (15.7 %). In Tonsanhalli-2 micro-watershed, major soil is Dhandothi (DDT) series is having very deep soil depth cover around 12.57 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram (67.6 %), cotton (16.7 %) and sorghum (15.6%). The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio in study area for red gram Rs.28033 /ha in DDT soil (with BCR of 1.68). In cotton the cost of cultivation in DDT soil Rs. 23427/ha (with BCR of 2.78) and sorghum the cost of cultivation in DDT soil is Rs. 17674/ha (with BCR of 2.13). The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM. It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions; Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in sorghum (56.0 %), cotton (15.3 %) and redgram (11.5 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Adavalli-5microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 481 ha in Koppaltaluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, five per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 9 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes. The length of crop growing period is 150 cm). About4per cent of the area is having loamy soils and 95 per cent has clayey soils at the surface. About 55per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) . An area of about 30 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 69 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands . An area of about 37 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 62 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 3 per centhas neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3)soils, 3 per cent slightly alkaline(pH 7.3 to 7.8), 3 per cent moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4) ,23 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 66 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in 83 per cent of the soils. Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 4 per cent area of the soils Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 7per cent of the area. Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 2 per cent of the area. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area. The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 235(49) 50 (10) Pomegranate - 256(53) Maize - - Guava - - Bajra - 17(4) Jackfruit - - Redgram - 245(51) Jamun - 245 (51) Bengal gram 235(49) 66 (14) Musambi 235 (49) 21 (4) Groundnut - 3 (<1) Lime 235 (49) 21 (4) Sunflower 235(49) 22(4) Cashew - - Cotton 235(49) 49(10) Custard apple 235 (49) 69(14) Chilli - - Amla - 304(63) Tomato - - Tamarind 245 (51) Drumstick - 259 (54) Marigold - 284 (59) Mulbery - 116(24) Chrysanthemum - 284 (59) Mango - - Jasmine - 29 (6) Sapota - - Crossandra - 246(51) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
