В статье анализируется проблема формирования образа Русского Севера. Образ Севера востребован обществом и выступает как объективная реальность. Этот образ создается в результате соединения рационального опыта и художественного восприятия. Психолог В.П. Зинченко писал, что в порождении образа «визуальное мышление», «живописное соображение» отнюдь не являются метафорой. Соотношение количественных и качественных характеристик и художественного восприятия меняется во времени и зависит от мировоззренческих позиций создающего этот образ индивида или социума, от уровня его культуры, этнической принадлежности и т.д. В последнее время к образу Русского Севера стали все чаще обращаться политологи в поисках цивилизационной идентичности России, географы, развивающие на его основе новые представления о культурном ландшафте, социологи, пытающиеся использовать его для реконструкции исторической памяти народа, значительно ослабевшей в постперестроечное время. Рассматриваются возможности формирования образа Русского Севера с использованием только объективных географических характеристик, а также в результате их синтеза с художественным восприятием. Отмечается ограниченность первого подхода, хотя он превалирует в российской географии. Прослеживается история формирования образа Русского Севера. Даются примеры создания этого образа в литературе, живописи, музыке. В наши дни развитие теории культурного ландшафта, основы которой были заложены еще в начале ХХ в., а затем по идеологическим причинам забыты, позволяет вновь соединять естественно-научные и гуманитарные характеристики территории, формируя ее целостный образ. Образ Русского Севера, сохраненный в исторической памяти народа, противостоит духовному нигилизму современной технологической культуры, является метафизическим «островом спасения», обладающим нравственной целительной силой. Признание особой роли образа Русского Севера для русского народа позволяет рассматривать его как виртуальное культурное наследие России. ; The paper analyzes the problem of the image of the Russian North. The image of the North is quite popular in the Russian society and performs objective reality. This image is created by the combination of rational experience and artistic perception. Psychologist V.P. Zinchenko said that «picturesque consideration» is not a metaphor in causing the image of «visual thinking». The ratio of quantitative and qualitative characteristics and the artistic perception changes over time and is highly dependent on the worldview of the person or society who creates this image, its level of culture, ethnicity, etc. In recent years, the image of the Russian North has become increasingly popular with politicians, who are in search of Russian civilizational identity, with geographers, who develop the basis of the new understanding of the cultural outline, and also with social scientists, who strive to use it in order to reconstruct the historical memory of the Russian people that was significantly undermined in the post-perestroika period. The possibilities of shaping the image of the Russian North using only objective geographical characteristics and also their synthesis with artistic perception are considered. The former approach is marked as lacking potential, although it prevails in the Russian geography. The history of shaping the image of the Russian North is traced. The examples the image of the Russian North in literature, painting, music are adduced. Nowadays the development of the theory of the cultural outline, which originates in the early twentieth century and then forgotten for the ideological reasons, allows to re-connect the natural sciences and the humanities characteristics of the territory mentioned, which contributes to shaping the entire image of the Russian North. Being juxtaposed to the spiritual nihilism of modern technological culture, the image of the Russian North in the memory of the Russian people is deemed as a metaphysical "Island of Salvation" possessing moral healing power. Recognizing the distinguished image of the Russian North with the Russian people allows to consider it as virtual cultural heritage of Russia.
Исследование посвящено социально-правовой и антропологической проблеме мировоззренческого и личностного самоопределения человека открытого трансгрессивного общества в национально-культурном, гражданском, правовом идеологическом и ментальном планах. Политико-правовая ситуация в современной Украине выступает как дискурс идентичностей, мультикультурность в рамках одной политической нации, конфликт мировоззрений и, как следствие, симуляция идентичности. Самоидентификация постсовременной личности формирует креативный имидж, позволяющий ей чувствительно приспосабливаться к виртуальности права. ; The article addresses the socio-legal and anthropological problem of personal people self-determination of open the transgressive society in national-cultural, civil, ideological and mental planes. The legal and political situation in modern Ukraine acts as a discourse of identity, the multiculturalism in the framework of one political nation, the conflict of worldviews and, as a consequence, the simulation of identity. Identity post-modern identity forms the image of a creative, sensitive allowing it to adjust to the virtuality of law.Simulation of identity, which is cynically by many persons forced to make a choice becomes a cause for them morbid self-destruction, the impossibility of spiritual selfrealization. This situation escalates the internal conflict in society – the rift on the outsiders, those who aspire to be misfits. Humane way to solve this conflict is legal. Right, if it is truly democratic and humane, should equally guarantee the rights and opportunities of all parties to the social discourse. Alternative war as violence is the rule of law in the liberal value of the contract.Scientists hope to avoid excessive «Eniseli», they take the perspective of transnational identity, global peace, following the example of developed democratic States of the West. Globalization adds another dimension to the process of finding identity. Globalization not only blurs the traditional identities associated with family, history, place of residence, nation, religion, not only of identity, elaborated in the period of formation of industrial society (labour collective, class, Corporation), and such that are associated with the nationstate. Globalization is reshaping the social, cultural, psychological, moral forms of human existence. Lost the stability, the certainty of the individual in the social environment.Break established ties and traditional identity. Accordingly, increases the overall uncertainty of life, this causes confusion of people, because he loses confidence in the reliability of the surrounding world. The world is formed without a support, in which it is difficult to determine priorities and an unambiguous ideological orientation. A new identity is formed in the bowels of the network society. Previous forms of involvement in sustainable communities, a stable structured environment and traditional culture in such a society give way to the ephemeral forms that change all the time. Topical method of organization and understanding of contemporary anthropological structure and simultaneously a new form of identification of the individual is deconstruction. Philosophers have concluded the replacement of depth and hierarchy of identity – simulation in a variety of forms: simulacrum, the image, the mask, the avatar.The post-modern identity of the individual loses its usual promise of depth, rootedness in tradition, fundamentalism and stationarity. Unconventional identity (the image) corresponds anthropologically deconstructive personality. Modern reality, including legal, is an anthropological system. The structural unity of this reality is a person who is in a permanent state of fulfillment and adaptation to changing global realities. The personality identifies itself and creates an environment of personal freedom, and so self-fulfilling. The trend of globalization provokes uncertainty, which continues the search for new forms of identity. People lose their sense of belonging to a spiritually close environment, certain well-established values and guidelines. Globalization is blurring not only traditional identity, but also the mechanism of their formation. Identification begins to be permanent and unfinished, as a way of being human in this virtual space. The creativity of the individual is aimed at the deconstruction of their own world that meets his needs. The rationale for the current image is through games with the ancestral myths.In turn, the fact of the inertness of the consciousness of many poorly adapted individuals transforms ontological contradiction of man and environment in such forms as the crisis of identity, marginalization of certain groups.The image is an irresponsible imitation of the anthropological essence of the individual – pure simulative way. A plurality of non-natural images does not burden the individual's historicity, but rather limitless potential. This anthropology radically alters the content and methods of understanding law and legal identity. The self-identification of personality in cultural, ethnic, social relations is the recognition and justification of the identity of their natural rights, especially the right to be proud of their genealogy and civil history. But it is the usual interpretation of «identity» is contrary to models of modern networked changeable and global peace, which exists as a hyperreality off-center individuals. ; Дослідження присвячено соціально-правовій і антропологічній проблемі особистісного й правового самовизначення людини нестабільного полікультурного суспільства у національному, громадянському, ідеологічному й ментальному планах. Політико-правова ситуація в сучасній Україні постає як дискурс ідентичностей, мультикультурність в межах однієї політичної нації, конфлікт світоглядів і, як наслідок, симуляція ідентичності. Самоідентифікація постсучасної особистості формує креативний імідж, що дозволяє їй чутливо пристосовуватися до віртуальності права.
Исследование посвящено социально-правовой и антропологической проблеме мировоззренческого и личностного самоопределения человека открытого трансгрессивного общества в национально-культурном, гражданском, правовом идеологическом и ментальном планах. Политико-правовая ситуация в современной Украине выступает как дискурс идентичностей, мультикультурность в рамках одной политической нации, конфликт мировоззрений и, как следствие, симуляция идентичности. Самоидентификация постсовременной личности формирует креативный имидж, позволяющий ей чувствительно приспосабливаться к виртуальности права. ; The article addresses the socio-legal and anthropological problem of personal people self-determination of open the transgressive society in national-cultural, civil, ideological and mental planes. The legal and political situation in modern Ukraine acts as a discourse of identity, the multiculturalism in the framework of one political nation, the conflict of worldviews and, as a consequence, the simulation of identity. Identity post-modern identity forms the image of a creative, sensitive allowing it to adjust to the virtuality of law.Simulation of identity, which is cynically by many persons forced to make a choice becomes a cause for them morbid self-destruction, the impossibility of spiritual selfrealization. This situation escalates the internal conflict in society – the rift on the outsiders, those who aspire to be misfits. Humane way to solve this conflict is legal. Right, if it is truly democratic and humane, should equally guarantee the rights and opportunities of all parties to the social discourse. Alternative war as violence is the rule of law in the liberal value of the contract.Scientists hope to avoid excessive «Eniseli», they take the perspective of transnational identity, global peace, following the example of developed democratic States of the West. Globalization adds another dimension to the process of finding identity. Globalization not only blurs the traditional identities associated with family, history, place of residence, nation, religion, not only of identity, elaborated in the period of formation of industrial society (labour collective, class, Corporation), and such that are associated with the nationstate. Globalization is reshaping the social, cultural, psychological, moral forms of human existence. Lost the stability, the certainty of the individual in the social environment.Break established ties and traditional identity. Accordingly, increases the overall uncertainty of life, this causes confusion of people, because he loses confidence in the reliability of the surrounding world. The world is formed without a support, in which it is difficult to determine priorities and an unambiguous ideological orientation. A new identity is formed in the bowels of the network society. Previous forms of involvement in sustainable communities, a stable structured environment and traditional culture in such a society give way to the ephemeral forms that change all the time. Topical method of organization and understanding of contemporary anthropological structure and simultaneously a new form of identification of the individual is deconstruction. Philosophers have concluded the replacement of depth and hierarchy of identity – simulation in a variety of forms: simulacrum, the image, the mask, the avatar.The post-modern identity of the individual loses its usual promise of depth, rootedness in tradition, fundamentalism and stationarity. Unconventional identity (the image) corresponds anthropologically deconstructive personality. Modern reality, including legal, is an anthropological system. The structural unity of this reality is a person who is in a permanent state of fulfillment and adaptation to changing global realities. The personality identifies itself and creates an environment of personal freedom, and so self-fulfilling. The trend of globalization provokes uncertainty, which continues the search for new forms of identity. People lose their sense of belonging to a spiritually close environment, certain well-established values and guidelines. Globalization is blurring not only traditional identity, but also the mechanism of their formation. Identification begins to be permanent and unfinished, as a way of being human in this virtual space. The creativity of the individual is aimed at the deconstruction of their own world that meets his needs. The rationale for the current image is through games with the ancestral myths.In turn, the fact of the inertness of the consciousness of many poorly adapted individuals transforms ontological contradiction of man and environment in such forms as the crisis of identity, marginalization of certain groups.The image is an irresponsible imitation of the anthropological essence of the individual – pure simulative way. A plurality of non-natural images does not burden the individual's historicity, but rather limitless potential. This anthropology radically alters the content and methods of understanding law and legal identity. The self-identification of personality in cultural, ethnic, social relations is the recognition and justification of the identity of their natural rights, especially the right to be proud of their genealogy and civil history. But it is the usual interpretation of «identity» is contrary to models of modern networked changeable and global peace, which exists as a hyperreality off-center individuals. ; Дослідження присвячено соціально-правовій і антропологічній проблемі особистісного й правового самовизначення людини нестабільного полікультурного суспільства у національному, громадянському, ідеологічному й ментальному планах. Політико-правова ситуація в сучасній Україні постає як дискурс ідентичностей, мультикультурність в межах однієї політичної нації, конфлікт світоглядів і, як наслідок, симуляція ідентичності. Самоідентифікація постсучасної особистості формує креативний імідж, що дозволяє їй чутливо пристосовуватися до віртуальності права.
In: Naukovi studi͏ï iz social'noiï ta polityc̆noï psycholohiï: z'irnyk statej = Scientific studios on social and political psychology : collection of articles, Heft 49(52)
Introduction. Covid-19 outbreak has changed human life and activity [1], Especially In urban areas forcing citizens to stay for large periods of time in lockdowns. Protective measures (social distancing and isolation) that have been globally implemented has caused the isolation of millions. Preliminary findings (Moreno et al, 2021) suggest adverse mental health effects in previously healthy people and especially in people with pre-existing mental health disorders. Extended lockdowns come at the expense of mental health, psycho-physical conditions, wellbeing, and social relations within societies (Campion et al., 2020).
Before COVID-19 outbreak, city centers offered a high-quality life with a wide range of services, utilities, public and green spaces, as well as city parks (Sharifi & Khavarian-Garmsird, 2020). Living in a small apartment with a minimal private space in the city center was balanced by the high level of socialization in public spaces, outdoor activities and events, intense interactions among inhabitants, allowing them to maintain relations (Portegijs et al., 2021). With COVID-19 outbreak, this modern urban standard of living was challenged. Social distancing took place at several levels: at home and at work, and, in the city, in the street and on public transport. Everything created for urban life changed and became uncertain. Societies got used to sharing common spaces, often crowded, and everyone was cut off from everyday socialisation. The isolation forced millions of individuals and families to remain at home, causing them to change their routines, rituals, and habits (McCay, 2020). In dense urban areas, this mostly meant locking people in cramped apartments, cut off from everyday physical activity outside the home (Portegijs et al, 2021; Bil et al, 2021).
Smart cities are instrumented, interconnected, and intelligent urban areas (Harrison et al., 2010) that pursue shared growth through an integrated set of technologies that shape interactions between actors (Nam & Pardo, 2011). A smart city can be defined as complex set of technology (infrastructures of hardware and software), people (creativity, diversity, and education), and institutions (governance and policy) (Nam & Pardo, 2011). Smart cities aim is to create an environment that drives innovation from a technological, managerial, and organizational point of view by fostering environmental and social wellbeing (Karvonen et al., 2018; Polese et al., 2021].
The aim of this study is the literature review of the role of technology for citizens mental health during Covid-19 pandemic lockdowns in Smart Cities and to investigate if there is a relation between digital tools provided to the citizens of Pafos Municipality to use during quarantine, and their mental health status.
Methodology\design\approach. A review of the literature and an additional critical review were conducted in the fields of smart cities and mental health with a focus on the latest research concerning COVID-19 influence on ICT, mental health and wellbeing. For the purposes of this article, a thorough database search has been made. The database used was mostly Google Scholar and Science Direct. Selection criteria included full-text publications and consisted of the following keywords: COVID-19, post-COVID-19, mental health, wellbeing, lockdown, isolation, anxiety, infection rates, density, smart city, digital technology, ICT and Virtual Reality. Author focused on qualitative research available until April 2022.
Further than this, field research was conducted through a qualitative method in the particular case of Paphos Municipality in Cyprus, the introduction of various ICT technology solutions during the pandemic lockdowns and their impact on citizens mental health. ICT tools were briefly analyzed and their contributions towards citizens mental health was evaluated based on questionnaires distributed to the citizens before and after the use of these tools. Now the key question that needs an answer is "Did smart cities impact on citizens mental health during the pandemic?"
During the pandemic, Pafos Municipality introduced to its citizens various ICT solutions that despite initially they were targeting foreign tourists visiting the district, they ended up as entertainment tools that ease the lockdown period during the quarantine phase. As part of the E.U. co-funded by European Union program "Smart Cities – Interreg: Greece – Cyprus" the municipality implemented the "Collection, Documentation and Digitization of Cultural and Tourist material, Development of Digital Tourism / Culture and Entrepreneurship Platform and Development of digital applications of e-democracy and participation in the Municipality of Pafos" project. The result of this project was the creation of 3 websites: 1. Explore Pafos https://www.explorepafos.org/ with multimedia information (text, photos, videos, 360-pictures, interactive map with points of interest etc.) about the province's major points of interest sorted by category: Culture, Environment, Tourism and Services. 2. Historical Timeline https://xronologio.explorepafos.org/ with information about the history of the city in a chronological order. 3. Electronic Participation https://diavouleusi.explorepafos.org/ offering User Registration, Consultation, Online Citizens Community (forum), Civil Council Decisions, Online Polls, News and Announcements. Further than these 2 mobile applications for iOS and Android devices were developed, Explore Pafos with various important information about the city of Pafos and Pafos AR which contain Augmented Reality representation of various significant cultural and historical sightseeing in the district. The websites and mobile applications were available in 5 languages (Greek, English, Russian, Hebrew and German).
These platforms were presented to the citizens of Pafos Municipality on the 27th of February 2020, slightly earlier than the first lockdown. After the first strict lockdown, the administrators of the website reported a significant increase in the traffic of the website among local citizens compared to pre-pandemic. This led the creators of the platforms among which is the author of this article to provide online questionnaires to people using the digital platforms on their leisure time during COVID-19 lockdowns to answer various questions regarding the impact of these digital tools in their mental health status during COVID-19 lockdown.
A questionnaire containing 5-point Likert scale questions and questions about qualitative and quantitative use of the ICT tools and their mental health during COVID-19 lockdowns was completed by citizens of Pafos Municipality.
Due to this study objective, two main criteria were established for sample selection. First, respondents should be citizens of Pafos Municipality from various areas over at least the past 5 years. Additionally, respondents must have been present during COVID-19 outbreak and lockdowns in the city. To verify this criterion, an initial survey question asked whether respondents were staying in the city during the COVID-19 outbreak.
The questionnaire was constructed in three parts. Its first one aimed at collecting descriptive variables (demographic information) of respondents' location, and professional profile. The second part asked citizens about their mental health status before and after COVID-19 outbreak and lockdowns. Each question was assessed according to a 5-point Likert scale (1 referred to 'not used' and 5 denoted 'fully used'). The last section of the questionnaire examined the adoption level of the ICT tools introduced by the Municipality as supporting tools for their mental status during the COVID-19 outbreak. For that, all 6 ICT tools were listed and evaluated based upon a similar Likert scale that ranged from 1 (not used) to 5 (fully used).
Results. The online questionnaire had its link firstly sent by e-mail to 480 citizens that registered in the platform in December 2020. A follow-up message was sent two weeks later. 215 responses returned but only 206 of them were actually from citizens that met our selection criteria, which resulted in 42.9% valid response rate,
For analyzing data, two distinctive procedures were carried out using the SPSS® Statistics 23 software to identify differences in levels of each characteristic related to ICT tools, device available (PC, mobile phone, tablet), and content (Cultural, Environmental, Social, Multimedia Content) when considering the degree of how they impact their mental health during COVID-19 lockdowns.
Our respondents were half men and half women. Moreover, 10% are aged between 20 and 25, 34% between 26 and 35, 36% between 36 and 45, 14% in the interval of 46 till 55 and only 6% are older than 55. 36% are single, 59% being married and almost 5% under another non-defined situation. Most respondents were living in a house (56%), with their family (54%), and had 1 or more kids (44%). 75% of the respondents mentioned that they use more often their mobile/laptops to access the internet compared to before. The majority of respondents (62%) mentioned that they used ICT tools provide 1 or more times per week to remind them of their daily habits while 56% mentioned that they used the platforms to navigate at their favorite place at least once. The largest majority (82%) accessed the services from their mobile phone while the smallest percent (12% accessed the services from their PC/Laptop. Regarding COVID-19 lockdowns, 86% stated that it is very stressful to stay at home in another lockdown while 36% said they wouldn't comply if they were forced to stay at home in another lockdown. 65% mentioned that they found the ICT tools useful to keep them mentally active and 72% mentioned that they wouldn't be able to stay in quarantine without access to internet. 68% of the people using the platforms declared that using the platforms helped to remain mentally active during the quarantine and 70% said they would use the platforms again in case there is a new lockdown.
Discussion. The present work was done having as basis 206 questionnaires applied to citizens of a Municipality in Cyprus, namely Pafos Municipality, in order to assess citizens mental health during lockdowns, and the impact of the use of ICT tools for their mental health. The survey collected data from 3 sections, namely demographics, mental health status before and after the COVID-19 pandemic and ICT tools usage during the lockdowns. The average respondents' sample shows that our interviewees are aged between 26 and 45 years old, half are men and the other women, married, qualified with college education. Citizens living in smaller apartments accessed the platforms more times per week compared to people living in the rural areas in houses and their conceived percentage of ICT tools contribution towards their mental health was higher compared to people leaving in rural areas. Citizens' inclusion and digital literacy are relevant issues that were affecting the use of ICT tools that do not apply only to urban contexts and should be addressed to solve societal, economic, technological, and political problems worldwide. COVID-19 restrictions and lockdown increased people's acceptance and use of ICT solutions.
Other studies are in line with the above findings (Troisi et al., 2022) where their key theoretical contribution of their study is the building of a framework that detects the main psychological, rational, social, and cultural determinants that can foster or prevent the acceptance of the changes forced by the pandemic, the adhesion to digitalization, and the transactional distance processes launched in the public sectors. These results are more evident in vulnerable groups (Dai et al., 2020; Ammar et al., 2021) which will require further development and usage of e-health solutions.
Finally, two other studies targeting different populations investigated the effectiveness of interventions by considering, as primary outcomes, not mental illness indicators (e.g., depression and anxiety symptoms), but positive mental health indicators (positive affect and positive mental health). Vara et al. (2020) provided us with a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial that assessed the efficacy of a low-intensity internet intervention aimed to promote positive affect in depressive patients in primary care, as an adjunct therapy to improved treatment as usual (Fonseca & Osma, 2021).
Scientific value / practical value. Another report (Fonseca & Osma, 2021) highlighted the urgent need for research to help improve our understanding of the pandemic's mental health consequences on the general public (Mahase, 2020). In order to help characterize the psychosocial effects of the COVID19 crisis as well as the moderators of these effects, a research group launched a multi-language, multi-center anonymous online survey to assess the "Effects of home Confinement on psychosocial health status and multiple Lifestyle Behaviors" during the COVID-19 outbreak. Preliminary findings from this project revealed that the COVID-19 home confinement resulted in significant negative effects on mental wellbeing and emotional status, with more people experiencing psychosocial and emotional distress compared to before the pandemic (Ammar at al. 2020; Ammar et al, 2021a; Fonseca & Osma, 2021). This research results highlight the importance of introducing ICT tools to provide a virtual tour of citizens to their favorite city spots and remain mentally active during quarantine period.
Conclusions. ICT tools offer citizens the opportunity to remember their pre COVID-19 lockdown habits as highlighted in this article and they contribute towards the improvement of their mental health during quarantine. This study aimed at (i) identifying wither ICT tools use increased during COVID-19 outbreak; (ii) investigating the effect of the tools use and the impact on mental health of their users; and (iii) examining the relationship between the adoption of ICT tools and the demographics of citizens using them most during COVID-19 outbreak. Our findings provided arguments to answer these three research questions raised from existing gaps in both theory and practice.
TheRevista Scientific of theInstituto Internacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico Educativo (INDTEC, C.A.), presents its sixth editorial edition where fifteen works can be found in response to the search for interest in the investigation, analysis and interpretation of different topics.In this way, in a first section, the educational axes constituted in questions of questions respond to: the Teacher Training in Techniques applied to the Teaching of Mathematics in Secondary Education; Reading Alternatives considered for the Strengthening of Educational Quality; Advertising Effectiveness for Road Safety; Ecuadorian Education in English and their language skills in rural students; Didactic Strategies to improve Reading and Writing; the Importance of the Planning of the Environmental Education in the University Scope considered from a Transdisciplinary Perspective; the Utility of Tics in the Training of University Teaching Advisors; the Complementary Didactic Material for the Learning of Rational Mechanical Curriculum Unit 10 and the Tutor Role in the context of virtual learning.In continuity, other articles stand out, such as the Environmental Actions for the Conservation of Hydrographic Basins; the application of the Educaplay Computer Technique as a strategy for the learning of biomolecules in high school students of the Andrés F. Córdova Educational Unit; Program for Parents in the Internet use of their children; Bamboo Cultivation considered a renewable natural resource for reforestation in Quebrada Echeverría and corporate social responsibility in the context of labor relations in SMEs.In a second section, five essays induce us to reflect on perspectives of analysis in response to: Technological Imbrications in Pedagogical Praxis; Advanced Management in the Process of University Scientific Research; the Training in Citizen Culture Space and its importance for the Social Responsibility of Business Organizations; the Formative Vision of the Quantitative Methodology in Education; Neurosciences versus Vitalogy Emerging Paradigms in Millennium Management.Each of these articles struggles in post questioning as reflections of the interest placed on research considered an activity, which from a premise that asks about a topic, leads to multiple causal relationships and searches for answers; Therefore, they should be instruments conducive to the permanent knowledge of the entire academic community, allowing to stimulate and induce new experiences.This leads us to think that, teachers in a firm race for improvement, we must not engage in reductionist and repetitive practices of research results previously made, but in an exploration for new answers in the production of knowledge.Aware of the limitations and the reality of the social and political context of each of the Latin American countries, our editorial and bibliographic contribution aims to lead us to reflect on the crucial task of teachers committed to their social function and research as a transverse link for educational production and propagation. It is from this weighting, that could be aroused alternatives that overcome thinking at the state level. ; La Revista SCIENTIFIC del Instituto Internacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico Educativo (INDTEC, C.A.), presenta su sexta edición editorial en donde pueden hallarse quince obras en respuesta a la búsqueda del interés puesta en la indagación, análisis e interpretación de diferentes temáticas. De esta forma, en una primera sección, los ejes educativos constituidos en temas de cuestionamientos responden a: la Formación Docente en Técnicas aplicadas a la Enseñanza de la Matemática en la Educación Segundaria; las Alternativas de la Lectura consideradas para el Fortalecimiento de la Calidad Educativa; la Eficacia publicitaria para la Seguridad Vial; la Educación Ecuatoriana en inglés y sus competencias lingüísticas en los estudiantes rurales; Estrategias Didácticas para mejorar la Lectura y Escritura; la Importancia de la Planificación de la Educación Ambiental en el Ámbito Universitario considerada desde una Perspectiva Transdisciplinaria; la Utilidad de las Tics en la Formación de Asesores Docentes Universitarios; el Material Didáctico Complementario para el Aprendizaje de Unidad Curricular Mecánica Racional 10 y el Rol del Tutor en el contexto del aprendizaje virtual. En continuidad, sobresalen otros artículos como las Acciones Ambientalistas para la Conservación de las Cuencas Hidrográficas; la aplicación de la Técnica Informática Educaplay como estrategia para el aprendizaje de las biomoléculas en estudiantes de bachillerato de la Unidad Educativa Andrés F. Córdova; Programa para Padres en el uso de Internet de sus hijos; el Cultivo de bambú considerado un recurso natural renovable para la reforestación en la Quebrada Echeverría y la responsabilidad social empresarial en el contexto de las relaciones laborales en las Pymes. En una segunda sección, cinco ensayos nos inducen a reflexionar sobre perspectivas de análisis en respuesta a: las Imbricaciones Tecnológicas en la Praxis Pedagógica; la Gerencia Avanzada en el Proceso de Investigación Científica Universitaria; la Formación en Cultura Ciudadana Espacio y su importancia para la Responsabilidad Social de las Organizaciones Empresariales; la Visión Formativa de la Metodología Cuantitativa en la Educación; las Neurociencias versus la Vitalogía Paradigmas Emergentes en la Gerencia del Milenio. Cada uno de estos artículos brega en post de cuestionamientos como reflejos del interés puesto en la investigación considerada una actividad, que a partir de una premisa cual pregunta sobre una temática, conlleva a múltiples relaciones causales y búsquedas de respuestas; por lo cual, debieran ser instrumentos conducentes al conocimiento permanente de toda la comunidad académica, permitiendo estimular e inducir a nuevas experiencias. Esto nos dirige a pensar que, los docentes en firme carrera por el perfeccionamiento, no debemos incurrir en prácticas reduccionistas y repetitivas de resultados de pesquisas previamente realizadas, sino en una exploración por nuevas respuestas en la producción del conocimiento. Conscientes de las limitaciones y de la realidad del contexto político social de cada uno de los países de América Latina, nuestro aporte editorial y bibliográfico pretende conducir a la reflexión sobre la crucial tarea del docente comprometido con su función social y la investigación como un eslabón trascedente para la producción y propagación educativa. Es a partir de esta ponderación, que se podrían suscitar alternativas superadoras de pensamiento a nivel estatal.
TheRevista Scientific of theInstituto Internacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico Educativo (INDTEC, C.A.), presents its sixth editorial edition where fifteen works can be found in response to the search for interest in the investigation, analysis and interpretation of different topics.In this way, in a first section, the educational axes constituted in questions of questions respond to: the Teacher Training in Techniques applied to the Teaching of Mathematics in Secondary Education; Reading Alternatives considered for the Strengthening of Educational Quality; Advertising Effectiveness for Road Safety; Ecuadorian Education in English and their language skills in rural students; Didactic Strategies to improve Reading and Writing; the Importance of the Planning of the Environmental Education in the University Scope considered from a Transdisciplinary Perspective; the Utility of Tics in the Training of University Teaching Advisors; the Complementary Didactic Material for the Learning of Rational Mechanical Curriculum Unit 10 and the Tutor Role in the context of virtual learning.In continuity, other articles stand out, such as the Environmental Actions for the Conservation of Hydrographic Basins; the application of the Educaplay Computer Technique as a strategy for the learning of biomolecules in high school students of the Andrés F. Córdova Educational Unit; Program for Parents in the Internet use of their children; Bamboo Cultivation considered a renewable natural resource for reforestation in Quebrada Echeverría and corporate social responsibility in the context of labor relations in SMEs.In a second section, five essays induce us to reflect on perspectives of analysis in response to: Technological Imbrications in Pedagogical Praxis; Advanced Management in the Process of University Scientific Research; the Training in Citizen Culture Space and its importance for the Social Responsibility of Business Organizations; the Formative Vision of the Quantitative Methodology in Education; Neurosciences versus Vitalogy Emerging Paradigms in Millennium Management.Each of these articles struggles in post questioning as reflections of the interest placed on research considered an activity, which from a premise that asks about a topic, leads to multiple causal relationships and searches for answers; Therefore, they should be instruments conducive to the permanent knowledge of the entire academic community, allowing to stimulate and induce new experiences.This leads us to think that, teachers in a firm race for improvement, we must not engage in reductionist and repetitive practices of research results previously made, but in an exploration for new answers in the production of knowledge.Aware of the limitations and the reality of the social and political context of each of the Latin American countries, our editorial and bibliographic contribution aims to lead us to reflect on the crucial task of teachers committed to their social function and research as a transverse link for educational production and propagation. It is from this weighting, that could be aroused alternatives that overcome thinking at the state level. ; La Revista SCIENTIFIC del Instituto Internacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico Educativo (INDTEC, C.A.), presenta su sexta edición editorial en donde pueden hallarse quince obras en respuesta a la búsqueda del interés puesta en la indagación, análisis e interpretación de diferentes temáticas. De esta forma, en una primera sección, los ejes educativos constituidos en temas de cuestionamientos responden a: la Formación Docente en Técnicas aplicadas a la Enseñanza de la Matemática en la Educación Segundaria; las Alternativas de la Lectura consideradas para el Fortalecimiento de la Calidad Educativa; la Eficacia publicitaria para la Seguridad Vial; la Educación Ecuatoriana en inglés y sus competencias lingüísticas en los estudiantes rurales; Estrategias Didácticas para mejorar la Lectura y Escritura; la Importancia de la Planificación de la Educación Ambiental en el Ámbito Universitario considerada desde una Perspectiva Transdisciplinaria; la Utilidad de las Tics en la Formación de Asesores Docentes Universitarios; el Material Didáctico Complementario para el Aprendizaje de Unidad Curricular Mecánica Racional 10 y el Rol del Tutor en el contexto del aprendizaje virtual. En continuidad, sobresalen otros artículos como las Acciones Ambientalistas para la Conservación de las Cuencas Hidrográficas; la aplicación de la Técnica Informática Educaplay como estrategia para el aprendizaje de las biomoléculas en estudiantes de bachillerato de la Unidad Educativa Andrés F. Córdova; Programa para Padres en el uso de Internet de sus hijos; el Cultivo de bambú considerado un recurso natural renovable para la reforestación en la Quebrada Echeverría y la responsabilidad social empresarial en el contexto de las relaciones laborales en las Pymes. En una segunda sección, cinco ensayos nos inducen a reflexionar sobre perspectivas de análisis en respuesta a: las Imbricaciones Tecnológicas en la Praxis Pedagógica; la Gerencia Avanzada en el Proceso de Investigación Científica Universitaria; la Formación en Cultura Ciudadana Espacio y su importancia para la Responsabilidad Social de las Organizaciones Empresariales; la Visión Formativa de la Metodología Cuantitativa en la Educación; las Neurociencias versus la Vitalogía Paradigmas Emergentes en la Gerencia del Milenio. Cada uno de estos artículos brega en post de cuestionamientos como reflejos del interés puesto en la investigación considerada una actividad, que a partir de una premisa cual pregunta sobre una temática, conlleva a múltiples relaciones causales y búsquedas de respuestas; por lo cual, debieran ser instrumentos conducentes al conocimiento permanente de toda la comunidad académica, permitiendo estimular e inducir a nuevas experiencias. Esto nos dirige a pensar que, los docentes en firme carrera por el perfeccionamiento, no debemos incurrir en prácticas reduccionistas y repetitivas de resultados de pesquisas previamente realizadas, sino en una exploración por nuevas respuestas en la producción del conocimiento. Conscientes de las limitaciones y de la realidad del contexto político social de cada uno de los países de América Latina, nuestro aporte editorial y bibliográfico pretende conducir a la reflexión sobre la crucial tarea del docente comprometido con su función social y la investigación como un eslabón trascedente para la producción y propagación educativa. Es a partir de esta ponderación, que se podrían suscitar alternativas superadoras de pensamiento a nivel estatal.
The e-mail allegedly attributed to Satoshi Nakamoto (supposedly a pseudonym) was transmitted 14 years ago, describing the development of an electronic currency (Nakamoto, 2008). The design of this electronic currency represented the solution of the general Byzantine problem, a well-known problem in computing, which, in general terms, defines that one of the parts of a system can intentionally fail, and with that, make the entire network unavailable. Therefore, the premise is that part of the system is corrupt (Dolev et al., 1982). In the few lines of the email, Satoshi Nakamoto described such a solution and published an article with the details made available on the same date. The article describes how to transmit information within a chain of blocks that are: synchronized with date and time (time stamp); combined with code that depends on a previous block (hash code); can be validated with public and private key cryptography framework anonymously and decentrally; but highly resilient to any tampering attempt and with public record. The concept of digital currency, in this case Bitcoin, consisted at that time of a code or token resulting from encryption and that could be included in these blocks. Blocks registered definitively in the ledgers distributed along the blockchain network that could be traced. The digital framework developed by Satoshi Nakamoto, although it emerged to make Bitcoin viable as a digital currency, has been separated over the last 14 years. Blockchain can be understood as a decentralized communication technology that gave rise to a family of other technological structures of encrypted communication such as ecosystems, public blockchain, private blockchain and blockchain networks, mainly (Mazumdar Ruj, 2022). Digital currencies, on the other hand, have also developed in variety and quantity, so much so that as we write this editorial there are over 10,000 digital currencies in operation. The total capitalization value of digital currencies rose from USD 18 billion at the beginning of 2017, surpassing USD 1.4 trillion by mid-2021 (Su et al., 2022). Currently, there is no technological impediment for companies to create their own digital currencies using a Bitcoin network or an Etherium network, for example, as well as many other networks available.Obviously, even today, there are technical challenges related, mainly, to the scalability of these networks and currencies. Bitcoin, when created, had a capacity of 7 transactions per second, currently, as we write this editorial, the transaction capacity of the Bitcoin network (BTS) is 14 transactions per second. The Etherium (ETH) network was born with a capacity of 20 transactions per second and currently has a capacity of 35 transactions per second. For comparison purposes, the VISA network has a capacity of 1700 transactions per second, which shows that there is still some way to make blockchain networks the new communication backbone, scalable for more mass uses (Chauhan Patel, 2022). There are implementations of the Solana network, for example, which promises to reach 50,000 transactions per second, still in the confirmation phase from a practical point of view, which could allow running Internet of Things (IoT) applications on this blockchain network (Duffy et al., 2021).At the same time, since 2013, the reorganization of the TCP IP structure from IPv4 (4.2 billion IP addresses) to IPv6 (79 octillion IP addresses or 7.9 x ) more than the total number of IPv4 addresses) has been implemented. Such implementation made it possible to expand connectivity to a level sufficient for the world demand, which is 56 octillion (56 x ) addresses per human being on earth. In terms of addressing, the possibilities of connecting new and future elements on the internet/blockchain communication network are guaranteed, making the IoT (Internet of Things) a real possibility.In addition to the traditional applications dedicated to making digital currency viable, especially in the last 5 years, certain works resulting from the combination of information technology and human creativity (also known as creative economy) brought NFT (Non-Fungible Token) to the management field. NFT are tokens (produced through encrypted code, subscribed in some blockchain network) that express the ownership of their author. Whoever acquires an NFT, has his/her record recorded in a ledger and, therefore, can exercise the rights or benefits related to the possession of that NFT. There are two main origins of an NFT, digital games and works of art or graphic expressions (Vasan et al., 2022). In the case of digital games, NFT can be used to record permanently and nominally the "achievements achieved" within a given game. Its owner now takes possession of a certain item that, previously, would only exist within the game itself, a virtual (digital) environment. In the case of graphic, artistic expressions, and other works of art, it is possible to make your possession digital. Works from the natural environment (physical), the result of expressions of human creativity, are now registered in an NFT-type token, coming to exist in the virtual world (digital). In this way, the works, and the data of their authorship and ownership, are permanently registered in the ledger of a blockchain network specialized in transacting NFT. As in the game, the possession of an NFT of a work of art allows the author to trade or use the benefits related to the possession of this NFT.From the convergence of connectivity technologies such as cloud computing, the advent of IPV6 and technologies based on tokens (blockchain, crypto assets and NFT not exhaustively) the concept of Web 3.0 becomes viable. Web 3.0 can be understood as a network of people and physical objects, making the integration between the natural world and the virtual world more intense (augmented, virtual and mixed reality). The idea of a Metaverse (Web 3.0 Application) depends on the technological availability that we describe here very succinctly and on the realization of new social behaviors that are underway (Korkmaz et al., 2022).The context described is not new to most practitioners and academics involved with innovation. However, by describing it in general terms, we can identify different research objects that may be of interest to the community working in the field of innovation management. Evidently, within the research perspectives, especially in innovation management, parallel logics can be established with the more established theories or concepts, which allow an approximation with the new technological objects available to people and companies. Such technologies have permeated traditional companies and startups that have a specific focus on these connectivity technologies described as core business or as business support.The idea of this editorial comment is to recognize the possibility of receiving more technological articles or scientific articles, perspectives and book reviews that consider connectivity and tokenization technologies as research objects. Such technologies can be positioned in research both as objects of analysis and as contextual and organizational objects. Whether contextual and organizational can bring research involving routines, capabilities, competencies and business models, whose core business process is innovation at different scales, natures, degrees of novelty, stages of diffusion or adoption. To cite just one possibility, as an example, the model by Tidd and Bessant from 2009, which describes the construct of orientation to innovation strategy, used in several research in the field of innovation since then, can be revised in the new contexts or in the face of new technologies (Ferreira et al., 2015). If such technologies are positioned as objects of analysis, research can involve every part of the innovation management process such as searching for innovations, selecting innovations, implementing innovations, generating value with innovations, and capturing value with innovations in analysis of single level or multilevel. In addition to the direct positioning of token and blockchain-based technologies, as an object or as a contextual aspect, adjacent effects are expected, for instance, involving intellectual property, environmental and social sustainability, technological governance, people management and other consequences that may be the focus of research, considering the emerging technologies mentioned above. There is also the field of research that is dedicated to the development of new products, both defining new models of digital product development and methods derived from these models, without forgetting all the implications related to the issues of information security management involved in these contexts of token transactions (Baudier et al., 2022). Although the possibilities for theoretical and managerial development for the area of innovation research, involving technologies based on tokens and blockchain, are broad, there is research that can be very relevant, but that would be better received in journals in mathematics, computer science or even software engineering and not in journals dedicated to innovation. Research that develops a new way of doing encryption, or even a more efficient algorithm that allows increasing the capacity of transactions per second, the design of a new network or a new ecosystem based on blockchain or even research that develops improvements in consensus protocols of blockchain undoubtedly has great value but would be expected in engineering or math journals. On the other hand, there are studies that bring reports of implementations of a business application on a blockchain basis, either as a business support application, or in the form of designing a blockchain-based product that will be taken to the market (Wan et al., 2022). In these cases, applied research, from the point of view of innovation research, what is expected to be found in the article is the development of knowledge that demonstrates how, why or to what extent the innovation processes were sensitized, or in what way the process of innovation contributed or presented limitations to support the reported implementation. In this way, such research can be received as technological articles, since the theoretical elements that relate the innovation process, or the management of the innovation process with the implementation based on token or blockchain, will be present, which are the bases of analysis used to support the expansion of innovation theories, innovation management or management practices in innovation contexts.Finally, we invite the entire community to submit papers with theoretical discussions related to paradigm shifts, involving the dematerialized nature of new products and their tendency towards a service-oriented view (Jain et al., 2022).As it should be clear, this editorial comment did not explore all the possibilities of research in innovation management involving technologies based on tokens and blockchain, but only a few examples that can help to obtain insights. We intend, in some way, to encourage the innovation community to develop studies considering new technologies, developing, or expanding theories and knowledge of innovation.
PrefaceSection 1Chapter 1: Getting lost in a the digital1.1 Limited or liberated by ubiquitous digital technology? 1.2 It Could Be Otherwise (ICBO) - the foundation of critical thinking1.3 Opening the black box1.4 A response to political and corporate solutionism1.5 Digitalization as a topic for Science and Technology Studies (STS) 1.6 A critical sociotechnical perspective1.7 The structure of the book1.8 ConclusionReferencesChapter 2: What is "digitalization," exactly? 2.1 Digitalization as technological fix2.2 Defining digitalization2.3 Defining digitalization as a political act in itself2.4 A digitalized world2.5 Digitalization as a sociotechnical process2.6 ConclusionReferencesSection 2Chapter 3: A sociotechnical perspective on digitalization3.1 What is a sociotechnical perspective on digitalization? 3.2 What do we mean by "technology"? 3.3 Technologies and their agency3.4 Why technological determinism is a dead end3.5 Technological reductionism3.6 How social determinism is equally problematic3.7 ConclusionReferencesChapter 4: Domestication: User perspectives on technology4.1 A user perspective on technology4.2 Domestication theory4.3 The dimensional model of domestication4.4 The history of domestication4.5 Strengths and weaknesses of domestication theory4.6 Re-domestication and dis-domestication4.7 What non-users can teach us about the use of technology4.8 Normativity and use4.9 ConclusionReferencesChapter 5: Script: Technology's manual for use5.1 Script as technology's manual5.2 The historical and theoretical position of script theory5.3 How do you do a script analysis? 5.4 Making scripts through technology development5.5 ConclusionReferencesChapter 6: Technologies as normality machines6.1 A thought experiment on a student app6.2 Technology as inclusion or exclusion? 6.3 Scripting the use and users to create differences6.4 The digital divide6.5 ConclusionReferencesChapter 7: Digital technologies in the past and present7.1 Becoming a communication society7.2 What comes after the communication society? 7.3 Digitalization and some sample diagnoses of the times7.4 ConclusionReferencesSection 3Chapter 8: Digitalization of health: Networks of care and technology8.1 In search of good health: Robots to the rescue? 8.2 Digital technology for better health? 8.3 Talking flowerpots: Welfare technology in the home8.4 Exergames: Gamifying health8.5 Support groups in social media: Communities for mental health8.6 Digitalization makes the actor network of health visible8.7 ConclusionReferencesChapter 9: Digitalization of work: Automation, responsibility, and reskilling9.1 Two visions of future work9.2 From animal laborans to homo faber9.3 Automating workers? 9.4 Who operates self-service checkouts? 9.5 The digital stopwatch and the attempt to automate care work9.6 Craftspeople at construction sites working with robots9.7 What will we do in the future--and how will we do it? 9.8 ConclusionReferencesChapter 10: Digitalization of control: Surveillance, automation, and algorithms10.1 Control through surveillance and digital tracking10.2 Control of animals using virtual fences10.3 Care, technology, and the desire for boundaries when surveilling children10.4 Predictive police algorithms: Surveillance of data sets and predictions of the future10.5 Life in a surveillance society: What digitalization does to surveillance10.6 ConclusionReferencesChapter 11: Digitalization of culture: Remix, community, and prosumers11.1 SKAM and transmedia storytelling11.2 Remix culture as the foundation of digital culture11.3 Understanding where remix culture comes from: Participatory culture and networked publics11.4 Memes: Collective creativity, both serious and humorous11.5 Fan fiction: When fans take ownership of the story11.6 Twitch.tv and livestreaming games: How innovative gamers made one of the world's biggest platforms11.7 Discussion: Prosumers' new cultural expressions11.8 ConclusionReferencesChapter 12: Digitalization of the self: Selfies, influencers and the quantified self12.1 Picture perfect? What "Instagram vs. reality" can teach us about being fakeness and authenticity online12.2 From anonymity to persistent identities on the internet12.3 Frontstage, backstage, and the cyborg's theater12.4 Selfies: The cyborg's self-portrait? 12.5 Influencers: The professionalized digital self12.6 The quantified self: Believing in a countable and optimized self12.7 Discussion: The cyborg's expanded toolbox12.8 ConclusionReferencesSection 4Chapter 13: Digitalization summarized13.1 Part 1: A critical perspective on digitalization13.2 Part 2: Theoretical Tools13.3 Part 3: Empirical case studies13.4 Digitalization as social change13.5 A user perspective on digitalization13.6 Critical thinking about digitalizationChapter 14: Analytical cheat sheet: A guide for thinking critically about digitalization14.1 Interpretative flexibility14.2 Delegation14.3 Actor-network14.4 Script14.5 DomesticationChapter 15: Methods cheat sheet: How to study digitalization15.1 Research question: What are you going to find out? 15.2 Choosing method: How are you going to find it? 15.3 Tips for getting good data15.4 From data to analysis
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Visions of the kingdom : Edinburgh 1910 and thehistory of Christianity -- Expectations of a new age -- An evangelical crusade founded on 'the science of missions' -- Edinburgh 1910 in retrospect -- Edinburgh 1910 and the history of ecumenism -- A representative conference -- Christianity on the cusp of transfiguration -- Origins and preparations -- The 'third Ecumenical Missionary Conference' -- J.H. Oldham and George Robson make their presence felt -- Deciding on the model for Edinburgh 1910 -- Broadening the base of planning -- Shaping the eight commissions -- The central advisory committee and its secretary -- Changing the title of the conference -- The inclusion of national christians and the exclusion of faith and order -- Oldham gets to work -- The financing of the conference -- Carrying the Gospel to all the world : defining the limits of christendom -- A mission to all humanity -- Commission I and the problem of statistics -- The conference hangs in the balance -- Oldham in New York -- Resolving the hard cases -- The anglican position clarified -- Evangelical reactions -- Negotiations with the Archbishop of Canterbury -- The unity of christendom preserved but at what price? -- The conference in session -- Conference logistics -- The opening of the conference -- The assembly hall of the United Free Church of Scotland -- The conference programme -- The conduct of debate -- The spirituality of the conference -- Give us friends! : the voice of the younger churches -- The non-western presence at Edinburgh -- The virtual absence of Africa -- The missionary societies and indigenous representation at Edinburgh -- Cheng Jingyi and the call for a united church in China -- Christianity and the national spirit : four voices from Japan, Harada Tasuku, Honda Yoitsu, Ibuka Kajinosuke and Chiba Yugoro -- Yun ch'iho and Christian nationalism in Korea -- S. Azariah and the challenge of inter-cultural friendship -- Pleas for an Asian theology -- The church of the three selves -- A church-centric conference -- The three-self principle : rhetoric and reality -- Church organization and the native mind -- The remuneration of national workers -- Failures in self-support -- Issues of Christian nurture and discipleship -- Theology and spiritual life -- The aims of mission education : cultural accommodation and the Catholicity of Christianity -- The brief composition and mode of operation of Commission III -- The American reception of the British drafts of the Commission III Report -- An anglophone perspective -- Defining the purposes of mission education -- Education as a form of evangelism -- Education as a strategy for a three-self church -- Education as the diffusion of Christian influence -- Education as the key to Catholicity -- The legacy of the Commission III Report -- Fulfilment and challenge : Christianity and the world faiths -- Previous scholarship on Commission IV -- The membership of Commission IV -- The theology and religious perspective of Commission IV -- The relation of Hinduism to Christianity -- T.E. Slater and the case for concentration on higher Hinduism -- The influence of Alfred George Hogg -- The relation of Isam to Christianity -- The religions of Japan and China -- Animistic religions and the neglect of Africa -- Assessing Edinburgh's theology of fulfilment -- Missions, empire and the hierarchy of civilization -- Missions and governments : the membership of Commission VII -- A hierarchy of civilization -- Missionaries and politics -- The colonial view of missions -- The impact of the Commission VII Report -- Missionary co-operation : its limits and implications -- The dilemma of Edinburgh : missionary co-operation or the promotion of Christian unity -- Existing instruments of missionary co-operation -- The German proposal for an International Missionary Commission -- The Commission Viii meeting of 21-23 December 1909 -- The American circular letter -- British hesitations overcome : Walter H. Frere, John H Ritson, and the birth of the idea of the continuation committee -- The Commission VIII debate and the creation of the continuation committee -- The legacy of Edinburgh 1910 -- Missionary perceptions of east, west, and south -- Race and culture -- The pursuit of church union in Asia -- The role of women in mission -- New patterns of missionary study and training -- Co-operation in mission : new initiatives in Britain -- Western ecclesiastical divisions and the changing contours of world Christianity
The research is relevant due to the need of successful solution of the domestic and foreign policy objectives of Ukraine in the current context of hybrid war. Understanding the nature of political propaganda on a theoretical level is a prerequisite for mastering this phenomenon in a practical way. This suggests that defiing the nature of political propaganda, one can optimize propaganda both in relation to political opponents, and effectively counter the opponents' propaganda inflence.The purpose of this article is to determine the nature of political propaganda, to examine what determines the role of propaganda as an effective instrument of control over consciousness and behavior of the masses.The author argues that the nature of political propaganda is manipulative. This means that political propaganda for the achievement of strategic outcomes should be based on the mechanism of manipulative inflence on public consciousness and behavior.Effective propaganda, by absorbing the mechanism of manipulation, inconspicuously seeks to change the perception of reality its recipient, directing its activity on keeping with interests of the propagandist through different kinds of motivating actions.The most effective instrument of propaganda is the manipulation in combination with the structuring of various discourses. This leads to the fact that the image of the political subject becomes more desirable for public opinion, if it acquires a positive interpretation in legal, domestic, mass-media, entertainment and any other discourses. However, any discourse be understood to the General public through the images that illustrate and give it life dimension. The nature of propaganda is not determined by social practices, which propaganda uses as carriers of their inflence. Subordinating diverse social practices and phenomena as the methods and instruments of its dissemination, propaganda spreading its manipulative nature to them.The author of this article made the following conclusions. Propaganda operates in multiple dimensions simultaneously, using ideological, symbolic, mythological, verbal, visual, emotional, rational, communicative, entertainment, virtual, educational inflence on the perception of the target audience, which helps it to penetrate into all spheres of social interaction, including political relations. The role of propaganda as an effective instrument of control over consciousness andbehavior of the masses is defied by its following features: ability to motivate, tempt, confuse, intimidate the target audience; to give the target the illusion that one can choose actions freely and independently; to act invisibly on the decision-making process, during which one cannot understand, what is propaganda or what is not; to neutralize the critical ability of his recipient; to create a link between the intentional action (purpose of the propagandist) and satisfaction a strong desire of the target audience ; Статья посвящена раскрытию природы политической пропаганды. Автор определяет ее роль как эффективного инструмента контроля над сознанием и поведением масс. В статье доказывается, что скрытность, косвенный характер воздействия и ориентация на психологически уязвимые места в структуре личности указывают на манипулятивную субстанциональность пропаганды как социальной практики для управления и контроля политически господствующих сил над массами. Определено, что пропаганда действует в нескольких измерениях одновременно, используя идеологические, символические, мифологические, вербальные, визуальные, эмоциональные, рациональные, коммуникативные, развлекательные, виртуальные, образовательные инструменты влияния на восприятие целевой аудитории, что помогает ей проникать во все сферы социального взаимодействия, включая и политические отношения ; Стаття присвячена розкриттю природи політичної пропаганди. Автор визначає її роль як ефективного інструменту контролю над свідомістю і поведінкою мас. У статті доводиться, що скритність, непрямий характер впливу і орієнтація на психологічно вразливі місця в структурі особистості вказують на маніпулятивну субстанціональність пропаганди як соціальної практики для управління і контролю політично панівних сил над масами. Визначено, що пропаганда діє в кількох вимірах одночасно, використовуючи ідеологічні, символічні, міфологічні, вербальні, візуальні, емоційні, раціональні, комунікативні, розважальні, віртуальні, освітні інструменти впливу на сприйняття цільової аудиторії, що допомагає їй проникати у всі сфери соціальної взаємодії, включаючи і політичні відносини.
The analysis of network communications as a mechanism for communication design space, representing the universal social mechanism and play an important role for reflection feedback in the context of a single information society; Principles for analyzing network communications and reveals the extent to which management can use Internet communications information society reveals the key role of leaders in setting and modeling of social norms within the network communication and the extent to which it can occur; defined axiological status of social networking in today's information society and the directions of optimization of network communications as a mechanism for communication design space. Scientists have proved that modern society, which is a form of communication network takes precedence over other forms, is social structure of a complex system of social relations and advanced information circulation information. In modern studies of social networks latter are often applied nature. Revealed that functionality network communication not only in the presence of a large number of features that constantly accumulate, but also because many of them can be realized simultaneously. Actor social network is a set of motives and needs, which in turn determine the function and appeal of the entire network to ensure that needs are met. One of the features of social networks is sotsiabelnist, which should be defined as a feeling of ease and lightness in the social relations of the individual, based on the possession of effective social interaction skills. Underlying sociability is a phenomenon of trust that is often seen as the product of stable social relationships that form the basis of social capital. That trust is the most important factor in creating social networks when it comes to social networks with dense structure, which provides a high level of reliability. It is proved that netiquette - a simple rule that all was comfortable. In a social network in terms of control of communication processes emerging network values that underlie netiquette. The level of moral obligations within the group is higher, the actor feels stronger intra identity The problem that arises in social management - a rational ratio of government regulations and internal system. The complexity of its solution due to the fact that measures of social control, on the one hand , are hard and definite character, and on the other , to provide the actors some freedom of action , notwithstanding the process of transformation of the social structure. Revealed that the network communication creates new, subjectively oriented reality that reflects the mosaic of ideas, interests and desires of the participants networking. The communication process associated with the «virtual identity " can not exercise significant influence on the formation of modern communication space, the specificity of modern linguistic picture of the world in general, the image of a person in the Information Society . ; Представлен анализ сетевых коммуникаций как механизма конструирования коммуникационного пространства, который представляет собой универсальный социальный механизм и играет большую роль для рефлексии обратных связей в контексте единого информационного социума; обоснованы принципы мультифункциональности и социабельности для анализа сетевых коммуникаций и раскрыто, в какой мере возможно управление использованием Интернет-коммуникаций информационного общества; раскрыта ключевая роль лидеров в установлении и моделировании социальных норм в рамках сетевой коммуникации и в какой мере оно может произойти; определен аксиологический статус социальной сети в современном информационном обществе и разработаны направления оптимизации сетевых коммуникаций как механизма конструирования коммуникационного пространства. ; Дається аналіз мережевих комунікацій як механізму конструювання комунікативного простору, що представляють собою універсальний соціальний механізм і відіграють велику роль для рефлексії зворотних зв'язків в контексті єдиного інформаційного соціуму; обгрунтовано принципи мультифункціональності і соціабельності для аналізу мережевих комунікацій та виявлено, в якій мірі можливе управління використанням Інтернет-комунікацій інформаційного суспільства; розкрито ключову роль лідерів в установленні і моделюванні соціальних норм у рамках мережевої комунікації і в якій мірі воно може відбуватися; визначено аксіологічний статус соціальної мережі у сучасному інформаційному суспільстві та розроблено напрями оптимізації мережевих комунікацій як механізму конструювання комунікативного простору.
El propósito de este trabajo, es realizar una propuesta para el establecimiento de criterios de calidad en los procesos de apropiación del conocimiento en e-learning enfocados en el seguimiento a egresados. En primera instancia, se intenta dar a conocer la problemática vinculada con la ausencia de estándares de calidad en los programas en línea. Para alcanzar esta meta, inicialmente se describe lo que es un proceso educativo en línea, sus implicaciones y sus necesidades o requerimientos y los alcances que, en este sentido, se han realizado por los diversos actores involucrados en el e-learning, tanto institucional, como gubernamentalmente. Posteriormente se procede a plantear los aspectos que se considera aún están lejos de satisfacer el objetivo último del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje, "el aseguramiento de la apropiación del conocimiento por parte del estudiante", considerando los alcances y consecuencias que acarrea esta situación, en el largo plazo. Una vez expuesta de manera concisa, la situación problema, enmarcada dentro de la realidad en la que esta circunscrita, ella misma nos plantea la necesidad de proponer criterios que busquen garantizar un mínimo de calidad en los aspectos considerados, lo cual se aborda en la parte final de esta investigación. ; Universitat Oberta de Catalunya UOC ; 1. INTRODUCCION 5 2. OBJETIVOS 8 2.1. OBJETIVO GENERAL 8 2.2. OBJETIVOS ESPECIFICOS 8 3. ESTADO DEL ARTE ASPECTOS MICRO Y MACRO 10 3.1. ASPECTOS MICRO: ESTADO DEL ARTE DEL ASEGURAMIENTO DE CALIDAD EN E-LEARNING EN LAS INSTITUCIONES 10 3.2. ASPECTOS MACRO: ESTADO DEL ARTE SOBRE LAS POLITICAS PUBLICAS EXISTENTES EN EDUCACION VIRTUAL 23 3.2.1. Política Educativa en la Unión Europea 24 3.2.2. Politica Educativa en los Estados Unidos 27 3.2.3. Política Educativa en América Latina 29 3.2.4. Política Educativa en Colombia 33 3.3. APORTE DE LOS ASPECTOS MICRO Y MACRO DEL ESTADO DEL ARTE DEL ASEGURAMIENTO DE LA CALIDAD Y LAS POLÍTICAS AL PRESENTE TRABAJO 35 4 4. PARAMETROS DE ASEGURAMIENTO DE CALIDAD 38 4.1. IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LOS PARÁMETROS MÁS RELEVANTES 38 4.2. REFLEXION CRÍTICA SOBRE LOS PARÁMETROS MÁS RELEVANTES 44 5. DEFINICION DE CRITERIOS DE CALIDAD PARA ASEGURAMIENTO DE CALIDAD CON E-LEARNING 56 5.1. CRITERIOS RELACIONADOS CON LAS POLITICAS 58 5.2. CRITERIOS RELACIONADOS CON LAS INSTITUCIONES 59 5.2.1. Institucional 62 5.2.2. En relación con los alumnos 64 5.2.3. En el rol y funciones de los docentes 65 5.2.4. En cuanto a los contenidos y la logistica para la producción organización y distribución de contenidos 66 5.2.5. Con relación a la evaluación 67 5.2.6. En lo referente a los procesos de comunicacion 68 5.2.7. Con relación a la accion formativa 68 5.2.8. Con respecto a la plataforma tecnológica 69 CONCLUSIONES 70 RECOMENDACIONES 75 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 78 ; Maestría ; The purpose of this work is to make a proposal for the establishment of quality criteria in the processes of appropriation of knowledge in e-learning focused on the monitoring of graduates. In the first instance, an attempt is made to raise awareness of the problem related to the lack of quality standards in online programs. To achieve this goal, it is first described what an online educational process is, its implications and its needs or needs and the achievements that, in this sense, have been carried out by the various actors involved in e-learning, both institutional, as governmentally. Subsequently, the aspects that are considered are still far from satisfying the ultimate objective of the teaching-learning process, "ensuring the appropriation of knowledge by the student," are considered, considering the scope and consequences that this situation entails, in the long term. Once the problem situation has been concisely exposed, framed within the reality in which it is circumscribed, it itself raises the need to propose criteria that seek to guarantee a minimum of quality in the aspects considered, which is addressed in the part end of this investigation.
Desde la irrupción de los medios de comunicación de masas en el entorno comunicacional de las sociedades, su accionar y la influencia que pueden ejercer en las decisiones sociales han despertado un gran interés, no solo en la comunidad académica sino también en la clase económica y política que han visto en ellos el camino para alcanzar el poder. Dado que la construcción de los significados se produce en un entorno comunicativo social, los medios de comunicación gestionan ese espacio público en donde se desarrolla la producción del significado para los actores sociales y, por tanto, en donde se establece la opinión pública. Así, desde una visión política, estos medios se constituyen en actores activos de la política de los países. Ellos intervienen directamente en la formación de la opinión pública, la cual condiciona las decisiones políticas. El entorno comunicacional ecuatoriano no es la excepción. Los medios de comunicación han sido parte activa del proceso político que ha hecho del Ecuador un país altamente conflictivo, con un sistema político que se ha mantenido en una permanente inestabilidad, producto de las perturbaciones internas y externas del sistema, derivadas de la lucha por el poder. Uno de los sucesos que marcaron al gobierno del presidente Rafael Correa fue el intento de golpe de Estado ejecutado el 30 de septiembre de 2010 (30-S). Los eventos acontecidos aquel día mostraron la fragilidad del sistema democrático ecuatoriano, revelando varios aspectos de la lucha de los diferentes sujetos políticos y sociales por alcanzar el poder. No obstante, la comunidad académica, por lo menos desde nuestro conocimiento, no ha desarrollado, hasta el momento de la redacción de esta memoria doctoral, un estudio que profundice en la estructura de la agenda mediática de los medios de comunicación ecuatorianos en los meses previos a la revuelta policial. Así mismo, se tiene conciencia del uso que se hizo de las redes sociales por la ciudadanía durante los acontecimientos de septiembre de 2010. Sin embargo, no se ha analizado la agenda establecida por los medios en ese entorno virtual y cómo esta información fluyó al interior de las redes sociales (específicamente en «Twitter»). Esta tesis doctoral busca llenar este vacío en el análisis de la participación de los medios de comunicación ecuatorianos en los hechos ocurridos previo y durante el 30-S. Por una parte, se desarrolla un análisis del proceso de establecimiento de la agenda mediática en dos de los periódicos ecuatorianos más representativos: El Universo—periódico privado— y El Telégrafo—periódico público—, durante y tres meses antes de la sublevación policial del 30 de septiembre de 2010. Nuestra intensión es dar respuesta a varias hipótesis y preguntas que nos surgen acerca del «poder simbólico» ejercido desde estos medios, con respecto a los acontecimientos acaecidos en aquella jornada. No se buscamos establecer responsabilidades, dado que esa no es nuestra función ni interés, lo que pretendemos es analizar la estructura de la agenda mediática propuesta por esos diarios, para aportar al estudio del accionar de los medios ecuatorianos como actores políticos. Por otra parte, presentamos los resultados de un análisis empírico de la difusión de la información en «Twitter», producida por los dos diarios bajo estudio, durante y tres meses antes del 30 de septiembre de 2010. Nos interesa responder a varias hipótesis y cuestionamientos que nos surgen acerca del flujo de la diseminación de la información que resultó de los tweets que emitieron ambos periódicos. El periodo de estudio correspondió a la etapa de discusión de la Ley Orgánica de Servicio Público en la Asamblea Nacional del Ecuador, uno de los detonadores de las protestas policiales. Los resultados nos muestran que la información difundida por esos periódicos en «Twitter», durante ese periodo, presentó una estructura mucho más compleja que el modelo de dos pasos. De esta forma, en este trabajo doctoral presentamos aportaciones al estudio del accionar comunicacional y político de los medios de comunicación ecuatorianos, tanto desde el ambiente tradicional (prensa) como desde el virtual («Twitter»). ; Since the irruption of mass media in the communicational scene, their action and influence in societal decisions have provoked great interest not only within academic communities but also among economic and political classes, which have assimilated it as an effective strategy to achieve power; thus, mass media fulfill an essential role for the establishment of power. Considering that constructing significances occur in a social communicative environment, mass media emerge as an ideal agent for managing public space for such objective, while defining public opinion; therefore, it also become an active public mean in forming social judgement and conditioning political decisions. Ecuadorian communicational reality confirms such phenomena: mass media have been an active agent in the nation's political scene, contributing to its highly conflictive and unstable history, always characterized by internal and external struggles for power. In such context, one of the events that stroke Rafael Correa's presidential period the most, was the failed coup d'état occurred on September 30th 2010 (30-S). Such event showed the fragility of Ecuadorian democratic system, while revealing data about the struggle for power among several social and political groups. Despite this event's importance, any study has analyzed the structure of Ecuadorian media agenda during the previous months of this police revolt; at least not from our knowledge at the moment of writing this dissertation. Similarly, the media´s agenda while using social network (especially Twitter) during this episode, remains under studied and analyzed. This dissertation seeks to fulfill this gap through the analysis of Ecuadorian mass media's participation before and during 30-S occurrence. The study offers an analysis of the agenda establishment for two most representative Ecuadorian newspapers: "El Universo" —private— and "El Telégrafo" —public—, starting three months before 30-S. Such analysis attempts to respond several questions and hypotheses focused on the "symbolic power" exercised by these media in such event. The interest remains far from establishing responsibilities, while intends to comprehend the structure of such newspaperságenda, contributing to study the facet of Ecuadorian media as political actors. The study also offers results of an empirical analysis of information broadcasted by both newspapers on Twitter, starting three months before 30-S. This process attempts to respond several hypotheses and questions focused on the flow of informative dissemination issued on the mentioned network. The period chosen for the study corresponds to the discussion stage of the "Law of Public Service" at the National Assembly of Ecuador, which is considered as one of the defining factors towards the police revolt. Results show that the information broadcasted by these media on "Twitter" implied a much more complex model than a two-step one. Therefore, this dissertation attempts to contribute in studying the communicational and political proceedings of Ecuadorian media, from both traditional (press) and virtual (Twitter) environments. ; En Ecuador, durante as últimas décadas, a medios tradicionais (radio, prensa e televisión) mantiveron a súa hexemonía na xestión da información. Estes medios, na súa maioría pertencentes a grupos financeiros eran a única forma de acceso á información para os cidadáns comúns, orientación da opinión pública de acordo cos seus intereses. Este poder político e comunicacional reforzouse con case ningunha presenza de medios de comunicación públicos e infraestruturas de comunicación pobres que limitan o acceso do público á Internet. Proba do poder político que mantivo a mídia en Ecuador foi a súa participación influente en eventos importantes na historia política do Ecuador como o derrubamento de presidentes Abdala Bucaram (1997), Jamil Mahuad (2000) e Lucio Gutiérrez (2005), amplamente estudado en literatura. Coa chegada de Rafael Correa á Presidencia da República do Ecuador, en xaneiro de 2007, a área política e comunicacional do Ecuador cambiou dramaticamente. Correa ten aplicado unha serie de políticas e accións de comunicación para contrarrestar o poder de comunicación da mídia tradicional. Neste novo contexto de cambio, os medios de comunicación teñen que chegou a desempeñar un papel político moi importante, -por mor ao forte descenso na credibilidade e forza dos partidos políticos, tornándose a principal forza de oposición contra o réxime de Correa. Durante o goberno de Rafael Correa, un dos eventos críticos foi a insubordinación dun grupo de membros da Policía e do Exército do Ecuador, que tivo lugar o 30 de setembro do 2010 (30-S). Nesta tese, analizamos este feito a partir de dous aspectos: en primeiro lugar, a axenda mediática dous maiores xornais de circulación en Ecuador: The Universe (medios privada) e The Telegraph (sector público), tres meses antes da 30- S; e, por outra, a propagación da emitidos por estes dous xornais a través de novas Twitter no mesmo período. A nosa hipótese é que este fluxo de información é unha estrutura multi-estadio e multi-direccional, o que corresponde a un modelo de enxame, dadas as características de conectividade de rede social en liña.
Problem formulation. The problem of organizing state and non-state institutions to combat the spread of fakes in the information space is to establish a parity (balance) between: citizens right to receive reliable/legal information protection, freedom of speech protection and expression (civil liberties) and protection of national interests of Ukraine. The existing imbalance caused by the lack of effective mechanisms to counteract misinformation and its dissemination through social media. In the EU countries at the state level the fight is not against misinformation, but with illegal (harmful, dangerous) content in the media and social media, which is ineffective for Ukraine in the face of existing challenges and threats related to the military conflict and occupation of part of state territory, as well as the Covid-19 pandemic. Previously unresolved parts of the overall problem. An unresolved part of the general problem is the lack of proper scientific substantiation of state mechanisms to combat disinformation and its dissemination in the media and social media. The aim of the article is to develop strategic approaches and practical recommendations for combating misinformation and its dissemination in Ukraine by social media in the context of information and psychological attacks and the Covid-19 pandemic. Main material. Digital technologies and information flows form practically all social processes faced by modern society. Thanks to built-in microprocessors, algorithmic devices and information systems combine texts, sounds and images that are easily stored and reproduced in digital format. The transfer of mass communication to the Internet has led to the transition of target audiences from traditional media to social networks. Without diminishing the benefits, opportunities and prospects that the digital world opens to humanity, it is necessary to actualize the significance of the negative side of the digital development of mass communication. Digital realities open up new possibilities for the introduction of various manipulation tools, among which misinformation is especially dangerous. Post-truth interpretation refers to artificial circumstances in which the emotions and personal beliefs of target audiences are more important than objective facts and evidence that become irrelevant, particularly in shaping public opinion and influencing the mass consciousness. Post-truth is not just the opposite of truth, but rather a phenomenon of purposeful introduction of proactive communication, which as a set of different and interconnected actions, due to its recombined qualities and combination of different components misleads recipients of information in order to subdue them. The consequence is a decrease in the level of trust in the received information and media. People are confused, it becomes difficult for them to separate true information from false information, they do not realize what is true and what media can be trusted. The post-truth politics is realized through "soft" and gradual transformation of the system of national values and moral principles into so-called alternative "universal norms of morality" to absolutize individual freedom, discredit expert opinions and rational discussions, and most importantly to destroy information sovereignty. One of the effective tools for implementing such a policy is gaslighting - a form of organized influence of suggestors (manipulators, politicians, officials) on the processes of public self-identification in order to disorient them and further subdue by provoking uncertainty and doubts about the adequacy of their perception of reality. Victims of gaslighting no longer trust their values, ideals and beliefs, and in despair they give up and by default fall under the influence of manipulators. Such people do not even realize that they are consumers of misinformation. Global networks are becoming a suitable environment for gas writers, as the constant presence of the vast majority of users on social networks and media channels is caused by the growing level of Internet addiction and digital autism, which create a person first addiction and secondly dangerous state of inability to maintain psychological support. languages with other individuals. That is, the digital transformation of everyday life contributes to the loss of people's communication skills of real communication. The loss of the ability to think adequately, independently and analytically is also negative, because the content and meaning of what is happening around them is formed by social media and digital algorithms of artificial intelligence. Influencing citizens by external propagandists' manipulation means disseminate not only criminal and illegal content through social media, but also directly implement political scenarios of changes in national values, the overthrow of the government, provoke armed conflicts, and so on. Disinformation contributes to a geometrically progressive increase in the incidence of the population, which leads to the introduction by the authorities of some regulatory (remediation) measures that may impair freedom of speech and freedom of expression, restrict freedom of assembly and access to public information. In order to obtain the necessary parity between the appropriateness of the application of regulatory measures to combat misinformation to protect the right to reliable and lawful information and the exercise of civil liberties (rights to freedom expression), it is necessary to legally define the grounds, limits and criteria limitation. The dissemination of harmful information cannot be overcome post-factum with the help of targeted sanctions, under these conditions rapid preventive measures are needed. In this context, the media play a key role in combating fakes and are accountable to the state and society for failing to provide accurate and reliable information to the public. Social media units, multinational corporations (digital producers), administrators of social networking platforms, non-governmental organizations and international institutions, civil society and independent media are the subjects of counteraction to the spread of disinformation by social media. Conclusions and recommendations. The significance of the negative consequences of the digital development of mass communication is actualized, the virtual reality of which opens new possibilities for the introduction of various manipulation tools, among which misinformation carries a special danger. It has been proven that misinformation is successfully disseminated through aggressive information campaigns and lack of knowledge about threats and existing vulnerabilities of society, and more effectively affects target audiences by disrupting the interaction (cooperation and communication) of actors to counter its dissemination at the national and international levels. It is substantiated that modern management processes are formed under the influence of post-truth policy, one of the effective tools of which is gaslighting. The main factors that contribute to the spread of misinformation through social media are identified: the effectiveness of the impact on the mass consciousness; scale, high speed and rate of distribution; stability of online presence (causes cumulative effect); intentional promotion of content by artificially adding it to disseminated information flows through popular media and resources; high quality, multidimensionality and variety of fake products, which are perfectly combined in the form of texts, images and videos; easy availability, high-tech and convenience of software for creating fakes. The necessity of disseminating positive Ukrainian narratives by social media as a tool to counteract misinformation and information defense of the country has been proved. It is proposed to involve the best representatives of the Ukrainian elite: patriotic politicians and public figures (opinion leaders), bloggers, volunteers, scientists, cultural and artistic figures for this case. It is substantiated that state public policy subjects of counteracting disinformation and its dissemination (Center for Counteracting Disinformation of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, Center for Strategic Communications and Information Security of the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine and National Council of Ukraine on Television and Radio Broadcasting) flows in the middle of the country, if necessary, applying the necessary remedial action, study the target audiences, identify, analyze and assess their vulnerabilities (public fears, doubts, etc.), predict possible information attacks on Ukraine. It is necessary to constantly cooperate with digital media and mass media through information and communication campaigns. Practical recommendations were given to state/non-state subjects of counteraction of misinformation on struggle in Ukraine against production of fake content by means of social media. It is necessary: to create a favorable socio-economic, institutional-legal and information-communicative environment for quality and independent journalism, as well as an independent community of fact-checkers as a form of journalistic control to verify the facts used in texts, speeches, social networks posts and identify possible inconsistencies; to disseminate accurate, reliable and objective information on the basis of responsible and independent journalism, to prevent the dissemination of fabricated and manipulative content; to produce positive Ukrainian narratives as a tool of information defense, to prevent the emergence of fakes (instead of refuting fakes - to act in advance), promptly and without explanation to remove/block malicious content in accordance with the law and "community policy"; to set requirements for the media platforms transparency (their activities, funding sources, owners), define criteria and algorithms for ranking information, as well as legally and legitimately require social media to remove illegal content and block its distributors; to monitor, moderate and control the social media content on the basis of legality, transparency and compliance with international human rights standards with the use of means to protect them; to regulate and control the distribution of advertising on news resources of the media and social media, in particular to ensure verification of the transparency and veracity of its sponsored political content, as well as limit of its targeting in order to minimize the income of disinformation disseminators; to promote digital services of voluntary users identification in the online space; to ensure easy, fast and reliable access to all official documents, regulated by the Council of Europe Convention on Access to Official Documents, ratified by Ukraine in 2020 (Council of Europe Convention on Access to Official Documents, 2009); to delegate to search platforms and social networks to determine the truth/falsity of information using artificial intelligence algorithms, remembering that these algorithms can be used to detect/remove misinformation, and vice versa - to create fake information (for example, to form the necessary public opinion misinformation is directed to a specific target audience, taking into account its features and characteristics through algorithmic analysis of messages on social networks, preferences, a selection of sources of user content); to ensure that the majority of the population masters the media literacy and cyberhygiene basics, in particular to encourage and promote the introduction of specialized media programs on information and digital literacy for most people to understand the functions and ramifications of artificial intelligence algorithms, the ability to make informed decisions minimize the impact of threats (risks) associated with the use of such systems, in cooperation with relevant stakeholders, including the private sector, the media, civil society, educational institutions and scientific and technical institutions. Key words: post-truth politics, misinformation, gaslighting, mass media, social media, social networks, fact-checking, media literacy, information campaigns, infodemia, digital technologies, digital transformations, artificial intelligence algorithms. ; У статті охарактеризовано проблеми організації боротьби із поширенням фейків в інформаційному просторі, які пов'язані з відсутністю ефективних державних механізмів протидії дезінформації та її поширенню засобами соціальних медіа. Доведено, що в країнах ЄС здійснюється боротьба не з дезінформацією, а з незаконним (шкідливим, небезпечним) контентом, що поширюється у ЗМІ та соціальних мережах, що є неефективним в умовах існуючих викликів та загроз, які пов'язані з військовим конфліктом та окупацією частини території України, а також пандемією Сovid-19, спричиненої коронавірусом SARS-CoV-2. Актуалізовано значущість негативних наслідків цифрового розвитку масової комунікації, реалії якого відкривають нові можливості запровадження різних інструментів маніпулювання, особливу небезпеку серед яких становить дезінформація. Охарактеризовано управлінські процеси, які формуються під впливом політики постправди, одним з ефективних інструментів реалізації якої є газлайтинг. Визначено основні фактори, які сприяють поширенню дезінформації засобами соціальних медіа. Доведено необхідність поширення засобами соціальних медіа позитивних українських наратив як інструменту протидії дезінформації та здійснення інформаційної оборони країни. Визначено державні суб'єкти вироблення публічної політики з протидії дезінформації та її поширенню в Україні, а також надано практичні рекомендації щодо боротьби з продукуванням фейкового контенту засобами соціальних медіа. Ключові слова: політика постправди; дезінформація; газлайтинг; засоби масової комунікації; засоби масової інформації; соціальні медіа; соціальні мережі; фактчекінг; медіаграмотність; інформаційні кампанії; інфодемія; цифрові технології; цифрові трансформації; алгоритми штучного інтелекту.
Problem formulation. The problem of organizing state and non-state institutions to combat the spread of fakes in the information space is to establish a parity (balance) between: citizens right to receive reliable/legal information protection, freedom of speech protection and expression (civil liberties) and protection of national interests of Ukraine. The existing imbalance caused by the lack of effective mechanisms to counteract misinformation and its dissemination through social media. In the EU countries at the state level the fight is not against misinformation, but with illegal (harmful, dangerous) content in the media and social media, which is ineffective for Ukraine in the face of existing challenges and threats related to the military conflict and occupation of part of state territory, as well as the Covid-19 pandemic. Previously unresolved parts of the overall problem. An unresolved part of the general problem is the lack of proper scientific substantiation of state mechanisms to combat disinformation and its dissemination in the media and social media. The aim of the article is to develop strategic approaches and practical recommendations for combating misinformation and its dissemination in Ukraine by social media in the context of information and psychological attacks and the Covid-19 pandemic. Main material. Digital technologies and information flows form practically all social processes faced by modern society. Thanks to built-in microprocessors, algorithmic devices and information systems combine texts, sounds and images that are easily stored and reproduced in digital format. The transfer of mass communication to the Internet has led to the transition of target audiences from traditional media to social networks. Without diminishing the benefits, opportunities and prospects that the digital world opens to humanity, it is necessary to actualize the significance of the negative side of the digital development of mass communication. Digital realities open up new possibilities for the introduction of various manipulation tools, among which misinformation is especially dangerous. Post-truth interpretation refers to artificial circumstances in which the emotions and personal beliefs of target audiences are more important than objective facts and evidence that become irrelevant, particularly in shaping public opinion and influencing the mass consciousness. Post-truth is not just the opposite of truth, but rather a phenomenon of purposeful introduction of proactive communication, which as a set of different and interconnected actions, due to its recombined qualities and combination of different components misleads recipients of information in order to subdue them. The consequence is a decrease in the level of trust in the received information and media. People are confused, it becomes difficult for them to separate true information from false information, they do not realize what is true and what media can be trusted. The post-truth politics is realized through "soft" and gradual transformation of the system of national values and moral principles into so-called alternative "universal norms of morality" to absolutize individual freedom, discredit expert opinions and rational discussions, and most importantly to destroy information sovereignty. One of the effective tools for implementing such a policy is gaslighting - a form of organized influence of suggestors (manipulators, politicians, officials) on the processes of public self-identification in order to disorient them and further subdue by provoking uncertainty and doubts about the adequacy of their perception of reality. Victims of gaslighting no longer trust their values, ideals and beliefs, and in despair they give up and by default fall under the influence of manipulators. Such people do not even realize that they are consumers of misinformation. Global networks are becoming a suitable environment for gas writers, as the constant presence of the vast majority of users on social networks and media channels is caused by the growing level of Internet addiction and digital autism, which create a person first addiction and secondly dangerous state of inability to maintain psychological support. languages with other individuals. That is, the digital transformation of everyday life contributes to the loss of people's communication skills of real communication. The loss of the ability to think adequately, independently and analytically is also negative, because the content and meaning of what is happening around them is formed by social media and digital algorithms of artificial intelligence. Influencing citizens by external propagandists' manipulation means disseminate not only criminal and illegal content through social media, but also directly implement political scenarios of changes in national values, the overthrow of the government, provoke armed conflicts, and so on. Disinformation contributes to a geometrically progressive increase in the incidence of the population, which leads to the introduction by the authorities of some regulatory (remediation) measures that may impair freedom of speech and freedom of expression, restrict freedom of assembly and access to public information. In order to obtain the necessary parity between the appropriateness of the application of regulatory measures to combat misinformation to protect the right to reliable and lawful information and the exercise of civil liberties (rights to freedom expression), it is necessary to legally define the grounds, limits and criteria limitation. The dissemination of harmful information cannot be overcome post-factum with the help of targeted sanctions, under these conditions rapid preventive measures are needed. In this context, the media play a key role in combating fakes and are accountable to the state and society for failing to provide accurate and reliable information to the public. Social media units, multinational corporations (digital producers), administrators of social networking platforms, non-governmental organizations and international institutions, civil society and independent media are the subjects of counteraction to the spread of disinformation by social media. Conclusions and recommendations. The significance of the negative consequences of the digital development of mass communication is actualized, the virtual reality of which opens new possibilities for the introduction of various manipulation tools, among which misinformation carries a special danger. It has been proven that misinformation is successfully disseminated through aggressive information campaigns and lack of knowledge about threats and existing vulnerabilities of society, and more effectively affects target audiences by disrupting the interaction (cooperation and communication) of actors to counter its dissemination at the national and international levels. It is substantiated that modern management processes are formed under the influence of post-truth policy, one of the effective tools of which is gaslighting. The main factors that contribute to the spread of misinformation through social media are identified: the effectiveness of the impact on the mass consciousness; scale, high speed and rate of distribution; stability of online presence (causes cumulative effect); intentional promotion of content by artificially adding it to disseminated information flows through popular media and resources; high quality, multidimensionality and variety of fake products, which are perfectly combined in the form of texts, images and videos; easy availability, high-tech and convenience of software for creating fakes. The necessity of disseminating positive Ukrainian narratives by social media as a tool to counteract misinformation and information defense of the country has been proved. It is proposed to involve the best representatives of the Ukrainian elite: patriotic politicians and public figures (opinion leaders), bloggers, volunteers, scientists, cultural and artistic figures for this case. It is substantiated that state public policy subjects of counteracting disinformation and its dissemination (Center for Counteracting Disinformation of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, Center for Strategic Communications and Information Security of the Ministry of Culture and Information Policy of Ukraine and National Council of Ukraine on Television and Radio Broadcasting) flows in the middle of the country, if necessary, applying the necessary remedial action, study the target audiences, identify, analyze and assess their vulnerabilities (public fears, doubts, etc.), predict possible information attacks on Ukraine. It is necessary to constantly cooperate with digital media and mass media through information and communication campaigns. Practical recommendations were given to state/non-state subjects of counteraction of misinformation on struggle in Ukraine against production of fake content by means of social media. It is necessary: to create a favorable socio-economic, institutional-legal and information-communicative environment for quality and independent journalism, as well as an independent community of fact-checkers as a form of journalistic control to verify the facts used in texts, speeches, social networks posts and identify possible inconsistencies; to disseminate accurate, reliable and objective information on the basis of responsible and independent journalism, to prevent the dissemination of fabricated and manipulative content; to produce positive Ukrainian narratives as a tool of information defense, to prevent the emergence of fakes (instead of refuting fakes - to act in advance), promptly and without explanation to remove/block malicious content in accordance with the law and "community policy"; to set requirements for the media platforms transparency (their activities, funding sources, owners), define criteria and algorithms for ranking information, as well as legally and legitimately require social media to remove illegal content and block its distributors; to monitor, moderate and control the social media content on the basis of legality, transparency and compliance with international human rights standards with the use of means to protect them; to regulate and control the distribution of advertising on news resources of the media and social media, in particular to ensure verification of the transparency and veracity of its sponsored political content, as well as limit of its targeting in order to minimize the income of disinformation disseminators; to promote digital services of voluntary users identification in the online space; to ensure easy, fast and reliable access to all official documents, regulated by the Council of Europe Convention on Access to Official Documents, ratified by Ukraine in 2020 (Council of Europe Convention on Access to Official Documents, 2009); to delegate to search platforms and social networks to determine the truth/falsity of information using artificial intelligence algorithms, remembering that these algorithms can be used to detect/remove misinformation, and vice versa - to create fake information (for example, to form the necessary public opinion misinformation is directed to a specific target audience, taking into account its features and characteristics through algorithmic analysis of messages on social networks, preferences, a selection of sources of user content); to ensure that the majority of the population masters the media literacy and cyberhygiene basics, in particular to encourage and promote the introduction of specialized media programs on information and digital literacy for most people to understand the functions and ramifications of artificial intelligence algorithms, the ability to make informed decisions minimize the impact of threats (risks) associated with the use of such systems, in cooperation with relevant stakeholders, including the private sector, the media, civil society, educational institutions and scientific and technical institutions. Key words: post-truth politics, misinformation, gaslighting, mass media, social media, social networks, fact-checking, media literacy, information campaigns, infodemia, digital technologies, digital transformations, artificial intelligence algorithms. ; У статті охарактеризовано проблеми організації боротьби із поширенням фейків в інформаційному просторі, які пов'язані з відсутністю ефективних державних механізмів протидії дезінформації та її поширенню засобами соціальних медіа. Доведено, що в країнах ЄС здійснюється боротьба не з дезінформацією, а з незаконним (шкідливим, небезпечним) контентом, що поширюється у ЗМІ та соціальних мережах, що є неефективним в умовах існуючих викликів та загроз, які пов'язані з військовим конфліктом та окупацією частини території України, а також пандемією Сovid-19, спричиненої коронавірусом SARS-CoV-2. Актуалізовано значущість негативних наслідків цифрового розвитку масової комунікації, реалії якого відкривають нові можливості запровадження різних інструментів маніпулювання, особливу небезпеку серед яких становить дезінформація. Охарактеризовано управлінські процеси, які формуються під впливом політики постправди, одним з ефективних інструментів реалізації якої є газлайтинг. Визначено основні фактори, які сприяють поширенню дезінформації засобами соціальних медіа. Доведено необхідність поширення засобами соціальних медіа позитивних українських наратив як інструменту протидії дезінформації та здійснення інформаційної оборони країни. Визначено державні суб'єкти вироблення публічної політики з протидії дезінформації та її поширенню в Україні, а також надано практичні рекомендації щодо боротьби з продукуванням фейкового контенту засобами соціальних медіа. Ключові слова: політика постправди; дезінформація; газлайтинг; засоби масової комунікації; засоби масової інформації; соціальні медіа; соціальні мережі; фактчекінг; медіаграмотність; інформаційні кампанії; інфодемія; цифрові технології; цифрові трансформації; алгоритми штучного інтелекту.
