Suchergebnisse

China's economic ties with Russia are deepening, particularly in terms of trade and cross-border lending, but less so in terms of Chinese foreign direct investment in, or portfolio flows to, Russia. Meanwhile, Europe remains Russia's largest trading partner, lender and investor. In relation to trade, an analysis of China's increasing export share and the increasing value added of its exports, and previous empirical analysis at the product level, indicate that China seems to have become more of a competitor to the European Union on Russia's market. Increasing competition between European and Chinese exports should not be surprising as there is ample evidence that China has rapidly moved up the technology ladder in the last few decades. Competition over investment and lending is more limited, but the situation could change rapidly with China and Russia giving clear signs of a stronger than ever strategic partnership.

AbstractIn the European Union, for the first time, lay people can participate directly in the procedure of assessment of GMO (genetically modified organisms) products, an exercise normally reserved for scientists and legal experts. What makes this a unique strategy of participation is that for each single application for authorization, lay people have the opportunity to express their views. This article presents the result of the first in‐depth analysis of this type of Internet participatory exercise in the first years of its implementation. It shows that, despite generally participatory technology assessment aims at deliberative consensus on technical questions, this forum is instead a way to expose the work of regulative authorities to public scrutiny and to express dissent and opposition to the European Commission policy on GMOs.

The distribution of Particulate Matter in the atmosphere, resulting from emissions produced by cars, trucks, ships, industrial estates and agricultural complexes, is a topical public health problem that has increased in recent decades due to environmental factors in advanced economies in particular. This contribution relates the health impact caused by concentrations of Particulate Matter (PM) in ambient air to the PM standards, the size of the particles and spatial planning. Diverging impacts of PM standards in legal regulation are discussed. The authors present a review of the development of legal PM standards in the European Union, with a specific reference to The Netherlands.

This is the third and final part of a series of 'research note' articles looking at an AHRC funded project on the various research methodologies used by European Union and International Law researchers. The first part can be viewed at: http://www.jcer.net/ojs/index.php/jcer/article/view/50/53 and the second part can be viewed at: http://www.jcer.net/ojs/index.php/jcer/article/view/96/83

This paper provides new evidence of the impact of government spending on economic growth in the European Union countries. Governments can adjust their levels of spending in order to influence their economies, although the relationship between these variables can be positive or negative, depending on the countries included in the sample, the period of estimation and the variables which reflect the size of the public sector. The results obtained based on regression and panel techniques suggest that government expenditure is not clearly related with economic growth in the European Union countries over the period 1994-2012 .

This paper provides new evidence of the impact of government spending on economic growth in the European Union countries. Governments can adjust their levels of spending in order to influence their economies, although the relationship between these variables can be positive or negative, depending on the countries included in the sample, the period of estimation and the variables which reflect the size of the public sector. The results obtained based on regression and panel techniques suggest that government expenditure is not clearly related with economic growth in the European Union countries over the period 1994-2012 .

Bu araştırma, uluslararası ticaret bakımından Türkiye ve Avrupa'nın ilişkilerini ve bir değişken olarak gümrük birliği antlaşmasının sonuçlarını değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Avrupa Birliği'nin kurulmasından itibaren internasyonel ticaret birliklerinin kurulumları hız kazanmıştır fakat dünyada internasyonel olarak kurulan ve bütçesi en fazla olan bu birlik ile komşuluk ilişkisine sahip Türkiye'nin nasıl bir ilişki geliştirdiği ve geliştireceğinden de bahsedilmiştir. Ticaret olanakları ve antlaşmalarının iki taraf için de nasıl bir etki yarattığı analiz edilerek sunulmuştur. Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye özelinde oluşturulan tablolardan yararlanılarak iki ülkenin ticaretleri incelenerek değerlendirmelerde bulunulmuştur. Bu araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmamızın konusu olan değişkenleri içine alan araştırmaların verileri ve tabloları kullanılarak bakış açısı geliştirilmeye çalışılmıştır. ; This research, in terms of international trade relations between Turkey and Europe as a variable and aimed to evaluate the results of the customs union treaty. The European Union has won the speed of installation, but after the establishment was founded as International International trade union in the world and most of which have been mentioned budget will be developed and how to develop a relationship with the union neighborly relations with Turkey. It is presented by analyzing how trade opportunities and treaties have an impact on both sides. The European Union and Turkey benefiting from the ones created in the table have been made in special assessment examining the two countries' trade. Qualitative research methods were used in this study. It has been tried to improve the viewpoints by using the data and tables of the researches including the variables of our research.

This article provides analysis of the most prominent legal issues arising as a consequence of a voluntary withdrawal of a Member State from the European Union pursuant to Article 50 TEU. Particular attention is given to the aspects which have not been explicitly regulated, as well as to those that remain unclear due to the complex wording of Article 50 TEU. Following the introduction, the first section focuses on the termination of application of EU law. The second section provides a more detailed insight into the consequences of the voluntary withdrawal on the issues related to the EU citizenship. The next section elaborates on the legal framework for establishing relations between the withdrawing state and the EU under international law. Finally, the last section of the paper analyzes the consequences for the position of the withdrawing state vis-à-vis international organizations and under international law in general.

In biogeopolitics, the key state stakeholders develop and aim to accomplish their geopolitical goals by (mis)management and biopolitical governance of vulnerable population. In this paper, this population refers to asylum‐related migrants who use or aim to use an asylum request as their entry mechanism to the European Union. This paper explores the emergence of biogeopolitics at the EU borderland between Turkey and Greece during the COVID‐19 pandemic in 2020. Statistics about irregular migration from Turkey to Greece, field observations in Lesvos (Greece) as well as media and social media discussions about COVID‐19 in Lesvos are analysed. In the biogeopolitics of COVID‐19, the governance and (mis)management of asylum‐related migrants include policies and practices to let these migrants to live or die, including regulating illegal border‐crossings, everyday living conditions at the reception centres, and actions regarding the pandemic. The COVID‐19 pandemic was used as an additional tool to foster biogeopolitics.