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APPROVED ; Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection has been identified as a significant etiological agent in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). There is mounting evidence from North America and Europe to suggest that HPV-related HNSCC is becoming the principal driver of increasing incidence trends amongst all HNSCC. HPV-unrelated cases have seen a plateau or a decline in incidence in the last 20 to 30 years. No data on the epidemiology of HPV infection in oropharyngeal, oral cavity, and laryngeal SCC in Ireland currently exists in the literature, and thus the ECHO study was carried out to investigate the epidemiology of HPV infection in oropharyngeal, oral cavity, and laryngeal SCC in Ireland between 1994 and 2013. A total of 861 primary oropharyngeal, oral cavity, and laryngeal SCC cases, identified through the National Cancer Registry, were obtained from hospitals across Ireland and tested for HPV DNA using Multiplex PCR Luminex technology based in and sanctioned by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). A prevalence of 17.1% (CI: 14.6, 19.6) HPV DNA positivity was detected in the study population. Prevalence in oropharyngeal cases was 41.1% (CI: 34.5, 47.8); in oral cavity cases was 10.9% (CI: 7.5, 14.2); and in laryngeal cases was 7.8% (CI: 4.9, 10.7). High-risk carcinogenic HPV16 was the overwhelmingly dominant genotype amongst HPV positive cases regardless of sub-site. HPV-related oropharyngeal cases saw the highest average annual percentage change in incidence of 16.4% (p<0.0001) over the time period. Significant predictors of HPV positivity amongst all cases were younger age, oropharyngeal sub-site, and never- and ex-smoking status. HPV positive cases also presented disproportionately at later TNM stage with higher extent of nodal involvement. Both overall and cancer-specific survival were significantly improved amongst HPV positive all patients together, though HPV status was only a significant predictor of survival in the oropharynx. Amongst HPV positive patients in the oropharynx, surgery alone maximized survival, alluding to the potential for de-escalation of treatment in HPV-related OSCC in particular. Cumulatively, these findings highlight the importance of introducing boys in to the national HPV vaccination programme in Ireland, and the relevance of the nona-valent Gardasil-9 vaccine to HNSCC prevention, two changes the Irish government will be implementing in September 2019.

Purpose
Selecting the most appropriate healthcare waste treatment technology (HCWTT) is an uncertain and complex decision-making problem because there exist more than one alternative and many conflicting qualitative and quantitative criteria. However, the use of fuzzy and comparative values, instead of specific crisp values, provides more accurate results, so that the alternatives may be evaluated in accordance with hesitant human nature. The purpose of this paper is to select the best HCWTT using a hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set (HFLTS).


Design/methodology/approach
Five main criteria were identified for HCWTT selection, such as economic, social, environmental, technical and ergonomic criteria. In total, 19 sub-criteria were examined, and the hierarchy of the criteria was formed. The criteria weights were determined using the multi-criteria hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set (MC-HFLTS). The selection processes of incineration (A1), steam sterilization (A2), microwave (A3) and landfill (A4) alternatives were carried out using the multi-attributive ideal-real comparative analysis (MAIRCA) and multi-attributive border approximation area comparison (MABAC) methods. In the comparative analyses, Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) and technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) methods were used.


Findings
The comparison of the results of the MABAC and MAIRCA methods with the results of VIKOR and TOPSIS methods indicated that A2 (steam sterilization) alternative was the best one and produced the same ranking of the technology alternatives (A2 > A3 > A1 > A4). As a result, the study concluded that these methods can be successfully used for HCWTT selection problems.


Originality/value
To the best of the authors' knowledge, MC-HFLTS has not been used to select HCWTT in the existing literature. For the first time, MC-HFLTS&MAIRCA and MC-HFLTS&MABAC approaches were used in order to choose the best treatment method for healthcare waste under the effect of multiple conflicting hierarchical criteria. It has been provided that MABAC and MAIRCA select alternative choices by taking into consideration the hierarchical criteria. Unlike other studies, this study also considered ergonomic criteria that are important for people working during the process of using the treatment technology.

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English]
Companies are now operating in a globalized era, with constantly developing and rapidly growing infor­mation and communication technologies, with many transformations in communication forms and with intellectual capital- and knowledge-based competition aspects. Due to this, the choice of sales approaches is an essential part of the sales process, which determines the performance results, measured in terms of the efficiency of the companies, cooperation, market share, and other indicators. Before making decisions regarding the choice of the sales approach with which the end-user will be reached, or before making the decision to change the approach of sales, or after such a change, it is necessary for companies to assess the detailed impact thereof on their performance. This article highlights a holistic approach to decision-making related to the importance of choosing or modifying sales approaches, the importance of assessing the relationship between sales approaches and multi-threaded results on the needs of the market and operational efficiency, on the need of better access to markets and consumers, and successful business activities. After a systematic comparative analysis of the scientific literature, the theoretical model, which allows for estimating the relationship between business results and sales approaches through which end-users are reached, was created. The model was designed to rationalize the choices available when choosing the sales approaches. The relationship between sales approaches and results highlights the need for estimating qualitative variables, such as consumers, because they directly determine the company's quantitative performance by purchasing the product offered by the company. The theoretical model helps systematically see the whole complex assessment process and, in each case, depending on the purpose of the assessment, to choose the methods which will let achieve the best results of the evaluation, at the same time allowing the company an opportunity to choose the best selling approach that would meet their expectations. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that evaluation is a continuous process, so after the results of the evaluation of the chosen sales approach are received, it is necessary to return to the decision-making process and evaluate if the originally set goal was reached.

Homophobia, biphobia, transphobia and gender violence in sexual-affective relationships appear frequently in the bases of bullying. The educational centres are more conscious about this reality and look for actions to prevent and eradicate this kind of violence. At the same time, international research states that bullying prevention needs a re-organization of the educational centre incorporating the work of all the educational community (students, family, teachers, etc.). In this article we gather data on bullying and its connection to gender, part of the Spanish legislation related to this problem is analysed and we conducted an international literature review. The main contribution of this article is to present orientations and actions that prevent and contribute to eradicate gender violence and violence for homophobia, biphobia and transphobia through the school organization and school management. Some of these actions are inclusive education, democratization of the centres, making visible and not trivializing violence, and mainly the community participation and active positioning of all the community against bullying and in favour of the victims ; La violencia por homofobia, bifobia, transfobia y la violencia de género en relaciones afectivo-sexuales aparecen con frecuencia en la base del acoso escolar. Los centros educativos cada vez son más conscientes de esta realidad y buscan actuaciones que prevengan y erradiquen dicha violencia. Paralelamente las investigaciones internacionales plantean como la prevención del acoso escolar requiere de una reorganización del centro educativo que incorpore el trabajo conjunto de toda la comunidad educativa (alumnado, familiares, profesorado, etc.). En este artículo recogemos datos sobre violencia escolar y su vinculación con el género, analizamos parte de la legislación española relacionada con esta problemática y realizamos una revisión de las investigaciones científicas internacionales al respecto. La contribución principal de este artículo es la presentación de orientaciones y acciones que prevengan y contribuyan a erradicar la violencia de género y la violencia por homofobia, bifobia y transfobia a través de la organización y gestión de los centros educativos. Algunas de estas acciones son la educación inclusiva, la democratización de los centros, la visibilización y no trivialización de la violencia y principalmente la participación y posicionamiento activo de toda la comunidad educativa contra el bullying y a favor de las víctimas

Homophobia, biphobia, transphobia and gender violence in sexual-affective relationships appear frequently in the bases of bullying. The educational centres are more conscious about this reality and look for actions to prevent and eradicate this kind of violence. At the same time, international research states that bullying prevention needs a re-organization of the educational centre incorporating the work of all the educational community (students, family, teachers, etc.). In this article we gather data on bullying and its connection to gender, part of the Spanish legislation related to this problem is analysed and we conducted an international literature review. The main contribution of this article is to present orientations and actions that prevent and contribute to eradicate gender violence and violence for homophobia, biphobia and transphobia through the school organization and school management. Some of these actions are inclusive education, democratization of the centres, making visible and not trivializing violence, and mainly the community participation and active positioning of all the community against bullying and in favour of the victims ; La violencia por homofobia, bifobia, transfobia y la violencia de género en relaciones afectivo-sexuales aparecen con frecuencia en la base del acoso escolar. Los centros educativos cada vez son más conscientes de esta realidad y buscan actuaciones que prevengan y erradiquen dicha violencia. Paralelamente las investigaciones internacionales plantean como la prevención del acoso escolar requiere de una reorganización del centro educativo que incorpore el trabajo conjunto de toda la comunidad educativa (alumnado, familiares, profesorado, etc.). En este artículo recogemos datos sobre violencia escolar y su vinculación con el género, analizamos parte de la legislación española relacionada con esta problemática y realizamos una revisión de las investigaciones científicas internacionales al respecto. La contribución principal de este artículo es la presentación de orientaciones y acciones que prevengan y contribuyan a erradicar la violencia de género y la violencia por homofobia, bifobia y transfobia a través de la organización y gestión de los centros educativos. Algunas de estas acciones son la educación inclusiva, la democratización de los centros, la visibilización y no trivialización de la violencia y principalmente la participación y posicionamiento activo de toda la comunidad educativa contra el bullying y a favor de las víctimas

Homophobia, biphobia, transphobia and gender violence in sexual-affective relationships appear frequently in the bases of bullying. The educational centres are more conscious about this reality and look for actions to prevent and eradicate this kind of violence. At the same time, international research states that bullying prevention needs a re-organization of the educational centre incorporating the work of all the educational community (students, family, teachers, etc.). In this article we gather data on bullying and its connection to gender, part of the Spanish legislation related to this problem is analysed and we conducted an international literature review. The main contribution of this article is to present orientations and actions that prevent and contribute to eradicate gender violence and violence for homophobia, biphobia and transphobia through the school organization and school management. Some of these actions are inclusive education, democratization of the centres, making visible and not trivializing violence, and mainly the community participation and active positioning of all the community against bullying and in favour of the victims. ; La violencia por homofobia, bifobia, transfobia y la violencia de género en relaciones afectivo-sexuales aparecen con frecuencia en la base del acoso escolar. Los centros educativos cada vez son más conscientes de esta realidad y buscan actuaciones que prevengan y erradiquen dicha violencia. Paralelamente las investigaciones internacionales plantean como la prevención del acoso escolar requiere de una reorganización del centro educativo que incorpore el trabajo conjunto de toda la comunidad educativa (alumnado, familiares, profesorado, etc.). En este artículo recogemos datos sobre violencia escolar y su vinculación con el género, analizamos parte de la legislación española relacionada con esta problemática y realizamos una revisión de las investigaciones científicas internacionales al respecto. La contribución principal de este artículo es la presentación de orientaciones y acciones que prevengan y contribuyan a erradicar la violencia de género y la violencia por homofobia, bifobia y transfobia a través de la organización y gestión de los centros educativos. Algunas de estas acciones son la educación inclusiva, la democratización de los centros, la visibilización y no trivialización de la violencia y principalmente la participación y posicionamiento activo de toda la comunidad educativa contra el bullying y a favor de las víctimas.

The paper deals with the ideologically conditioned changes of cultural politics in socialist Yugoslavia in the first decade after the Second World War (1945-1955) and their influences on children's poetry. The sudden shift from party-controlled socialist realism towards freedom of (also ideologically established) scientific and artistic creativity has resulted in the artistic and ideological phenomenon that certain literary historians call socialist aesthetics. The paper will attempt to prove that the expression of this kind of aestheticism in children's literature is modern poetry for children. Ideas of creative freedom and general social modernism were reflected in the educational politics and social welfare of children and youth. All this is expressed in poetry that gives priority to play, primarily language play, humor, and imagination over direct pedagogical function. Such poetry has its roots in folk and European literary tradition, welcoming children's wishes and fears. It is emancipatory and simultaneously detached from many aspects of the reality of children's lives and children's status in society. Such poetry emerged in various ways and within various national cultures of the former socialist Yugoslavia, at the same time realizing similar, and in many ways, comparative aesthetic and social effects. ; Rad se bavi ideološki uvjetovanim promjenama kulturne politike u socijalističkoj Jugoslaviji u prvom desetljeću poslije Drugoga svjetskog rata (1945. – 1955.) i njihovim utjecajima na dječju poeziju. Nagli zaokret od partijski kontroliranog socijalističkog realizma prema slobodi (također ideološki uspostavljenoj) znanstvenog i umjetničkog stvaralaštva rezultirao je umjetničko-ideološkim fenomenom koji pojedini povjesničari književnosti nazivaju socijalističkim estetizmom. Naš rad dokazuje da je izraz takvog estetizma u dječjoj književnosti moderna poezija za djecu. Ideje stvaralačke slobode i sveopćeg društvenog modernizma reflektirale su se i u prosvjetnoj politici i u društvenoj skrbi o djeci i mladima. Sve je to našlo svoj izraz u poeziji koja daje prednost igri, i to, prije svega, igri u jeziku, humoru i mašti nad izravnom pedagoškom funkcijom. Takva poezija ima svoje izvore i u narodnoj i u europskoj književnoj tradiciji, otvorena je za dječje želje i strahove, emancipacijska je, ali je istodobno i odijeljena od mnogih aspekata stvarnoga dječjeg života i položaja djeteta u društvu. Takva je poezija na različite načine nastajala unutar različitih nacionalnih kultura nekadašnje socijalističke Jugoslavije, istodobno ostvarujući slične i po mnogo čemu usporedive estetske i socijalne učinke.

When Edward Snowden revealed to which extent modern surveillance systems control the world, this provoked a massive outcry among politicians and citizens. The National Security Agency's (NSA) programme, exposed by Snowden, is probably one of the biggest programmes collecting data of foreign and domestic citizens in the world. However, as terrorism has already existed before the 21st century, also counter-terrorist measures have a long tradition. The method of collecting data by using computerized systems has its beginnings in the second half of the 20th century. This new "computational security" is widely regarded as the beginning of "new surveillance" One of the countries which first made use of new surveillance methods was West-Germany, having to deal with left-wing extremism in the 1970s and 80s. It is, therefore, of particular interest to investigate to what extent Germany could cope with the new challenges and keep its democratic legitimacy as a Rechtsstaat, in particular in view of its fragility as a young and politically divided democracy. The Rechtsstaat is here defined as "a state in which the rule of law prevails". This paper examines to what extent the new surveillance and security methods, introduced by the German government against the RAF, led to a transformation of the understanding of the Rechtsstaat. To elaborate on this question, the first part touches upon the evolvement of the RAF. Furthermore, it introduces the criminologist Horst Herold, the main "hunter" of the RAF in more detail, and the creation of dragnet investigation. The second part outlines the concept of new surveillance using literature by Gary Marx and David Lyon, and examines to what extent "new surveillance" theory can be linked to the events in Germany. The third part explores the workings of the legislative and executive powers of the time by illustrating how they were threatening to undermine the Rechtsstaat in the attempt to establish security. The paper concludes by arguing that to counter the radical left-wing movement of the 1970s and the RAF, the German government implemented a number of policies and new processes, which challenged some of the basic principles of the Rechtsstaat, and thereby jeopardized the political and judicial foundations of this young democracy.

My research examines Dante's engagement with the traditions regarding collective memory in medieval Florence. In particular, it investigates the ways in which Dante responds to public and private attempts at forging both individual and collective identity in Florence. Selecting key chronicles, inscriptions and visual sources alluded to in the Commedia, the implications of Dante's representation in terms of his ideological response are then extensively discussed.After introducing the central passages from the Commedia relevant to my project and a review of selected secondary literature on Dante and history, the dissertation introduces the Medieval Latin Chronica de origine civitatis florentiae as Dante's most important source regarding his city's foundation. In so doing, the textual readings are informed by the formation and control of memory, history and identity in historical context. Building on Dante's reliance on the Chronica, the dissertation reveals the continuity of civic historiography up to Dante's time and argues that Dante's engagement with the medieval Florentine collective memory tradition can be better understood through a close look at the shifting account of Florence's foundation from the Chronica to Brunetto Latini's Tesoro to the Commedia. In such a way, there is a development of the multifaceted problem of engagement with the ideologically charged materials that built collective memory in medieval Florence. The agents responsible for producing publicly displayed visual representations to legitimize their own perspective are then discussed. Building on the complex relationships between the Chronica, the Tesoro and the Commedia, the dissertation discusses the integration of two well-known visual productions with this textually mediated tradition: the statue of Mars and the primo popolo inscription on the Palazzo del Podestà. Thus, Dante's critical response to the politically charged construction of collective memory is further analyzed through the lens of the chronicle tradition in the Cacciaguida episode. An internal tension emerges between the allusions to the ethical perversion of the self-justifying political purpose of the chronicles' role, and the direct reference to the chronicle tradition in Cacciaguida's episode which is constructed over the exaltation of Florentine's moral virtues before the city's commercial and political expansion. In so doing, Dante seems to disconnect the foundational myths fabricated by the early chroniclers from any justification of an expansionist project, proposing instead a conservative political and social vision shaped by the traumas of the experience, both of the factionalized city and of his own exile.

Using oral interviews, archival documents and a review of literature, this paper explores the 1960s colonial relocation of black people in Namibia from the Kavango River villages to Nkarapamwe Black Township in Rundu. The paper considers the relevance of the political situation in Namibia at that time, specifically the political insecurity situation along the Kavango River as part of the factors that led to the relocation. The aim is to analyze why people refused to move to the township and what strategies the colonial state used to achieve its objectives of relocation and how the relocation impacted on the economic and social aspects of the community. In the case of the riverside villages in Rundu, the motives for relocation were political in nature to monitor the ongoing frontal war by SWAPO along the Kavango River and although the authorities gave other benign reasons for relocation people hardly found them convincing and discerned their own reasons for being relocated. People initially refused to be relocated because they believed and feared rightly so that the houses in the new township were too small for their family and cultural practices and that they would have no ownership of the house and they would be compelled to pay for all costs of developments in the new black township. While some people moved voluntarily to Nkarapamwe Township in 1968 there are indications that the relocation was a force to many who had initially refused to move but were eventually forced to do so by the threat of having their homesteads burned and losing their jobs. The naming of their community by a proverbial name Nkarapamwe asserted the residents' desire to work closely together to avoid bringing each other into trouble or disrepute with the township administration officials. The paper asserts that relocation impacted negatively on people's economic aspects as it meant finding ways to recover costs of their loss of properties. Equally, it impacted on the people's social aspects as old interpersonal relations and social structure were irretrievably destroyed. This case study is significant as it provide an example of colonial relocation which can be a lesson to the post-colonial township authorities in Namibia on how relocation impacts on people and why authorities should become more considerate of community plights before, during and after relocation process.

Exhaust emissions from vehicles are major contributor to local air pollution and global climate change. Electric vehicles are zero tailpipe emission, while electricity can be generated from renewable sources. They are widely considered by policymakers. Although the Hong Kong Government carried out various policies in last few years, the market share of electric vehicles is still low, particularly in the public transport sector. This dissertation aims to investigate the policy drivers and obstacles to electric vehicles adoption in Hong Kong, focus on public transport vehicles – buses, public light buses and taxis, because they are the largest contributor to the street-level air pollution. The methodologies of this study included two parts. The first part is an extensive literature review and overseas case studies. The second part is survey interviews on 34 decision makers from public transport operators, public vehicle associations, infrastructure developers, car park management companies and property management companies. The survey covered 25.2 percent of total licensed public vehicles in Hong Kong in March 2013. The investigation reveals that long payback period, lack of infrastructure support, battery capacity, and range anxiety are the key obstacles to public electric vehicles adoption in Hong Kong, while environmental concern is less important to the stakeholders. As breakthroughs in technology will compensate most of the shortcomings, in short-term, provide direct subsidy on a non-linear sliding scale, and allocate land for overnight charging are vital for the Government to push public electric vehicles adoption. In medium to long-term, the Government has to be more proactive and roll out a clear roadmap for future development. Provide governmental research and development support, release the threshold of Green Pilot Transport Fund, further amendment on Road Traffic (Expressway) Regulations (Cap. 374Q), enhance collaboration with electric vehicle manufacturers, increase promotion, public education and professional training are recommended. The dissertation ends with a future research agenda. Suggestions included investigates the effectiveness of public electric vehicles' operation and acceptance by passengers; monitoring public electric vehicles' adoption, operation and development among Hong Kong and major regional competitors - Singapore and Shanghai. In addition, research on how China's expanding electric vehicle industry will influence public transport sector in the next two to three years' time. ; published_or_final_version ; Environmental Management ; Master ; Master of Science in Environmental Management

Abstract Background Herpes zoster (HZ) is caused by reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and mainly affects individuals aged ≥50 years. The forthcoming European launch of a vaccine against HZ (Zostavax®) prompts the need for a better understanding of the epidemiology of HZ in Europe. Therefore the aim of this systematic review was to summarize the available data on HZ incidence in Europe and to describe age-specific incidence. Methods The Medline database of the National Library of Medicine was used to conduct a comprehensive literature search of population-based studies of HZ incidence published between 1960 and 2010 carried out in the 27 member countries of the European Union, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. The identified articles were reviewed and scored according to a reading grid including various quality criteria, and HZ incidence data were extracted and presented by country. Results The search identified 21 studies, and revealed a similar annual HZ incidence throughout Europe, varying by country from 2.0 to 4.6/1 000 person-years with no clearly observed geographic trend. Despite the fact that age groups differed from one study to another, age-specific HZ incidence rates seemed to hold steady during the review period, at around 1/1 000 children <10 years, around 2/1 000 adults aged <40 years, and around 1–4/1 000 adults aged 40–50 years. They then increased rapidly after age 50 years to around 7–8/1 000, up to 10/1 000 after 80 years of age. Our review confirms that in Europe HZ incidence increases with age, and quite drastically after 50 years of age. In all of the 21 studies included in the present review, incidence rates were higher among women than men, and this difference increased with age. This review also highlights the need to identify standardized surveillance methods to improve the comparability of data within European Union Member States and to monitor the impact of VZV immunization on the epidemiology of HZ. Conclusions Available data in Europe have shortcomings which make an accurate assessment of HZ incidence and change over time impossible. However, data are indicative that HZ incidence is comparable, and increases with age in the same proportion across Europe.

This dissertation is about an important area in the discipline of architectural conservation, and it is cultural Landscape, defined as the combination of built and natural heritage resources. The understanding of the concept of "cultural landscape" is relatively new to Hong Kong, having been formally introduced by Dr. Ken Nicolson in 2002 as part of the syllabus of the postgraduate curriculum of HKU's Architectural Conservation Programmes (ACP). Today, the people of Hong Kong are more aware of cultural landscape, and the term now appears in government documents. However, the concept has been with Hong Kong for a long time, expressed in the principles of fung shui. Many of Hong Kong's cultural landscapes are influenced by fung shui and a common feature is fung shui woodland, which will be the focus of this dissertation. Fung shui is a belief system and a traditional form of landscape planning, and villages in Hong Kong and their woodlands are sited according to the principles of fung shui. The purpose of fung shui is clearly described in Yoon (1980). He stated that the aim of Fung Shui, is to maximize the wellbeing of human by maintaining the harmony between human and the nature. It is believed that all matter on the earth; both living and non-living things carry Qi or cosmic breath, which are responsible for ensuring posterity and vitality. Either insufficient or excessive Qi would result in decline and misfortune. In "Venturing Fung Shui Woods (2004)", it is mentioned that some of the oldest fung shui woodlands in Hong Kong date back to more than 300 years. Fung shui woodland is an important element of rural Hong Kong cultural landscapes representing our traditional belief system and high cultural significance. The author also describes fung shui woodlands as like a living herbarium or plant museum, offering valuable resources for both academic research and nature conservation. A review of the recent literature on fung shui woodland, in Fung Shui View (2012), the authors explain the value of the fung shui woodland is not only in terms of ecological, but also social. From the above publication, it is clear that the fung shui woodland is one of the important cultural landscape elements in Hong Kong, which illustrates our tradition cultural beliefs and the important value of original village settlements. ; published_or_final_version ; Conservation ; Master ; Master of Science in Conservation

The outspoken social reformer Mary Clare de Graffenreid (born 1849, died 1921) stood out among the handful of early women members of the American Economic Association (founded 1885) as the winner of two essay competitions. In 1889, Clare de Graffrenreid's essay shared the $100 first prize in an AEA essay competition on child labor, and appeared the following year in thePublications of the American Economic Association(1stseries, 5, 2, March 1890, pp. 194–271). In 1891 her essay "The Condition of Wage-Earning Women" (published inForum15, March 1893, pp. 68–82) won the $300 first prize in an AEA essay competition on women workers (the $200 second prize went to Helen Campbell's "Women Wage Earners," 1893). Her valedictory address at Wesleyan Female College in Macon, Georgia, in 1865 provided her first taste of public controversy, as the general commanding Union troops in the area responded by placing the college under guard and threatening to close it, but by far the most controversial of her twenty-seven publications was "The Georgia Cracker in the Cotton Mill" (Century Magazine, February 1891). This paper examines de Graffenreid's career and contributions, and what her career reveals about the paths for women to participate in the AEA and the American economics profession in the late nineteenth century. After teaching Latin, literature, and mathematics for a decade at Georgetown Female Seminary, de Graffenreid had a non-academic career as an investigator with the Bureau of Labor (from 1888, Department of Labor) from 1886 until she retired in 1906. Despite her AEA prizes, her published lectures to other conferences (YWCA, National Conference of Charities and Correction), and her published testimony to the Industrial Commission on the Relations of Capital and Labor, she was never on the program of an AEA meeting. Like other women economists of her time, de Graffenreid crossed boundaries between scholarly research and social reform, and between different scholarly disciplines (e.g., publishing "Some Social Economic Problems" inAmerican Journal of Sociology, 1896). The paper examines how essay competitions provided women such as de Graffenreid and Campbell (and Julie-Victoire Daubié and Clémence Royer in France) with a voice in the predominately male economics profession of the late nineteenth century.

Libro Electrónico ; xii, 242 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. ; Ted Striphas argues that, although the production and propagation of books have undoubtedly entered a new phase, printed works are still very much a part of our everyday lives. With examples from trade journals, news media, films, advertisements, and a host of other commercial and scholarly materials, Striphas tells a story of modern publishing that proves, even in a rapidly digitizing world, books are anything but dead. From the rise of retail superstores to Oprah's phenomenal reach, Striphas tracks the methods through which the book industry has adapted (or has failed to adapt) to rapid changes in twentieth-century print culture. Barnes & Noble, Borders, and Amazon.com have established new routes of traffic in and around books, and pop sensations like Harry Potter and the Oprah Book Club have inspired the kind of brand loyalty that could only make advertisers swoon. At the same time, advances in digital technology have presented the book industry with extraordinary threats and unique opportunities. Striphas's provocative analysis offers a counternarrative to those who either triumphantly declare the end of printed books or deeply mourn their passing. With wit and brilliant insight, he isolates the invisible processes through which books have come to mediate our social interactions and influence our habits of consumption, integrating themselves into our routines and intellects like never before. Tomado de [http://cup.columbia.edu/book/978-0-231-14814-6/the-late-age-of-print] ; Acknowledgments Introduction: The Late Age of Print Bottom Lines; Edges; Sites 1 E-Books and the Digital Future A Book by Any Other Name; Shelf Life; Book Sneaks; Disappearing Digits; A Different Story to Tell 2 The Big-Box Bookstore Blues Chain Reactions?; Thoroughly Modern Bookselling; Things to Do with Big-Box Bookstores; History's Folds 3 Bringing Bookland Online "The Tragedy of the Book Industry"; Encoding/Decoding—Sort of; A Political Economy of Commodity Codes; The Remarkable Unremarkable 4 Literature as Life on Oprah's Book Club O®; "No Dictionary Required"; "It's More About Life"; A Million Little Corrections; An Intractable Alchemy 5 Harry Potter and the Culture of the Copy Securing Harry Potter; Pirating Potter; He-Who-Must-Be-Named Conclusion: From Consumerism to Control On the Verge; From Heyday to History and Beyond Notes Index