Suchergebnisse

Since its independence, Algeria has sought to support agriculture because of its potential in this sector. Indeed, it has put in place several agricultural policies and the objective was to achieve food security by substituting local production for imported products. From this point of view, the country implemented a policy from the 2000s through the National Agricultural Development Plan in an attempt to overcome dependence on imports of certain commodities, such as cereals, Dairy products and vegetable oils . etc. Moreover, the persistence and aggravation of the external shock, caused by the collapse of hydrocarbon prices, militates for the continuation and widening of agricultural or industrial investment or tourism, in order to promote both The diversification of the economy, the satisfaction of a greater proportion of the needs of the internal market by national production and the development of non-hydrocarbon exports, which are essential for the rebalancing of external trade. Thus, our reflection finds its essence in the fact that agriculture has great potential to become a factor of development in Algeria and to constitute a strategy of economic diversification. In order to carry out our work, we relied on an empirical and theoretical literature, allowing us to structure our article as follows: the first will present the main characteristics of agriculture in Algeria, then the second point, analyze the performances realized In terms of agriculture, in particular through the various support strategies put in place, and a comparative analysis will be made between the agricultural sector and other sectors of activity in order to identify the importance of this sector for economic growth from the country. ; L'Algérie a cherché, ces dernières décennies, à soutenir l'agriculture du fait des potentialités qu'elle dispose en ce secteur. En effet, elle a mis en place plusieurs politiques agricoles et l'objectif était d'atteindre la sécurité alimentaire en substituant la production locale aux produits importés. Dans cette optique, le pays a alors mis en œuvre une politique à partir des années 2000 à travers le plan national de développement agricole (PNDA) afin d'essayer de sortir de la dépendance aux importations de certains produits de base, notamment les céréales, les produits laitiers et les huiles végétales…etc. Par ailleurs, la persistance et l'aggravation du choc externe, engendré par l'effondrement des cours des hydrocarbures, milite pour la poursuite et l'élargissement de l'investissement agricole, ou industriel ou encore du tourisme, afin de favoriser à la fois la diversification de l'économie, la satisfaction d'une plus grande proportion des besoins du marché intérieur par la production nationale et le développement des exportations hors hydrocarbures, indispensables au rééquilibrage des échanges extérieurs. Ainsi, notre réflexion trouve son essence dans le fait que l'agriculture a de fort potentiel pour devenir un facteur de développement en Algérie et pour constituer une stratégie de diversification économique. Afin de mener à bien notre travail, nous nous sommes appuyés sur une littérature empirique et théorique, nous permettant de structurer notre article comme suit: le premier présentera les principales caractéristiques de l'agriculture en Algérie, puis le second point, analysera les performances réalisées en termes d'agriculture à travers notamment les différentes stratégies de soutien mises en place, et enfin, une analyse comparative sera effectué entre le secteur agricole et d'autres secteurs d'activité afin de cerner l'importance de ce secteur pour la croissance économique du pays.

A search for a narrow, high-mass resonance decaying into Z and Higgs (H) bosons is presented. The final state studied consists of a merged jet pair and a τ pair resulting from the decays of Z and H bosons, respectively. The analysis is based on a data sample of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV, collected with the CMS experiment in 2012, and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb-1. In the resonance mass range of interest, which extends from 0.8 to 2.5 TeV, the Z and H bosons are produced with large momenta, which implies that the final products of the two quarks or the two τ leptons must be detected within a small angular interval. From a combination of all possible decay modes of the τ leptons, production cross sections in a range between 0.9 and 27.8 fb are excluded at 95% confidence level, depending on the resonance mass ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMWFW and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MOST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); MoER, ERC IUT and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NIH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS and RFBR (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI and CPAN (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and EPLANET (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A.P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of Foundation for Polish Science, co- financed from European Union, Regional Development Fund; the Compagnia di San Paolo (Torino); the Consorzio per la Fisica (Trieste); MIUR project 20108T4XTM (Italy); the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; and the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund

Differential cross sections as a function of transverse momentum pT are presented for the production of Υ(nS) (n = 1, 2, 3) states decaying into a pair of muons. Data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.9 fb−1 in pp collisions at √ s = 7 TeV were collected with the CMS detector at the LHC. The analysis selects events with dimuon rapidity |y| < 1.2 and dimuon transverse momentum in the range 10 < pT < 100 GeV. The measurements show a transition from an exponential to a powerlaw behavior at pT ≈ 20 GeV for the three Υ states. Above that transition, the Υ(3S) spectrum is significantly harder than that of the Υ(1S). The ratios of the Υ(3S) and Υ(2S) differential cross sections to the Υ(1S) cross section show a rise as pT increases at low pT, then become flatter at higher pT ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centers and personnel of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMWFW and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MOST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); MoER, ERC IUT and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NIH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS and RFBR (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI and CPAN (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and EPLANET (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A.P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of Foundation for Polish Science, co- financed from European Union, Regional Development Fund; the Compagnia di San Paolo (Torino); the Consorzio per la Fisica (Trieste); MIUR project 20108T4XTM (Italy); the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; and the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund

A diplomacia económica tornou-se um instrumento-chave para a política externa dos governos e para a promoção dos interesses de um país no exterior. A evolução do conteúdo económico da diplomacia levou à intervenção de novos atores (p. ex., organizações internacionais, empresas multinacionais). Apesar da intervenção de atores não-estatais, existe um forte consenso sobre o impacto global da diplomacia económica através do setor público. Tanto quanto eu poderia descobrir, não existem estudos sobre o papel das embaixadas portuguesas. Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o papel da embaixada Portuguesa, incluindo a delegação local da AICEP na concretização dos principais objetivos da diplomacia económica Portuguesa na República Checa. É adotada uma estratégia de investigação qualitativa, aplicando-se o método de estudo de caso para compreender o papel que ambas as organizações assumem. Informação recolhida durante os 5 meses de estágio e entrevistas a empresas Portuguesas com investimentos na República Checa são as principais fontes de informação. A ausência de uma delegação da AICEP na República Checa levou ao crescente papel da embaixada no apoio às empresas Portuguesas. A falta de recursos humanos na embaixada e a distância geográfica à delegação da AICEP em Varsóvia são consideradas grandes limitações em relação à promoção e ao apoio nas relações bilaterais comerciais e de investimento entre os dois países. Concretizar objetivos de diplomacia económica exige recursos. Após a eficiente utilização dos recursos públicos (combinando os recursos das delegações da AICEP com os das embaixadas), faria sentido aumentar a cooperação com atores privados, tais como as Câmaras de Comércio bilaterais e associações empresariais. ; Economic diplomacy has become a key instrument of Governments' foreign policy and of the promotion of a country's interests abroad. The evolution of the economic content of diplomacy led to the intervention of new actors (e.g. international organizations, non-profit organizations). Despite the intervention of non-state actors, there is a strong consensus on the overall impact of economic diplomacy through the public-sector. As far as I could find out, there are no studies about the role of the Portuguese embassies. This work aims to analyse the role of the Portuguese embassy and the local delegation of AICEP in achieving the main goals of Portuguese economic diplomacy in the Czech Republic. A qualitative research strategy is adopted, applying the case study method to comprehend the role assumed by both organizations. Information collected during the 5 months of the internship and interviews of Portuguese firms with investments in the Czech Republic are main sources of information. The absence of a physical presence of the AICEP delegation in the Czech Republic led to the increasing role of the embassy at supporting Portuguese firms. The lack of human resources at the embassy and the geographic distance to AICEP's delegation in Warsaw are considered to be major constraints regarding the promotion and support of bilateral trade and investment relations between the two countries. The achievement of economic diplomacy goals requires resources. After looking for a greater efficiency in the use of public resources (combining the resources of AICEP delegations with the embassies' resources) it would make sense increase the cooperation with private actors, such as bilateral Chambers of Commerce and business associations.

International audience ; The emergence of the ''Open Access'' (OA) movement and OA repositories has upset (and still upsets) the economy and access to scientific publications. The aim of this article is to actualize and complement the results of previous studies that have attempted to quantify the importance of OA in the field of biology/medicine, through a focus on the PubMed bibliographic database. An analysis of OA publications in PubMed, based on the geographical localization of authors, was also conducted (countries and continents) and some parameters related to OA (evolution of the OA journals, the number of mandates and OA repositories established by countries and continents) have also been studied. The results show that thepercentages of articles available in OA are still growing and reach 39.1% of articles available in the PubMed database in 2015. The geographical analysis of the 25 most productive countries and continents shows a great variability in the percentage of articles in OA (from 21.9% for Italy to 42.08% for the USA and from 22.80% for Oceania to 40.84% for North America). Furthermore, our results show that the number of mandates and OA repositories is not significantly correlated with the percentage of articles in OA at the national and continental levels, confirming that the public policies or mandates in OA have had an influence below expectations. The establishment of more coercive mandates may succeed in obtaining more significant effects in the medium or long-term. The steady increase of the number of OA journals, with the acknowledged growth of the number of citations of articles in OA, will certainly boost the attractiveness of the authors for the OA ; L'apparition du mouvement « open access » (libre accès, LA) et des archives ouvertes a bouleversé (et bouleverse encore) l'économie et l'accès aux publications scientifiques. L'objectif de cet article est de réactualiser et compléter les résultats des études antérieures qui ont tenté de quantifier l'importance du LA dans le domaine de la biologie/médecine, par le biais d'un focus sur la base de données bibliographiques PubMed. Une analyse des publications en LA dans PubMed en fonction de l'origine géographique des auteurs a également été menée (pays et continents) et un certain nombre de paramètres liés au LA (évolution du nombre de journaux en LA, nombre de mandats et d'archives ouvertes par pays et continents) ont également été étudiés et mis en perspective. Les résultats mettent en évidence que les pourcentages d'articles dont le texte intégral et disponible en LA ne cessent de progresser et concernent en 2015, 39,1 % des articles disponibles dans PubMed. L'analyse géographique des 25 pays les plus productifs et des continents montre une grande variabilité concernant le pourcentage d'articles en LA (de 21,9 % pour l'Italie à 42,08 % pour les États-Unis et de 22,80 % pour l'Océanie à 40,84 % pour l'Amérique du Nord). Par ailleurs, nos données montrent que le nombre de mandats et d'archives ouvertes n'est pas corrélé de manière significative au pourcentage d'articles en LA au niveau national et continental, confirmant ainsi que les politiques publiques successives ou les mandats relatifs au LA n'ont eu qu'une influence, sinon secondaire, du moins inférieure aux attentes. La mise en place de mandats plus coercitifs parviendra peut-être à obtenir des effets plus significatifs à plus ou moins long terme. L'augmentation régulière du nombre de journaux en LA, concomitante à l'augmentation avérée du nombre de citations des articles en LA, amplifiera certainement encore l'attrait des auteurs pour le LA.

This thesis analyses the structuring of green political parties from a comparative perspective and at a regional (sub-national) scale, from 1974 to 1995. We study five dimensions of this process: organisational structuring, evolution of cleavages with other political parties, electoral and strategic evolutions, careers of activists, and media coverage (including a study of green media). Our research highlights several processes taking place at regional and local levels which have a decisive influence on the national scale (e. g. the crucial part played by regional federations in the unification of LesVerts in 1984 and early strategic evolutions at a local level) as well as the regional impact of dynamics developing at the European level, above all after the formation of a Green group in the European Parliament in 1984. In both regions, the Green parties are shaped first of all by the cleavages opposing (or relating) them to other parties and by the careers of their activists, two factors from which also stem serious internal conflicts. In Brittany, the impact of May 1968 followed by a successful movement against nuclear power have contributed to the transformation of the green movement into apolitical force but Les Verts have then remained very fragile as an organisation, despite significant electoral gains from 1989 onwards. In Wales, the green movement as a specific force is weakened by the strength of the regionalist movement, the opposition to nuclear weapons from many Labour Party activists and the fact that many Green Party activists in Wales are newcomers from England. The Wales Green Party thus obtains low electoral results but nevertheless succeeds in making its campaigns and activism durable. ; Nous analysons dans cette thèse le processus de structuration d'organisations politiques écologistes, le Green Party et les Verts, de manière comparative et à l'échelle régionale, sur la période 1974-1995. Nous étudions cinq dimensions de ce processus : structuration organisationnelle, évolution des clivages avec les autres formations politiques, évolutions électorales et stratégiques, parcours militants et médiatisation des écologistes. Nous mettons en évidence plusieurs processus se jouant à l'échelle régionale et locale et leur influence décisive sur l'échelle nationale (rôle moteur des fédérations régionales dans l'unification des Verts français, évolutions stratégiques locales) mais également l'impactrécurrent à l'échelle locale de dynamiques opérant à l'échelle européenne, surtout à partir de la formation d'un groupe écologiste au Parlement européen à partir de 1984. Dans les deux régions, les caractéristiques des partis Verts sont déterminées en premier lieu par la structure des clivages qui les opposent (ou apparentent) aux autres partis politiques ainsi que les parcours militants de leurs militants, deux facteurs qui donnent également lieu à de graves conflits internes. En Bretagne, les événements de mai 1968 puis un mouvement anti-nucléaire puissant contribuent à la structuration d'une famille politique consistante mais les Verts restent très fragiles sur le plan organisationnel, malgré une implantation électorale significative surtout à partir de 1989. Au Pays de Galles, le développement d'un mouvement écologiste autonome est entravée par la puissance du mouvement régionaliste et la présence au sein du parti travailliste de nombreux opposants à l'armement nucléaire, et le fait qu'une partie significative des militants du Green Party soient des nouveaux arrivants originaires d'Angleterre. Le Wales Green Party recueille de ce fait des résultats électoraux très faibles mais parvient à pérenniser son organisation et ses activités.

The South African political transition from a repressive system to a democratic one opened new spaces to a marginalized part of the population among whom the black woman to express themselves, such as the Truth and Reconciliation hearings. This black feminine voice, made free by the political transition is reflected through the development of a literary female production. It gave way to the emergence of new novelistic forms, analysed in our study through ten novels written by eight different female writers between 1998 and 2011: S. Magona, K.L. Molope, K. Matlwa, A.N. Sithebe, A. Makholwa, H.J. Gololai, Z. Wanner and C. Jele. In a first part, we analyse the way these authors rewrite the novel during the transitional period, moving away from a realistic writing, deeply involved in politics and largely used during the apartheid era, towards a more intimate way of writing which reflect the traumas of a national past haunting the present. Then, we examine in three parts how the writers emerging during the post-transitional period explore new genres, rarely used by black South African women until then, namely the Bildungsroman, detective fiction and chick lit, which reflect their fears in the new South Africa. These authors rewrite these European genres, among which popular ones, through a new feminine perspective, thus innovating the themes they deal with and creating a literature made of mixtures. The European novel becomes a subversive tool to criticise a patriarchal and Europeanised society, which, according to these authors, should not deny the past in order to solve the new challenges coming. ; Le passage de l'Afrique du Sud d'un système politique répressif à un système démocratique a ouvert un nouvel espace de parole aux exclus, notamment aux femmes noires à travers les Commissions pour la Vérité. La parole féminine noire libérée suite à la transition politique du pays se reflète aussi dans le développement d'une production littéraire féminine, donnant lieu à l'émergence de nouvelles formes d'écriture romanesque, étudiées dans ce travail qui porte sur dix romans publiés par huit auteures entre 1998 et 2011 : S. Magona, K.L. Molope, K. Matlwa, A.N. Sithebe, A. Makholwa, H.J. Gololai, Z. Wanner et C. Jele. Nous étudions dans un premier temps comment les écrivaines s'approprient le genre romanesque durant la période transitionnelle, s'éloignant d'une écriture réaliste politiquement engagée, courante durant l'apartheid, pour se tourner vers une écriture de l'intime qui met en lumière les traumatismes d'un passé national qui hante le présent. Puis, nous étudions dans les trois parties suivantes comment les auteures émergeant durant la période post-transitionnelle explorent des genres jusqu'ici peu utilisés par les femmes noires sud-africaines : le Bildungsroman, le roman policier et la chick lit, mettant en mots les peurs et les angoisses de la nouvelle Afrique du Sud. Revisitant des genres européens, pour certains populaires, à travers une perspective féminine noire nouvelle, ces auteures continuent d'innover tant dans les thématiques abordées que dans une écriture fondée sur le mélange. Le roman devient un moyen subversif pour critiquer une société patriarcale fortement occidentalisée, qui ne doit pas renier son passé afin de faire face aux nouveaux défis à venir.

Tämä gradu tutkii miten 2014 Ebola epidemiaa Länsi-Afrikassa kuvailtiin länsimaisessa mediassa, sekä sitä miten nämä kuvaukset liittyvät vallitsevaan pelon kulttuuriin. Pelon kulttuuri viittaa viime vuosikymmeninä länsimaissa kasvaneeseen ilmiöön, jossa pelosta on tullut vallitseva osa jokapäiväistä elämää jonka kautta maailmaa ymmärretään. Sosiologien Frank Furedi (2002), Barry Glassner (1999) and David Altheide (2006) tutkimukset pelon kulttuurista muodostavat teoreettisen viitekehyksen tälle tutkimukselle. Aineistoni koostuu englantilaisten The Guardian and Daily Mail lehtien Ebolaa käsittelevistä artikkeleista. Tutkimusmetodina on käytetty kvalitatiivista sisällönanalyysiä, sekä joitain aspekteja narratiivisista ja kvantitatiivisista tutkimusmetodeista. Tämän tutkimuksen tulokset ja sisällönanalyysi viittaa siihen, että Ebolaa käsiteltiin laajalti länsimaisen pelon näkökulmasta. Iso osa artikkeleista spekuloi Ebolan leviämisen mahdollisuutta Euroopassa, siitä huolimatta että epidemian todellinen uhka oli hyvin pieni. Lehtien välillä on tosin suuria eroja: Daily Mailin artikkelit usein lietsoivat pelkoa, mutta The Guardianin artikkelit painottivat että uhka Euroopassa on hyvin pieni. Artikkelien sisältö viittaa siihen, että Ebolan pelko liittyy laajempiin länsimaissa koettuihin pelkoihin, kuten sairauksien ja 'muukalaisten' pelkoon, sekä yleiseen turvattomuuden tunteeseen. Tämä tutkimus tuo myös postkoloniaalin näkökulman mukaan sosiologiseen keskusteluun pelon kulttuurista. Artikkelien toiseksi yleisin aihe oli terveydenhuollon ammattilaisten kokemukset ja tarinat Länsi-Afrikan Ebola alueella. Länsimaiset lääkärit ja hoitajat kuvattiin usein 'sankareina' jotka auttoivat 'uhreja', mikä heijastelee kolonialistisia epätasa-arvoisia suhteita. Kaiken kaikkiaan tämä tutkimus osoittaa, että pelolla oli vaikutusta siihen miten Ebola epidemiaan reagoitiin kansainvälisesti. Tämä viittaa siihen, että pelko ei ainoastaan vaikuta jokapäiväiseen elämään, mutta sillä saattaa olla myös kauaskantoisia vaikutuksia jopa kansainväliseen politiikkaan ja lakeihin. Avainsanat: Ebola, pelko, riski, Daily Mail, The Guardian ; The purpose of this study is to examine how 2014 Ebola outbreak was presented in Western media, and how it relates to the ways in which risks and dangers are constructed in Western societies. Sociological studies on culture of fear by Frank Furedi (2002), Barry Glassner (1999) and David Altheide (2006) provide a theoretical context for this thesis. Culture of fear refers to atmosphere of vulnerability in Western societies, which has increased over the past decades and fear has become an overarching perspective for viewing life. This study uses Ebola outbreak as a case study to analyse phenomenon of culture of fear. Empirical data consists of articles collected from two major British newspapers and their websites: The Guardian and Daily Mail. This thesis uses qualitative content analysis as a research method, accompanied with some aspects of both narrative and quantitative research. Data analysis reveals that the most prevalent themes in the newspapers were the possibility of the Ebola spreading to Europe and healthcare professionals' stories from the field. Results indicate that the Ebola outbreak was largely framed in terms of Western fear, although the two newspapers have significant differences between them. This thesis also brings postcolonial aspect into sociological discussion on culture of fear by analysing the ways in which media's representations of Ebola's 'victims' and 'heroes' reflect colonial relationships. The fear of Ebola is connected to broader cultural anxieties in the West, such as fear of other and fear of illness and to general sense of unsafety. From the results can be concluded that fear shaped the international response to the outbreak, which indicates that fear in general may not only impact people's everyday life but also influence international politics and law. Key words: Ebola, fear, risk, Daily Mail, The Guardian

Growing awareness of psychological health problems is resulting in various research areas exploring new approaches to fostering personal resources. Restorative Environments Theory (RET) has shown that mundane natural environments support personal resources. Although other restorative environments may exist besides mundane natural environments, their systematic examination is still lacking. In the real world, users experience environments through all their senses. However, most of the recovery research focuses on investigation of single sensory impressions. Thus, concrete insights into how various ambient qualities of an environment may affect users' perception are still needed. The main aim of this doctoral thesis is to enhance the existing theoretical framework of restorative environments and to give an overview of research while pointing out where more research is needed. Further, the thesis includes identification of restorative environments and their specific ambient qualities. Based on the explored environments, the present research will point out psychological pathways to obtain recommendations for the design of restorative environments. The first research project was an explorative study to identify restorative places and their ambient qualities. In accordance with restoration research, participants described natural outdoor environments which they sought for recovery. In addition, they described indoor environments. Depending on the type of depletion and the environmental setting, specific environments and ambient qualities were evaluated as more important for the restorative potential of the place than others. This explorative research supports theory building and enables creation of restorative environments through holistic sensory impressions. Finally, strengths, limitations and practical implications for designing and improving restorative environments are discussed. The second research project takes up the findings of the first project by simulating sensory-enriched break environments. Based on the impact of holistic sensory impressions, this project is one of the first to reveal the impact of the recovery process of simulated environments on personal resources through congruent sensory impressions. Analyses confirmed that sensory-enriched environments were perceived as more pleasant and more restorative than less enriched environments, which in turn facilitated the recovery of personal resources. The results point out the relevance of holistic sensory impressions to fostering recovery. Implications and limitations of sensory enrichment in break environments are discussed. To broaden generalizability, the third research project comprises three field experiments investigating recovery during break interventions which offered virtual restorative environments with differing degrees of immersion and different types of environments. Building on previous research (Grimshaw, 2014), the third project posited that a higher degree of immersion in the simulated environment increases perceived realism, which becomes apparent in higher positive perceptions and recovery outcomes. Moreover, environments with different degrees of stimulation were anticipated to evoke distinct successful recovery. Previous research had mainly focused on calming environments for recovery. Additionally, this project also tested whether stimulating environments promote recovery outcomes. Results mainly confirmed the proposed hypotheses. The relevance of immersion and the impact of different types of natural environments on recovery are discussed. Overall, the current research emphasizes the impact of holistic sensory impressions in enhancing positive perceptions of the environment and, consequently, various recovery outcomes. The conducted studies uncover the psychological pathway from the processes of sensory perception to environmental recovery perception, followed by recovery outcomes. Beside these theoretical insights, the current research delivers concrete recommendations for designing restorative (virtual) environments in the workplace.

The rules of the reservation. On the book Jewish Poland Revisited by Erica Lehrer The paper offers a review of Erica Lehrer's Jewish Poland Revisited, a publication presenting outcomes of an anthropological research on Jewish-Polish memory projects in Cracow's former Jewish district of Kazimierz. In a discussion of the book's theses, the author critically analyses Lehrer's postulate of 'ethnography of possibility' and the resultant strategy of approval for contemporary Kazimierz as a 'space of encounter' alongside with its rules of participation, imposed by the Polish proprietors of the district on its visitors.The article focuses on two such rules that condition a visitor's possibility of participation in shrinking public spaces of Kazimierz. First of these laws is discussed as an imperative of abandoning the immediacy of district's physical space and its histories signified by the surviving built environment. Instead, Lehrer introduces a conceptual division of "social" and "physical" spaces, which leads to silencing of otherwise immediately present evidence of the violent past. The second rule is analyzed as a requirement of accepting the contemporary Polish owners' role of 'brokers" and "purveyors" of Jewish heritage, consequential with an approval of a doubtful legal and moral title to the appropriated spaces.Through focusing on these rules of participation that determine and perpetuate the conditionality of Jewish presence in the space of Kazimierz, the author argues for a necessity of questioning and re-defining the traditional divisions of disciplines that establish conceptual separations of "social" and "built" spaces, as well as for a necessity of a critical outlook on contemporary Central European understandings of "heritage". Such an inquiry is discussed as conditional for overcoming the largely avoided yet still present "heritages" in the history of Polish-Jewish relations: the traditions of violence and exclusion, either social and spatial. Regulamin rezerwatu. O książce Jewish Poland Revisited Eriki LehrerArtykuł stanowi recenzję książki Jewish Poland Revisited Eriki Lehrer, prezentującej wyniki antropologicznych badań na temat żydowsko-polskich projektów pamięci realizowanych w byłej dzielnicy żydowskiej na krakowskim Kazimierzu. Omawiając tezy pracy, autor poddaje krytycznej analizie proponowany przez Lehrer projekt etnografii możliwości i wynikającą z niego strategię akceptacji współczesnego Kazimierza jako przestrzeni spotkania, za którą idzie akceptacja zasad uczestnictwa narzuconych gościom przez polskich zarządców Kazimierza.W artykule rozpatrywane są dwie takie zasady, warunkujące możliwość uczestnictwa gościa w kurczącej się przestrzeni publicznej Kazimierza. Pierwszą z nich autor opisuje jako nakaz porzucenia bezpośrednio dostępnej, fizycznej przestrzeni dzielnicy i niesionych przez nią historii, których znakiem jest ocalała zabudowa. W to miejsce Lehrer wprowadza podział na przestrzeń społeczną i fizyczną, skutkiem czego stłumione zostają ślady brutalnej przeszłości, w przeciwnym razie bezpośrednio obecne. Drugą zasadę autor odtwarza jako wymóg akceptacji roli współczesnych polskich właścicieli jako brokerów i pośredników żydowskiego dziedzictwa, co w konsekwencji pociąga za sobą akceptację ich wątpliwych prawnie i moralnie roszczeń do zawłaszczonej przestrzeni.Skupienie uwagi na regulaminie uczestnictwa, który ustanawia i utrzymuje warunkowy charakter żydowskiej obecności w przestrzeni Kazimierza, prowadzi autora do wniosku o konieczności rewaluacji i redefinicji tradycyjnego rozdziału dyscyplin, który tworzy konceptualny podział na społeczne przestrzenie i architektoniczne obiekty, oraz do krytycznego namysłu nad obowiązującym obecnie w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej rozumieniem pojęcia "dziedzictwo". Tego rodzaju poszukiwanie uznaje autor za warunek przezwyciężenia ignorowanego zwykle, choć mimo wszystko obecnego w polsko-żydowskich stosunkach "dziedzictwa": tradycji przemocy i wykluczenia, tak społecznego, jak i przestrzennego.

No cabe duda alguna de que la transición trajo un éxito económico y político, no obstante ¿han sido todas sus consecuencias, especialmente las referentes a las cuestiones sociales, realmente favorables? Dentro de la generación de los jóvenes españoles, que no habían conocido el régimen franquista, los sociólogos han observado el surgimiento de tales problemas como la incapacidad de adaptarse a la nueva realidad, el deterioro de las relaciones familiares e interpersonales, el vacío ético-moral y, como consecuencia del último, la búsqueda de gratifi cación y recompensas rápidas. En este contexto, nos interesa analizar cómo y mediante qué procedimientos la novela de José Ángel Mañas, Historias del Kronen (1994), califi cada de emblemática de su generación, se corresponde con la nueva confi guración social y en qué medida es representativa del cambio de cosmovisión, valores y modales de las y los jóvenes españoles. Para nuestros fi nes analíticos, hemos decidido ubicar nuestro estudio en el marco de las teorizaciones sobre la llamada "Generación X", iniciadas en los años 60 y popularizadas gracias a la publicación de la novela Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture (1991) de Douglas Coupland. ; Without a doubt the Spanish transition to democracy brought enormous changes in political and material matters, nevertheless should we assume that all the consequences, especially those related to social issues, were really favorable? Among the members of the young generation, which had not had the possibility to experience Francoism personally, experts in sociology have noted the appearance of problems such as the incapacity to adjust to the new reality, the weakening of family and interpersonal relationships, the moral and ethical abyss and, as a consequence of the latter, yearning for immediate gratifi cations and compensations. In this context I would like to investigate how and by what means the novel by José Ángel Mañas is emblematic of the new social confi guration and to what extent can we consider it representative of the changes in values, modals and general the Weltanschaung of the young Spaniards. In order to accomplish this goal, I decided to recur to the theories on the mentioned Generation X, initiated in the 60s and popularized due to the publication of a novel written by the Canadian writer, Douglas Coupland, entitled Generation X: Tales for an accelerated culture. ; La transition espagnole est devenue un succès économique et politique. Ses conséquences sociales ont-elle été vraiment favorables ? Au sein de la génération de jeunes Espagnols qui n'ont pas connu le régime de Francisco Franco, les sociologues ont observé l'apparition de problèmes tels que l'incapacité de s'adapter à la nouvelle réalité, la détérioration des relations familiales et interpersonnelles, l'absence d'éthique et moral et, à la suite de celui-ci, la recherche de la satisfaction et de récompenses rapides. Dans ce contexte, nous voulons analyser comment et par quelles procédures le roman de José Ángel Mañas, Historias del Kronen (1994), consideré comme emblématique de sa génération, refl ète le nouveau contexte social et dans quelle mesure il est représentatif du changement de la vision du monde, des valeurs et des mœurs de jeunes espagnols. Nous avons décidé de placer notre étude dans le contexte des théories sur la « Génération X », initiées dans les années 60 et popularisées par la publication de Generation X : Tales for an Accelerated Culture (1991) de Douglas Coupland

This thesis analyses artefacts belonging to the playwright, socialist and critic Bernard Shaw, which form part of the collections at Shaw's Corner, Hertfordshire, now managed as a National Trust property. My original contribution to knowledge is made by revealing Shaw through the artefacts in new or under-explored roles as socialist-aesthete, art patron, connoisseur, photographer, celebrity, dandy, and self-commemorator. The thesis therefore challenges the stereotypical views expressed in the literature which have tended to focus on Shaw at Shaw's Corner as a Fabian with ascetic characteristics. The thesis aims are achieved by contextualizing the Shaw's Corner Collections, both extant and absent. Historically the artefacts in the house have been viewed from the perspective of his socialist politics, ignoring his connoisseurial interests and self-fashioning. Hence there was a failure to see the ways in which these elements of his consuming personality overlapped or were in conflict. By examining artefacts from the perspectives of art and design history, focussing on furniture, private press books, clothing, painting and sculpture, Shaw is shown to be a highly complex and at times contradictory figure. The discontinuities and ambiguities become clearer once we examine the possessions from the house which were removed and sold by the National Trust after Shaw's death. Whilst some Shavian scholars and art historians have acknowledged Shaw's role as an art critic and the impact it had on his dramaturgy, there has been little recognition of the ways in which this influenced his domestic interiors, consumption, and personal taste, or indeed his interest in the decorative arts and design. Artefacts and furniture in the house today reflect Shaw's role as a socialist-aesthete, and his involvement with Arts and Crafts movement practitioners and Aestheticism. As an art patron Shaw also shared the aims of artists, connoisseurs and curators working in the first decades of the twentieth century, and we see evidence of this through certain artefacts at Shaw's Corner. With a strong aesthetic sense, he devoted time to matters of beauty and art, but was equally governed by economics and a desire to bring 'good' art and design to everyone. Shaw was considered to be one of the greatest cultural commentators and thinkers of his generation, but he was at the same time a renowned celebrity and influential figure in the mass media. The literature has tended to dismiss the latter role in order to preserve his place among the former, but I argue here that Shaw did not necessarily view the two as separate endeavours. In fact items from the house, notably Shaw's clothing and sculpture, are considered as the bearers of complex philosophical, symbolic or iconographic meanings relating to his self-fashioning, aesthetic doctrines, and desire for commemoration, which demonstrate the links between the celebrity and the critic. By considering the artefacts in conjunction with the Trust's archive of Shaw photographs, as well as his representation in popular culture, and by then relating this material dimension to his writings, the thesis brings a new methodological approach to the study of Shaw. More importantly this thesis reveals new knowledge about the philosophical ideas, humanity, generosity, and personal vanity of the man that lay behind those artefacts.

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, issues in migration gradually gained importance and are now firmly on top of European policy makers' agenda. Against the backdrop of an increasing public and political awareness of the matters related to migration, new problem-solving approaches emerged. The proposal of securitizing issues in migration is among the most prominent approaches. This would allow to break free from procedures and rules by placing the matter beyond the rule of the established political game. The impacts for migrants of the securitization of migration would however be substantial, as securitization also places the issue in a much more hostile environment. This thesis is thus concerned with the analysis of two recent EU-policies in terms of identifying possible political speech acts, which are a basic requirement of securitization. In most cases, speech acts are highly expedient towards labelling the issue as a threat to security. Theoretically grounded in the work of Jef Huysmans' The politics of insecurity, this thesis is guided by two research questions: 1. What are the threat definitions of migration in European post-9/11 policies and how do they correspond with the politics of insecurity? 2. Which kind of political reframing is taking place in the shift from migration as a non-politicized issue to the securitization of migration? This thesis uses Qualitative Content Analysis as a research method. It is concerned with identifying themes and patterns in two recent EU-policies and sets them in relation to three main categories, which emerged from the theory of this research. These categories are the following: 1. Migration as a threat to internal security and domestic labour markets 2. Migration as a threat to European cultural values 3. Migration as a threat to European welfare The data can be identified as belonging to two different policy areas, the security area and the migration area. The first policy, the European Security Strategy, is taken from the security area and was published as a reaction to the violent attacks of 9/11 in the United States. The document deals with threats all along the spectrum as related to European security. The second document, the Global Approach for Migration and Mobility, is the overarching framework of the European Union external migration and asylum policy since 2005. The document defines the premises under which the EU is conducting policy dialogues and development cooperation with non-EU countries. The findings of this research revealed that migration poses almost exclusively a threat to the first category, European internal security and domestic labour markets. Further, empirical evidence revealed correlations between migration, organized crime and terrorism. However, no convincing evidence has been found that cultural values or European welfare is threatened by migration. The last chapter discusses the findings and analyses them against the backdrop of the administration of fear and trust, which has a distorting effect on the relationship between refugees and frightened societies in Europe. This is because, in domains of insecurity, previously trusted or indifferent relationships between established and outsiders are relocated in a climate of fear and prejudice. This chapter also reveals potential solutions to disrupt the widespread intermingling between migration and the feeling of insecurity.

A creditor who initiates the simplified debt collection procedure established by the OHADA States is exposed to procedural complications that hold on to the risk of ineligibility to the procedure, the risk of prescription of the claim, the risk of abusive dispute, the risk of nullity of injunctive title, the risk of non-execution of the enforceable title, especially in cross-border cases and in litigation affecting legal entities of public law. These risks make the procedure complex, lengthy and costly for corporations and financial institutions. The procedure thus depicted is also inapplicable to craftsmen, traders and micro business that often carry small debts, the consolidation of which, on the scale of the seventeen States of OHADA, can reach billions. These difficulties lead to question oneself how the other States and regional organizations solved the problems now facing the OHADA States. The study explores, for this purpose, the law of some European Parliament and Council's regulations on the fight against defaults also constitutes a field of investigation because these instruments address the problems that escaped OHADA's legislator, particularly those relating to the need for diversion, simplifications of procedure and to the free movement of enforceable titles within OHADA. This prospective analysis, coupled with lessons learned from practice, allows to highlight the "Best Practices" and the reforms needed to make of the simplified recovery procedure an effective instrument to fight against delays and defaults to pay in the States OHADA. ; Le créancier qui entame la procédure simplifiée de recouvrement des créances instituée par les Etats de l'OHADA est exposé à des complications processuelles qui tiennent au risque d'inéligibilité à la procédure, au risque de prescription de la créance, au risque de contestation abusive, au risque de nullité du titre injonctif, au risque d'inexécution du titre exécutoire, surtout dans les affaires transfrontalières et dans les contentieux qui touchent les personnes morales de droit public. Ces risques rendent la procédure complexe, longue et coûteuse pour les sociétés commerciales et les institutions financières. La procédure ainsi peinte est également inapplicable pour les artisans, les commerçants et les micro-entreprises qui portent souvent des créances modestes, mais dont la consolidation, à l'échelle des dix-sept Etats de l'OHADA, peut atteindre des milliards. Ces difficultés portent à s'interroger sur la manière dont d'autres Etats ou organisations régionales ont résolu les problèmes qui se posent aujourd'hui aux Etats de l'OHADA. L'étude explore à cette fin le droit de certains pays européens, notamment le droit allemand qui, grâce à sa procédure injonctive, arrive à étudier huit millions de requêtes par an et à accepter 90% des demandes. Les règlements du Parlement européen et du Conseil sur la lutte contre les défauts de paiement constituent aussi un champ d'investigation car, ces instruments abordent des problèmes qui ont échappé au législateur de l'OHADA, notamment ceux qui touchent au besoin de déjudiciarisation, de simplification de la procédure et à la livre-circulation des titres exécutoires dans l'espace l'OHADA. Cette analyse prospective, doublée des enseignements de la pratique, permet de mettre en évidence les « Best Practices » et les réformes nécessaires pour faire de la procédure simplifiée de recouvrement un instrument efficace de lutte contre les retards et les défauts de paiement dans les Etats de l'OHADA.

This doctoral study examines assessment in primary education in the Republic of Ireland. The nature and purpose of assessment offer an insight into the values which are prioritised by an education system. In 2011, in the Republic of Ireland, the Department of Education and Skills (DES) published a strategy aiming to improve standards of literacy and numeracy. The document, entitled, Literacy and numeracy for learning and life: the national strategy to improve literacy and numeracy for children and young people 2011-2020, contains improvement targets as measured by standardised tests. It also mandates the increased use of standardised tests in primary education, and directs that aggregated scores should be reported to both Boards of Management and the DES. The study is framed by the theoretical perspectives of Michel Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu. Both of these commentators examine social policy and practice in an effort to provide insight into the history and operation of social institutions. This study is especially influenced by Foucault's archaeology and genealogy of knowledge, and his notion of governmentality. It is also particularly cognisant of Bourdieu's thoughts on habitus, doxa and capital. The study contains reviews of literature in the areas of assessment, assessment policy, and assessment policy in Ireland. These reviews highlight current debate in each of these areas while also grounding this debate in an historical context. The dissertation contains four empirical sections. 1) It analyses policy documents prepared in the development of the published strategy as well as investigating the strategy itself. In so doing it is aware of the burgeoning influence of pan-national bodies on policy development. 2) A number of high profile policy makers were interviewed as part of the study and their views are interpreted in light of the findings of the literature reviews. 3) The perspective of teachers was sought through a questionnaire survey. This gathered data on these teachers' views on the purpose of assessment as well as their actual practice. 4) Finally, children were also included as participants in this study. They were interviewed in focus groups and encouraged to contribute drawings as well on their views of assessment in primary school. Literacy and numeracy for learning and life is seen as a seminal document in Irish education. This study is significant in its analysis of original data from high profile policy makers, including two Ministers for Education and Skills. It is also significant in its inclusion of the perspectives of primary school pupils. Finally, the study considers the nature and role of assessment in a holistic manner by including the views of policy makers, teachers and pupils. The study notes that policy development in Ireland underwent a change in the preparation of Literacy and numeracy for learning and life and that international influences, while present, are also mediated to suit the local context. It also highlights a lack of clarity in the definition of assessment in primary education and argues that there is a lack of balance in the approaches that are prioritised. The study demonstrates that teachers are impacted by the strategy but that they also change it by focusing on their own concerns while using assessment tools. The children provide compelling evidence of the impact of assessment on the learner. The study shows how assessment tools (and school subjects) are valued with differing levels of importance by a variety of stakeholders.