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Sanjay Banerjee (" Prior Alliances with Targets and Acquisition Performance in Knowledge-Intensive Industries ") is a Ph.D. student in accounting at the Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota. His research primarily focuses on the economic modeling of analysts' forecasts, reputation effects, and capital market. Address: 321 19th Ave. S., Carlson School, Room 3-122, Minneapolis, MN 55455; e-mail: bane0032@umn.edu . Paul W. Beamish (" The Trap of Continual Ownership Change in International Equity Joint Ventures ") holds the Canada Research Chair in International Business at the Ivey Business School, University of Western Ontario, where he serves as director for the Engaging Emerging Markets Research Centre. He is a past editor-in-chief of the Journal of International Business Studies and a fellow of the Academy of International Business. Address: Richard Ivey School of Business, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; e-mail: pbeamish@ivey.uwo.ca . Justin M. Berg (" When Callings Are Calling: Crafting Work and Leisure in Pursuit of Unanswered Occupational Callings ") is a doctoral student in management at The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He received his B.A. from the University of Michigan in organizational studies and psychology. His research on job crafting has also appeared in the Journal of Organizational Behavior. Address: 3620 Locust Walk, Suite 2000 SH/DH, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6370; e-mail: bergj@wharton.upenn.edu . Mark Bergen (" When Truces Collapse: A Longitudinal Study of Price-Adjustment Routines ") is the James D. Watkins Chair in Marketing at the Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota. He holds a B.S. and a Ph.D. in economics from the University of Wisconsin–Madison and the University of Minnesota, respectively. His research focuses on pricing and channels of distribution, where he has studied issues such as pricing as a strategic capability, price wars, price pass-through, branded variants, dual distribution, gray markets, co-op advertising, and quick response. Address: Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota, 321 19th Ave. S., Minneapolis, MN 55455; e-mail: mbergen@csom.umn.edu . Matthew Bidwell (" The Dynamics of Interorganizational Careers ") is an assistant professor in the management department at The Wharton School. He received his Ph.D. in management from the MIT Sloan School. His research examines careers and firm boundaries, encompassing such topics as contingent work, outsourcing, and the nature of interorganizational careers. Address: 2031 Steinberg-Dietrich Hall, 3620 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19014; e-mail: mbidwell@wharton.upenn.edu . Forrest Briscoe (" The Dynamics of Interorganizational Careers ") is an assistant professor in the management and organization department at Pennsylvania State University. He received his Ph.D. in management from MIT Sloan. His research interests include the institutionalization and diffusion of new organizational employment practices, as well as the consequences of those new practices for workers, careers, and labor markets. Address: 450 Business Building, University Park, PA 16802; e-mail: fbriscoe@psu.edu . Chris Changwha Chung (" The Trap of Continual Ownership Change in International Equity Joint Ventures ") is an assistant professor of International Business and Strategy at the Korea University Business School in Seoul. He received his Ph.D. from the Ivey Business School in Canada; his Ph.D. dissertation won the Barry Richman Best Dissertation Award (Academy of Management), the Gunnar Hedlund Best Dissertation Award (European International Business Academy), and the Udayan Rege Best Dissertation Award (Administrative Science Association of Canada). His research interests include international joint venture evolution, real options, and foreign subsidiary management. Address: Korea University Business School, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea; e-mail: chungc21@gmail.com . Holger Ernst (" Not-Sold-Here: How Attitudes Influence External Knowledge Exploitation ") is a professor at WHU–Otto Beisheim School of Management, Vallendar, Germany, where he holds the Chair for Technology and Innovation Management. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Kiel, Germany and is a regular visiting professor at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University. His main research interests are in the fields of technology and innovation management, intellectual property management, and new product development. Address: WHU–Otto Beisheim School of Management, Technology and Innovation Management, Burgplatz 2, D-56179 Vallendar, Germany; e-mail: hernst@whu.edu . Dror Etzion (" The Role of Analogy in the Institutionalization of Sustainability Reporting ") is an assistant professor of strategy and organizations at McGill University. He received his Ph.D. from the IESE Business School. His research is oriented around organizations and the natural environment, with a particular interest in the emergence, evolution, and utility of sustainability metrics. Address: Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill University, 1001 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H3A 1G5, Canada; e-mail: dror.etzion@mcgill.ca . Fabrizio Ferraro (" The Role of Analogy in the Institutionalization of Sustainability Reporting ") is an assistant professor of strategic management at the IESE Business School. He received his Ph.D. in management from Stanford University. His research focuses on the role of theories, language, and tools in the creation and diffusion of novel governance regimes. Address: IESE Business School, Avda. Pearson, 21, Barcelona, Spain, 08034; e-mail: fferraro@iese.edu . Adam M. Grant (" When Callings Are Calling: Crafting Work and Leisure in Pursuit of Unanswered Occupational Callings ") is an associate professor of management at The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Michigan and his B.A. from Harvard University. His research on work motivation, job design, prosocial and proactive behaviors, and employee well-being has appeared in numerous management and business journals. Address: 3620 Locust Walk, Suite 2000 SH/DH, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6370; e-mail: grantad@wharton.upenn.edu . Exequiel Hernandez (" Prior Alliances with Targets and Acquisition Performance in Knowledge-Intensive Industries ") is a Ph.D. student at the Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota. His research focuses on social capital arising from firms' network ties to various external organizations—including firms, immigrant groups, and other stakeholders—and its effects on firm strategy and performance. Address: 3-365 CSOM, 321 19th Ave. S., Minneapolis, MN 55455; e-mail: herna136@umn.edu . Martin Hoegl (" Not-Sold-Here: How Attitudes Influence External Knowledge Exploitation ") is a professor at WHU–Otto Beisheim School of Management (Germany), where he holds the Chair of Leadership and Human Resource Management. His main research interests include leadership and collaboration in organizations, management of R&D personnel, knowledge creation in innovation processes, resource-constrained innovation, the management of geographically dispersed and interorganizational collaboration, as well as the influence of cross-cultural differences on individual and team behaviors in organizations. Address: WHU–Otto Beisheim School of Management, Chair of Leadership and Human Resource Management, Burgplatz 2, 56179 Vallendar, Germany; e-mail: hoegl@whu.edu . Lars Bo Jeppesen (" Marginality and Problem-Solving Effectiveness in Broadcast Search ") is an associate professor of innovation management at Copenhagen Business School. His main interest is distributed innovation processes and the question of how firms access innovations located outside their boundaries. Address: Department of Innovation and Organizational Economics, Copenhagen Business School, Kilevej 14A, DK 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark; e-mail: lbj.ino@cbs.dk . Victoria Johnson (" When Callings Are Calling: Crafting Work and Leisure in Pursuit of Unanswered Occupational Callings ") is an assistant professor of organizational studies at the University of Michigan. She received her Ph.D. in sociology from Columbia University and her B.A. from Yale University. Her book, Backstage at the Revolution, a study of organizational imprinting, was published by the University of Chicago Press in 2008. Address: 500 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109; e-mail: vjohnsn@umich.edu . Karim R. Lakhani (" Marginality and Problem-Solving Effectiveness in Broadcast Search ") is an assistant professor in the Technology and Operations Management Unit at the Harvard Business School and a faculty associate at the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard University. He received his Ph.D. in management from the MIT Sloan School of Management. He is a student of innovation and problem solving occurring at the boundaries of communities, firms, and markets. Address: Harvard Business School, Boston, MA 02163; e-mail: klakhani@hbs.edu . Ulrich Lichtenthaler (" Not-Sold-Here: How Attitudes Influence External Knowledge Exploitation ") is an assistant professor of technology and innovation management at WHU–Otto Beisheim School of Management, Vallendar, Germany, where he also received his Ph.D. In summer 2008, he was a visiting scholar at the Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University. His current research interests include employee attitudes, absorptive and desorptive capacity, dynamic capabilities, and open innovation. Address: WHU–Otto Beisheim School of Management, Technology and Innovation Management, Burgplatz 2, D-56179 Vallendar, Germany; e-mail: lichtenthaler@whu.edu . Patrick A. Morris (" Too Good to Be True? The Unintended Signaling Effects of Educational Prestige on External Expectations of Team Performance ") is the founder of Grupo Maio Patrimonio, Ltd., an emerging markets investment fund based in Brazil. He received a B.A. in economics from Harvard University and an M.S. in agricultural economics and aquaculture from Auburn University. Address: 2-4164b Kaumualii Hwy, Koloa, HI 96756; e-mail: themaygroup@yahoo.com . Stephen J. Sauer (" Too Good to Be True? The Unintended Signaling Effects of Educational Prestige on External Expectations of Team Performance ") is an assistant professor of organizational studies at Clarkson University's School of Business. He received his Ph.D. in management and organizational behavior from Cornell University. His research activities focus on issues of status in group processes, leadership, and team performance. Address: Department of Organizational Studies, School of Business, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5790; e-mail: ssauer@clarkson.edu . Melissa C. Thomas-Hunt (" Too Good to Be True? The Unintended Signaling Effects of Educational Prestige on External Expectations of Team Performance ") is an associate professor of business administration at the Darden School of Business at the University of Virginia. She received her Ph.D. from the Kellogg Graduate School of Management at Northwestern University. Her research focuses on conflict management, negotiation, and inclusive leadership within global teams and organizations. Address: Darden School of Business, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 6550, Charlottesville, VA 22906-6500; e-mail: thomashuntm@darden.virginia.edu . Akbar Zaheer (" Prior Alliances with Targets and Acquisition Performance in Knowledge-Intensive Industries ") is a professor, the Curtis L. Carlson Chair of Strategic Management, and the director of the Strategic Management Research Center at the Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota. He received his Ph.D. from the Sloan School of Management at MIT. He has published extensively in scholarly journals on issues such as organizational networks, interorganizational trust, and strategic alliances, and he has coedited three books on organizational trust. Address: Carlson School of Management, Room 3-365, University of Minnesota, 321 19th Ave. S., Minneapolis, MN 55455; e-mail: azaheer@umn.edu . Mark J. Zbaracki (" When Truces Collapse: A Longitudinal Study of Price-Adjustment Routines ") is an associate professor of general management at the Richard Ivey School of the University of Western Ontario. He received his Ph.D. from Stanford University. He studies managerial work in activities such as total quality management, pricing, and, most recently, North European ferries. Address: Richard Ivey School of Business, Office 3N62, 1151 Richmond St. N., London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; e-mail: mzbaracki@ivey.uwo.ca .

Contract and labour law: towards a more flexile concept of employer? The contract within the sphere of the labour law seems to rediscover a "second youth" , lend itself to act as from "pole of attraction" regarding most important and debated profiles of surveying of the labour law doctrine. If the contract, from the point of view of its "pathological" use, captured the attentions of theoretical and practical operators of labour law, above all regarding the issue of the entrepreneurial removal from the so called "garantismo individuale e collettivo" through the phenomenon of the illegal hiring, on the physiological side the institute in question is led back, in a generally residual dimension, the within of the widest phenomenon of the outsourcing. The intervention of the legislator in matter, always increasing and more detailed regarding the past, reproposes, however in partially new terms, the problematic, particularly "felt" in years seventy of the past century, of the protection, legislative and contractual, of the labour in "small" enterprise. The relative criticalities to the anchorage of the protection to a dimensional requirement, any it is, united to those relative ones to the uncertainty and to the caducity of the "borders" of the enterprise of XXI the century, placed in a perspective, by now, not more exclusively national, make to meet towards the labour law discipline of the contract an interesting series of interpretative and reconstructive issues, a lot on the level of qualifying and protective profile, than on that, to "regulatory" one. These are, as mentioned, profiles that are interlaced and "crossed" among them, which are not compartmentalized, within a dimension that is also European and international. The qualifying profile, in fact, proposes, next and beyond the distinction between public and private contract, the most traditional e controversial profile of the distinction between contract, temporary work and illegal hiring, on one side, and transfer of undertaking and/or a its business unit and contract (above all contract of services), from the other. The protective profile in strict sense finds a progressive development and "updating" of not unknown institutes and instruments to the labour law discipline, like the so called social clause of fair treatment, or in the public contracts or in those private ones. At European level, the crucial theme of labour protection concerning the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services is regulated, mostly, by the Directive CE 96/71, which tries to link social and economic-competitive considerations in a context of mobility of labour and services within the European market. The attempt of linking the foretold aspects seems to be the central fulcrum of the ulterior characterizing profile of the labour law discipline of the contract and that I have characterized like regulative profile. With regard to, and for a first example, it is analyzed, on one side, technique of the jointly legal responsibility, which redistributes the employer "responsibilities" with reference to the economic and normative treatments to guarantee to the interested workers within the relationships of contractual integration arising from the outsourcing processes, and, from the other, trade-union control of the phenomena of outsourcing. The embryonic regulative profile shows, among other things, the emerging of new institutional and socio-economic actors (like authorities, observatories, but also not governmental organizations, consumer and environmental associations), and instruments (like global framework agreements, codes of conduct, but also the, so called, indici di congruità), that prelude to incipient and additional, regarding those "traditional ones", forms of labour regulation within outsourcing processes, also in a global perspective. Finally, as regards to the contract in particular, an interconnected analysis of the three above qualified profiles offers to us an interesting reconstructive framework in order to inquire a possible and embryonic tendency towards a "flexibilisation" of the "employer concept", at least in terms of Co-employment, that links competitive regulation, labour protection and socio-economic development in a systematic and coherent framework. 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Aus der Einleitung: Die Rekrutierung und Freistellung von Mitarbeitern in traditionell organisierten Unternehmen sind bereits umfassend erforscht und in der allgemeinen Personalmanagement-Literatur beschrieben. Im Vergleich dazu existiert für projektorientierte Unternehmen kaum Forschung, obwohl Personal auch in projektorientierten Unternehmen ein zentraler Erfolgsfaktor ist und die Personalmanagement-Prozesse Rekrutierung und Freistellung somit eine hohe Bedeutung aufweisen. Ziel dieser Untersuchung ist es, die spezifischen Herausforderungen eines projektorientierten Unternehmens an die Prozesse Rekrutierung und Freistellung von Projektmanagern zu beleuchten, Anlassfälle herauszuarbeiten, die Prozesse darzustellen und zu beschreiben und konkrete Methoden aufzuzeigen. Dazu werden in einem ersten Schritt die Literaturgrundlagen zu projektorientierten Unternehmen, zu Geschäftsprozess-Management, Rekrutierung und Freistellung aufgearbeitet und zusammengefasst. Danach werden Interviews mit Human Resources Managern in projektorientierten Unternehmen, Freelance Projektmanagern und PMO-Managern bzw. Expert Pool Managern geführt, um die Praxisperspektive in diese Arbeit zu integrieren. Abschließend werden die Spezifika für Rekrutierung und Freistellung in projektorientierten Unternehmen kurz zusammengefasst und Ansatzpunkte für weiterführende Forschung identifiziert. Die Arbeit beruht auf folgenden Thesen: Rekrutierung und Freistellung sind zentrale Personalmanagement-Prozesse in projektorientierten Unternehmen; Thesen zur Rekrutierung von Projektmanagern in projektorientierten Unternehmen; Es gibt spezifische Anlassfälle für die Rekrutierung von Projektmanagern in projektorientierten Unternehmen. Der Rekrutierungsprozess von Projektmanagern für ein spezifisches Projekt unterscheidet sich vom Rekrutierungsprozess für das projektorientierte Unternehmen; In projektorientierten Unternehmen bestehen spezifische Herausforderungen für die Rekrutierung; Die Rekrutierung von Projektmanagern erfolgt anhand eines Prozesses, der beschrieben werden kann durch: Ziele und Organisation, Prozessschritte, Methoden, Hilfsmittel; Für die Rekrutierung von Projektmanagern in projektorientierten Unternehmen bestehen spezifische Methoden, wie z.B. der Aufbau und das Aufrechterhalten eines Netzwerkes an Freelance Projektmanagern. Bei der Rekrutierung von Projektmanagern werden bestimmte Hilfsmittel wie bspw. Anforderungsprofile verwendet. Thesen zur Freistellung von Projektmanagern in projektorientierten Unternehmen. Es gibt spezifische Anlassfälle für die Freistellung von Projektmanagern in projektorientierten Unternehmen. Der Freistellungsprozess von Projektmanagern für ein spezifisches Projekt unterscheidet sich vom Freistellungsprozess für das projektorientierte Unternehmen. In projektorientierten Unternehmen bestehen spezifische Herausforderungen für die Freistellung. Die Freistellung von Projektmanagern erfolgt anhand eines Prozesses, der beschrieben werden kann durch: Ziele und Organisation, Prozessschritte, Methoden, Hilfsmittel. Für die Freistellung von Projektmanagern in projektorientierten Unternehmen bestehen spezifische Methoden; Bei der Freistellung von Projektmanagern werden bestimmte Hilfsmittel verwendet;Inhaltsverzeichnis:Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1.Einleitung4 1.1Problemstellung der Arbeit4 1.2Ziele der Arbeit und grundlegende Thesen4 1.3Forschungsansatz6 1.3.1Erkenntnistheoretisches Paradigma: Radikaler Konstruktivismus6 1.3.2Organisationstheoretisches Paradigma: Sozialwissenschaftliche Systemtheorie9 1.3.3Forschungsmethodologisches Paradigma: Qualitative Sozialforschung11 1.3.4Methoden qualitativer Sozialforschung13 1.4Umsetzung des Forschungsansatzes in dieser Arbeit14 1.4.1Erstellung der Diplomarbeit in projektähnlicher Form15 1.4.2Beschreibung der Forschungsmethodik der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit16 2.projektorientierte Unternehmen18 2.1Projektbegriff18 2.2Management-by-Projects als Organisationsstrategie19 2.3Rolle des Projektmanagers21 2.4Spezifische Herausforderungen für das Personalmanagement in projektorientierten Unternehmen24 3.Geschäftsprozessmanagement31 3.1Prozess31 3.2Geschäftsprozessmanagement32 3.3Ziele und Aufgaben von Geschäftsprozessmanagement34 3.4Beschreibung und Darstellung von Geschäftsprozessen35 3.5Geschäftsprozesse in projektorientierten Unternehmen40 3.5.1Überblick über Geschäftsprozesse in projektorientierten Unternehmen40 3.5.2Rollen und Organisation zur Umsetzung der Prozessorientierung42 3.5.3Kompetenzen43 4.Rekrutierung45 4.1Ziele und Organisation von Rekrutierung45 4.1.1Ziele von Rekrutierung45 4.1.2Organisation von Rekrutierung48 4.2Beschreibung des Rekrutierungsprozesses51 4.3Herausforderungen bei der Rekrutierung54 4.4Methoden der Rekrutierung56 4.4.1Methoden der Personalbeschaffung56 4.4.2Methoden der Personalauswahl60 5.Freistellung64 5.1Ziele und Organisation der Freistellung64 5.2Beschreibung des Personalfreistellungsprozesses66 5.3Herausforderungen bei der Personalfreistellung72 5.4Methoden der Personalfreistellung75 5.4.1Methoden der Personalfreistellung ohne Reduktion des Personalbestandes75 5.4.2Methoden der Personalfreistellung mit Reduktion des Personalbestandes76 6.Rekrutierungsprozess von Projektmanagern in projektorientierten Unternehmen79 6.1Bedeutung des Prozesses Rekrutierung von Projektmanagern79 6.2Anlassfälle für die Rekrutierung von Projektmanagern83 6.3Spezifische Herausforderungen bei der Rekrutierung von Projektmanagern84 6.4Ziele und Organisation der Rekrutierung von Projektmanagern91 6.5Beschreibung des Prozesses Rekrutierung von Projektmanagern93 6.6Methoden für die Rekrutierung von Projektmanagern98 6.7Hilfsmittel für die Rekrutierung von Projektmanagern103 7.Freistellungsprozess von Projektmanagern in projektorientierten Unternehmen106 7.1Bedeutung des Prozesses Freistellung von Projektmanagern106 7.2Anlassfälle für die Freistellung von Projektmanagern106 7.3Spezifische Herausforderungen bei der Freistellung von Projektmanagern109 7.4Ziele und Organisation der Freistellung von Projektmanagern111 7.5Beschreibung des Prozesses Freistellung von Projektmanagern112 7.6Methoden für die Freistellung von Projektmanagern114 7.7Hilfsmittel für die Freistellung von Projektmanagern115 8.Reflexion in der Praxis117 8.1Ziele117 8.2Interviewpartner117 8.3Interviewdurchführung118 8.4Interviewerkenntnisse: Rekrutierung von Projektmanagern in projektorientierten Unternehmen122 8.4.1Anlassfälle für die Rekrutierung von Projektmanagern122 8.4.2Spezifische Herausforderungen bei der Rekrutierung von Projektmanagern125 8.4.3Ziele und Organisation der Rekrutierung von Projektmanagern128 8.4.4Beschreibung des Prozesses: Rekrutierung von Projektmanagern129 8.4.5Methoden für die Rekrutierung von Projektmanagern131 8.4.6Hilfsmittel für die Rekrutierung von Projektmanagern133 8.5Interviewerkenntnisse: Freistellung von Projektmanagern in projektorientierten Unternehmen135 8.5.1Anlassfälle für die Freistellung von Projektmanagern136 8.5.2Spezifische Herausforderungen bei der Freistellung von Projektmanagern138 8.5.3Ziele und Organisation der Freistellung von Projektmanagern138 8.5.4Beschreibung des Prozesses: Freistellung von Projektmanagern141 8.5.5Methoden für die Freistellung von Projektmanagern142 8.5.6Hilfsmittel für die Freistellung von Projektmanagern143 9.Zusammenfassung und Ausblick144 9.1Spezifische Anlässe und Herausforderungen für die Rekrutierung und Freistellung von Projektmanagern in projektorientierten Unternehmen144 9.2Spezifika des Rekrutierungs- und Freistellungsprozesses von Projektmanagern in projektorientierten Unternehmen145 9.3Ansatzpunkte für weiterführende Forschung146 Anhang 1: Gesprächsleitfaden Rekrutierung von Projektmanagern in projektorientierten Unternehmen147 Anhang 2: Gesprächsleitfaden Freistellung von Projektmanagern in projektorientierten Unternehmen150 Darstellungsverzeichnis153 Literaturverzeichnis155Textprobe:Textprobe: Kapitel 4.1, Herausforderungen bei der Rekrutierung: Im Bereich der Rekrutierung gibt es unzählige Herausforderungen auf verschiedenen strategischen und operativen Ebenen mit geographischen Spezifika, die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit nicht vollständig abgedeckt und behandelt werden können. Aus Platzgründen kann an dieser Stelle nur auf aktuelle Kernherausforderungen der Rekrutierung eingegangen werden. The Boston Consulting Group hat in Zusammenarbeit mit der World Federation of Personnel Management Association die Zukunft von Personalmanagement und die Kernherausforderungen in Europa bis zum Jahr 2015 beleuchtet. Dazu wurde eine Umfrage in 83 Ländern durchgeführt, bei der 4.700 Führungskräfte zu 17 Themen aus dem Bereich Personalmanagement befragt wurden, darunter auch zum Thema Rekrutierung. Die Kernherausforderungen in diesem Bereich stehen in engem Zusammenhang mit dem Engpass an qualifizierten Mitarbeitern und sind demnach: Global recruiting: Um einen Engpass an qualifizierten Mitarbeitern zu verhindern, müssen europäische Unternehmen schon jetzt damit beginnen, in neue geographische Regionen vorzustoßen um dort Zugang zu qualifiziertem Personal zu bekommen. Assessment of quantitative and qualitative needs for talent in light of strategic and business requirements: Die Planung des Personalbedarfs, sowohl quantitativ als auch qualitativ, muss unter dem Aspekt der strategischen und unternehmerischen Anforderungen erfolgen. Wenn ein Unternehmen bspw. in neue geographische Regionen expandiert oder sich in einer Phase starken Wachstums befindet, müssen dafür auch die entsprechenden personellen Ressourcen vorhanden sein. Zur Vorausplanung ist es daher notwendig, die entsprechenden Arbeitsmärkte genau zu kennen. Ist absehbar, dass das benötigte Personal nicht in der erforderlichen Quantität, Qualität, Zeit und sinnvollem Aufwand zu beschaffen ist, muss eine unverzügliche Rückkoppelung mit der Unternehmensplanung erfolgen. Identification of best avenues for reaching required employees: Um die für ein Unternehmen spezifisch benötigte Expertise zu erhalten, müssen Unternehmen die entsprechenden Gruppen von Mitarbeitern identifizieren und Wege finden, diese bestmöglich zu erreichen. Ein Unternehmen, das bspw. Mitarbeiter mit Expertise in Informatik sucht, kann an entsprechenden Universitäten rekrutieren und Verbindungen zu professionellen Netzwerken in diesem Bereich aufbauen. Close alignment of value proposition for employees with their desires and the company's brand: Um für die besten Bewerber am Arbeitsmarkt und bestehende Mitarbeiter attraktiv zu sein, muss das Wertversprechen des Arbeitgebers einerseits mit den Anforderungen potentieller und bestehender Mitarbeiter, und andererseits mit der Marke des Unternehmens gut abgestimmt sein. Meet the needs and goals unique to different ethnic groups and nationalities, women, and older workers: Um das verfügbare Angebot von Arbeitskräften bestmöglich auszunützen und aus einem möglichst breiten Pool an qualifizierten Mitarbeitern schöpfen zu können, müssen Unternehmen verstärkt auf verschiedene Gruppen von Mitarbeitern Acht nehmen, wie bspw. verschiedene ethnische Gruppen und Nationalitäten, weibliche Arbeitskräfte und ältere Arbeitnehmer. Um diese Gruppen von Mitarbeitern anzusprechen, müssen entsprechende zielgruppenspezifische Angebote entwickelt und kommuniziert werden. Kapitel 4.2, Methoden der Rekrutierung: Entsprechend der Unterteilung des Rekrutierungsprozesses in Personalbeschaffung und Personalauswahl werden im Folgenden auch die Methoden nach dieser Differenzierung dargestellt. Kapitel 4.2.1, Methoden der Personalbeschaffung: Die Methoden der Personalbeschaffung lassen sich in interne und externe Methoden unterscheiden. Die Beschaffung von Personal innerhalb des Unternehmens gewinnt insgesamt an Bedeutung, da sich diese Methode einerseits positiv auf Karrierewünsche und Mitbestimmungseinflüsse der Mitarbeiter auswirkt, und andererseits der externe Arbeitsmarkt häufig nicht die entsprechenden Mitarbeiter bereithält. In vielen Fällen ist es jedoch notwendig, auf den externen Arbeitsmarkt zurückzugreifen, wenn z.B. die gesuchten Qualifikationen unternehmensintern nicht vorhanden sind oder nicht die benötigte Anzahl an verfügbaren Mitarbeitern vorhanden ist. Für die Auswahl der einzusetzenden Methode sind noch zwei weitere Kriterien von Bedeutung: Einerseits muss ein Zugang zur Zielgruppe gewährleistet sein, und andererseits ist auch die Effektivität der Maßnahmen zu bewerten. Um diese beiden Kriterien in die Auswahl von Methoden der Personalbeschaffung miteinbeziehen zu können ist eine Analyse des relevanten Arbeitsmarktes notwendig, in der geklärt wird, wo potentielle Mitarbeiter anzutreffen sind und wie diese möglichst gezielt angesprochen werden können. Nachfolgend werden die internen und externen Methoden zur Personalbeschaffung im Überblick dargestellt. Interne Methoden: Bei der internen Personalbeschaffung kann zwischen Methoden ohne Personalbewegung und mit Personalbewegung unterschieden werden. Die Personalbeschaffung ohne Personalbewegung umfasst folgende Methoden: Mehrarbeit, Überstunden, Verlängerung der betriebsüblichen Arbeitszeit und Urlaubsverschiebung: Diese Methoden dienen häufig zur Abdeckung eines kurzfristig erhöhten Arbeitsbedarfes, der grundsätzlich mit den vorhandenen Mitarbeitern abgedeckt werden kann. Wird diese Lösung über einen längeren Zeitraum aufrechterhalten, kann sich dadurch eine Überbeanspruchung von Mitarbeitern mit entsprechenden negativen gesundheitlichen und sozialen Folgen ergeben. Qualifizierung der Mitarbeiter: Die Qualifizierung von Mitarbeitern kann als präventive Maßnahme gesehen werden, um die Effektivität und/oder die Effizienz zu erhöhen. Mitarbeiter können dadurch flexibler eingesetzt werden, und es kann mit quantitativ und qualitativ besseren Arbeitsergebnissen der Mitarbeiter gerechnet werden. Einarbeitung und Umschulung: Die planmäßige Einarbeitung bzw. Umschulung von ungelernten Arbeitskräften stellt eine weitere Möglichkeit der internen Personalbeschaffung dar. Die Personalbeschaffung mit Personalbewegung beinhaltet folgende Methoden: Versetzung durch Weisung oder Änderungskündigung: Bei einer horizontalen Versetzung bleibt der Mitarbeiter auf derselben Hierarchiestufe, während bei einer vertikalen Versetzung ein hierarchischer Auf- oder Abstieg erfolgt. Insbesondere bei vertikalen Versetzungen entsteht wiederum eine personelle Lücke an der ursprünglichen Stelle, die nachbesetzt werden muss und gegebenenfalls durch Kettenversetzungen weiter verschoben wird, letzten Endes aber vom externen Arbeitsmarkt nachbesetzt werden muss. Bei der Versetzung sind neben personellen auch rechtliche Aspekte zu beachten. Eine Weisung kann z.B. nur dann erfolgen, wenn dies im jeweiligen Arbeitsvertrag entsprechend vorgesehen ist. Sowohl bei der Weisung als auch bei der Änderungskündigung ist die Zustimmung des Betriebsrates einzuholen. Ausweitung der Arbeitszeit von Teilzeitbeschäftigten: Gibt es in einem Unternehmen teilzeitbeschäftigte Mitarbeiter, so können diese darauf angesprochen werden, ob sie ihre Arbeitszeit ausdehnen möchten. Stellenclearing: Das Stellenclearing ist ein systematischer Informationsaustausch zwischen Führungskräften im Unternehmen und der Personalabteilung, um die interne Besetzung von Stellen zu diskutieren. Diese Methode hat den Vorteil, dass die Führungskräfte die jeweiligen Mitarbeiter kennen und über ihre Qualifikation Bescheid wissen, jedoch kann das Stellenclearing seitens der Mitarbeiter als intransparent erlebt werden und es können abteilungspolitische Interessen mit einfließen. Innerbetriebliche Stellenausschreibung: Diese Methode dient dazu, bestehende Mitarbeiter über zu besetzende Stellen im Unternehmen zu informieren und die Chancengleichheit auf dem innerbetrieblichen Arbeitsmarkt sicherzustellen. Der Betriebsrat kann zwar eine innerbetriebliche Stellenausschreibung verlangen, der Arbeitgeber ist jedoch nicht dazu verpflichtet, innerbetriebliche Bewerber vorrangig zu behandeln. Personalentwicklung: Die Personalentwicklung kann dazu dienen, Versetzungen zu unterstützen. Kurzfristig kann die Personalentwicklung zur Unterstützung bei der Einarbeitung an einem neuen Arbeitsplatz eingesetzt werden; mittel- und langfristig sichert eine systematische Personalentwicklung zumindest einen Teil des zukünftigen Bedarfs an qualifizierten Mitarbeitern. Externe Methoden: Bei der externen Personalbeschaffung kann wiederum zwischen passiver und aktiver Personalbeschaffung unterschieden werden. Bei der passiven Personalbeschaffung wird das Unternehmen selbst nicht aktiv. Diese Methode wird vor allem dann in Anspruch genommen werden, wenn eine hohe Arbeitslosigkeit und geringer, nicht dringlicher Personalbedarf besteht. Methoden der passiven Personalbeschaffung sind: Arbeitsmarktservice (Österreich), Bundesagentur für Arbeit (Deutschland), Regionales Arbeitsvermittlungszentrum (Schweiz): Diese Einrichtungen erbringen sowohl für Arbeitnehmer als auch Arbeitgeber vielfältige Dienstleistungen am Arbeitsmarkt. Der Fokus ihrer Arbeit liegt dabei auf der Arbeitsvermittlung. Eigenbewerbung (Blind- bzw. Initiativbewerbung): Bei der Eigenbewerbung kontaktiert ein Bewerber ein Unternehmen aus eigener Initiative. Ausgelöst werden Eigenbewerbungen häufig durch Maßnahmen wie Rekrutierungsveranstaltungen an Universitäten oder durch vorangegangene Öffentlichkeitsarbeit. Bewerberkartei: Die Bewerberkartei enthält Informationen über Bewerber, die sich bereits beim Unternehmen beworben haben und die für das Unternehmen zwar interessant waren, zum Zeitpunkt der ursprünglichen Bewerbung jedoch nicht berücksichtigt werden konnten. Auf diese Informationen kann zwar schnell zugegriffen werden, jedoch ist bei Bewerbern an der Position oftmals kein Interesse mehr vorhanden, wenn diese in der Zwischenzeit schon andere berufliche Entscheidungen getroffen haben. Die aktive Personalbeschaffung eignet sich vor allem bei einer angespannten Arbeitsmarktlage und wenn ein dringlicher und/oder größerer Personalbedarf gegeben ist. Methoden der aktiven Personalbeschaffung sind: Stellenanzeige: Die Stellenanzeige stellt nach wie vor die Hauptinformationsquelle bei der Arbeitssuche dar, auch wenn sich deutliche Verschiebung von Printmedien hin zu Stellenanzeigen im Internet abzeichnet. Die Entscheidung in welchem Medium inseriert wird muss unter Bedachtnahme darauf getroffen werden, welche Medien von der anvisierten Zielgruppe konsumiert werden. Nutzung neuer Kommunikationsmittel (Internet, etc.): Neben Stellenanzeigen im Internet hat sich vor allem auch die Website von Unternehmen als Methode zur Personalbeschaffung etabliert. Vorteile bestehen darin, dass diese Methode kostengünstig umzusetzen ist und bereits eine Selbstselektion der Bewerber stattfindet, jedoch sind in der Regel zuvor umfangreiche Maßnahmen der Öffentlichkeitsarbeit notwendig. Persönliche Ansprache von potentiellen Mitarbeitern: Sind dem Unternehmen potentielle Mitarbeiter über diverse Informationskanäle bekannt (Jobmessen, Empfehlungen eigener Mitarbeiter, Empfehlungen über soziale Netzwerke, etc.), so können diese direkt auf kostengünstigem Wege angesprochen werden. Jobmessen bzw. Rekrutierung an Universitäten: Der enge Kontakt von Unternehmen zu Universitäten ist im angloamerikanischen Raum bereits seit vielen Jahrzehnten üblich, und gewinnt nun auch im deutschsprachigen Raum stark an Bedeutung. Bei Jobmessen oder sonstigen Veranstaltungen zur Rekrutierung an Universitäten (Unternehmenspräsentationen, Workshops, Planspiele, etc.) können sehr viele Studenten spezifisch nach Fachrichtung erreicht werden. Diese Methode ermöglicht potentiellen Bewerbern gleichzeitig, in direkten Kontakt mit dem Unternehmen zu treten und schon vorab durch gezielte Fragen zusätzliche Informationen zu erhalten. Scouting: Eine neuartige Methode zur Personalbeschaffung ist das Scouting, das häufig für die Gewinnung von High Potentials eingesetzt wird. Dabei geht es um die frühzeitige Ansprache und Bindung von Berufseinsteigern, indem auf Herausforderung, Aktivierung, Neugier und Spieltrieb im Umgang mit potentiellen Bewerbern gesetzt wird (bspw. im Rahmen von Planspielen mit zusätzlichem Rahmenprogramm). Personalberater: Häufig werden Personalberater für die Gewinnung von Führungskräften höherer Hierarchieebenen eingesetzt. Durch die Spezialisierung der Personalberater wird das Risiko einer kostspieligen Fehleinstellung deutlich reduziert, was die hohen Beraterhonorare rechtfertigen kann. Personalleasing: Das Personalleasing wird insbesondere bei kurzfristigem Personalbedarf genutzt. Eine Besonderheit besteht darin, dass das Unternehmen in einer vertraglichen Beziehung mit der Personalleasingfirma tritt, die einen Mitarbeiter für einen bestimmten oder unbestimmten Zeitraum zur Verfügung stellt. Ein wesentlicher Vorteil dieser Methode liegt in der hohen Flexibilität durch die Möglichkeit einer raschen Beschaffung sowie raschen Freisetzung der Arbeitskräfte über Personalleasing, jedoch sind diese Mitarbeiter häufig schlecht in das Unternehmen integriert und weisen oftmals eine mangelnde Loyalität gegenüber dem Unternehmen auf. Anwerbung durch Betriebsangehörige: In den USA spielt diese Methode eine wichtige Rolle. Offene Stellen werden dabei an die Mitarbeiter im Unternehmen kommuniziert, die diese wiederum in ihrem Bekanntenkreis weiterverbreiten können. In Abhängigkeit von der zu besetzenden Stelle werden häufig auch Prämien dafür bezahlt, wenn vorgeschlagene Mitarbeiter den Rekrutierungsprozess erfolgreich durchlaufen und vom Unternehmen tatsächlich eingestellt werden. Öffentlichkeitsarbeit: Die Öffentlichkeitsarbeit dient in erster Linie der Unterstützung von aktiven und passiven Personalbeschaffungsmaßnahmen und ist eine Kombination von Personal- und Imagewerbung. Mögliche Maßnahmen sind Betriebsbesichtigungen, Tag der offenen Tür, Werbung in diversen Medien etc. Kapitel 4.2.2, Methoden der Personalauswahl: Im Anschluss an die Personalbeschaffung folgt die Personalauswahl. Anhand der festgelegten Anforderungen an die Qualifikation werden typischerweise in einem nächsten Schritt die Bewerbungsunterlagen analysiert und bewertet, wodurch eine (Vor-)Selektierung der Bewerber stattfindet. Erst im Anschluss kommen die Methoden der Personalauswahl zum Einsatz, auf deren Basis die Auswahlentscheidung getroffen wird, bevor ein Mitarbeiter in das Unternehmen eintritt (siehe Darstellung 20). Bei der Auswahl von Methoden der Personalauswahl ist darauf zu achten, ob das Auswahlverfahren auch tatsächlich die Eignung des Bewerbers vorhersagen kann. Das wichtigste Kriterium zur Messung der Qualität von Auswahlverfahren ist die prognostische Validität, die zwischen 0 und 1 liegen kann. Ein Wert von 0 bedeutet, dass die Methode die spätere Eignung am Arbeitsplatz überhaupt nicht vorhersagen kann, ein Wert von 1 hingegen bedeutet, dass das Ergebnis des Auswahlverfahrens mit der späteren Arbeitsleistung vollkommen übereinstimmt. In der Praxis wird ein Wert von 0,3 bereits als ein guter Wert mit hoher Validität gesehen (siehe Darstellung 21). Neben der prognostischen Validität müssen bei der Auswahl einer Methode für die Personalauswahl einerseits auch rechtliche Aspekte, und andererseits die Akzeptanz der Methode aus Sicht der Bewerber miteinbezogen werden. Zur Vorselektion von Bewerbern werden zumeist die Bewerbungsunterlagen analysiert und bewertet. Unter Bewerbungsunterlagen werden folgende Unterlagen zusammengefasst, wobei nicht immer alle Unterlagen angefordert werden: Das Bewerbungsschreiben (Anschreiben), Schulzeugnisse, Arbeitszeugnisse, Lebenslauf, Bewerberfoto, Arbeitsproben, Referenzen, Personalfragebögen, und Graphologisches Gutachten. Nach der Analyse und Bewertung der Bewerbungsunterlagen werden die verbleibenden Bewerber meist zu einem Bewerbungsgespräch eingeladen und ggf. weitere Auswahlmethoden angewandt. Die Methoden der Personalauswahl umfassen: Bewerbungsgespräch: Das Bewerbungsgespräch vermittelt dem Unternehmen persönliche Eindrücke und Informationen, die über die Bewerbungsunterlagen hinausgehen. Gleichzeitig hat der Bewerber die Möglichkeit, sich persönlich ein Bild vom Unternehmen zu machen und Antworten auf seine spezifischen Fragen zu erhalten. Tests: Um bei der Auswahlentscheidung für einen neuen Mitarbeiter die Entscheidungssicherheit zusätzlich zu erhöhen, werden häufig weitere Tests durchgeführt, wie bspw. Intelligenztests, Leistungstests, Konzentrationstests und Persönlichkeitstests. Biographischer Fragebogen: Der biographische Fragebogen wird häufig bei größeren Bewerberzahlen eingesetzt. Der Grundgedanke besteht darin, auf Basis des Verhaltens in der Vergangenheit auf das zukünftige Verhalten des Bewerbers zu schließen. Dazu muss vom Bewerber ein Fragebogen ausgefüllt werden, der spezifisch für eine Position erstellt wird. Die Antworten des Bewerbers werden mit den Antworten eines erfolgreichen Mitarbeiters in der entsprechenden Position verglichen und sollten auf diesem Weg Aufschluss über die Eignung des Bewerbers geben. Assessment Center: Wie in Darstellung 21 ersichtlich, stellt das Assessment Center eines der aussagekräftigsten Auswahlverfahren dar. Charakteristisch für ein Assessment Center ist, dass mehrere Bewerber gleichzeitig von geschulten Beurteilern in verschiedenen Beurteilungssituationen über einen längeren Zeitraum beurteilt werden. Je nach der zu besetzenden Stelle können dabei verschiedene, auch praxisnahe Übungen durchgeführt werden, um Bewerber zu beurteilen.

In dieser Arbeit wird die Entwicklung eines bifunktionellen Biosensors nach dem Vorbild eines Baukastensystems beschrieben. Das Ziel wird durch die Kombination verschiedenster molekularer Erkennungselemente erreicht. Solche molekularen Erkennungselemente im verwendeten System sind: • Propidium und die periphere anionische Bindungsstelle der Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) • Organophosphate und das aktive Zentrum der AChE • ein an die AChE gekoppeltes Hapten und das Epitop eines Antikörpers • ein an die AChE gekoppeltes Hapten, das als Ligand ein weiteres Enzym bindet Neben dem molekularen Erkennungselement wird ein Biosensor ebenso durch die Art des Transducers charakterisiert. Hier werden Quarzplättchen mit Goldelektroden zur Signalumwandlung eingesetzt. Die Verwendung solcher Sensoren mit einem EQCM-Gerät (electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance) ermöglicht es zwei Messsignale gleichzeitig aufzunehmen: die piezoelektrische Bestimmung einer Massebeladung und die amperometrische Detektion von Enzymaktivität auf der Sensoroberfläche. Für die Analytik stehen somit zwei verschiedene Assay-Varianten zur Verfügung: die Bestimmung der Inhibition der ACHE-Aktivität und ein Bindungstest über das Hapten. Die Basis beider Tests ist die Modifizierung der piezoelektrischen Kristalle mit Propidium – einem reversiblen Inhibitor der Acetylcholinesterase. Dies ermöglicht die Beladung des Sensors mit AChE über die Wechselwirkung mit der peripheren anionischen Bindungsstelle des Enzyms. Die Aktivität der so immobilisierten AChE und die Inhibition durch Organophosphate (Pestizide) werden amperometrisch bestimmt. Durch die chemische Kopplung eines Hapten an die Cholinesterase wird ein weiteres Erkennungselement eingeführt. Das eröffnet die Möglichkeit, an die auf dem Propidium-modifizierten Sensor immobilisierte, haptenisierte Cholinesterase einen Antikörper zu binden. Als Voraussetzung für elektrochemische Bestimmung der AChE-Aktivität wurde zunächst die Optimierung der amperometrischen Messmethode vorgenommen. Die Oxidatationspotentiale für die Detektion von Thiocholin wurden im Bereich von 150 mV bis 300 mV variiert. Dabei wurde für die nachfolgenden Untersuchungen eine Arbeitspotential von 200 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) festgelegt, da hier das beste Verhältnis von gemessenem Oxidationsstrom und Langzeitstabilität der Propidium-modifizierten Sensoren erzielt wurde. Dieses Potential war deutlich geringer als die bisher publizierten Mediator-freien AChE-Biosensoren. Es wurde ein Vergleich verschiedener Organophosphate über ihre Inhibitionskonstanten durchgeführt, um diejenigen herauszufinden, die möglichst schnell mit dem aktiven Zentrum der Acetylcholinesterase reagieren. Das verwendete Messsystem beruht nicht auf der Vorinkubation der AChE und damit einer Einstellung des Inhibitionsgleichgewichts. Stattdessen wurde die Inhibition der AChE direkt im Fließsystem verfolgt. Daher war eine schnelle Inhibitionskinetik für einen empfindlichen Organophosphat-Nachweis erforderlich. Da einige Inhibitoren nur als Phosphothionat vorlagen, wurde die Überführung dieser Substanzen in die entsprechenden Oxo-Formen mittels N-Bromsuccinimid untersucht. Die NBS-Aktivierung wurde erfolgreich durchgeführt, die erwartete Inhibitionsstärke konnte jedoch aufgrund hydrolytischer Vorgänge nicht erreicht werden. Untersuchungen mit Diisopropylfluorophosphat (DFP) und Chlorpyriphos-oxon (CPO) konnten die Voruntersuchungen über die Inhibitionskinetik in Bezug auf die erreichten Nachweisgrenzen von 2E-06 M für DFP und 5E-08 M für CPO bestätigen. Für die chemische Modifizierung der Acetylcholinesterase wurde zunächst 2,4-Dichlorphenoxyessigsäure (2,4-D) als Hapten ausgewählt. 2,4-D wird als Herbizid eingesetzt und in der EU über die Gewässerschutzrichtlinie reguliert. 2,4-D konnte in unterschiedlichen molaren Verhältnissen von 2,6 : 1 bis 260 : 1 (2,4-D : AChE) nach Aktivierung mit einem Norbornendicarboximido-Derivat an die AChE gekoppelt werden. Dabei konnte die spezifische Aktivität der Acetylcholinesterase erhalten und die Bindung eines anti-2,4-D-Antikörpers ermöglicht werden. Zur Verstärkung des piezolelektrischen Signals der Antikörperbindung wurden die Immunoglobuline zunächst an Goldnanopartikel gekoppelt. Damit konnte eine Verstärkung um den Faktor 10 erreicht werden. Allerdings waren die Antikörper-modifizierten Goldnanopartikel nicht langzeitstabil. Daher wurden auch Silica-Nanopartikel als Matrix für die Antikörperkopplung getestet. Mit diesem System konnte eine Verstärkung um den Faktor von 5 bis 13 je nach Grad der Beladung den Nanopartikel mit Antikörper bestimmt werden. Die hohe unspezifische Bindung der Antikörper-Nanopartikel-Konjugate an den Propidium-modifizierten QCM-Sensor konnte keinen empfindlichen 2,4-D-Nachweis ermöglichen. Als Alternative wurde Kokain (Benzoylecgonin, BZE) als Hapten an die Aceytlcholinesterase gekoppelt. Da Kokain selbst auch als Inhibitor im aktiven Zentrum der AChE binden kann, wurden zwei verschiedene Strategien zur Konjugatsynthese verfolgt. Durch Zugabe von Kokain während der Kopplung sollte die kovalente Fixierung des Kokain-Derivats BZE-DADOO im aktiven Zentrum verhindert werden (Konjugat B). In der Tat konnten mit dieser Synthesestrategie 67% der spezifischen Cholinesterase-Aktivität erhalten werden, während im Kokain-freien Ansatz (Konjugat A) nur 2% der Ausgangsaktivität wiedergefunden wurden. Das BZE-AChE-Konjugat ermöglichte auch die Untersuchung der Bindungskinetik der anti-BZE-Antikörper. Dabei konnte eine Assoziationsgeschwindigkeitskonstante ka von 12911 l/(mol•s) berechnet werden. Dieser Wert ist trotz der vergleichsweise geringen Oberflächenbeladung vergleichbar mit den in der Literatur angegebenen Werten. Die Dissoziationsgeschwindigkeitskonstante ist mit 2,89E−3 1/s um den Faktor 30 höher als der Literaturwert. Diese Abweichung ist auf Unterschiede im Bindungsmodell zurückzuführen. Mit beiden BZE-AChE-Konjugaten konnte ein kompetetiver Immunoassay mit Kokain im Fließsystem durchgeführt werden. Dabei zeigte sich für beide Konjugate ein ähnlicher Testmittelpunkt: IC50 = 4,40E−8 mol/l für Konjugat A bzw. IC50 = 1,77E−8 mol/l für Konjugat B. Diese Werte sind vergleichbar zu bereits publizierten Kokainassays im Fließsystem. Wie vorstehend beschrieben, bindet Kokain als Inhibitor auch im aktiven Zentrum von Cholinesterasen. Diese Eigenschaft wurde genutzt, um ein zweites Enzym – Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) – an die BZE-AChE zu binden. Die Spezifität dieser Bindung konnte durch die Abwesenheit einer Affinität der BChE zum Propidium und durch die Blockierbarkeit der Bindung von BChE und BZE-AChE durch Kokain nachgewiesen werden. Damit konnte erfolgreich die Kombination mehrere molekularer Erkennungselemente demonstriert werden. Die Propidium-Plattform ermöglicht den Aufbau einer Architektur aus verschiedenen Cholinesterasen, die über unterschiedliche Bindungsstellen wechselwirken. Sowohl freie als auch BZE-modifizierte AChE können über die Affinität zum Propidium auf dem EQCM-Sensor immobilisiert werden. Mit Kokain als Substrat der Butyrylcholinesterase kann Benzoylecgonin nicht nur als Epitop für die Bindung eines Antikörpers, sondern auch als Erkennungselement für die BChE genutzt werden. Auf der anderen Seite erschwert die geringe Affinität der BChE im Gegensatz zum anti-BZE-Antikörper den Einsatz dieses Systems für analytische Zwecke. Durch die Verwendung anderer Ligand-Enzym-Kombinationen läßt sich das in dieser Arbeit vorgestellte Konzept noch weiter ausbauen und ermöglicht damit eine Entwicklung ausgehend von "einfachen" molekularen Erkennungselementen (MRE) hin zu "multifunktionellen" Erkennungselementsystemen. In dieser Arbeit konnte demonstriert werden, dass der Aufbau solch komplexe Systeme möglich ist, ohne Abstriche in Bezug auf die Empfindlichkeit der einzelnen Assays hinzunehmen. ; This work describes the development of a bifunctional biosensor following a modular assembly approach. This aim is reached through the combination of various molecular recognition elements. The system presented herein uses the following recognition elements: • propidium and the peripheral anionic site of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) • an organophosphate and the active site of the AChE • a hapten – covalently coupled to the AChE – and the epitope of an antibody • a hapten – covalently coupled to the AChE – binding as a ligand to another enzyme A biosensor is not only characterized by the molecular recognition element, but also by the type of signal transducer. This work is based on an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) device that uses gold-plated quartz sensors for the signal transduction. This allows monitoring two distinct signals at the same time: the piezoelectric determination of a mass loading and the amperometrical detection of enzymatic activity on the sensor surface. Thus two different assay systems are provided: the determination of the inhibition of the AChE activity and ligand binding assay via the hapten. Both tests are based on the modification of the piezoelectric crystals with propidium – a reversible AChE inhibitor. This allows the deposition of AChE on the sensor surface via the interaction with the enzyme's peripheral anionic site. The enzymatic activity of the in-situ immobilized AChE and the inhibition by organophosphates (pesticides) are measured amperometrically. Another recognition element is introduced by the chemical coupling of a hapten to the cholinesterase. This provides the opportunity bind an antibody to the haptenized cholinesterase that is immobilized on the propidium-modified sensor. Preliminary experiments were focussed on the improvement of the amperometric determination the AChE activity. The applied potential for the oxidation of thiocholine was changed over a range from 150 to 300 mV. The best results for the measured oxidation current and the long-term stability of the propidium-modified sensors were obtained at 200 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl). This potential was used throughout all subsequent experiments. This potential was also found to be lower as compared to mediator-free AChE-biosensors published hitherto. Different organophosphates were evaluated with regard to their inhibition constants to find those which react with active site of the acetylcholinesterase as fast as possible. The assay format used herein monitors the inhibition of the AChE directly in the flow-system. That is, it is not based preincubation of the enzyme with the inhibitor and therefore no inhibition equilibrium is reached. This approach requires fast inhibition kinetics in order to detect the organophosphates highly sensitively. Some of the inhibitors were only available in the phosphothionate form. Thus was necessary to convert these compounds to their respective oxon-forms by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS). The NBS-activation was performed successfully, though the expected inhibition potential could not be reached due to hydrolytic processes. Experiments with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) und chlorpyriphos-oxon (CPO) could confirm the previous experiments on the inhibtion kinetics. Lower limits of detection of 2E-06 M for DFP and 5E-08 M for CPO could be reached with this approach. Initially 2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was chosen as a hapten for the chemical modification of the acetylcholinesterase. The use of 2,4-D as a herbicide is regulated by the water protection directive of the European Union. 2,4-D was coupled to AChE in different molar ratios from 2,6 : 1 to 260 : 1 (2,4-D : AChE) after activation with a norbornendicarboximido derivative. The chosen coupling method allowed to recover the complete specific activity of the acetylcholinesterase and to bind a specific anti-2,4-D-antibody. Furthermore, the coupling of the immunoglobulins to gold nanoparticles was tested to enhance the piezoelectric signal of the antibody binding. An amplification factor of 10 was reached with this system. However the antibody-coated gold nanoparticles show a very poor long-term stability. Therefore also silica nanoparticles were tested as a matrix for the coupling of the antibodies. This approach yielded an amplification factor from 5 to 13 depending amount of antibodies bound to the nanoparticles. Unfortunately the high non-specific binding of the antibody nanoparticle conjugates did not allow a sensitive 2,4-D detection assay. Cocaine (benzoylecgonine, BZE) was coupled as a hapten to Acetylcholinesterase in an alternative approach. Two different strategies for the synthesis of the conjugate were pursued, since cocaine can bind also bind as an inhibitor for the AChE's active site. The addition of excess cocaine during the coupling reaction should the covalent binding of the cocaine derivative BZE-DADOO at the active site (conjugate B). Indeed over two thirds of the original specific cholinesterase activity could be recovered with this strategy, while the cocaine-free batch (conjugate A) showed only 2% of the original activity. Furthermore the BZE-AChE conjugate allowed the evaluation of the binding kinetics of the anti-BZE-antibody. The association rate constant ka was calculated to 12911 l/(mol•s). Despite the low surface coverage this value is still comparable to other published results. The dissociation rate constant kd of 2,89E−3 1/s is thirty times higher than values found in the literature. This deviation is due to differences in the applied binding model. Both BZE-AChE conjugates could be applied in a competitive immunoassay for cocaine in the flow system. It was shown that for both conjugates a similar half maximal inhibitory concentration was reached: : IC50 = 4,40E−8 mol/l for conjugate A and IC50 = 1,77E−8 mol/l for conjugate B, respectively. These values are comparable to other published assay for cocaine in a flow system. As described earlier, cocaine is also able to bind to the active site of cholinesterases. This feature was used to examine the interaction of a second enzyme – butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) – with the BZE-AChE. Evidence for the specificity of this interaction was provided by two further experiments, i.e. BChE has no affinity towards Propidium and the binding of BChE towards BZE-AChE could be blocked by excess cocaine. Thus the successful integration of recognition elements on the molecular level could be demonstrated. The propidium-modifies sensor allowed the construction of a scaffold of cholinesterases that interact via different recognition sites. Unmodified and BZE-coupled AChE can be immobilized on the EQCM-sensor via the interaction with propidium. With cocaine being a substrate BChE this compound cannot only be used to capture anti-BZE-antibodies, but also as a recognition element for BChE. The affinity of the BChE towards is relatively low as compared to the antibody's binding strength, thus making it difficult to employ this system for analytical purposes. Still the concept presented herein can be extended by other ligand-enzyme-combinations. On the basis of "simple" molecular recognition elements this enables the development of "multifunctional" recognition element systems. This work could show that the construction of such complex systems is possible without cutting back with regard to the sensitivity of the individual assays.

Thank you Chairman I would like to extend a warm welcome to our keynote speakers, David Byrne of the European Commission, Derek Yach from the World Health Organisation, and Paul Quinn representing Congressman Marty Meehan who sends his apologies. When we include the speakers who will address later sessions, this is, undoubtedly, one of the strongest teams that have been assembled on tobacco control in Europe. The very strength of the team underlines what I see as a shift – a very necessary shift – in the way we perceive the tobacco issue. For the last twenty years, we have lived out a paradox. It isnÃ'´t a social side issue. I make no apology for the bluntness of what IÃ'´m saying, and will come back, a little later, to the radicalism I believe we need to bring – nationally – to this issue. For starters, though, I want to lay it on the line that what weÃ'´re talking about is an epidemic as deadly as any suffered by human kind throughout the centuries. Slower than some of those epidemics in its lethal action, perhaps. But an epidemic, nonetheless. According to the World Health Organisation tobacco accounted for just over 3 million annual deaths in 1990, rising to 4.023 million annual deaths in 1998. The numbers of deaths due to tobacco will rise to 8.4 million in 2020 and reach roughly 10 million annually by 2030. This is quite simply ghastly. Tobacco kills. It kills in many different ways. It kills increasing numbers of women. It does its damage directly and indirectly. For children, much of the damage comes from smoking by adults where children live, study, play and work. The very least we should be able to offer every child is breathable air. Air that doesnÃ'´t do them damage. WeÃ'´re now seeing a global public health response to the tobacco epidemic. The Tobacco Free Initiative launched by the World Health Organisation was matched by significant tobacco control initiatives throughout the world. During this conference we will hear about the experiences our speakers had in driving these initiatives. This Tobacco Free Initiative poses unique challenges to our legal frameworks at both national and international levels; in particular it raises challenges about the legal context in which tobacco products are traded and asks questions about the impact of commercial speech especially on children, and the extent of the limitations that should be imposed on it. Politicians, supported by economists and lawyers as well as the medical profession, must continue to explore and develop this context to find innovative ways to wrap public health considerations around the trade in tobacco products – very tightly. We also have the right to demand a totally new paradigm from the tobacco industry. Bluntly, the tobacco industry plays the PR game at its cynical worst. The industry sells its products without regard to the harm these products cause. At the same time, to gain social acceptance, it gives donations, endowments and patronage to high profile events and people. Not good enough. This model of behaviour is no longer acceptable in a modern society. We need one where the industry integrates social responsibility and accountability into its day-to-day activities. We have waited for this change in behaviour from the tobacco industry for many decades. Unfortunately the documents disclosed during litigation in the USA and from other sources make very depressing reading; it is clear from them that any trust society placed in the tobacco industry in the past to address the health problems associated with its products was misplaced. This industry appears to lack the necessary leadership to guide it towards just and responsible action. Instead, it chooses evasion, deception and at times illegal activity to protect its profits at any price and to avoid its responsibilities to society and its customers. It has engaged in elaborate Ã'´spinÃ'´ to generate political tolerance, scientific uncertainty and public acceptance of its products. Legislators must act now. I see no reason why the global community should continue to wait. Effective legal controls must be laid on this errant industry. We should also keep these controls under review at regular intervals and if they are failing to achieve the desired outcomes we should be prepared to amend them. In Ireland, as Minister for Health and Children, I launched a comprehensive tobacco control policy entitled "Towards a Tobacco Free Society". OTT?Excessive?Unrealistic? On the contrary – I believe it to be imperative and inevitable. I honestly hold that, given the range of fatal diseases caused by tobacco use we have little alternative but to pursue the clear objective of creating a tobacco free society. Aiming at a tobacco free society means ensuring public and political opinion are properly informed. It requires help to be given to smokers to break the addiction. It demands that people are protected against environmental tobacco smoke and children are protected from any inducement to experiment with this product. Over the past year we have implemented a number of measures which will support these objectives; we have established an independent Office of Tobacco Control, we have introduced free nicotine replacement therapy for low-income earners, we have extended our existing prohibitions on tobacco advertising to the print media with some minor derogations for international publications. We have raised the legal age at which a person can be sold tobacco products to eighteen years. We have invested substantially more funds in health promotion activities and we have mounted sustained information campaigns. We have engaged in sponsorship arrangements, which are new and innovative for public bodies. I have provided health boards with additional resources to let them mount a sustained inspection and enforcement service. Health boards will engage new Directors of Tobacco Control responsible for coordinating each health boardÃ'´s response and for liasing with the Tobacco Control Agency I set up earlier this year. Most recently, I have published a comprehensive Bill – The Public Health (Tobacco) Bill, 2001. This Bill will, among other things, end all forms of product display and in-store advertising and will require all retailers to register with the new Tobacco Control Agency. Ten packs of cigarettes will be banned and transparent and independent testing procedures of tobacco products will be introduced. Enforcement officers will be given all the necessary powers to ensure there is full compliance with the law. On smoking in public places we will extend the existing areas covered and it is proposed that I, as Minister for Health and Children, will have the powers to introduce further prohibitions in public places such as pubs and the work place. I will also provide for the establishment of a Tobacco Free Council to advise and assist on an ongoing basis. I believe the measures already introduced and those additional ones proposed in the Bill have widespread community support. In fact, youÃ'´re going to hear a detailed presentation from the MRBI which will amply illustrate the extent of this support. The great thing is that the support comes from smokers and non-smokers alike. Bottom line, Ladies and Gentlemen, is that we are at a watershed. As a society (if youÃ'´ll allow me to play with a popular phrase) weÃ'´ve realised itÃ'´s time to Ã'´wake up and smell the cigarettes.Ã'´ Smell them. See them for what they are. And get real about destroying their hold on our people. The MRBI survey makes it clear that the single strongest weapon we have when it comes to preventing the habit among young people is price. Simple as that. Price. Up to now, the fear of inflation has been a real impediment to increasing taxes on tobacco. It sounds a serious, logical argument. Until you take it out and look at it a little more closely. Weigh it, as it were, in two hands. I believe – and I believe this with a great passion – that we must take cigarettes out of the equation we use when awarding wage increases. I am calling on IBEC and ICTU, on employers and trade unions alike, to move away from any kind of tolerance of a trade that is killing our citizens. At one point in industrial history, cigarettes were a staple of the workingmanÃ'´s life. So it was legitimate to include them in the Ã'´basketÃ'´ of goods that goes to make up the Consumer Price Index. It isnÃ'´t legitimate to include them any more. Today, IÃ'´m saying that society collectively must take the step to remove cigarettes from the basket of normality, from the list of elements which constitute necessary consumer spending. IÃ'´m saying: "We can no longer delude ourselves. We must exclude cigarettes from the considerations we address in central wage bargaining. We must price cigarettes out of the reach of the children those cigarettes will kill." Right now, in the monthly Central Statistics Office reports on consumer spending, the figures include cigarettes. But – right down at the bottom of the page – thereÃ'´s another figure. Calculated without including cigarettes. I believe that if we continue to use the first figure as our constant measure, it will be an indictment of us as legislators, as advocates for working people, as public health professionals. If, on the other hand, we move to the use of the second figure, we will be sending out a message of startling clarity to the nation. We will be saying "We donÃ'´t count an addictive, killer drug as part of normal consumer spending." Taking cigarettes out of the basket used to determine the Consumer Price Index will take away the inflation argument. It will not be easy, in its implications for the social partners. But it is morally inescapable. We must do it. Because it will help us stop the killer that is tobacco. If we can do it, we will give so much extra strength to health educators and the new Tobacco Control Association. This new organisation of young people who already have branches in over fifteen counties, is represented here today. The young adults who make up its membership are well placed to advise children of the dangers of tobacco addiction in a way that older generations cannot. It would strengthen their hand if cigarettes move – in price terms – out of the easy reach of our children Finally, I would like to commend so many public health advocates who have shown professional and indeed personal courage in their commitment to this critical public health issue down through the years. We need you to continue to challenge and confront this grave public health problem and to repudiate the questionable science of the tobacco industry. The Research Institute for a Tobacco Free Society represents a new and dynamic form of partnership between government and civil society. It will provide an effective platform to engage and mobilise the many different professional and academic skills necessary to guide and challenge us. I wish the conference every success.

SCHOPENHAUERS LEBEN, WERKE UND LEHRE [9. BAND, ZWEITE NEU BEARBEITETE UND VERMEHRTE AUFLAGE] Geschichte der neuern Philosophie (-) Schopenhauers Leben, Werke und Lehre [9. Band, zweite neu bearbeitete und vermehrte Auflage] (9,2 / 1898) ( - ) Einband ( - ) Titelseite ([II]) Titelseite ([III]) Impressum ([IV]) Vorrede. ([V]) Inhaltsverzeichniß. (VII) Erstes Buch. Schopenhauers Leben und Charakter. ([1]) Erstes Capitel. Biographische Nachrichten. Das Zeitalter Schopenhauers. Der erste Abschnitt seiner Jugendgeschichte. (1788 - 1805.) ([3]) I. Biographische Quellen und Nachrichten. ([3]) II. Schopenhauers Zeitalter. (6) III. Abstammung. Erste Jugend- und Wanderjahre. (9) 1. Die Vorfahren. (9) 2. Heinrich Floris Schopenhauer. (10) 3. Johanna Schopenhauer. (10) 4. Arthurs Kindheit und Knabenalter. (12) IV. Die Grundzüge seines Charakters. (16) 1. Anerzogene und angeerbte Gemüthsart. (16) 2. Das väterliche Erbtheil. (16) 3. Das mütterliche Erbtheil. (18) Zweites Capitel. Der zweite Abschnitt der Jugendgeschichte. Die neue Laufbahn und die neuen Lehrjahre. (1805 - 1814.) (19) I. Johanna Schopenhauer in Weimar. (19) 1. Der gesellige Kreis. Goethe. (19) 2. Karl Ludwig Fernow. (23) 3. Die Schriftstellerin. (24) II. A. Schopenhauers neue Laufbahn. (25) 1. Die letzten Jahre in Hamburg. (25) 2. Die Schulzeit in Gotha und Weimar. (27) 3. Die Universitätszeit in Göttingen und Berlin. (27) 4. Die Promotion in Jena. (30) 5. Goethes EInfluß. (31) III. Das Zerwürfniß zwischen Mutter und Sohn. (33) 1. Die ökonomische Differenzen. (33) 2. Die persönlichen Differenzen. (34) 3. Die häuslichen Differenzen. (37) Drittes Capitel. Der dritte Abschnitt der Jugendgeschichte. Neue Werke und neue Wanderjahre. (1814 - 1820.) (38) I. Der Dresdener Aufenthalt. (38) 1. Glückliche Jahre. (38) 2. Die Schrift über Farbenlehre und der Briefwechsel mit Goethe. (42) 3. Die Entstehung des Hauptwerks. (47) II. Die italienische Reise. (55) 1. Venedig und Rom. (55) 2. Lord Byron. (56) III. Die Unglücksbotschaft. (57) 1. Kampf und Sieg. (57) 2. Das Zerwürfniß der Geschwister. (58) Viertes Capitel. Die Berliner Periode und die letzten Wanderjahre. (1820 - 1831.) (59) I. Die akademische Lehrthät[i]gkeit. (59) 1. Die Habilitation und die Vorlesungen. (59) 2. Die Händel mit Beneke. (62) II. Die letzten Wanderjahre und die Rückkehr. (64) 1. Die zweite italienische Reise. München und Dresden. (64) 2. Lichtblicke. (65) 3. Der Rückblick. (66) III. Litterarische Pläne und Arbeiten. (67) 1. Uebersetzungspläne. (67) 2. Uebersetzungswerke. (69) Fünftes Capitel. Der erste Abschnitt der Frankfurter Periode. (1831 - 1841.) (70) I. Die Uebersiedlung nach Frankfurt. (70) 1. Traum und Flucht. (70) 2. Annäherung an Mutter und Schwester. (71) 3. Die Niederlassung in Frankfurt. (72) II. Die handschriftlichen Bücher. (75) III. Neue Schriften. (76) 1. Pläne. (76) 2. Das neue Werk. (77) 3. Zwei Gelegenheitsschriften. Goethe und Kant. (79) 4. Zwei Preisschriften. Die Grundprobleme der Ethik. (81) Sechstes Capitel. Der zweite Abschnitt der Frankfurter Periode. (1841 - 1850.) (86) I. Neue Werke und Ausgaben. (86) 1. Die Erneuerung des Hauptwerks. (86) 2. Die neue Ausgabe der Dissertation. (88) II. Die erste Anhängerschaft und das letzte Werk. (89) 1. Drei Juristen. (89) 2. Julius Frauenstädt. (89) 3. Das letzte Werk. (92) III. Das Ende des Jahrzehnts. (93) 1. Die politischen Stürme. (93) 2. Die entdeckte Verschwörung. (95) 3. Das Goethe-Album. (96) Siebentes Capitel. Der dritte Abschnitt der Frankfurter Periode. (1851 - 1860.) (97) I. Die neue Aera. (97) 1. Die reactionäre Zeitströmung. (97) 2. Zeitphänomene. Das Tischrücken und der animalische Magnetismus. (102) II. Die neue Propaganda. Apostel und Evangelisten. (103) 1. Active und passive Apostel. (103) 2. Otto Lindner und John Oxenford. (105) 3. Die Anfänge der Schopenhauer-Litteratur. (107) 4. Richard Wagner. (113) III. Der Philosoph des Jahrhunderts. (115) 1. Die neuen Auflagen, (115) 2. Die Popularität. (119) 3. Porträts und Aehnlichkeiten. (121) Achtes Capitel. Schopenhauers Charakter. (127) I. Das Problem. (127) II. Der Widerstreit zwischen Lehre und Charakter. (129) 1. Die Philosophie als Moral und Religion. (129) 2. Der moralische Charakter. (130) 3. Der schmerzlose Pessimismus und der glückliche Lebenslauf. (132) III. Der Einklang zwischen Lehre ud Charakter. (133) 1. Die Philosophie als Kunst. (133) 2. Die genial Geistesart. (136) 3. Der ästherische Widerwille. (138) 4. Der Glanz der Welt und deren Scheinwerthe. (139) IV. Der Rückgang des Pessimismus. (143) Neuntes Capitel. Die Ausgaben sämmtlicher Werke. (147) I. Die Ausgabe nach Schopenhauer. (147) 1. Der Grundtext. (147) 2. Der Plan der Gesammtausgabe. (148) II. Die Gesammtausgaben. (148) 1. Frauenstädt. (148) 2. Grisebach. (152) III. Die Briefe. (155) 1. Schemann. (156) 2. Grisebach. (156) IV. Die Verbreitung der Werke. (157) Zweites Buch. Darstellung und Kritik der Lehre. ([159]) Erstes Capitel. Propädeutik. Der Satz vom zureichenden Grunde. (161) I. Die Wurzel des Satzes vom Grunde. (161) 1. Das Vorstellungsvermögen. (161) 2. Die vierfache Wurzel. (162) 3. Die Arten des Grundes und deren Ordnung. (162) II. Der physikalische Grund oder die Causalität. (164) 1. Die Sinnenwelt. (164) 2. Die Materie und deren Veränderung. (164) 3. Die Arten der Causalität. (166) III. Der Erkenntnißgrund. (166) 1. Die beiden Erkenntnißvermögen. (166) 2. Die falsche Lehre. (168) 3. Die Arten des logischen Grundes. (169) IV. Der mathematische Grund. (169) 1. Der Seinsgrund. (169) 2. Arithmetik und Geometrie. (170) V. Die Motivation. (171) 1. Die Identität von Subject und Object. Der Weltknoten. (171) 2. Die Enthüllung der Kraft. Der Grundstein der Metaphysik. (172) 3. Wollen und Erkennen. (172) VI. Die vierfache Nothwendigkeit. (173) Zweites Capitel. Die Sinne und die sinnliche Anschauung. (175) I. Empfindung und Wahrnehmung. (175) II. Die Sinnesempfindungen. (177) 1. Die Sinnesarten. (177) 2. Die theoretischen Sinne. (178) 3. Gesicht und Gehör. (179) 4. Der Tast- und Gesichtssinn. (181) III. Die Gesichtswahrnehmung. (182) 1. Die Gesetze des Sehens. Unbewußte Schlüsse. (182) 2. Schein und Realität. (186) 3. Die nativistische und emprirische Theorie. (187) Drittes Capitel. Die Farbenlehre. (189) I. Die Aufgabe der Farbenlehre. (189) 1. Stellung zur Philosophie. (189) 2. Stellung zu Goethe und Newton. (189) 3. Schopenhauers Standpunkt. (192) II. Das System der Farbenlehre. (193) 1. Die Thätigkeit der Netzhaut. (193) 2. Farbenpaare und Farbenpolarität. (195) 3. Die Farbenspektra. (197) 4. Die Herstellung des Weißen aus Farben. (198) 5. Lichtbilder und Farbenblindheit. (200) III. Die äußeren Ursachen der Farben. (201) 1. Physische ud chemische Farben. (201) 2. Der physische und physiologische Farbenursprung. (201) Viertes Capitel. Die Welt als Vorstellung unter der Herrschaft des Satzes vom Grunde. Die idealistische Grundansicht. (203) I. Die Gattung des Satzes vom Grunde. (203) 1. Dogmatismus und Skepticismus. (203) 2. Realismus und Idealismus. Identitätsphilosophie. (204) 3. Der Materialismus. (205) II. Schopenhauers Standpunkt. (207) 1. Parallele mit Reinhold. (207) 2. Der Idealismus. Berkeley und Kant. (208) 3. Die Welt als Traum. (211) Fünftes Capitel. Der doppelte Intellect. Die Vernunfterkenntniß. Anschauungen und Begriffe. (213) I. Der einfache Intellect. (213) II. Der doppelte Intellect. (214) 1. Die Geltung der Universalien. (214) 2. Das Gedächtniß. (215) 3. Sprache, Civilisation, Wissenschaft. (216) 4. Der Gedankenlauf. Die Association. (217) III. DIe Lehre von der Vernunfterkenntniß. (219) 1. Logik. (219) 2. Dialektik und Eristik. (221) 3. Rhetorik. Die alten Sprachen, die deutsche Sprache. (223) 4. Das Lächerliche. Witz und Narrheit. Ironie und Humor. (225) Sechstes Capitel. Von der Erkenntnißlehre zur Metaphysik. (230) I. Wissen und Fühlen. (230) II. Die Mängel des Intellects. (232) 1. Die wesentlichen Unvollkommenheiten. (232) 2. Die unwesentlichen Unvollkommenheiten. (234) III. Das Endziel der Erkenntniß. (236) 1. Die praktische Vernunft. (236) 2. Das metaphysische Bedürfniß. (239) Siebentes Capitel. Die Lehre von der menschlichen Glückseligkeit. (245) I. Die Eudämonologie. (245) II. Die Güter des Lebens. (246) 1. Die Grundeintheilung. (246) 2. Die Persönlichkeit. (247) 3. Der Besitz. (249) 4. Das Ansehen: Ehre, Rang, Ruhm. (250) III. Paränesen und Maximen. (257) 1. Die eigene Person. (257) 2. Die Geselligkeit. (261) 3. Der Wettlauf und das Schicksal. (263) IV. Die Lebensalter. (264) 1. Der Gegensatz der Lebensalter. (264) 2. Der Gegensatz der Lebensanschauungen. (266) 3. Die Euthanasie. (266) 4. DIe Lebensalter und die Planeten. (267) Achtes Capitel. Die Welt als Wille. Die Metaphysik der Natur. (268) I. Die Realität der Außenwelt. (268) 1. Der Leib als Wille. (268) 2. Die Welt als Wille. (271) 3. Das Ding an sich als Wille. (273) II. Die Welt als die Objectivation des Willens. (275) 1. Die Stufen der Welt. Die Ideen. (275) 2. Natürliche Ursachen und Kräfte. Höhere und niedere Kräfte. (277) 3. Uebereinstimmung und Zwietracht. Der Urwille. (279) 4. Der Wille zum Leben. (281) Neuntes Capitel. Der Wille in der Natur. (283) I. Die Metaphysik in nuce. (283) II. Religion, Sprache, Magie. (284) III. Naturwissenschaftliche Bestätigungen. (290) 1. Die unwillkürlichen Leibesactionen. (290) 2. Der Bau des Leibes. (295) 3. Der Intellect. (301) 4. Die Instincte und Kunsttriebe. (303) Zehntes Capitel. Wille und Causalität. Der Primat des Willens. (306) I. Die Grundlehre in kürzester Fassung. (306) 1. Herschel. Zwei Grundirrthümer. (306) 2. Zwei Bewegungsarten und deren Ursachen. (307) 3. Ursachen und Wirkungen. Gleichartigkeit und Verschiedenartigkeit. (308) II. Der Primat des Willens. (311) 1. Der Intellect als dessen Werkzeug. (311) 2. Der unermüdliche voreilige Wille. Hemmungen und Antriebe. (315) 3. Kopf und Herz. (320) 4. Die Identität der Person. (323) Elftes Capitel. Der Traum. Das Organ und die Arten des Traums. (324) I. Sinnenwelt und Traumwelt. (324) 1. Die Erklärung der Magie. Spiritualismus und Idealismus. (324) 2. Der Traum als Gehirnphänomen. (326) 3. Das Gehirn als Traumorgan. (327) II. Die Arten des Traums. (328) 1. Das Warträumen. (328) 2. Der Somnambulismus. (328) 3. Das Hellsehen und der magnetische Schlaf. (329) 4. Die prophetischen Träume. (330) 5. Die Ahndung. (331) III. Die Geistererscheinungen. (331) 1. Die Hallucinationen. (331) 2. Die Visionen. (332) 3. Die Deuteroskopie. (333) 4. Die Gespenster. (333) 5. Die Geister der Abgeschiedenen. (334) Zwölftes Capitel. Die Anschauung der Ideen. Das Genie und die Kunst. (335) I. Die Composition der Lehre Schopenhauers. (335) 1. Kant und Plato. (335) 2. Der Veda und der Buddhaismus. (337) II. Die geniale Anschauung und deren Object. (338) 1. Die Urformen oder Ideen. (338) 2. Das reine Subject des Erkennens. (340) 3. Das Genie und der Genius. Die Charakteristik des Genies. (341) 4. Genialität und Wahnsinn. (349) Dreizehntes Capitel. Das Reich des Schönen und der Kunst. (350) I. Das ästhetische Wohlgefallen und dessen Begründung. (350) II. Die ästhetische Weltbetrachtung und deren Objecte. (353) 1. Das Schöne. (353) 2. Das Erhabene. (357) III. Die platonische Idee als das Object der Kunst. (358) 1. Schopenhauers Nichtübereinstimmung mit Plato. (358) 2. Das Thema und die Aufgabe der Kunst. (359) Vierzehntes Capitel. Das Stufenreich der Künste. (361) I. Die bildende Kunst. (361) 1. Die Architektur. (361) 2. Die Sculptur. (Lacoon.) (365) 3. Die Malerei. (Die Allegorie.) (372) II. Die Dichtkunst. (374) 1. Die Bildersprache. Rhythmus und Reim. (374) 2. Die Arten der Poesie. (377) 3. Die Tragödie. (378) III. Die Musik. (382) 1. Das Räthsel der Musik. Schopenhauer und Richard Wagner. (382) 2. Die Analogie zwischen den Gebilden der Dinge und denen der Töne. (385) 3. Das Tongebilde. Rhythmus, Harmonie und Melodie. (387) Fünfzehntes Capitel. Der Uebergang zur Ethik. Die Grundfrage und das ertse Grundproblem der Ethik. (393) I. Die Selbsterkenntniß des Willens. (393) II. Die Gewißheit des Lebens und des Todes. (394) III. Die menschliche Willensfreiheit. (397) 1. Die physische, intellectuelle und sogenannte moralische Freiheit. (397) 2. Die wahre moralische Freiheit. (403) Sechszehntes Capitel. Die Bejahung des Willens zum Leben. Das Elend des menschlichen Daseins und dessen Fortpflanzung. (406) I. Das leidensvolle Dasein. (406) II. Die Fortpflanzung des menschlichen Daseins. (409) 1. Die Erblichkeit der Eigenschaften. (409) 2. Die Metaphysik der Geschlechtsliebe. (411) Siebzehntes Capitel. Die Gerechtigkeit in der Welt. Das Weltgericht. (418) I. Die zeitliche Gerechtigkeit. (418) 1. Die reine oder moralische Rechtslehre. Unrecht und Recht. (418) 2. Gewalt und List. (420) 3. Der Staat und das Staatsrecht. (420) 4. Die Strafgerechtigkeit. (423) II. Die ewige Gerechtigkeit. (424) 1. Schuld und Strafe. (424) 2. Die Seelenwanderung. Metempsychose und Palingenesie. (425) Achtzehntes Capitel. Das Fundament der Ethik als deren zweites Grundproblem. (429) I. Der Grundsatz und die Grundlage der Moral. (429) 1. Das Problem. (429) 2. Die Kritik der Kantischen Sittenlehre. (431) 3. Die gute und böse Gesinnung. Das gute und böse Gewissen. (432) II. Das Mitleid als Fundament der Ethik. (434) 1. Der metaphysische Grund des Mitleids. Rousseau. (434) 2. Der Ursprung des Weinens. (439) Neunzehntes Capitel. Die Verneinung des Willens zum Leben. Das Verhältniß der Lehre Schopenhauers zu der Religion und den Religionen. (441) I. Die Stufenleiter des bösen und des guten Willens. (441) 1. Der heftige, grimmige, böse und teuflische Wille. (441) 2. Der gelassene, rechtliche und großherzige Wille. (443) II. Die Selbstverleugnung und Askese. (444) 1. Die Mortification des Willens. (444) 2. Die Verneinung des Selbstmords. (445) 3. Die Heiligkeit und die Erlösung. (447) III. Das Quietiv und die Heilswege. (449) 1. Die Vorbilder auf dem Wege zum Heil. (449) 2. Motive und Quietiv. (450) 3. Die ethisch-geniale Erkenntniß als der erste Heilsweg. (450) 4. Das empfundene Leiden als der zweite Heilsweg. (454) 5. Die Heilsordnung. (457) IV. Religion und Religionsphilosophie. (458) 1. Monotheismus und Polytheismus. (458) 2. Das echte und unechte Christenthum. (459) 3. Nirwana. (464) 4. Epiphilosophie. (465) Zwanzigstes Capitel. Schopenhauers kritisches Verhalten zur früheren, gleichzeitigen und eigenen Philosophie. (467) I. Uebersicht. (467) II. Die christliche Religion und die vorkantische Philosophie. (468) 1. Religionsgeschichtliche Irrthümer. (468) 2. Die alte Philosophie und die indo-ägyptische Hypothese. (471) 3. Die Scholastik. (472) 4. Die neuere Philosophie. (473) III. Die Kritik der Kantischen Philosophie. (479) 1. Die Aufgabe. (479) 2. Kants Verdienste. (481) 3. Kants Fehler. (481) 4. Erläuterungen. (488) IV. Schopenhauer und die nachkantische Philosophie. (491) 1. Bemerkungen über die eigene Lehre. (491) 2. Die Universitätsphilosophie. (492) Einundzwanzigstes Capitel. Die Kritik der Lehre Schopenhauers. (495) I. Das Grundgebrechen des ganzen Systems. (495) 1. Die entwicklungsgeschichtliche Betrachtung. Die Antithese zwischen Kant und Schopenhauer. (495) 2. Der Unwerth der Geschichte. Die Antithese zwischen Schopenhauer und Hegel. (496) 3. Der Werth der Geschichte. (500) II. Die Widersprüche in dem System. (501) 1. Die falsche Abwehr. (502) 2. Die Welt als Entwicklungssystem. (503) 3. Die Welt als Erkenntnißsystem. (507) 4. Das pessimistische Weltsystem. (515) III. Die Widersprüche im Fundament. (525) 1. Der Drang im DInge an sich. (525) 2. Die transscendenten Fragen. (526) 3. Die einzigen Ausnahmen. (526) 4. Die Individualität im Dinge an sich. (527) 5. Der transscendente Fatalismus. (529) Zweiundzwanzigstes Capitel. Die Kritik der Darstellungsart. (531) I. Vorzüge und Mängel. (531) 1. Wiederholungen. (532) 2. Citate und Fremdwörter. (532) 3. Satzbildung und Interpunction. (533) II. Stilistische Grundsätze. (534) Druckfehlerverzeichniß. ( - ) Einband ( - ) Buchrücken ( - )

First published in 1869 under title: Moral philosophy. ; CHAPTER IX. DUTIES -- SELF-CULTURE -- Aesthetic -- Its expensiveness -- Elevating tendency -- Increases power -- False refinement -- Fastidiousness -- The cultivated lady -- Culture, how attained -- Degree of attention proper -- Other demands to be cousidered -- Physical culture a duty -- Health -- Manual skill --Manners and habits -- Predominance of the soul -- CHAPTER X. DuTIES -- USEFULNESS -- The true aim -- The natural impulse -- Proper occupation -- Notoriety not usefulness -- Wealth and its uses -- Special obligation of the rich -- Social influence -- Difficulties and duties -- Special duties of the young -- The great want -- CHAPTER XL. DUTIES -- FIDELITY --Faithfulness in contracts -- Binding force -- Threats and promises -- In what sense binding -- When null -- Conditions -- Express and implied contracts -- Effect of the oath -- Marriage engagements -- CHAPTER XII. DUTIES -- VERACITY -- ItS nature and obligation -- Significance of the oath -- Its rightfulness -- Profanity -- Violations of veracity -- Limits of the obligation -- Words and gestures -- Legal practice -- Instinct of veracity -- CHAPTER XIII. DUTIES -- CHASTITY -- Nature of the duty -- Effect and criminality of unchastity -- Injustice of society -- Marriage provided for -- Its nature and conditions -- Moral law of divorce -- Civil law -- Incest -- Concluding remarks. ; SECOND DIVISION -- PERSONAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES -- Managing the market -- Cicero's example -- Law of wages Woman's wages -- Work that is above wages -- Violations of the right of property -- Bankrupt laws -- Prevalence of fraud upon the government -- Mischief of repudiation -- Immorality of gambling --Conflict of labor and capital -- CHAPTER VI. DUTIEs -- PIETY -- Origin of duties -- Nature of piety -- Its relation to religion -- Morality and religion -- Morality attained by religion -- Opposite of piety -- Duty of worship -- Possibility of prayer -- Speculative objections -- Social and public prayer -- The Sabbath -- Change of day -- Obligation permanent -- Proper observance -- Duty of promoting religion -- CHAPTER VII. Bums -- PHILANTHROPY -- PATRIoTIsM --Nature of philanthropy --Its relation to religion -- Its scope -- Proper test -- Misanthropy -- Patriotism as a virtue -- Required by benevolence -- Things opposed to patriotism -- CHAPTER VIII. DUTIES -- SELF-CULTURE -- Its nature and reasons -- Extends to all the faculties -- Spiritual culture -- Its relation to virtuous character --Intellectual culture -- Things to be held subordinate -- Kind of knowledge to be sought -- Culture of the sensibility -- Gives power --Relation to moral character -- Control indirect -- Associations --Books -- Perfection of character. ; CHAPTER III. RIGHTS -- LIBERTY -- Definition and extent -- Basis of the right -- Misapprehension of its origin -- Application to different powers --Principle of toleration -- Freedom of the press -- Free discussion -- Intervention of government in worship and education -- Subjective limitations -- Respect to the consciences of others -- Use of definite rules -- Violations of liberty -- Its defense -- CHAPTER IV. RIGHTS -- REPUTATION -- The interest involved -- How a good -- The precept -- Temptations to its violation -- Duty of exposing wrong -- Slander in truth-telling -- CHAPTER V. RIGHTS -- PROPERTY -- Origin of the right -- The precqpt -- Property, how acquired -- Transferable -- Right of discovery -- Effect of long possession -- Things not to be appropriated -- Animals made property, human beings not -- Limitations of the right -- Law of exchange -- Duty of the vender -- Standard of value. ; SECOND DIVISION -- PERSONAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES -- CHAPTER I. GENERAL PRLNCIPLES -- BaSIS of rights -- The comprehensive right -- Inalienable rights -- Basis of duties -- Correlation of rights and duties -- Positive and negative precepts -- Subjects of rights and duties -- The rights of brutes -- Superior right of rational beings -- CHAPTER II. RIGHTS -- LIFE -- Basis of the right -- Guilt of murder -- Malice and hatred -- Manslaughter -- Related crimes -- Right of self-preservation limited -- Self-defense -- Protection of property -- Carrying weapons -- Dueling -- Objections to self-defense -- Euthanacia. ; CHAPTER VIII. FAMILV GOVERNMENT -- Has a natural foundation -- Limited in its subjects -- Wide in its application to interests -- Mode of constitution -- Question of headsbip -- A relation of confidence -- To be entered upon with deliberation -- Maintained with care -- A natural sphere for each -- Relations of the family to the state and to society -- CHAPTER IX. DUTIES OF PARENT AND CHILD -- OF TEACHER AND PUPIL -- Chief work of the family -- Place of parental affection -- Leading duty of the parent -- Duty of obedience and its natural termination -- Claim of the child -- Limit of obedience -- Duty in maturity toward dependent parents -- The teacher's authority -- Its extent -- Need of closer definition -- The pupil's duty -- Unnatural antagonism -- Mutual regard -- Unfavorable tendencies -- Extreme in dividualism -- Independence of opinion. ; PART 11. PRACTICAL ETHICS -- PRELIMINARY REMARKS -- FIRST DIVISION -- CHAPTER V. PENALTIES IN CIVIL GOVERNMENT -- Uses of penalties -- Dangerous tendency -- Capital punishment -- Reasons for it -- Objection -- CHAPTER VI. LIMITS OF OBEDIENcE TO CIVIL GOVERNMENT -- GOvernment subordinate -- The higher law applied to a democratic state -- No general formula -- Laws, just, indifferent, unjust -- Two possible courses -- Duty of a subordinate magistrate -- Right of revolution -- Apprehended tendency -- Errors in two directions -- CHAPTER VII. THE RELATIONS OF NATIONS To EACH OTHER -- Obligation of nations limited -- Laws of nations -- Duty to respect each other's sovereignty -- Duty in case of rebellion -- In treaties -- In commercial intercourse -- Duty of self-preservation -- The rightfulness of war -- In case of resistance at home -- In case of aggression from without -- In defense of the weak -- In suppression of out rage -- In justifiable revolution -- Objections -- The true aim in war -- Duties in war. ; CHAPTER I. GOVERNMENT -- ITS NATURE AND F0UNDATI0N -- Definitions -- Relation of sanctions to government -- Object of government -- Its right to exist -- The right to govern -- Duty to govern -- Designation of the ruler -- Form of government -- Extent of authority -- Not dependent on desire of the governed -- CHAPTER II. THE DIVINE GOVERNMENT -- Its constitution -- Why God assumes the government -- The divine law -- How known to men -- Revealed law --Authority of examples -- The Saviour's example -- Genuine virtue required -- Personality of the law -- Application to communities -- Dealing with nations -- National sins -- CHAPTER III. PENALTIES UNDER THE DIVINE GOVERNMENT -- Nature of penalty -- Effects of penalty -- Relation of penalty to desert -- True reason of penalty -- Its extent -- Discipline and penalty -- Necessity of penalty in the divine government -- Degree and duration -- Guilt everlasting -- Natural consequences not penalty -- Physical law and penalty -- Remorse and penalty -- Providential conse quence -- CHAPTER IV. CIVIL GOVERNMENT -- Its foundation -- Right to govern -- The form of government -- A legitimate government -- A tyranny -- Constitutions -- Not a social compact -- Right and duty of voting -- The ruler a servant -- Doctrine of instruction -- Right of the majority -- Principle of representation -- The will of the governed a controlling element -- General tendency to democracy -- Relation of law to righteousness -- Mistakes. ; CHAPTER XI. -- THEORIES OF OBLIGATION -- Of right as ultimate -- Of obligation as originating in the will of God -- Difficulties -- Reason not ultimate -- Obligation known intuitively -- No character in God -- Relativity of morality -- Unscriptural -- Founded in the reason or nature of God -- Of spiritual worthiness as ultimate -- Hickok's view -- Janet's -- Seelye's -- Personal perfection not the true aim the term good -- Ambiguous use -- Virtue as ultimate -- Complacency not virtue -- Virtue a quality of choice, not its object -- Of abstract right as ultimate -- Axiom of the theory -- Does not explain the virtues -- Gives no unity to virtue -- Rightness not the final motive -- Maxim of the theory -- Acting from principle -- Rightness not ultimate -- Incidental advantages of the theory of benevolence. ; CHAPTER X. THEORIES OF OBLIGATION -- The question -- Different answers -- Reason for the difference -- Socrates and Plato -- Aristotle -- Doctrine of the Stoics -- Of the Epicureans -- Modern views -- Paley -- Taylor -- Difficulties -- Psychological error -- No freedom -- Misrepresents benevolence -- Mistakes the motive -- Makes no difference between the good and the bad -- Does not accord with Scripture -- Utilitarianism -- Misapplication of the term -- Needed discrimination -- "Holy Happiness" -- Kind of happiness to be sought -- Spencer's "Ethics." ; CHAPTER VIII. CONSCIENCE -- IS IT A GUIDE? -- Definition and office -- Impulse of Conscience -- Approval and condemnation -- Aesthetic conscience -- Conscience as a guide -- Intervention of judgment -- Different views -- Whately and Alexander -- Sins of ignorance -- Rational conscience the guide, not the emotional, nor the casthetic -- Conscientiousness -- Paul -- Honesty -- Sincerity --Conscience educated, enlightened, perverted -- Feeling of obligation -- CHAPTER IX. UNITY OR SIMPLICITY OF MORAL AcTI0N -- Virtue and sin contradictory -- Their coexistence impossible -- Different hypotheses to explain their coexistence -- Imperfect powers -- From the fall --From past sin -- Right intention with wrong thoughts and feelings -- Mixed motives -- Partial regard for good -- Lack of intensity -- Right ultimate choice and wrong acts -- The teaching of the Scriptores -- Practical teaching -- N.W. Taylor -- Objections and answers -- Prevailing consciousness -- Negative testimony -- No room for improvement -- Degrees of goodness -- Degrees of sinfulness -- Temptation and guilt -- Knowledge of past sinfulness -- General bearing of the doctrine. ; CHAPTER VI. ADDITIONAL REMARKS AND INFERRNCES -- Universality of the law of benevolence -- Works of supererogation impossible -- Morality personal, not transferable -- Ambiguity of the term character -- The seat of moral depravity -- Total moral depravity -- The moral change required -- Relation of emotion to the moral state -- Moral character in consciousness -- Moral consistency -- CHAPTER VII. RIGHT AND WRONG -- DUTY, KNOWN ANO UNKNOWN -- NEED OF A REvELATI0N -- Ambiguity of the terms right and wrong -- Absolute right and wrong -- Relative right and wrong -- Objective and subjective right and wrong -- Right and wrong per se -- The expedient and the right -- Our knowledge of the right -- End and means -- Doing evil that good may Come -- Least of two evils -- Known and unknown dUty -- Need of revelation to furnish motive and to indicate objective duty. ; CHAPTER V. OF PARTICULAR VICES -- Their common element -- Their relation to sinful character -- Their origin -- Sensuality -- Ambition -- Avarice -- Pride and vanity -- Selfishness -- The desire not sinful -- Malevolent impulses -- Natural or impulsive goodness -- Two characters possible -- Apparent goodness -- Right moral judgments -- Kindly affections -- Devotional feelings -- Impulsive virtues, their relation to true virtue -- Imitative goodness -- Deficiency exhibited -- Are the impulsive virtues sinful? -- Their utility. ; PART 1.--THEORETICAL -- CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY DEFINITIONS. -- Divisions of the science -- Topics treated of -- Obligation a simple idea -- Undefinable --Attempted definitions --A moral being or person --Essential attributes -- Intellect -- Sensibility -- Free-will -- A moral act -- The moral element, where found -- Different forms of voluntary action -- More exact location of the moral element -- Character and intention -- Two kinds of moral action -- CHAPTER II. RIGHT OR VIRTUOUS ACTION -- The true good -- Absolute and relative good -- Illustrations of the two -- Mere animal life valuable -- The Summum Bonum -- No comparison of the two forms of good -- Happiness -- Obligation, how perceived -- Regard to our own good -- Of virtue as good -- Of benevolence as virtue -- Benevolence in consciousness -- CHAPTER III. WRONG OR SINFUL ACTION -- Its nature -- Its motive -- Its form, how determined --Gratification of desire not sin -- Sin subordinates reason -- No rational end in sin -- Sin not a choice of evil -- Sin not selfishness --Impossibility of making one's own good the supreme end -- Sin in consciousness -- Self-gratification not the intelligent end -- Sin subjection to impulse, or carnal-mindedness -- Desires and passions not sinful -- Their uses -- CHAPTER IV. OF THE PARTICULAR VIRTUES -- Benevolence the root -- Constitutes right character -- Its relation to the particular virtues, and to right acts -- Love -- Gratitude -- Justice not an independent -- virtue -- Mercy not opposed to justice -- Self-denial --Veracity -- Humility -- Faith -- Obedience -- The teaching of Scripture -- Misapprehensions of benevolence -- Interdependence of the virtues. ; Mode of access: Internet.

A& o/ V UBUSHED BY THE STUDENTS OF PENNSYLVANIA (GETTYSBURG) COLLEGE. 1NEL, G;TTV6B1JH3, I G'BURG C, UB-DUPLICATg ADVERTISEMENTS. Mkt I® WifiHi^l itA* Mil) Importers and Jobbers of «» Nos. 16 and 18 W. German Street, BALTIMORE, Offer to the trade their large and well-selected stock of Make a specialty to have on hand everything required by Pharmacists. A complete stock can at any time be selected or wants supplied. ALQNZO L, THOMSEN,^ R\OK, WlNDElt. SHAltl? AND LKADENUALL SI'S., P. O. Box 557. Baltimore, Md, I beg to call to the attention or. the Trade that 1 have re-cently added to my Plant a complete set o£ Drug Milling Ma-chinery o£ the most Improved pattern. 8. E. Hip^Ul| HATS, CAPS, ^^ BOOTS * SHOES. G; :Satisfaction Guaranteed.i>cr) No. 6 S. Baltimore Street, GETTYSBURG, PA. Accumulated Wealth, Laying up of riches isn't the only thing in life, for fre-quently a sour disposition is the result. You want to take comfort in life as you go along, one of the best ways to take comfort is to buy well-fit-ting clothing. My Spring Styles are now here and the selection is large and varied. Suits made to your order from $12 up. Pressing and Repairing done at short'notice. j. D. LiPPY, ^™&T 43 Chambersburg St., aETTYSBURa, PA. m XX fi#5b -DEALER IN-Hais, Shirts, Shoes, Ties, Umbrellas, Gloves. Satchels, Hose, (Pocket (Books, Trunks, Telescopes, (Rubbers, Etc., Etc. AMOS ECKERT. -«* BO-AJRIDIZtsTG-By Day, Week or Month. BATES REAiiONABZE. HOUSE EQUIPPED WITH M. I MODERN IMJ'l:/) VEMENTS. 0 E Grocery Store In same building. Full line of Good; kept and sold at small profits. House and Store located on Cor. of College Campus, oppt Brua Chapel. gggfPublic Patronage Solicited. ' SAMUEL H. TATCHINBAUGH, Prop'] MENEELY BELL COMPAN Troy, N. Y., fe^s^o? SuPEftiofi BELLS o T O T] o A, A The 2,000 pound bell now ringing in the tower of Pennsylvania College was mamuac 41 tured at this foundry. FJ The College Metcuty. GETTYSBURG, PA., APRIL, 1897. No. 2. [THE COLLEGE MEfiCUfiT, j>lished each month during the college year by the Students of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. STAFF. Edi1or: ROBBIN B. WOLF, '97. Associate Editors : EWIS C. MANGES, '97. - ED. W. MEISEN HELDER, SAMUEL J. MiLLER '97. CHARLES T. LARK '98. JOHN W. OTT, '97. CHARLES H. TILP, E. L. KOLLER, '98. '98. Alumni Association Editor: REV. D. FRANK GARLAND, A. M., Tanetown, Md. Business Manager: HARRY R, SMITH, '97. Assistant Business Manager: JOHN E. MEISENHELDER, '97.' """""./One volume (ten months). . . . $l.ro ILKMS. jingle copies, . . .15 Payable in advance. ( \11 students are requested to hand us matter tor publication. The Alumni and ex-members of the College will tavor us by sending Information concerning their whereabouts or any items they may think would he Interesting tor publication. All subscriptions and business matters should be addressed to the business manager. Matter intended tor publication should be addressed to the litor. Address, THE COLLEGE MEIICOEY, Gettysburg, Pa. ITORIAL, 20 B1TUAKY—REV.'R.EE M. HEILMAN, 23 THE RELIGIOUS SENTIMENTS OF ROBERT BURNS, 1 AS EXPRESSED IN HIS POEMS—PRIZE ESSAY, j ' *4 OBSERVED AND NOTED, 2g THE HERACLEDIAI, .30 COLLEGE LOCALS, --- _-_ 31 J ALUMNI NOTES, ,, ATHLETIC NOTES, - ^6 TOWN AND SEMINARY NOTES, 37 c. LITERARY SOCIETIES, ,g FRATERNITY NOTES, ,g EDITORIAL. AN under graduate ought to feel reluctant to criticise the Alumni, but existing condi-tions make it allowable, if not actually neces-sary. If some one were to ask the Alumni, gen-erally, the question, what are you doing for Alma Mater, the answer would undoubtedly have to be very little or nothing. It is a con-fessed and deplorable fact that the Alumni are manifesting little interest in the college. They forsooth feel interest in it but do not manifest it by any surface indications. There are, of course, exceptional cases. Some are occasional contributors to the college pub-lications and some perhaps make financial do-nations to specific projects, but the majority of the Alumni seem to be decidedly apathetic to-wards the college. The Alumni associations in various districts and cities have all become extinct. The Yale Gettysburg Club is the only association of the Alumni outside of the general association. If the interest that this club shows in the institution characterized the now defunct associations, their demise is all the more to be regretted. Mr. Gies, of New Haven, has been working hard to establish other associations and has good hopes of seeing others created or old ones revived. Of the many reasons which make the organ-ization of these clubs desirable, we submit but two. In the first place, they benefit the col-lege. This statement is axiomatic. It stands to reason that when wise men put their heads together, some good must result. Throughout the college world, such clubs have always ex-isted and have been of the greatest service to their respective colleges. In the second place, the Alumni owe the college a debt which they can never repay. The college is the place where their all con-quering ideas and principles received their 21 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. original impulse. In college they got the firm basis on which have been built the fort-unes of life. Dr. McKnight at the banquet given to the Seniors said : "Young men, after you leave the institution be loyal to her, she needs your support and you owe it to her.'1 Rise up ye Alumni, go onward and upward and take your institution with you. Place her and keep her in the front rank of the leading colleges of the day. * * * AT a recent joint meeting of Philo and Phrena a committee of four was appointed to confer with the Board of Trustees concerning the establishment of a college reading-room. The reasons mentioned for the action were somewhat as follows : By having two separate reading-rooms, many duplicates have to be subscribed for, and in this way the societies incur unnecessary expense. The societies have found themselves unable to keep order in their reading-rooms, and without order much of the benefit of a reading room is lost. If the reading room were under the control of the col-lege, a curator could be appointed, perhaps in connection with the office of librarian. The col-lege would be more able to control the non-society men who have been a constant source of irritation to the society reading rooms. The expenses would then be shared by all, whereas the societies now furnish literature for the whole student body. And finally, if the college does not establish a reading-room, there will probably be none at all, lor the societies are disgusted with the present ar-rangement and will probably discontinue the reading-rooms in the near future. For these and several other reasons, the change is de-sirable and if the action receives the approval of the Faculty, it is to be hoped that the Board will take favorable action at their coming meet-ing in June. * *' * WE are about to embark in the '97 base-ball season and all the boys are expecting an un-broken line of victories. As we look forward to the coming games, the experience of the ( past evokes the following suggestion : Don't \ guy the players on the visiting team. While the base-ball games are for the purpose of I amusement and entertainment yet this amuse-i ment should not all be at the visitor's expense. ( During the foot-ball season man}' insulting remarks were made by individuals to the sub-j stitutes and players on the visiting teams, and I they doubtless judged the character of the col-lege from the disposition displayed by such in-l : dividuals. Let us be gentlemen, and treat our I \ competitors as gentlemen. Let us applaud 1 good plays on their part as enthusiastically as I : we do those of our own team. Let us seek toj 1 elicit from them as parting words, "we re-l I ceived good treatment if we were defeated,"! and our teams will receive the same when they I go away. * * * IN a recent issue of one of our church papersfe we noticed half a column devoted to the com-parison of the Corbett-Fitzsimmous fight with, foot-ball. The writer seemed to make foot-l ball even worse than prize-fighting, because! the former was unrestricted and had more par I ticipants. The article said the very fact that the foot-ball games and prize-fights are printed on the same page in the newspaper shows the affinity of the two. It ends with a pathetic (?)| appeal to those in authority in the various States to make laws against such btutal con-tests. We hesitate to take any notice of such an article because our feeble words can do lit-l tie to help the rapid progress of this manlv and instructive sport. Yet we feel that a paper of such good standing is doing itself and its readers an injustice by bringing such ante-diluvian theories before the public with the expectation that they will be believed. What brutal element ever manifested itself in foot-ball has been removed and the game is to-day recognized as the leading college game. The foot-ball question was settled long ago and the game is established indelibly on the roll oil college sports. THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 22 est r Tl i pie • " \vl SOME of the Alumni might take a good ex-ample from the present Senior class. This lass is-so convinced of the benefits which ac- Irue to the college and the pleasure derived by Ehe class trom re-unions, that the}' propose to have are-union with the ex-'97 men together ■th a banquet on Thursday night, June 3rd. All the ex-members of the class have been written to and the replies indicate that al-though they are not Alumni, they have inter-est in the institution which they once attended, he occasion will doubtless be one of great pleasure to all the participants. If such pleas-e is to be derived from the re-union of men |vho had been together one or two years, how pnuch greater would be the pleasure to be de-ed from the re-union of men who have iled together throughout the entire college purse? Let there be several re-unions this ear. They will benefit the college as well as he class-mates. IN order to raise the literary standing of the MERCURY, our Seminary patrons presented two dollars and a half as a prize for the best poem handed to the editor-in-chief of the MER-CURY, who shall give the poems into the hands of competent judges. This was done on condition that the two societies together give five dollars for the best story of not less than fifteen hundred nor more than twenty-five hun-dred words, the same to be handed to the ed-itor before April 25th. The MERCURY re-serves the right to keep or reject all the poems or stories. Now is your chance. Five dol-lars will come in good at the end of the term. Let every one compete. Good judges will be chosen and if yours is the best, the money is yours. serving fourteen years meritoriously the teacher receives but $750 per year or $30 more than street sweepers and $30 less than stable-men in the health department, and $150 less than "cleaners in the county jail." "Half the janitors in the public schools are paid more than the principals of these same schools can ever hope to be under the present regime." There are 1347 teachers in that city who re-ceive less than the poorest paid elevator boys in the public service and over 2000 who re-ceive less than the street sweepers, and not one of the whole 4000 teachers of the city who receives as much as the stable boss in the street-cleaning department. These teachers are women. But that makes no difference in the conclusion of the matter as there are but 300 male teachers in the schools of New York while there are 4000 women. One would sup-pose that the people of New York put a very low estimate on the services of those who are chosen to train their children in intellectual and moral development. But such a compar-ison in any large city of the land- would doubt-less reveal the same situation. The public school teacher throughout the country dis-trict is paid just as poorly. What incentive is there for young men and women to make teaching the profession of their lives when ele-vator boys and street cleaners and stablemen earn larger salaries? Our college professors and the professors in our seminaries are not paid the salaries they should be paid for the high grade service they render in the cause of education. The salaries we pay our teachers and professors, whether we are willing to ac-knowledge it or not, express more than our loud-sounding profession, the real value we place on the education of our children. G. * * * SALARIES OF TEACHERS are not what they ought to be in this country. In New York fCity, for instance, the school teachers the other ay issued a circular showing the pay of teach-ers as compared with other city officials. The evelation is startling. For instance, after A TAX UPON KNOWLEDGE is the way some of the leading daily papers characterize the proposal of the present Congress to put on the dutiable list books, charts, scientific apparatus, etc., not published in the United State and when not imported for the use of free libraries, colleges, universities, etc. In other words it 23 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. is proposed that the institution shall be ex-empted from the tax while individuals shall be taxed. We sympathize with the effort of the Baltimore Sun and other papers in their protest against such class legislation as this. The law as now proposed will work hardship on the poorly paid clergy and professional men generally. There are many men in all profes-sions pursuing special studies in this country who are not able to afford a trip to Germany who must needs have many books not pub-lished in this country. Why should they be burdened in their laudable effort to seek knowledge by a tax of 25 per cent, on the books they need? If not an unjust it is an ex-tremely unwise provision of the law. These books, &c, are not luxuries, they are plain ordinary necessities and secured often at great sacrifice. We believe in protection and sym-pathize with the effort of the present Congress to raise sufficient revenue to conduct the af-fairs of the government on an economical basis, but we protest against placing a tax on knowl-edge which would add but a few dollars to the treasury while it would inflict an unnecessary burden on struggling professional men, and in some cases, no doubt, altogether prevent the further prosecution of their studies. G. ammmsBmsmmaammmM THE sad news of the death of Rev. Lee M. Heilman reached us just as the March issue was going to the press and hence only slight notice was given it in that issue. We give be-low a detailed account of the life and death of this devoted Christian worker. Probably the largest funeral that has ever taken place in Harrisburg was that of Rev. L. M. Heilman, pastor of Memorial Lutheran church of that city, which took place from that edifice at two o'clock in the afternoon of March 16th. The body lay in state from 10.30 A. M. until 1.30 P. M., and during that time a continuous stream of the friends of the de-ceased viewed the remains. The church was draped externally and internally. The services were in charge of Rev. Dr. D. ! when he was school teacher at the age of 15; when he was graduated from Pennsylvania! College at Gettysburg with the class of !68; as pastor of the Lutheran church at Springfield, 111., when he was but 25 years of age ; as pas-tor of Messiah Lutheran church in Harris-burg; as pastor of an English mission in I Chicago, and finally as pastor of the Memorial Lutheran church. His was an eventful and successful life. The speaker dwelt upon the sterling qualities of the deceased pastor and| brought tears to the eyes of the immense multi-tude which thronged the church and Sunday school rooms to overflowing. Rev. Dr. Heilman was called to Memorial I Lutheran church as pastor more than a year ago, and hardly had he begun his work than | the church began to prosper and the congrega-tion felt that his coming had been a God send. | He applied himself most assiduously to re-organizing the church work. Hardly had he I begun to see the results of his labors when he I was taken ill and left for a vacation, hoping to! be improved thereby. He returned, but was compelled to go to the Rocky Mountains and later to West Palm Beach, Florida, where he| died. All the churches of Harrisburg and several! of the churches 111 the neighboring towns were represented at the funeral by their respective! pastors. Many tributes of respect were sent, among them beautiful floral emblems from the | Church Council and C. E. Society. The remains were interred in the Lutheran \ plot in the Harrisburg cemetery. In Di. Heilman's death the congregation I loses a devoted pastor, his family a loving! father, his Alma Mater a loyal son and the| world a true Christ-like man. Papa—"I'm surprised that you are at the foot of your class, Tommy. Why aren't you at the head sometimes, like little Willie Big-bee?" Tommy—"You see, papa, Willie's got an awfully smart father, and I guess he takes af-ter him." THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 24 THE RELIGIOUS SENTIMENTS OF ROBERT BURNS, AS EXPRESSED IN HIS POEMS. GK.l'.l'K PRIZE ESSAY, BY GEO. F. ABEL, 97. conv "All hail, Religion ! Maid divine ! * * * * * * Tho' blocht an' foul wi' many a stain. An' far unworthy of thy train ; With trembling voice I tune 1113' strain To join with those, Who boldly dare thy cause maintain, In spite of foes." o state authoritatively a writer's religious victions, when dependent for their discov-ery on the light shed upon them by occasional passages in his works, is more than the ■thoughtful inquirer will attempt. The delving and winding of reason, the rippling and effer vescence of emotion, are easily discerned and followed ; but religious feeling lies deeper than either reason or motion. Theistic belief may e its origin in authority ; but antecedent to and independent of authority there is, in the inmost recess of our being, a witness, "a still small voice," whispering to us of something beyond the material and temporal, uniting us t% the realms above and making the seen and the unseen one. This inner witness is granted to each one of us : but we do not listen with e same intentness,. we do no express our nvictions in the same way, nor allow them the same place as factors in our lives. Since, then, our inquiry concerns what is deepest among the hidden causes that determine thought and conduct, and since this religious feeling too often finds but feeble and broken expression; clearly, an author's religious senti-ments become largely a matter of interpreta-tion, and successful interpretation presupposes the most intimate sympathy on the part of the interpreter. Few writers have suffered more from a lack f this sympathy, or have been more variously nderstood, than Burns. We shall not be sur-prised at this, however, if we remember that his poems are the expression of his own per-sonality, with its manifold contradictions—a personality marred, but still beautiful. When we ask whether he knows and heeds the whis-the cor perings of that still witness within him, the answer is unequivocal : "An Atheist s laugh's a poor exchange For Deity offended." But though in his better moments thus true to the monitor within, conscious of God and en-tire dependence upon Him, he was yet the subject of weaknesses and passions which too often stifled his better self and shut out God from a place in his life. Seldom, indeed, have the good and evil in human nature been so vividly contrasted in theb- juxtaposition, or waged so fatal a war. Endowed with a mind alert, acute, afire with genius ; a heart sympa-thetic, generous, charitable, forgiving, going out in its affection alike to man, beast, and. flower ; he was at the same time weak of will, the victim of caprice and passion, in every-thing an extremist. To him we may justly apply his own words respecting another : "How wisdom and folly meet, mix, and unite ; How virtue and vice blend their black and their white ; How genius, the illustrious father of fiction, Confounds rule and law, reconciles contradiction ;" and again : "Good I,—d, what is man !. * . # '.'* ******* All in all he's a problem must puzzle the devil." Much of his wickedness was characteristic of his time and surroundings, and may be traced to their influence. Gladly, indeed, would we account for all his misdoings in this way ; but in the explanation of character how indefinite the names heredity, environment, and educa-tion ! Not until we understand the nature of the soul, and can detect and compute the effect of each silent, imperceptible influence upon its complexion, can we bridge the gulf between the good and evil in us, the eternal abyss that yawns between the Dr. Jekyll and the Mr. Hyde. Till then the best we can do is to note the facts, and " * * sort all our qualities, each to its tribe." Is it strange, then, that some of the strings of Coila's harp should give forth uncertain and even contradictory notes? and that listeners, according to their dispositions, should interpret these differently? Carlyle says positively, *5 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. "He has no religion." But can the man of will sympathize with the man of feeling ? the priest of Duty minister to the votary of Pleas-ure? Principal Shairp sees in him nothing more than "a sincere Deism." But can the quiet, orderly, orthodox clergyman understand the "rantin', drinkin', bardie," of independ-ent views? Ask a dozen persons whether Burns had a religion, and while one will de-nounce him as irreligious and inimical to mo-rality, eleven will answer in the affirmative— another instance of where mankind venture to disagree with the critics. And what is religion ? If our definition re-quire that it be a motive power in our life, then we may agree with Carlyle. But to us religion, in the words of Prof. Tiele, is "the relation between Man and the Superhuman Powers in which he believes;" and we will try to show not only that Burns had a religion, but that it was more than a "sincere Deism." Let us cross the threshold of the Cotter's humble home on a Saturday evening, and as the family gather about the fireside let us sit with them and listen reverently with the chil-dren to the instruction of the old father. "The sire turns o'er with patriarchal grace, The big ha' Bible, ance his father's pride. ******** He wales a portion with judicious care ; And 'Let us worship God,' he says, with solemn air." He tells them of how God made man pure and sinless ; how the Adversary tempted him to his fall and brought ruin upon the race—hope-less, but for the infinite love and mercy of God. The incipient plan of God for man's redemption he reveals in the choice of Abra-ham and his descendants, who were to be His priests and teachers to all nations ; how they forsook the God who had thus honored them and were driven from His presence into cap-tivity. Now he dwells upon the Father's readiness to forgive as shown in the restora-tion of His people ; and his eyes dilate, his face brightens as he reaches the grand realiza-tion of the hopes of mankind in all ages in the birth of the Saviour. How the toil-worn feat-ures light up with hope and joy as he tells of the Saviour's birth and life upon earth, His wonderful teaching, His miracles, His solic-itude for the poor and sorrowing ; then his voice lowers and saddens while he relates how Plis people misunderstood and rejected Him, I condemning Him to thecruelest, most ignomin-ious death ; but the grave could not hold Him, I and in a voice as of triumph he speaks of the miracle of miracles, the resurrection aud as-cension of our Lord. Then follows an account j of the out-pouring of the Holy Spirit on Pente-! cost, the conversion of three thousand souls, the preaching of the Apostles until all the world had heard that "God so loved the world \ that He sent His only-begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in Him should not perish but have everlasting life.'' Thus the father taught them the religion of the Bible, his fathers' and his own, according to his view of it. The theology of the Scottish Church then was rigidly Calvinistic, the cen-l tral idea being the sovereignty of God. Justi-fication by faith in Christ was not proportion-ately emphasized, and it was held that the ma-jority of mankind are under reprobation, that! in the eternal purpose of God a certain few are chosen who are predestinated to be saved and to enter the heavenly kingdom; this election is absolute: there may be sinfulness, even wilful! commission of sin, but there is no falling from Grace, for they are God's chosen ones, andl He is unchangeable. The father's hereditary! { Arminianism so far modified the teaching ol the Church as to assert the possibility of a fall! - from Grace, and even to venture the belief ; that election is conditional. But Burns not! ! only heaped ridicule and contempt upon the! doctrine of predestination and effectual calling: but could not bear to think of the damnation j of any of his poor fellow-mortals—even to thel devil he says: "Ye aiblins might I dinna ken— Still hae a stake— I'm wae to think upon yon den, Ev'n for your sake." When we remember that of all the experil ences of life, the impressions of childhood arel the most lasting; when we reflect on the MM^^^^^^^^^^HH THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 26 ui iin (ll ill id' lOt he ig, (Hi tenacity with which early beliefs cling, even withstanding the dicta of reason; we are puz-zled to explain the sudden loss of distinctly Christian belief in Burns. We feel that even lis libertinism was not sufficient to obliterate go much of what he learned at his father's fire-side. The passions which so troubled his [father's last moments, swept him so far from lis religious moorings that but two months ifter that father's death he confessed: ••For pmyin I hae little skill o't; I'm baith dead-tiwecr, an' wretched ill o't;" md again, in one of his rollicking moods, he exclaimed: "Let the kirk-folk ring their bells, We'll sing about our noble sels." till, the father's teaching must have strug-led in his breast for recognition, and might et have prevented his rapid downward course, ad not his rebellion against the doctrine and discipline of the Church been abetted by a number of so-called religious guides of the people, many of whom were said to be Socini- |ns, or even pure Deists,"* who in their zeal for liberality and reform went to the extreme, depreciated the Bible, dethroned the Son of God, and enthroned the goddess of Reason. Burns so far espoused their cause as to use his pen in satirizing the Church, exposing and holding up to ridicule the foil}'- and hypocrisy of her ministers; and upon the publication of John Goudie's "Essay on the Authority of Holy Scripture," addressed some stanzas to the author, depicting poor Orthodoxy's fright and bewilderment. We believe, however, that it would be a mistake to suppose that Burns formed his alli-ance with the New Light clergymen from any conviction of the correctness of their views, or the uprightness of their lives. He who was so vain of his own ability, and so covetous of distinction as even to glory in his public name; who valued so highly " * * the glorious privilege Of being independent;" ao discerned character as by flash-light; who i lew the meaning of true religion, the "Ian- \ ♦Principal Shairp, "Life of Burns.' guage of the soul;" who had ever vividly be-fore him the example of a father, whose long struggle with poverty was sustained only by his trust in God: this Burns surely could not be deceived or converted by men whose fellow-ship he accepted just as long only as it pleased him, whose coarse estimates of man and life were so at variance with his own. Never-theless, this association, joined to the spirit of the times—conspicuously wanting in Faith,— had its effect: from this time the Bible lost its old authority, and with it went his trust in Christ as the Son of God. In the development of the individual Chris-tian's belief, as in the progressive revelation of God to man contained in the Scriptures, there are three great stages : first, a prepara-tory "ethical monotheism ; " second, belief in Christ as the Son of God and the Saviour of men ; third, the conviction of the presence of the Spirit of God in the world as a permanent power for the regeneration of the race. As in mental disability and disease the highest pow-ers of the reason, those last acquired, are lost first; so in the decay of spiritual strength these last two articles of belief slowly fade away and become mere memories. Precisely this took place in Burns : there is in him more than a mere belief in God, there is less than Christianity. He has no system, but rather the incoherent and fragmentary remains of a former system, whose lost or rejected parts have not been replaced. True, he never loses his interest in religious matters— "But when divinity conies cross me, My readers still are sure to lose me"— and even when most vehemently denouncing hypocrisy, "the preaching cant" and "rigid feature," is ready to take his place among the defenders of what he believes to be true re-ligion ; but it is not the interest of a searcher after truth, and, unfortunately, passion too frequently carries him away, and the utterance of one moment sometimes contradicts the con-fession of a moment before. We have no evidence that his belief in God ever wavered. God was his Creator and he felt that 27 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. "The great Creator to revere. Must sure become the creature." When in his serious moods he raised his thoughts to God, the conviction expressed it-self that He enters most intimately into our lives, leading us beside the still waters, or driving us into the desert, according to His will: "Thou Pow'r Supreme, whose mighty scheme These woes of mine fulfil. Here firm I rest, they must be best. Because they are Thy Will." But we nowhere find in him any rebellion against what he believed to be the will of God, on the contrary only resignation : 'Surely Thou, Almighty, canst not act From cruelty or wrath,— ****** But if I must afflicted be, To suit some wise design ; Then man my soul with firm resolve To bear and not repine." Nature, indeed, had whispered to him some-thing of God : "But deep this truth impressed my mind,— Thro' all His works abroad, The heart benevolent and kind, The most resembles God." But it was the Bible inspired the precious words : "O Thou, whose very self art Love ! ****** O Thou, the first, the greatest friend, Of all the human race ! Whose strong right hand has ever been Their stay and dwelling place." And when Death threatens with his terrors him "Who sin so oft had mourned, yet to temptation ran," remembering the invitation, "Come, let us reason together," he appeals to that reason-ableness : "Thou knoic'st that Thou hast formed me With passions wild and strong; And list'ning to their witching voice Has often led me wrong." But he feels the insufficiency of the appeal, and convinced that they "Who act so counter heavenly mercy's plan," as he had done, may well tremble " * * to approach an angry God, And justly smart beneath His sin-avenging rod;" and with his father's assurance ringing in his ears that "They never sought in vain that sought the Lord aright;" he falls back upon Him, "The friend of wo and want, Who heals life's various stounds, and prays: "Where with intention I have erred, No other plea I have But, Thou- art good; and goodness still Delighteth to forgive." And fearful lest, if his life is spared, he again " * might desert fair virtue's way, Again in folly's path might go astray;" he makes a request that contains an uncon-1 scious reference to the Spirit's work: "With that controlling pow'r assist ev'n me, Those headlong furious passions to confine; For all unfit I feel my pow'rs to be, To rule their torrent in th' allowed line; O, aid me with thy help, Omnipotence Divine !" But why so desirous of forgiveness ? so anx-ious to be at peace with God. Ah, "The voice of nature loudly cries, And many a message from the skies, That something in us never dies; That on this frail uncertain state, Hang matters of eternal weight; That future life in worlds unknown Must take its hue from this alone; Whether as heavenly glory bright. Or dark, as misery's woful night!" Yes, this world with its joys and sorrows, its I pleasures and pains, was not more real than that other world of light and love, where the "wicked cease from troubling and the weary | are at rest:" "Till future life, future no more, To light and joy the good restore,. To light and joy unknowu before." The Poet felt, too, that there will be mauyj surprises in that other world; there the wrongs of earth will be righted, and the "poor, op-pressed, honest man" receive his recompense: "O bitter mockery of the pompous bier, While down the wretched vital part is driven ! The cave-lodged beggar with a conscience clear, Expires in rags unknown and goes to heaven." But how to get there ! Burns never so far de-ceived himself as to believe that morality would save him : "Morality, thou deadly bane, Thy tens o' thousands thou hast slain ! Vain is his hope, wliose stay and trust is In moral mercy, truth and justice." ^^^^^^^^^^MBB^^^^^^^^^^^^H THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 28 Jut he shows no saving knowledge of The fay revealed in the Bible, and seems to have tested his hope of heaven on the love and ten-ler mercy of God. Not less firmly rooted was his belief in the reality of Satan and hell. He did not believe making the fear of hell a motive for doing-right : "The fear o' hell's a hangman's whip. To hand the wretch in order; But where you feel your honor grip, I,el that ay be your border." Yet in his wildest moods, even when in his cups, he was not one of those who are "Baith careless and fearless Of either heaven or hell. Esteeming- and deeming It's a' an idle tale ; " ind he hoped some day to "turn a corner jinkin," and his prayer ever was, "The Lord preserve us frae the Devil." But we must not think, when we have thus gathered together the fragments of the pure belief of his early years, that we have fully ex- Ip.lored the depths of his spiritual nature and brought to light its hidden treasures. In the opinion of many of his contemporaries he was s^KT on the road to hell ; but if deep and sin u^^Bere religious faith reveals itself in a reeogni-e^ Htion of the moral dignity and worth of man, rBii affection for one's fellow-men, whether rich Ior poor, and in charity toward them in their misdoings ; then Burns was certainly ahead of his generation. Carlyle thus describes the time when he lived: "In the shallow age, ■ where his days were cast, Religion was not 'f discriminated from the New and Old Light ■'' /onus of Religion ; and was, with these, be- Icoming obsolete in the minds of men." ShaU low ! It was immoral and dispiriting, and none had more reason to regret its baleful in-fluence than Burns. What might he not have L" become, had it been filled with his father's l- spirit ! He had been taught a pure and noble religion, and none knew better than he the dif-ference between its form and power : "Compared with this, how poor Religion's pride, In all the pomp of method, and of art, When men display to congregations wide, Devotion's ev'ry grace, except the In art: The Pow'r, incens'd, the pageant will desert, The pompous strain, the sacerdotal stole : But hapty, in some cottage far apart, May hear, well pleas'd. the language of the soul; And in his book oflije the inmates poor enrol." He felt that neither Old Eight nor New Eight could satisfy the needs of the spirit ; that Christianity through them had no hold on the affections, no control over the conduct. And though a rebel against the predestinarianism, the chilling formalism and rigid discipline of the Old Eights, and in seeming alliance with the New Lights, he yet held aloof from their wanton freedom which delighted to "pare away from religion all that was mysterious and supernatural." For he knew the power of religion ; he had seen it in his father, he had felt it once himself; and though now it was only in his sober moods that she gave him "a random sting," he still realized and declared emphatically that "The heart ay's the part ay, That makes us right or wrong." It was natural, therefore, that in direct op-position to the Pharisaism of his time, he should lay it down as a fundamental truth and guiding principle, that He "Who made the heart, 'tis He alone Decidedly can try us, He knows each chord—its various tone, Each spring, its various bias." And if men, since his time, have learned to be more kindly, more forgiving, rhore charitable toward one another; it is, in some measure, because their hearts have responded to this truth, and because they have followed him in his application of it: "Then gently scan your brother man, Still gentler sister woman; Tho' they may gang a keunin wraug; To step aside is human: One point must still be greatly dark. The moving why they do it: And just as lamely can ye mark, How far perhaps they rue it. ****** Then at the balance let's be mute, We never can adjust it; what's (lorn: we partly may compute, But know not what's resisted.'1 But his charity was more than a ment; it led him out among men, mere senti- 29 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. "Longing to wipe each tear, to heal each groan." He insisted on it that "The rank is but the guinea's stamp, The man's the gowd for a' that;" and casting away all distinctions of rank, he fearlessly and movingly pleaded the poor man's cause: "Oh ye ! who sunk in beds of down. Feel not a want but what yourselves create, Think for a moment, on his wretched fate, Whom friends and fortune quite disown !" He held that "Affliction's sons are brothers in distress," and in the greatness of his heart, willing to share his little all with his poorer brother, is-sued the loving invitation: "Yet come, thou child of poverty and care, The mile high Heaven bestowed, that mite with thee I'll " share !" The self-sacrifice brought its own reward, and we hear him exclaim involuntarily, ' A brother to relieve, how exquisite the bliss !" Is it strange, then, that we feel our hearts go out to him? And despite his waywardness, his bitter rebelliousness, does he not seem, in his love for man, in his pleading for the poor and distressed, the herald of these succeeding years when men are learning the significance of Christ's great command, "Love one another?" Surely, there is far more than a "sincere Deism'' in Burns ! What can a Deist affirm of j heaven or hell ? Whence does he learn of "The Lord, the Lord God, merciful and gra- ; cious, longsuffering and abundant in goodness j and truth, keeping mercy for thousands, for-giving iniquity and transgression and sin, and that will by no means clear the guilty?" Whence receives he the invitation to pray ? Or what assurance has he that his prayer will be answered? Is there not more in Burns than even an "ethical monotheism ?" Do we not see in him something of the mind of Christ ? Do not the elements of his hope and fear plainly have their origin and inspiration in the New Testament ? Yet his belief is less than Chris-tianity, and we have found futile the attempt to place him among the followers of any great teacher or the advocates of any theological system. We have said that he retains but the | incoherent and fragmentary remains of a for-mer system; we now go farther and say that I that "former system" was his father's, as we have tried to outline it—now worn and shat-tered in conflict with passion and worldly pleasure, as the beetling cliff is worn and broken by the constant dashing of the ocean's waves. We believe that to understand his re-ligious position we must go back to the fath-er's fireside, and thence follow the steps of his; short earthly pilgrimage. In this way only | may we grasp the moral of his life, that "When ranting round in pleasure's ring. Religion may be blinded ; " we may even make him a religious teacher, ifl we accept his assurance, that in this restless, j stormy, changeful world, "A correspondence fixed with heaven, Is sure a noble anchor." BELLARMINE. WORKS QUOTED : "Life of Burns," Principal Shairp ; "Essay| on Burns," Thomas Carlyle ; 'Burns' Poems." OBSEEVED AND NOTED. It is hinted that the appearance of a college* weekly may force THE MERCURY to morel strictly literary pursuits. That would hardly \ be THE MERCURY'S loss, nor the boys'. The! idea that a college publication is to be simply: a newspaper is unworthy of a college commu-nity. THE MERCURY deserves credit for hold-i ing to the old idea, in harmony with culture-education, in the face of the apathy of those! whose voices are heard now in loud approval of the revival of what is called "true college^ spirit." What is true college spirit ? Doubt-j less five out of ten would say, the spirit oil athleticism. Athletics are the college fashion: and all that pertains to them, detailed reporteS and notes of victories won and contemplated! tabulated records, and the like, seems to satisfy! the popular hunger for facts. Yes, "items oi interest" are having quite a run; we like gosj THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 30 ip, even "college" gossip. But, it is objected, athleticism is popular it is because it is at ^st recognized that athletics play an important art in fitting the young collegian for the arp struggles of life. So we hear. But let see. From the lowest point of view a col-ge course ought to fit a young man the better :o make his living in the world. Do athletics onduce to that end ? "In business as in every- ;hing else," says Professor Bryce, "brains and Bains will win in the long run ; and our young imen who take life easily and give all their Spare hours and thoughts to foot-ball or cricket »r cycling, much as we may sympathize with [bese exercises, will find themselves dis-mced in business by the pains-taking, syste-matic, thrifty German, whose thoughts are Bint steadily upon the main purpose of his life." An Englishman, with Rugby and Ox ford back of him, commending the Germans! The Germans have no mania for athletics, and we read that they are supplanting the English in the walks of business even in England. A recent article by an Englishman calls attention to the fact that the Germans are outstripping the English in commerce and that Germany, and not England, will be the future mistress of the seas. The Germans are noted simply for their capacity for mental work ; and, says our author, "the reason why they so often get f'he better posts in houses of business is that ley have no other interest than the one they ve by." §A writer in the current number of 77/,? Fort-ightly Review says: "From a fairly wide ac-quaintance among contemporaries—men be-tween thirty and forty years of age—who have respectively succeeded or failed in making their mark, the writer is inclined to regard the disappointed ones as almost, though not quite, identical with those who gave the best of their oung lives to athletics, and treated lessons d lectures as 'a kind of parasitic growth on modern educational institutions.' Among he few happy exceptions to this classification ere is not one who, in taking to work, did t give up play." The revival of the literary idea would not be a bad thing for young men who expect to make their living with their pens and their tongues. Time was when the latest poet and the latest essayist received quickest recogni-tion, was first discussed, in the college world. The college community is not as literary as it was twenty years ago, our reputation to the contrary. Literary work does not have the same premium put upon it. The prize essay-ist of to-day is not to be compared with the athlete for glory, and yet the majority of the boys hope to live by the pen. Let THE MER-CURY meet the issue, and die by it if needs be. * * * * * The use of titles is one of the perplexities of youth "Would you have your cards en-graved, 'Mr. Smith'?" By all means—unless your name is Jones. "Would you say, "I am going to call at Mr. Smith's ' and not 'Smith's' " (an old friend) ? By all means, if Mr. Smith is your senior. Don't drop your titles—except when addressing the minister. Don't address him, "Reverend." "Reverend" is an adjective title of reverence (see Century Dictionary), and not a substantive title of ad-dress. You would no more say "Reverend P " than "Venerable P ." You would say "General Grant," but not "Brave Grant." You would say (and I hope you will !) "Mr. P :." THE CROAKER. THE HERACLEIDAI. The history of beginnings is always of value. Perhaps, therefore, it would interest the read-ers of the MERCURY to learn something of the origin of the Sons of Hercules. The season of 1890-91 was very prolific in the annals of the college. It was then that we first used Brua Chapel ; it was our first foot-ball season ; it gave us the Spectrum ; and the gymnasium was opened for business in Janu-ary of that winter. After the novelty of "gym." work wore away, the few who still labored on prompted by-pure athletic spirit, formed a nucleus for 3i THE COLLEGE MERCURY. the later interest in field sports. Prominent among the few were those kindred spirits, Al-bert and Filbert, of '92, They first suggested the organization which was finally consum-mated in room 22, middle. The writer sug-gested the patronymic Her-acleidaens. Our first exhibition was givin Feb. 23, '91, and "the class, considering the short time devoted to the work, did credit to themselves and their instructor." We used to make some good records in those days. Our records for the high jump, running and standing, were 5 ft. 6 and 4 ft. 1. For the 100 and 220 yard dashes, our time was 11 and 23^ seconds. It might keep the present Sons busy to cover these figures. There were twelve of us, originally, in mem-ory of the twelve tasks of Hercules. Our idea was to form a permanent college team and to stimulate friendly rivalry in "all around" athletics. But tho' our number was thus lim-ited, there was room for all, under the head of substitutes, who showed any interest. We feel gratified that the organization still lives, and under the same name. S. B. '91. COLLEGE LOCALS. EDMUND W. MEISENHELDER and E L. ROLLER, Editors. C, 1900, (speaking of recent musical per-formance)—" O, say fellows, you should have heard the sixtet flunk up at the Presbyterian church." Nick, thinks Zim. is a logical fallacay be-cause there is present an "undistributed mid-dle." F., '98. (manufacturing a syllogism)—"He who stands still must fall behind." F., '98, thinks that the pictures in Miss Jerry were thrown on the screen by means of the mimeograph and upon being reminded of his error corrected himself by saying it must have been a phonograph. Prof, (to "Doc." L. formerly of Gettysburg, now of Selinsgrove)—"Mr. L., what other poems, beside "Paradise Lost," did Milton write?" "Doc." L.—"Paradise Alley !" Some of our Juniors have taken a great lik-ing to Bible study ; they seem to prefer it evenI to the Latin and Greek work. It certainly is| a favorable omen. Prof. H. (to Mr. F., '98,) —Mr. F., is Logic a very important study ? Everybody laughed; Why? The Juniors had had their exam, in Logic a few days be-T fore—and—well the least said the better. S., 1900, wanted to know whether the fro?il-\ ispicce to one of Black's stories was interest! ing ! He meant preface. Someone says that T., 'y8, missed the train| on the Baltimore excursion. Too bad ! A Freshman says that one of the fellow,* who had been guilty of some misdemeanor \vas| away on approbation. We understand that Mary Kolbe is going tol give us another of her delightful recitals ml Brua Chapel. The fellows are all quite anx-| ious to hear her again. The Shakesperian recitals on the fifth andl the twelfth of this month by Mr. Edgar C.f Abbott, constitute quite a good opportunity): for getting a better knowledge of the charac-f ters of the great poet. The fellows should notl only attend for the sake of the Athletic Assol ciation, but it will be to their own personals advantage to do so. Let's have good house?! The recent trip of the College Musical); Clubs to Newport and MifHiii, was in every! way a success—musically, financially and so\ daily, with a great stress on the socially—es-1 pecially at Mifflin. The concerts at both! places were excellently rendered and to crowd! ed houses. The fellows everywhere they went! left a good name for GETTYSBURG, by theij gentlemanly conduct and behavior. Notwith-standing the excellent time spent in Mifflins over Sunday, the most delightful part of the! trip was a short run over to Mechanicsburaa and a visit to Irving College. Both the teacliT ers and the young ladies combined to make us| very welcome, and to make our brief stay very pleasant one. The "sisterly" (or "brotlil erly," depending upon the point of view) feel-l ing that has existed between Irving and Get-I tysburg, was most certainly strengthened! mutually by this brief visit. Some time during this term the Seniors will be fortunate enough to have the opportunity oil receiving a lecture from Judge John Stewart, of Chambersburg. This is by invitation anfl his subject is, "The Issue that Gave us AnglJ Saxon Jurisprudence, rather than Latin.'; THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 32 will ■art he subject is certainly one in which all are nterested, and from which valuable points nay be learned. Bills are about town announcing the Cineo-feraph, which will exhibit in Brua Chapel for "hree nights the latter part of this week, be-ginning Thursday night. It is a rare oppor-iunity and there should be a full attendance of he fellows, for its methods of working are al-ost perfect. A personal knowledge of the iexhibitious given by the Cineograph makes it possible to say that the fellows will be more than pleased—they will be astonished at some If its features. The bills will give the partic-ulars. First one, Thursday evening, April 8. On Saturday morning last were announced Bhe "lucky ten" of the Senior class—the Speakers for the '97 commencement. They, Knd their subjects, are as follows: Latin Salutatory Abel Greece and the European Concert Wolf Sixty Ye.irs of Queen Victoria Miss Sieber The Unification of Science Kain ^Rhristian Socialism Duck The Physical Training Needed for the 20th Century White The Extent of the Laborer's Grievance Cobler, Jr. State Politics in Pennsylvania Clute The Chief Keligious Problem of the Day Smith Valedictorian Uikle I The Editorial Staff of the '98 Spectrum have bout finished their work and the printer is oing his part. The book will be out in less ban a month and, as has been said again and again, will be one of which Gettysburg Col-lege can well be proud, for it will be that by which the whole College will be judged and not merely the class that publishes it. y Mr. S., '97, (on visiting the U. B. minister is asked by his three-year-old child), "Why do you always grin so when you smile ? Your mouth goes trom ear to ear." ■A Prep, at the field sports remarked that he would like to see some one make a record here, "and put that twelve pound shot from one end of the field to another." Supernal isdom. Preparatory has opened for the third term. Twenty-four new students are enrolled for the lorinal course. Mr. Studd, of England, addressed the student tjody at several meetings last week. His com-ing, as his going, was most unobtrusive, and yet he left an abiding impression upon the student body. We ought to feel better for his visit. The entertainment by Mary Kolbe in Brua Chapel, April 1st, was a most enjoyable one. The young lady has enviable ability. She was equally at home in comedy and tragedy, as evidenced by her rendition of "Sockery Set-ting the Hen," anal "Searching for the Slain." In the latter selection it was difficult for one to believe that a mere child could so closely interpret the deepest feeling of a mother's heart. Miss Kolbe had her audience abso-lutely under control. A Sem. speaks of going to the Episcopal Christian Endeavor meeting, and when he reaches the chapel, wonders why the leader wears a gown. Prof. H.—"Do you know what transubstan tiation is ? Mr. R., '99.—"The passing of the soul of man into the lower animals." One of the most pleasing entertainments ever afforded the students of the college was the picture play by Alexander Black, on the evening of March 19th, in Brua Chapel. The story in itself is a little classic and with the addition of the superior views was rendered doubly interesting. The whole play was a continual succession of beautiful things. A Sophomore asks innocently, "How often is the Liitlietan Quarterly published?" Z., '98.—"Say, give me a nickel will you ? I would like to make some silver nitrate." During the past week the various tennis clubs have been getting their courts in order. Practice for the tournaments commencement week will soon begin. Let us have some in-teresting contests. It is fitting that we take more interest in our track team, which is to represent us in the" next inter-collegiate relay race. We do not give them encouragement, nor are we so care-ful of them as we ought to be. At the other colleges of our class the men are taken care of as though the reputation of the student body depended on their winning. In this matter it would be well for us to be imitators. The student with a "bike" is now in his glory. For a week and a half past they have been appearing quite frequently on the cam-pus. We have been having fine weather for that sort of recreation. Days have come when study is almost an impossibility. Now, that time for vacation is past, and summer vacation so near, the uni- THE COLLEGE MERCURY. "I'm glad we had no va- 33 versal sentiment is, cation." One of the most pleasant recollections of the cla^s of '97 after they leave college will be the reception and dinner given by Dr. and Mrs. McKnight to the Senior class on Thursday evening, March 18th. Dr. McKnight did not need to call the roll. Every member of the class was there. Soon after the class had set-tled in the parlor, they were invited to the dining room, where the boys partook heartily of such delicacies as oysters, salads, roast turkey, cranberry sauce, etc. After dinner had | been served, Mr. Bikle took the floor as toast-master and in a pleasant and easy manner in-troduced the following toasts : "Our Host and Hostess"—Clute. Mr. Clute said that after the class left college, they would miss Dr. McKnight as a teacher and a friend and Mrs. McKnight's pleasant smile as she met us on the campus. "'97 in Athletics"—White. He spoke of '97's superiority in foot-ball, base-ball, tennis, etc. "Our Chums Sisters"—Smith. He told of '97's achievements on the carpet, and of the high social standing of the class. "Reminiscences of Noah Porter and J. S. Mill"—Abel. After a learned discussion on these two men, Mr. Abel advised the class not to study Mill with a colicky baby in the house. "Reminiscences"—Hutton. He said that he had so much faith in the infallibility of the Faculty, that when they fined some other boys for something he had done, he believed he was innocent. His toast was very witty. "How We Will be Missed"—Ott. Mr. Ott said he knew that '97 would be missed by the Faculty, by G.'s 400, and by the other classes. "Our' Future"—Wolf. He said that the talent of the class, whetted by the genius of the Faculty, assured a brilliant future for the class. "The Class of '97"—Dr. McKnight. Our Host guyed us a little at first and then speak-ing seriously, gave us some excellent advice concerning our conduct in the future. Then with Mr. Englar at the piano the class sang several of the Avalon Sextette selections, ending up with Good-night, Doctor, we're go-ing to leave you now. The affair was a most enjoyable and success-ful one. All the toasts showed that '97's toasters promise to rival Mr. Depew in post-prandial speaking. Dr. and Mrs. McKnight deserve great credit and thanks for the most | pleasant evening ever spent by the class of '97. Mr. M. '97, frequently goes over to IrvingI College to look up his interests there. While on a recent visit he displayed his old weakness of staying too late at night. While M. was in the parlor talking, the janitor had locked up I the building at 10 P. M. and loosened the I night watch dog. About 11.30 M. thought! well he would have to leave. He made hisl exit out of a window and was slowly walking! across the campus, when he heard a savage I growl accompanied by the appearance of a horrible monster. M. immediately climbed up the nearest tree aud began to yell for help.I Profs. Birch and Campbell thinking one ofl their fair pupils was in trouble hastened to thej scene. There they found M. almost exhaustedl by his perilous position singing, "Only onel Girl in the World for Me." With the help of Dan., the janitor, they succeeded in controlT ling the dog, and after a thorough cross-ex-amination M. was permitted to leave the Cani-I pus. The following moral suggests itself.l Don't mistake cave canem for any other kiud| of cave. In leaving the local department, it's editor! would like to ask for the coining Local Edit tors on the new MERCURY staff the support of the student body in this department. One orl two individuals cannot, by any means, bel aware and make note of all the items of inter! est that occur—so kindly aid the new local editors—Mr. C. E. Fleck and Mr. John Meyer] in their work for the MERCURY. ALUMNI-C. C MANGES and CHARLES H. TILP. Editors. '41. Rev Geo. Parson-, D. D., of Sunbury. Pa., was honored by a public reception oil Tuesday evening, March 16th, which wai planned by the members of Zion's Luthera church, of which Dr. Parson was fornierlj pastor. Rev. Dr. Parson celebrated his 781J birthday on March nth. '49. Rev. E. S. Henry, pastor of onj churches in Pine Grove aud vicinity since Sefj tember, 1852, has been and is critically ill. '50. Rev. M. Valentine, D. D., LL. D., . Shot—1st, Burns, '01, distance, 32 feet 8^ inches; 2nd, Hick-man, '99, distance 32 ft. 5 in.; 3rd, Steifel, '00. 5. Pole Vault—1st, Straw, '99, height, 7 feet; 2nd, Koller, '00, height, 6 ft. 10 in.; 3rd, Burns, '01. 6. 220 yds. Dash—1st, Erb, '97, time, 25 1-5 seconds; 2nd, Grazier, '98, time, 25 2-5 seconds. 7. ]A. Mile Walk—Edwards, '99, time, 3^ minutes. 8. Inter-class relay—1st, '00, time, 3 min-utes 10 seconds; 2nd, '98; 3rd, '99. 9. Throwing the Base-Ball—1st, Leisen-ring, '97, distance, 353 feet 10 inches; 2nd, Burns, '01; 3rd, Culler, '98. Running High Jump—ist, Albers, '99, 5 feet 2 inches; 2nd, Dale, '00, height, 10. height 5 feet. 11. 100 yds. Dash- ist, Grazier, '98, time, 11 seconds; 2nd, Nye, '02, time, 11 1-5 sec-onds; 3rd, Herman, '99. 12. Throwing the 12 ft>. Hammer—ist, Stiefel, '00, distance, 88 feet; 2nd, Hickman, '99, distance, 83 feet; 3rd, Koller, '00. 13. 220 Hurdle—ist, Erb, '97, time, 24 seconds; 2nd, Dale, time, 24 1-5 seconds. Summing the points, the classes rank as fol-lows: '99 with 31 points, '00 with 27, '98 and '97 with 20 each, and Prep with 12. 37 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. The most noteworthy events were, the 220 yds. dash, the 220 hurdle and the throwing of the base-ball. The result of the events plainly demon-strated that without proper training one is un-able to do anything in the line of athletics. Now is the time to start training for the Field Day sports to be held during Commence-ment week. The record in throwing the base-ball was reached within 6 feet. Why not break the record ? It can be done with practice. The base-ball field has been put in condition for work. Practice games will begin this week. Let every player in college come out and try for the team. If you cannot make the first team, you may make the second. Give the first team good practice. How can we ex-pect our team to win games, if we do not give them practice ? First game on the 24th, with Baltimore City College. TOWN /\|SID SEWIINAFJY NOTES. S. J. MILLKR, Editor. TOWN. About fifty-six delegates were in attendance at the Twentieth Annual Assembly of the Womans' Foreign Missionary Society of the Presbytery of Carlisle, which convened in the Presbyterian church, this place, on March 18th. From the several reports submitted by the officers of the Society, it was shown that while the work was affected by the present de-pression, it is in good condition. The urgent needs of the church at this time were empha-sized and special appeals were made for a larger interest in the vital work. The following persons participated in the week's services recently held in the Episcopal church by Rev. Ege: Rev. Dr. Angell, of Harrisburg; Rev. Dr. Wood, of York; Rev. Mr. Blackwell, of Mechanicsburg; Rev. Mr. Meade, of Chambersburg, and Rev. Mr. Mc- Millian, of Carlisle. The pupils of the Meade High School have arranged for an entertainment in the assembly hall of the new building, on April 13th. The entertainer will be Prof. S. T. Ford, who is noted for both his humor and pathos. Representative Tipton. of Gettysburg, has; been appointed by Speaker Boyer of the House, one of a committee of five members to I represent Pennsylvania at the Tennessee Lx-I position. The jury in the Battlefield condemnation proceedings met Tuesday, March 30th, in the Court room and heard the argument of coun-l sel for both the land-owners and the Govern-ment. M. F. McCullon, U. S. District At-torney, of Philadelphia, presented the Govern-' ment view in the case. The matter is now in I the hands of the jury, which adjourned tof! meet on the 19th inst. Among the noted visitors to the Gettysburg;. Battlefield on Monday, April 4th, was Con-f gressman Diugley, the author ot the .Dingleyj Tariff bill, which recently passed the House. Rev. A. R. Steck, pastor of the St. James: Lutheran church, this place, will deliver thel address to the College Alumni, which will be held on Wednesday evening of Commence^ ment week. SEMINARY. Commencement exercises of the Theological!" Seminary will take place on Thursday even! ing, June 3rd, in Christ Lutheran church,! Revs. Geo. C. Cromer and J. Henry Harmes will be the speakers for the class. Rev. Milton Valentine, D. D., will preacli| the Baccalaureate sermon to the graduating* classes in both institutions, on Sunday mornf ing, May 30th. Rev. Victor Miller, of Leitersburg, Md.,1 will deliver the Seminary Alumni address, on| Tuesday evening, June 1st, Rev. Hafer preached at Ft. Washington, onl Sunday morning, March 28th, and at Steeltong on Apr. 4. J. H. Diehl, who recently spent a week all home visiting and resting, has returned to bii studies. Revs. Meyer and Cross spent Sunday, Apr| 4, at their homes. The subject of written final examination i>| under the consideration of the Faculty. Rev. Bender has gone to Centre county for| about ten days to attend to some business. THE COLLEGE MERCURY. 38 ■- LITE^ARY SOCIETIES. JOHN W. OTT, Editor. PHILO. At a recent business meeting Mr. G. F. Lbel was elected chairman of the Endowment Committee in the place of Mr. Wheeler, re-signed. At the same meeting the- following gentle-len were elected to serve on the MERCURY taff: Editor-in-Chief, Koller; Associate Ed-tors, Smith, R. E., Meyer, Beerits; Assistant Business Manager, McAllister. PHRENA. The following were elected to positions on fie MERCURY Staff: Business Manager, J. L Weeter; Associate Editors, R. W. Woods, E. Clair, H. C. Roehner, C. E. Fleck. The '99 men will render a special program n Friday evening, April 9th, '97. As Phrena has a good share of this class the pro-gram will undoubtedly be of an entertaining laracter. The Seniors have been granted optional at- :lance for the remainder of the college year. FRATERNITY NOTES. PHI KAPPA PSI. The article on College Fraternities in the ^.pril Cosmopolitan, by Bro. Piper, N. Y. Beta, vas read with interest. '57. D. P. Forney spent several days in town last week. '90. Frank P. Whitmer, who has been in the employ of the B. & O. R. R. for some years, was recently given the appointment of Private Secretary to the Superintendent of the " :cond Division. '90. Dr. S. E. Whitmer is practicing den-stry in Troy, Pa. White, '97, Dark, '98 and Smith, '00, ac-companied the Musical Clubs on their recent lip, and report a good time. '96. Eisenhart, L. P., spent his vacation at iis home in York. I '98. Kuendig recently spent a few days in fork, the guest of Eisenhart, '96. PHI GAMMA DELTA. ;,Bro. W. L. Seabrook, '77, will deliver the annual address before the Christian Associa-tion of Roanoke College during the exercises of Commencement week, June 13-16. Bro. H. G. Buehler, '83, has accepted an invitation to lecture on ' 'Teaching of English'' at the Spring meeting of the High School As-sociation of Chicago and Cook county, 111., at Chicago, on the 17th inst. Bro. H. M. Roth, Delta Chapter, now teach-ing at Shippensburg, Normal School, was a welcome visitor last month. Bros. H. E. Stahler, '82, and D. F. Gar-land, '88, were recent visitors to Gettysburg and the Chapter. Bro. M. G. Rietz, '95, who finished the Theological course at Hartwick Seminary this term, has accepted a call to Chatham, N. Y. Bro. C. O. Shaar, '96, owing to ill health, has been compelled to leave Seminary. He will travel during the summer in the interests of his father. Bro. F. J. Baum, '96, spent Sunday, 28th ult., with friends in York. Bro. Evans, '01, spent his vacation at Nor-folk, Va. Bros. Bordy, '01, and Van Doren, '01, vis-ited Philadelphia and New York. SIGMA CHI. Frank Hersh, '92, has been appointed head chemist by the Buffalo Iron Company, Buffalo, N. Y. L. H. Clement, '74, was in Gettysburg re-cently attending the funeral of his mother-in-law. Munro, or, has left college. Roseusteel, '01, and Loudon, '01, have re-turned to college after having spent their spring vacation at their respective homes. Acker, '74, recently presented the chapter with a set of valuable books and magazines for their library. PHI DELTA THETA. Rev. Chas. Rinewald, '85, spent several days in town last week. Harry Ehrhart, '93, was the guest of the Chapter March 30th. Dr. Harry Gettier, '93, has been appointed Assistant Surgeon in the United States Marine Hospital at Staten Island, New York. 39 THE COLLEGE MERCURY. Kain attended the reception given at the Women's College, Baltimore, March 19. Ott accompanied the Musical Clubs on their recent trip. Beerits has been elected to a position on THE MERCURY staff. . Alumni clay was fittingly observed on March 13th. ALPHA TAU OMEGA. S. I. Lafferty, '00, became a member of the fraternity March 20th. C. E. Fleck, '98, was initiated March 27th. Chas. Bikle, '92, visited the Chapter March 1st. Chas. B. Erb, White Hutton and William E. Wheeler are on the Class Day programme.[ E. L. Koller, '98. was elected Editor-in- Chief of the MERCURY March 26th. H. H. Jones, '92, has been selected as dele-gate to the State Medical Society, which meets| in Pittsburgh next June. Matthew S. Kemp, Mana^e:\ Gettysburg 'Theological Seminary. Ministerial supplies. Books cf all kinds. S'le Agent foil Dr. Valentine's Theoretical Ethic:, nrw in print. BETTER THAN EVER" The 1897 BEN-HUB. BICYCLES embody more new and genuine improvement? in construction than any other bicycles now before the public. Never before haw such excellent values been offered for the money. Our new line, consisting of eigli superb models at $00, $75 and $125 for single machines, and $150 for tandems, wrtl-the various options offered, is such that the most exacting purchaser can be entirely suited. CENTRAL CYCLE MFG. CO., 72. GARDEN STREET. INDIANAPOLIS, IND. OUR FINE POSTER CATALOGUE MAILED FOR TWO 2-CENT STAMPS. cr c Co l^^^^MH^^^^MH^^^^^H^^^^^H Ill Manufacturers and Importers of ADVERTISEMENTS. G. B. SMNGLBfi, K\\'( (e A p p&t&fus, 505, 507, 209 & 211 Third Avenue, Corner of 18th street, EF?, PrIOTOGftMTOfi, 2S Qelto. St., GETTYSBURG. SPECIAL ATTENTION PAID TO C0LLSG& WOfiJK. -?f ^t'no C?of/Gctfo?i of BATTLEFIELD VIEWS ALWAYS OM HAM". MAIL ORDERS RECEIVE PROMPT ATTENTION. ADVERTISEMENTS. BASE BALL . . SUPPLIES, . . cBpalcliqrj League ©all, JAW&, Masl^s, ete. Managers should send for samples and special rates. Every requisite for TENNS, GOLF, CRCKET, TRACK AND FIEID GYMNASIUM EQUIPMENTS AND OUTFITS COMPLETE CATALOGUE SPRING AND SUMMER SPORTS TREE. "Ths Name the Guarantee." A. Q. Spalding & Bros., NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, CHICAGO. 1108 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA tyfright's £ngravtng jfeouse w«AS become the recognized leader in unique styles of «^f COLLEGE and FRATERNITY EN-GRAVINGS and STATIONERY, College and Class-Day Invitations, engraved and printed from steel t plates; Programmes, Menus, Wedding and Reception 2^ Invitations, Announcements, etc., etc. Examine prices " and styles before ordering elsewhere. 50 Visiting Cards from New Engraved Plate for $1.00. ERNEST A. WRIGHT, 1108 Chestnut Street, PHILADELPHIA W. H. WlERNIAN, YORK STREET. poecrics. Visitors to Settysburg College, Settysburg, SPenn'a, -WILL FIND THE-Cumberland Valley R. R, 8 running in a South-Westerly direction from HarrisbmjI Pa., through Carlisle. Chambersburg, Hagerstown anil Martinsburg to Winchester, Va., a direct and available I route from the North, East and West to Gettysburg, Fa.I via. Harrisburg and Carlisle. Through tickets via. thiJ route cm sale at all P. R. 11. offices, and baggage checked! through to destination. Also, a popular route to tht| South via. Carlisle. Ask for your tickets via. Cumberland Valley Railroad and Carlisle, nl J. F. BOYD, Superintendent. H. A. RIDDLE, Gen. Passenger Agent, FPU. H. MlNNlCH, Manufacturer, Wholesale and Retail Dealer in ©onfestionepyl OYSTERSI ream. j SEASOM NEWS DEPOT & SUBSCRIPTION AGENGY. IVIain street, - - Gettysburg, Pa. SOLE MANUFACTURER OF DR. TYLER'S COUGH DROPS SIMON J. C0D0RI DEALER IN BEEF, PORK, LAMB, VEAL, SAUSAGF,| York Street, Gettysburg. especial Rates to Clubs.*0 MWM&W® NEXT DOOR TO 5 Suits from $12,00 to $40,00, Lowest friees. \ P°PIT°/IRSCE' ( Pants from tt,00 to $12,00, G^Centre Sq^Tiai-e.^El) EOLLEQE_OF HTSICIANS I SUHGEONS, ^BALTIMORE, tl\D.~Zr The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Balti-more, Maryland, is a well-equipped school. Four ses-iuns are required for graduation. For full informa- "011 send for the annual catalogue, or write to THOMAS OPIE, M. D., Dean, Cor. Calvert and Saratoga Sts. c_£^Established 1876.5^-5 Q WAT6HMAKER AND v. I ,CE JEWELER, Gettysburg Souvenir Spoons, College Souvenir Spooos, No. 10 Baltimore Street, GETTYSBURG, PENN'A. J. A TAWNEY Is read}' to furnish clubs and boarding houses BREAD, ROLLS, ;.?' OYSTERS Stewed and F"ried. No. 17 Baltimore St. 7^5^^m^^^9^^i^l!:V^ ig-1-^ iWSfiL &*^«ty^t»**^JV«w«{)r. gi^MP^^rg«is-J2«^p^^ffg^.0^^.2.a^J Sa ii ii H bam A temperance house. Pleasant and home-like. Teams and Guides to all points of interest on the battle-field. i^mmi§Q*vsB£M £&&ms. e? No. 127 Chambersburg St., GETTYSBURG, PA. JOHN E. PITZER, MEMBER POST 9, G. A. R. GETTYSBURG, PA., - - Main street. ♦>5 FREE 'BUS TO AND FROM ALL TWAINS, RATES $1Jfo PER DAV. DINNER WITH DRIVE OVER FIEID WITH 4 OR MORE $1,35. J. bi nUUHbOj PROPR. / ADVERTISEMENTS. ' T4\ \ \ V "i A H r 'A( I. Classical Course for the Degree of A. B. II. Scientific Course for the Degree of B. S. III. Post-Graduate Course for the Degree of Ph. D. IV. Special Course in all Departments. V. Elective Studies in Junior and Senior Years. VI. New Testament Greek and Hebrew in English Bible Department.! Observatory, Laboratories and new Gymnasium. Four large buildings. All buildingsl heated with steam from central plant. Libraries, 25,000 volumes. Fine Museum. Expenses! low. Department of Hygiene and Physical Culture in charge of an experienced physician! Accessible by frequent railroad trains. Location, on BATTLEFIELD of Gettysburg; most! pleasant and healthy. PREPARATORY DEPARTMENT, in separate buildings, for boyf and young men preparing for business or college, under special care of the principal and three! assistants, residing with students in the building. For full particulars, apply for catalogue to| HARVEY w. MCKNIGHT, D. D., LL. D., PRES'T., ADVERTISEMENTS. . D. RHILLER, ip Main St., GETTYSBURG, fQroosT, Qonfsciionsr and ^truitsver. Ice Cream and Oysters in season. SAMUEL FABER. rine Cigars and Smokers' A rticles, ClIAMBER'SBtTKG ST. (i KTT YSliTJ K(i. 4@g@ mmmmm§9 EMIL ZOTHE, gctgr'aw©ps designer and Marrufact'g: Jieweleip,, 19 SOUTH NINTH STREET, Opposite Post Office; PHILADELPHIA, PA. SPECIALTIES: Masonic Marks, Society Badges, College Buttons. Pins, Scarf, Pins, Stick Pins and Athletic Prizes. ^amttltu •V V .4>^ , N. W. Comer Public Square, HAGERSTOWN, Maryland. 13 All Goods Ordered Through C. H. Tilp. l; S> TOapPHE^ \ V ,-;V V .V ITE will endeavor to give satisfaction In the future as we nave done In the past. Special rates to students. Give us trial. J. B. SCHINDEL, Proprietor. J. W. WEETER, college Agent. HD TO 0. A. BLOOMER'S 3JEWELRY STORED ron g&tjvcepjfjir Spoon,s" gwcerdj P-?njg8 &G» : P st Office Corner, Centre Sauare. No. 3 MAIN STREET, ' GETTYSBURG, PA. j Out new Enameled Aristo Pot traits are equal to Photos made anywhere, and at any pt ice. SUITS TO ORDER—PRICES $12.00 TO $35-oo ; TROUSERS, $2.50 TO $9.00. All Kinds of Repairing Done. All the new effects in Check and Over Plaids you will find at TAILOR, CLOTHIER AND GENTS' FURNISHER, $5T0vercoats and Winter Suits at a Big Sacrifice. THE LEADING Call on. F. Mark Bream, Who always has on hand a full line of fine Groceries. JOEN L. SEErtDS. NEW CIGAR STORE Next door to IK M. 'Depot, Gettysburg,

Das International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) ist ein länderübergreifendes, fortlaufendes Umfrageprogramm, das jährlich Erhebungen zu Themen durchführt, die für die Sozialwissenschaften wichtig sind. Das Programm begann 1984 mit vier Gründungsmitgliedern - Australien, Deutschland, Großbritannien und den Vereinigten Staaten - und ist inzwischen auf fast 50 Mitgliedsländer aus aller Welt angewachsen. Da die Umfragen auf Replikationen ausgelegt sind, können die Daten sowohl für länder- als auch für zeitübergreifende Vergleiche genutzt werden. Jedes ISSP-Modul konzentriert sich auf ein bestimmtes Thema, das in regelmäßigen Zeitabständen wiederholt wird. Details zur Durchführung der nationalen ISSP-Umfragen entnehmen Sie bitte der Dokumentation. Die vorliegende Studie konzentriert sich auf Fragen zu nationalem Bewusstsein und nationaler Identität.

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of similar to 1.7 s with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg(2) at a luminosity distance of 40(-8)(+8) Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 M-circle dot. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at similar to 40 Mpc) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One-Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over similar to 10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient's position similar to 9 and similar to 16 days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta. ; Kavli Foundation; Danish National Research Foundation; Niels Bohr International Academy; DARK Cosmology Centre; NSF [AST-1518052, AST-141242, AST-1411763, AST-1714498, AST-1517649, PHY-1607291, AST-1412421, AST-1313484]; Gordon AMP; Betty Moore Foundation; Heising-Simons Foundation; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; David and Lucile Packard Foundation; DNRF; UCMEXUS-CONACYT; NASA - Space Telescope Science Institute [HST-HF-51348.001, HST-HF-51373.001]; NASA [NAS5-26555, NNX15AE50G, NNX16AC22G, NAS5-00136, NNX08AR22G, NNX12AR65G, NNX14AM74G, NNX12AR55G, NNM13AA43C, NNM11AA01A, NNX15AE60G, PF6-170148, PF7-180162]; INAF; INFN; ASI [I/028/12/2]; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France; Commissariat a l'energie atomique et aux energies alternatives (CEA), France; Commission Europeenne (FEDER), France; Commission Europeenne, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France; IdEx, France; Sorbonne Paris Cite, France [ANR-10-LABX-0023, ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02]; Labex OCEVU, France [ANR-11-LABX-0060]; A*MIDEX, France [ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02]; Region Ile-de-France (DIM-ACAV), France; Region Alsace (CPER), France; Region Provence-Alpes-Cite d'Azur, France; Departement du Var and Ville de La Seyne-sur-Mer, France; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Germany; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands; Council of the President of the Russian Federation, Russia; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania; Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO): Plan Estatal de Investigacion (MINECO/FEDER), Spain [FPA2015-65150-C3-1-P, FPA2015-65150-C3-2-P, FPA2015-65150-C3-3-P]; Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MINECO), Spain; Prometeo program (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain; Grisolia program (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco; National Basic Research Program (973 Program) of China [2013CB834901, 2013CB834900, 2013CB834903]; Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation AMP; Assessment Program [CHINARE2016-02-03-05]; Tsinghua University; Nanjing University; Beijing Normal University; University of New South Wales; Texas AM University; Australian Antarctic Division; National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS) of Australia; Chinese Academy of Sciences through Center for Astronomical Mega-Science; National Astronomical Observatory of China (NAOC); Argentina-Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica; Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica (ANPCyT); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET); Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza; Municipalidad de Malargue; NDM Holdings and Valle Las Lenas; Australia-the Australian Research Council; Brazil-Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq); Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP); Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) [2010/07359-6, 1999/05404-3]; Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia, Inovacoes e Comunicacoes (MCTIC); Czech Republic [MSMT CR LG15014, LO1305, LM2015038, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001402]; France-Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Conseil Regional Ile-de-France; Departement Physique Nucleaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS); Departement Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS); Institut Lagrange de Paris (ILP) within Investissements d'Avenir Programme [LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63, ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02]; Germany-Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); Finanzministerium Baden-Wurttemberg; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP); Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF); Ministerium fur Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen; Ministerium fur Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst des Landes Baden-Wurttemberg; Italy-Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF); Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR); CETEMPS Center of Excellence; Ministero degli Affari Esteri (MAE); Mexico-Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT) [167733]; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM); PAPIIT DGAPA-UNAM; Netherlands - Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO); Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM); Poland-National Centre for Research and Development [ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/11, ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11]; National Science Centre [2013/08/M/ST9/00322, 2013/08/M/ST9/00728, HARMONIA 5-2013/10/M/ST9/00062, UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00198]; Portugal-Portuguese national funds; FEDER within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE); Romania-Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS; CNDI-UEFISCDI [20/2012, 194/2012, PN 16 42 01 02]; Slovenia-Slovenian Research Agency; Spain-Comunidad de Madrid; Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER); Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad; Xunta de Galicia; European Community 7th Framework Program [FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826]; USA-Department of Energy [DE-AC02-07CH11359, DE-FR02-04ER41300, DE-FG02-99ER41107, DE-SC0011689]; National Science Foundation [0450696]; Grainger Foundation; Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET; European Particle Physics Latin American Network; European Union 7th Framework Program [PIRSES-2009-GA-246806]; European Union's Horizon research and innovation programme [646623]; UNESCO; Australian Research Council [FT150100099, FL15010014]; Australian Research Council; Australian Government; Australian Government (NCRIS); Western Australian and Australian Governments; National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics in 3D (ASTRO 3D) [CE170100013]; Spanish Ministry [AYA 2015-71718-R]; Junta de Andalucia Proyecto de Excelencia [TIC-2839]; National Research Foundation [NRF-2015R1A2A1A01006870, DGE-1144469]; Korea Basic Science Research Program [NRF2014R1A6A3A03057484, NRF-2015R1D1A4A01020961]; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (Mexico) through Laboratorios Nacionales Program (Mexico); Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA-CSIC, Spain); Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU, South Korea); Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO) [CE110001020]; ARC LIEF from Australian Research Council [LE130100104]; NASA; ASI; JAXA; MEXT KAKENHI [JP 17H06362, JP26220708, JP17H02901, JP17H06363, JP15H00788, JP24103003, JP10147214, JP10147207]; Chandra X-ray Observatory Center [GO7-18033X]; National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA) [NAS8-03060]; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); Fonds de recherche du Quebec-Nature et Technologies (FRQNT); UKSA; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR); Indian Space Research Organisation; European Unions Horizon research and innovation programme [653477]; ESO [199.D-0143, 099.D-0376]; DFG [HA 1850/28-1, Kl 766/16-3]; EU/FP7-ERC [291222, 615929, 647208, 725161]; STFC [ST/P000312/1]; ERF [ST/M005348/1, ST/P000495/1]; Marie Sklodowska-Curie [702538]; Polish NCN [OPUS 2015/17/B/ST9/03167]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; California Institute of Technology; Alexander von Humboldt Sofja Kovalevskaja Award; FONDECYT [3160504]; US NSF [AST-1311862]; Quantum Universe I-Core program; Kimmel award; IRC [GOIPG/2017/1525]; Australian Research Council CAASTRO [CE110001020, FT160100028]; Millennium Science Initiative [IC120009]; NASA through Fermi-GBM; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) via Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) [50 QV 0301]; Bundesministeriums fur Wirtschaft und Technologie (BMWi) through DLR [50 OG 1101]; Science Foundation Ireland [12/IP/1288]; NASA (United States); DOE (United States); CEA/Irfu (France); IN2P3/CNRS (France); ASI (Italy); INFN (Italy); MEXT (Japan); KEK (Japan); JAXA (Japan); K.A. Wallenberg Foundation; Swedish Research Council; National Space Board (Sweden); INAF (Italy); CNES (France); DOE [DE-AC02-76SF00515]; Office of Naval Research [N00014-07-C0147]; National Science Foundation under University Radio Observatory [AST-1139963, AST-1139974]; ESO Telescopes at the Paranal Observatory [099.D-0382, 099.D-0622, 099.D-0191, 099.D-0116]; REM telescope at the ESO La Silla Observatory [35020]; Department of University and Research (MIUR); Italian Space Agency (ASI); Autonomous Region of Sardinia (RAS); National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF); BIC [114332KYSB20160007]; Hundred Talent Program; Chinese Academy of Sciences [KJZD-EW-M06]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [11673062]; Oversea Talent Program of Yunnan Province; STFC (Science and Technology Facilities Council); Slovenian Research Agency [P1-0188]; Sorbonne Paris Cite [ANR-10-LABX-0023, ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02]; JSPS [15H05437]; JST Consortia; GROWTH (Global Relay of Observatories Watching Transients Happen) - National Science Foundation under PIRE [1545949]; California Institute of Technology (USA); University of Maryland College Park (USA); University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (USA); Texas Tech University (USA); San Diego State University (USA); Los Alamos National Laboratory (USA); Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan); National Central University (Taiwan); Indian Institute of Astrophysics (India); Inter-University Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics (India); Weizmann Institute of Science (Israel); Oskar Klein Centre at Stockholm University (Sweden); Humboldt University (Germany); Liverpool John Moores University (UK); Planning and Budgeting Committee; Israel Science Foundation; Large Synoptic Survey Telescope Corporation; National Science Foundation CAREER [1455090]; ERC grant TReX; Naval Research Laboratory (NRL); NRL; Oxford Centre for Astrophysical Surveys; Hintze Family Charitable Foundation; Swedish Research Council (V.R.); Israel Science Foundation, Minerva, Israeli ministry of Science; US-Israel Binational Science Foundation; I-CORE of the Planning and Budgeting Committee; Swedish Research Council (VR) [2016 03657 3]; Swedish National Space Board [Dnr. 107/16]; Gravitational Radiation and Electromagnetic Astrophysical Transients (GREAT) - Swedish Research council (V.R.) [Dnr. 2016-06012]; Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology, India; Indo-US Science and Technology Foundation; US National Science Foundation (NSF); US Department of Energy Office of High-Energy Physics; Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program of Los Alamos National Laboratory; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT), Mexico [271051, 232656, 167281, 260378, 179588, 239762, 254964, 271737, 258865, 243290]; Red HAWC, Mexico; DGAPA-UNAM [RG100414, IN111315, IN111716-3, IA102715, 109916]; VIEP-BUAP; University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation; Institute of Geophysics, Planetary Physics, and Signatures at Los Alamos National Laboratory; Polish Science Centre [DEC-2014/13/B/ST9/945]; German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF); Max Planck Society; German Research Foundation (DFG); Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; French Ministry for Research; CNRS-IN2P3; Astroparticle Interdisciplinary Programme of the CNRS; U.K. Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC); IPNP of the Charles University; Czech Science Foundation; Polish National Science Centre; South African Department of Science and Technology; National Research Foundation; University of Namibia; National Commission on Research, Science and Technology of Namibia (NCRST); Innsbruck University; Austrian Science Fund (FWF); Austrian Federal Ministry for Science, Research and Economy; University of Adelaide; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; University of Amsterdam; EGI Federation; China National Space Administration (CNSA); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) [XDB23040400]; Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST) [2016YFA0400800]; U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Polar Programs; U.S. National Science Foundation-Physics Division; Grid Laboratory of Wisconsin (GLOW) grid infrastructure at the University of Wisconsin-Madison; Open Science Grid (OSG) grid infrastructure; U.S. Department of Energy; National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center; Louisiana Optical Network Initiative (LONI) grid computing resources; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; WestGrid and Compute/Calcul Canada; Swedish Research Council, Sweden; Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Sweden; Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), Sweden; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), Germany; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Germany; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Germany; Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Germany; Fund for Scientific Research (FNRS-FWO); FWO Odysseus programme; Flanders Institute; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (Belspo); Marsden Fund, New Zealand; Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS); Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Switzerland; National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF); Villum Fonden, Denmark; Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark; Russian Science Foundation [15-1230015, 14-22-00271]; Science and Education Ministry of Kazakhstan [0075/GF4]; RUSTAVELI [FR/379/6-300/14]; ESA Denmark; ESA France; ESA Germany; ESA Italy; ESA Switzerland; ESA Spain; ESA Russia; ESA USA; CEA; CNES; DLR; ESA; INTA; OSTC; ASI/INAF [2013-025-R.1]; German INTEGRAL through DLR [50 OG 1101]; Spanish MINECO/FEDER [ESP2015-65712-C5-1-R]; RFBR [16-29-13009-ofi-m]; JSPS KAKENHI [JP16H02183, JP15H02075, JP15H02069, JP26800103, JP25800103]; Inter-University Cooperation Program of the MEXT; NINS program; Toyota Foundation [D11-R-0830]; Mitsubishi Foundation; Yamada Science Foundation; Inoue Foundation for Science; National Research Foundation of South Africa; NRF [2017R1A3A3001362]; KASI [2017-1-830-03]; Israel Science Foundation [541/17]; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India; Department of Science and Technology, India; Science AMP; Engineering Research Board (SERB), India; Ministry of Human Resource Development, India; Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion; Vicepresidencia i Conselleria d'Innovacio Recerca i Turisme; Conselleria d'Educacio i Universitat del Govern de les Illes Balears; Conselleria d'Educacio Investigacio Cultura i Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana; National Science Centre of Poland; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Russian Foundation for Basic Research; Russian Science Foundation; European Commission; European Regional Development Funds (ERDF); Royal Society; Scottish Funding Council; Scottish Universities Physics Alliance; Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA); Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO); National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFI); National Research Foundation of Korea; Industry Canada and Province of Ontario through Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation; Natural Science and Engineering Research Council Canada; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations, and Communications; International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR); Council of Hong Kong; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST); Leverhulme Trust; Research Corporation; Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan; RIKEN; MEXT; KAKENHI [JP 17H06362]; EVN [RP029]; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme [653477]; ERC [647208]; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research through NWO VIDI [639.042.612-Nissanke]; NWO TOP [62002444-Nissanke]; VISIR [60.A-9392]; [MOST104-2923-M-008-004-MY5]; [MOST106-2112-M-008-007] ; (1M2H) We thank J. McIver for alerting us to the LVC circular. We thank J. Mulchaey (Carnegie Observatories director), L. Infante (Las Campanas Observatory director), and the entire Las Campanas staff for their extreme dedication, professionalism, and excitement, all of which were critical in the discovery of the first gravitational-wave optical counterpart and its host galaxy as well as the observations used in this study. We thank I. Thompson and the Carnegie Observatory Time Allocation Committee for approving the Swope Supernova Survey and scheduling our program. We thank the University of Copenhagen, DARK Cosmology Centre, and the Niels Bohr International Academy for hosting D.A.C., R.J.F., A.M.B., E.R., and M.R.S. during the discovery of GW170817/SSS17a. R.J.F., A.M.B., and E.R. were participating in the Kavli Summer Program in Astrophysics, "Astrophysics with gravitational wave detections." This program was supported by the the Kavli Foundation, Danish National Research Foundation, the Niels Bohr International Academy, and the DARK Cosmology Centre. The UCSC group is supported in part by NSF grant AST-1518052, the Gordon & Betty Moore Foundation, the Heising-Simons Foundation, generous donations from many individuals through a UCSC Giving Day grant, and from fellowships from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (R.J.F.), the David and Lucile Packard Foundation (R.J.F. and E.R.) and the Niels Bohr Professorship from the DNRF (E.R.). AMB acknowledges support from a UCMEXUS-CONACYT Doctoral Fellowship. Support for this work was provided by NASA through Hubble Fellowship grants HST-HF-51348.001 (B.J.S.) and HST-HF-51373.001 (M.R.D.) awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555. This paper includes data gathered with the 1 meter Swope and 6.5 meter Magellan Telescopes located at Las Campanas Observatory, Chile.r (AGILE) The AGILE Team thanks the ASI management, the technical staff at the ASI Malindi ground station, the technical support team at the ASI Space Science Data Center, and the Fucino AGILE Mission Operation Center. AGILE is an ASI space mission developed with programmatic support by INAF and INFN. We acknowledge partial support through the ASI grant No. I/028/12/2. We also thank INAF, Italian Institute of Astrophysics, and ASI, Italian Space Agency.r (ANTARES) The ANTARES Collaboration acknowledges the financial support of: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat a l'energie atomique et aux energies alternatives (CEA), Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund and Marie Curie Program), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), IdEx program and UnivEarthS Labex program at Sorbonne Paris Cite (ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02), Labex OCEVU (ANR-11-LABX-0060) and the A*MIDEX project (ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02), Region Ile-de-France (DIM-ACAV), Region Alsace (contrat CPER), Region Provence-Alpes-Cite d'Azur, Departement du Var and Ville de La Seyne-sur-Mer, France; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Germany; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Nederlandse organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), the Netherlands; Council of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists and leading scientific schools supporting grants, Russia; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania; Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO): Plan Estatal de Investigacion (refs.; r r FPA2015-65150-C3-1-P, -2-P and -3-P; MINECO/FEDER), Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MINECO), and Prometeo and Grisolia programs (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco. We also acknowledge the technical support of Ifremer, AIM and Foselev Marine for the sea operation and the CC-IN2P3 for the computing facilities.r (AST3) The AST3 project is supported by the National Basic Research Program (973 Program) of China (Grant Nos. 2013CB834901, 2013CB834900, 2013CB834903), and the Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation & Assessment Program (grant No. CHINARE2016-02-03-05). The construction of the AST3 telescopes has received fundings from Tsinghua University, Nanjing University, Beijing Normal University, University of New South Wales, and Texas A&M University, the Australian Antarctic Division, and the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS) of Australia. It has also received funding from Chinese Academy of Sciences through the Center for Astronomical Mega-Science and National Astronomical Observatory of China (NAOC).r (Auger) The successful installation, commissioning, and operation of the Pierre Auger Observatory would not have been possible without the strong commitment and effort from the technical and administrative staff in Malargue. We are very grateful to the following agencies and organizations for financial support: Argentina-Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica; Agencia Nacional de Promocion Cientifica y Tecnologica (ANPCyT); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET); Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza; Municipalidad de Malargue; NDM Holdings and Valle Las Lenas; in gratitude for their continuing cooperation over land access; Australia-the Australian Research Council; Brazil-Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq); Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP); Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) grant Nos. 2010/07359-6 and 1999/05404-3; Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia, Inovacoes e Comunicacoes (MCTIC); Czech Republic-grant Nos. MSMT CR LG15014, LO1305, LM2015038 and CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001402; France-Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Conseil Regional Ile-de-France; Departement Physique Nucleaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS); Departement Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS); Institut Lagrange de Paris (ILP) grant No. LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63 within the Investissements d'Avenir Programme Grant No. ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02; Germany-Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); Finanzministerium Baden-Wurttemberg; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP); Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF); Ministerium fur Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen; Ministerium fur Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst des Landes Baden-Wurttemberg; Italy-Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF); Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR); CETEMPS Center of Excellence; Ministero degli Affari Esteri (MAE); Mexico-Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT) No.; r r 167733; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM); PAPIIT DGAPA-UNAM; The Netherlands - Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO); Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM); Poland-National Centre for Research and Development, grant Nos. ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/11 and ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11; National Science Centre, grant Nos. 2013/08/M/ST9/00322, 2013/08/M/ST9/00728, and HARMONIA 5-2013/10/M/ST9/00062, UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00198; Portugal-Portuguese national funds and FEDER funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE); Romania-Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS; CNDI-UEFISCDI partnership projects grant Nos. 20/2012 and 194/2012 and PN 16 42 01 02; Slovenia-Slovenian Research Agency; Spain-Comunidad de Madrid; Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) funds; Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad; Xunta de Galicia; European Community 7th Framework Program grant No. FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826; USA-Department of Energy, Contract Nos. DE-AC02-07CH11359, DE-FR02-04ER41300, DE-FG02-99ER41107, and DE-SC0011689; National Science Foundation, grant No.r 0450696; The Grainger Foundation; Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET; European Particle Physics Latin American Network; European Union 7th Framework Program, grant No. PIRSES-2009-GA-246806; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant No. 646623); and UNESCO.r (Australian Radio) T.M. acknowledges the support of the Australian Research Council through grant FT150100099. S.O. acknowledges the Australian Research Council grant Laureate Fellowship FL15010014. D.L.K. and I.S.B. are additionally supported by NSF grant AST-141242. P.A.B. and the DFN team acknowledge the Australian Research Council for support under their Australian Laureate Fellowship scheme. The Australia Telescope Compact Array is part of the Australia Telescope National Facility, which is funded by the Australian Government for operation as a National Facility managed by CSIRO. This scientific work makes use of the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory, operated by CSIRO. We acknowledge the Wajarri Yamatji people as the traditional owners of the Observatory site. Support for the operation of the MWA is provided by the Australian Government (NCRIS), under a contract to Curtin University administered by Astronomy Australia Limited. We acknowledge the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre, which is supported by the Western Australian and Australian Governments. The Australian SKA Pathfinder is part of the Australia Telescope National Facility, which is managed by CSIRO. Operation of ASKAP is funded by the Australian Government with support from the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy. ASKAP uses the resources of the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre. Establishment of ASKAP, the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory and the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre are initiatives of the Australian Government, with support from the Government of Western Australia and the Science and Industry Endowment Fund. Parts of this research were conducted by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics in 3D (ASTRO 3D) through project number CE170100013.r (Berger Time-Domain Group) The Berger Time-Domain Group at Harvard is supported in part by the NSF through grants AST-1411763 and AST-1714498, and by NASA through grants NNX15AE50G and NNX16AC22G.r (Bootes) A.J.C.T.; r r acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry Project AYA 2015-71718-R (including FEDER funds) and Junta de Andalucia Proyecto de Excelencia TIC-2839. I.H.P. acknowledges the support of the National Research Foundation (NRF-2015R1A2A1A01006870). S.J. acknowledges the support of Korea Basic Science Research Program (NRF2014R1A6A3A03057484 and NRF-2015R1D1A4A01020961). The BOOTES-5/JGT observations were carried out at Observatorio Astronomico Nacional in San Pedro Martir (OAN-SPM, Mexico), operated by Instituto de Astronomia, UNAM and with support from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (Mexico) through the Laboratorios Nacionales Program (Mexico), Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (IAA-CSIC, Spain) and Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU, South Korea). We also thank the staff of OAN-SPM for their support in carrying out the observations.r (CAASTRO) Parts of this research were conducted by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), through project number CE110001020. The national facility capability for SkyMapper has been funded through ARC LIEF grant LE130100104 from the Australian Research Council, awarded to the University of Sydney, the Australian National University, Swinburne University of Technology, the University of Queensland, the University of Western Australia, the University of Melbourne, Curtin University of Technology, Monash University, and the Australian Astronomical Observatory. SkyMapper is owned and operated by The Australian National University's Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics.r (CALET) The CALET team gratefully acknowledges support from NASA, ASI, JAXA, and MEXT KAKENHI grant numbers JP 17H06362, JP26220708, and JP17H02901.r (Chandra/McGill) This work was supported in part by Chandra Award Number GO7-18033X, issued by the Chandra X-ray Observatory Center, which is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory for and on behalf of the National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA) under contract NAS8-03060. D.H., M.N., and J.J.R. acknowledge support from a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant and a Fonds de recherche du Quebec-Nature et Technologies (FRQNT) Nouveaux Chercheurs Grant. P.A.E. acknowledges UKSA support. J.A.K. acknowledges the support of NASA grant NAS5-00136. D.H. also acknowledges support from the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR).r (CZTI/AstroSat) CZTI is built by a TIFR-led consortium of institutes across India, including VSSC, ISAC, IUCAA, SAC, and PRL. The Indian Space Research Organisation funded, managed, and facilitated the project.r (DLT40) D.J.S. acknowledges support for the DLT40 program from NSF grant AST-1517649.r (EuroVLBI) The European VLBI Network is a joint facility of independent European, African, Asian, and North American radio astronomy institutes. Scientific results from data presented in this publication are derived from the following EVN project code: RP029. e-MERLIN is a National Facility operated by the University of Manchester at Jodrell Bank Observatory on behalf of STFC. The collaboration between LIGO/Virgo and EVN/e-MERLIN is part of a project that has received funding from the European Unions Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 653477.r (ePESSTO) We acknowledge ESO programs 199.D-0143 and 099.D-0376. PS1 and ATLAS are supported by NASA grants NNX08AR22G, NNX12AR65G, NNX14AM74G, and NNX12AR55G. We acknowledge the Leibniz-Prize to Prof. G.; r r Hasinger (DFG grant HA 1850/28-1), EU/FP7-ERC grants 291222, 615929, 647208, 725161, STFC grants ST/P000312/1 and ERF ST/M005348/1, ST/P000495/1. Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant No 702538. Polish NCN grant OPUS 2015/17/B/ST9/03167, Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. PRIN-INAF 2014. David and Ellen Lee Prize Postdoctoral Fellowship at the California Institute of Technology. Alexander von Humboldt Sofja Kovalevskaja Award. Royal Society-Science Foundation Ireland Vilho, Yrjo and Kalle Vaisala Foundation. FONDECYT grant number 3160504. US NSF grant AST-1311862. Swedish Research Council and the Swedish Space Board. The Quantum Universe I-Core program, the ISF, BSF, and Kimmel award. IRC grant GOIPG/2017/1525. Australian Research Council CAASTRO CE110001020 and grant FT160100028. We acknowledge Millennium Science Initiative grant IC120009.r (Fermi-GBM) B.C., V.C., A.G., and W.S.P. gratefully acknowledge NASA funding through contract NNM13AA43C. M.S.B., R.H., P.J., C.A.M., S.P., R.D.P., M.S., and P.V. gratefully acknowledge NASA funding from cooperative agreement NNM11AA01A. E.B. is supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Goddard Space Flight Center, administered by Universities Space Research Association under contract with NASA. D.K., C.A.W.H., C.M.H., and J.R. gratefully acknowledge NASA funding through the Fermi-GBM project. Support for the German contribution to GBM was provided by the Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) via the Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) under contract number 50 QV 0301. A.v.K. was supported by the Bundesministeriums fur Wirtschaft und Technologie (BMWi) through DLR grant 50 OG 1101. S.M.B. acknowledges support from Science Foundation Ireland under grant 12/IP/1288.r (Fermi-LAT) The Fermi-LAT Collaboration acknowledges support for LAT development, operation, and data analysis from NASA and DOE (United States), CEA/Irfu and IN2P3/CNRS (France), ASI and INFN (Italy), MEXT, KEK, and JAXA (Japan), and the K. A. Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council and the National Space Board (Sweden). Science analysis support in the operations phase from INAF (Italy) and CNES (France) is also gratefully acknowledged. This work performed in part under DOE Contract DE-AC02-76SF00515.r (FRBSG) S.L.L. is supported by NSF grant PHY-1607291 (LIU). Construction of the LWA has been supported by the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-07-C0147. Support for operations and continuing development of the LWA1 is provided by the National Science Foundation under grants AST-1139963 and AST-1139974 of the University Radio Observatory program.r (GRAWITA) We acknowledge INAF for supporting the project "Gravitational Wave Astronomy with the first detections of adLIGO and adVIRGO experiments-GRAWITA" PI: E. Brocato. Observations are made with ESO Telescopes at the Paranal Observatory under programmes ID 099.D-0382 (PI: E. Pian), 099.D-0622 (PI: P. D'Avanzo), 099.D-0191 (PI: A. Grado), 099.D-0116 (PI: S. Covino) and with the REM telescope at the ESO La Silla Observatory under program ID 35020 (PI: S. Campana). We thank the ESO operation staff for excellent support of this program. The Sardinia Radio Telescope (SRT) is funded by the Department of University and Research (MIUR), the Italian Space Agency (ASI), and the Autonomous Region of Sardinia (RAS) and is operated as National Facility by the National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF). Z.J. is supported by the External Cooperation Program of BIC (number 114332KYSB20160007). J.M.; r r is supported by the Hundred Talent Program, the Major Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJZD-EW-M06), the National Natural Science Foundation of China 11673062, and the Oversea Talent Program of Yunnan Province. R.L.C. Starling, K.W., A.B.H., N.R.T., and C.G.M. are supported by the STFC (Science and Technology Facilities Council). D.K., acknowledges the financial support from the Slovenian Research Agency (P1-0188). S.K. and A.N.G. acknowledge support by grant DFG Kl 766/16-3. D.G. acknowledges the financial support of the UnivEarthS Labex program at Sorbonne Paris Cite (ANR-10-LABX-0023 and ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02). K.T. was supported by JSPS grant 15H05437 and by a JST Consortia grant.r (GROND) Part of the funding for GROND was generously granted from the Leibniz-Prize to Prof. G. Hasinger (DFG grant HA 1850/28-1). "We acknowledge the excellent help in obtaining GROND data from Angela Hempel, Markus Rabus and Regis Lachaume on La Silla."r (GROWTH, JAGWAR, Caltech-NRAO, TTU-NRAO, and NuSTAR) This work was supported by the GROWTH (Global Relay of Observatories Watching Transients Happen) project funded by the National Science Foundation under PIRE grant No. 1545949. GROWTH is a collaborative project among California Institute of Technology (USA), University of Maryland College Park (USA), University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (USA), Texas Tech University (USA), San Diego State University (USA), Los Alamos National Laboratory (USA), Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan), National Central University (Taiwan), Indian Institute of Astrophysics (India), Inter-University Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics (India), Weizmann Institute of Science (Israel), The Oskar Klein Centre at Stockholm University (Sweden), Humboldt University (Germany), Liverpool John Moores University (UK). A.H. acknowledges support by the I-Core Program of the Planning and Budgeting Committee and the Israel Science Foundation. T.M. acknowledges the support of the Australian Research Council through grant FT150100099. Parts of this research were conducted by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), through project number CE110001020. The Australia Telescope Compact Array is part of the Australia Telescope National Facility which is funded by the Australian Government for operation as a National Facility managed by CSIRO. D.L.K. is additionally supported by NSF grant AST-1412421. A.A.M. is funded by the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope Corporation in support of the Data Science Fellowship Program. P.C.Y., C.C.N., and W.H.I. thank the support from grants MOST104-2923-M-008-004-MY5 and MOST106-2112-M-008-007. A.C. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation CAREER award 1455090, "CAREER: Radio and gravitational-wave emission from the largest explosions since the Big Bang." T.P. acknowledges the support of Advanced ERC grant TReX. B.E.C. thanks SMARTS 1.3 m Queue Manager Bryndis Cruz for prompt scheduling of the SMARTS observations. Basic research in radio astronomy at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is funded by 6.1 Base funding. Construction and installation of VLITE was supported by NRL Sustainment Restoration and Maintenance funding. K.P.M.'s research is supported by the Oxford Centre for Astrophysical Surveys, which is funded through the Hintze Family Charitable Foundation. J.S. and A.G. are grateful for support from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. GREAT is funded by the Swedish Research Council (V.R.). E.O.O.; r r is grateful for the support by grants from the Israel Science Foundation, Minerva, Israeli ministry of Science, the US-Israel Binational Science Foundation, and the I-CORE Program of the Planning and Budgeting Committee and The Israel Science Foundation. We thank the staff of the GMRT that made these observations possible. The GMRT is run by the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. AYQH was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under grant No. DGE-1144469. S.R. has been supported by the Swedish Research Council (VR) under grant number 2016 03657 3, by the Swedish National Space Board under grant number Dnr. 107/16 and by the research environment grant "Gravitational Radiation and Electromagnetic Astrophysical Transients (GREAT)" funded by the Swedish Research council (V.R.) under Dnr. 2016-06012.r We acknowledge the support of the Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology, India and the Indo-US Science and Technology Foundation for the GROWTH-India project.r (HAWC) We acknowledge the support from: the US National Science Foundation (NSF); the US Department of Energy Office of High-Energy Physics; the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program of Los Alamos National Laboratory; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT), Mexico (grants 271051, 232656, 167281, 260378, 179588, 239762, 254964, 271737, 258865, 243290); Red HAWC, Mexico; DGAPA-UNAM (grants RG100414, IN111315, IN111716-3, IA102715, 109916); VIEP-BUAP; the University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation; the Institute of Geophysics, Planetary Physics, and Signatures at Los Alamos National Laboratory; Polish Science Centre grant DEC-2014/13/B/ST9/945. We acknowledge the support of the Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology, India and the Indo-US Science and Technology Foundation for the GROWTH-India project.r (H.E.S.S.) The support of the Namibian authorities and of the University of Namibia in facilitating the construction and operation of H.E.S.S. is gratefully acknowledged, as is the support by the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), the Max Planck Society, the German Research Foundation (DFG), the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the French Ministry for Research, the CNRS-IN2P3 and the Astroparticle Interdisciplinary Programme of the CNRS, the U.K. Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), the IPNP of the Charles University, the Czech Science Foundation, the Polish National Science Centre, the South African Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation, the University of Namibia, the National Commission on Research, Science and Technology of Namibia (NCRST), the Innsbruck University, the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), and the Austrian Federal Ministry for Science, Research and Economy, the University of Adelaide and the Australian Research Council, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and by the University of Amsterdam. We appreciate the excellent work of the technical support staff in Berlin, Durham, Hamburg, Heidelberg, Palaiseau, Paris, Saclay, and in Namibia in the construction and operation of the equipment. This work benefited from services provided by the H.E.S.S. Virtual Organisation, supported by the national resource providers of the EGI Federation.; r r r (Insight-HXMT) The Insight-HXMT team acknowledges the support from the China National Space Administration (CNSA), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS; grant No. XDB23040400), and the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST; grant No. 2016YFA0400800).r (IceCube) We acknowledge the support from the following agencies: U.S. National Science Foundation-Office of Polar Programs, U.S. National Science Foundation-Physics Division, University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, the Grid Laboratory of Wisconsin (GLOW) grid infrastructure at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the Open Science Grid (OSG) grid infrastructure; U.S. Department of Energy, and National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, the Louisiana Optical Network Initiative (LONI) grid computing resources; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, WestGrid and Compute/Calcul Canada; Swedish Research Council, Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), and Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Germany; Fund for Scientific Research (FNRS-FWO), FWO Odysseus programme, Flanders Institute to encourage scientific and technological research in industry (IWT), Belgian Federal Science Policy Office (Belspo); Marsden Fund, New Zealand; Australian Research Council; Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS); the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Switzerland; National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF); Villum Fonden, Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark.r (IKI-GW) A.S.P., A.A.V., E.D.M., and P.Y.u.M. acknowledge the support from the Russian Science Foundation (grant 15-1230015). V.A.K., A.V.K., and I.V.R. acknowledge the Science and Education Ministry of Kazakhstan (grant No. 0075/GF4). R.I. is grateful to the grant RUSTAVELI FR/379/6-300/14 for partial support. We acknowledge the excellent help in obtaining Chilescope data from Sergei Pogrebsskiy and Ivan Rubzov.r (INTEGRAL) This work is based on observations with INTEGRAL, an ESA project with instruments and science data center funded by ESA member states (especially the PI countries: Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Spain), and with the participation of Russia and the USA. The INTEGRAL SPI project has been completed under the responsibility and leadership of CNES. The SPI-ACS detector system has been provided by MPE Garching/Germany. The SPI team is grateful to ASI, CEA, CNES, DLR, ESA, INTA, NASA, and OSTC for their support. The Italian INTEGRAL team acknowledges the support of ASI/INAF agreement No. 2013-025-R.1. R.D. and A.v.K. acknowledge the German INTEGRAL support through DLR grant 50 OG 1101. A.L. and R.S. acknowledge the support from the Russian Science Foundation (grant 14-22-00271). A.D. is funded by Spanish MINECO/FEDER grant ESP2015-65712-C5-1-R.r (IPN) K.H. is grateful for support under NASA grant NNX15AE60G. R.L.A. and D.D.F. are grateful for support under RFBR grant 16-29-13009-ofi-m.; r r r (J-GEM) MEXT KAKENHI (JP17H06363, JP15H00788, JP24103003, JP10147214, JP10147207), JSPS KAKENHI (JP16H02183, JP15H02075, JP15H02069, JP26800103, JP25800103), Inter-University Cooperation Program of the MEXT, the NINS program for cross-disciplinary science study, the Toyota Foundation (D11-R-0830), the Mitsubishi Foundation, the Yamada Science Foundation, Inoue Foundation for Science, the National Research Foundation of South Africa.r (KU) The Korea-Uzbekistan Consortium team acknowledges the support from the NRF grant No. 2017R1A3A3001362, and the KASI grant 2017-1-830-03. This research has made use of the KMTNet system operated by KASI.r (Las Cumbres) Support for I. A. and J.B. was provided by NASA through the Einstein Fellowship Program, grants PF6-170148 and PF7-180162, respectively. D.A.H., C.M., and G.H. are supported by NSF grant AST-1313484. D.P. and D.M acknowledge support by Israel Science Foundation grant 541/17. This work makes use of observations from the LCO network.r (LIGO and Virgo) The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the United States National Science Foundation (NSF) for the construction and operation of the LIGO Laboratory and Advanced LIGO as well as the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom, the Max-Planck- Society (MPS), and the State of Niedersachsen/Germany for support of the construction of Advanced LIGO and construction and operation of the GEO600 detector. Additional support for advanced LIGO was provided by the Australian Research Council. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, for the construction and operation of the Virgo detector and the creation and support of the EGO consortium.; r r The authors also gratefully acknowledge research support from these agencies as well as by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India, the Department of Science and Technology, India, the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), India, the Ministry of Human Resource Development, India, the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion, the Vicepresidencia i Conselleria d'Innovacio Recerca i Turisme and the Conselleria d'Educacio i Universitat del Govern de les Illes Balears, the Conselleria d'Educacio Investigacio Cultura i Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana, the National Science Centre of Poland, the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Russian Science Foundation, the European Commission, the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF), the Royal Society, the Scottish Funding Council, the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA), the Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO), the National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFI), the National Research Foundation of Korea, Industry Canada and the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation, the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council Canada, the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations, and Communications, the International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR), the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), the China National Space Administration (CNSA) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (MOST), the Leverhulme Trust, the Research Corporation, the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan and the Kavli Foundation. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the NSF, STFC, MPS, INFN, CNRS, and the State of Niedersachsen/Germany for provision of computational resources. The MAXI team acknowledges the support by JAXA, RIKEN, and MEXT KAKENHI grant number JP 17H06362. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. The European VLBI Network is a joint facility of independent European, African, Asian, and North American radio astronomy institutes. Scientific results from data presented in this publication are derived from the following EVN project code: RP029.r e-MERLIN is a National Facility operated by the University of Manchester at Jodrell Bank Observatory on behalf of STFC. The collaboration between LIGO/Virgo and EVN/eMERLIN is part of a project that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 653477. We thank Britt Griswold (NASA/GSFC) for graphic arts. P.G.J. acknowledges ERC-Consolidator grant No. 647208. We thank the GMRT staff for prompt scheduling of these observations. The GMRT is run by the National Center for Radio Astrophysics of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. INAF, Italian Institute of Astrophysics ASI, Italian Space Agency. This work is part of the research program Innovational Research Incentives Scheme (Vernieuwingsimpuls), which is financed by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research through the NWO VIDI grant No. 639.042.612-Nissanke and NWO TOP grant No. 62002444-Nissanke.; r r We thank ESO for granting full access to all the LVC MoU partners of the observations of GW170817 obtained with NACO and VISIR under the Observatory program 60.A-9392.

Shinji Ichida, October 7, 2013 ; Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. ; The following is an oral history interview with Shinji Ichida. The interview was conducted on October 7, 2013, by Lorrie Rands. Shinji discusses 25th Street and his memories of growing up in the Japanese community in Ogden. ; 30p.; 29cm.; 2 bound transcripts; 4 file folders. 1 sound disc: digital; 4 3/4 in. ; Oral History Program Shinji Ichida Interviewed by Lorrie Rands 7 October 2013 Oral History Program Weber State University Stewart Library Ogden, Utah Shinji Ichida Interviewed by Lorrie Rands 7 October 2013 Copyright © 2014 by Weber State University, Stewart Library Mission Statement The Oral History Program of the Stewart Library was created to preserve the institutional history of Weber State University and the Davis, Ogden and Weber County communities. By conducting carefully researched, recorded, and transcribed interviews, the Oral History Program creates archival oral histories intended for the widest possible use. Interviews are conducted with the goal of eliciting from each participant a full and accurate account of events. The interviews are transcribed, edited for accuracy and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewees (as available), who are encouraged to augment or correct their spoken words. The reviewed and corrected transcripts are indexed, printed, and bound with photographs and illustrative materials as available. Archival copies are placed in Special Collections. The Stewart Library also houses the original recording so researchers can gain a sense of the interviewee's voice and intonations. Project Description Business at the Crossroads - Ogden City is a project to collect oral histories related to changes in the Ogden business district since World War II. From the 1870s to World War II, Ogden was a major railroad town, with nine rail systems. With both east-west and north-south rail lines, business and commercial houses flourished as Ogden became a shipping and commerce hub. After World War II, the railroad business declined. Some government agencies and businesses related to the defense industry continued to gravitate to Ogden after the war—including the Internal Revenue Regional Center, the Marquardt Corporation, Boeing Corporation, Volvo-White Truck Corporation, Morton-Thiokol, and several other smaller operations. However, the economy became more service oriented, with small businesses developing that appealed to changing demographics, including the growing Hispanic population. ____________________________________ Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account. It reflects personal opinion offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ____________________________________ Rights Management Special Collections All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to the Stewart Library of Weber State University. No part of the manuscript may be published without the written permission of the University Librarian. Requests for permission to publish should be addressed to the Administration Office, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84408. The request should include identification of the specific item and identification of the user. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: Ichida, Shinji, an oral history by Lorrie Rands, 7 October 2013, WSU Stewart Library Oral History Program, Special Collections, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, UT. iii Shinji Ichida October 7, 2013 Abstract: The following is an oral history interview with Shinji Ichida. The interview was conducted on October 7, 2013, by Lorrie Rands. Shinji discusses 25th Street and his memories of growing up in the Japanese community in Ogden. LR: It is October 7, 2013; we are in the home of Shinji Ichida talking about 25th Street and his memories growing up in the Japanese community. I am Lorrie Rands, conducting the interview and Melissa Johnson is with me as well. Mr. Ichida, I want to thank you for your time and allowing us to come back and do this interview. Let's just start at the beginning, when are where were you born? SI: Okay, I was born in Seattle, Washington in 1931, so I'm ancient as it were. I moved to Ogden when I was three or four years old and have been here ever since. So, I know the Ogden vicinity very well, plus the fact that when I was younger I used to deliver cleaning clothes for my uncle who owned a cleaning establishment and also worked for a flower shop doing deliveries. So, I got to learn the Ogden area quite well as far as streets and so forth. I've been here a long time. LR: When you came here when you were three or four, where was your first residence? SI: On 23rd and Grant Avenue. I went to grammar school at Grant School, which was on 23rd and Grant Avenue, so I was only half a block away from my grammar school. I grew up in the neighborhood and went to Central Junior High which is, I think, Lewis High school on 25th Street and Monroe. I graduated from 1 Ogden High School and went to Weber State when it was a junior college. So, I've been here a long time. LR: When you lived on 23rd Street, you were there until a teenager? SI: Probably, I would have to guess the 1930's and then moved to 23rd and Lincoln on the corner and was there for 10 or 15 years. Then, we lived at 127 Doxie, which is in between 27th and 28th on Wall Avenue. So, like I said, I've been in Ogden all of my life. LR: So, before the 1940's, what would you do for fun? Could you go down to 25th Street? SI: Well, that's where we hung out. Electric Alley, which is the back side of 25th Street between Wall Avenue and Grant Avenue, is where our playground was, in the back alleys. We grew up there. We had a Japanese School on Lincoln between 24th and 25th, so our activities were primarily from 24th Street to 25th Street between Grant Avenue and Wall Avenue. That area is very, very nostalgic to me because I grew up there. Where the Summit Hotel is now, that used to be our playground in the back alleys. The electric company, Yesco, it's Young Electric Sign Company, used to have their company on 24th and Lincoln Avenue. We used to climb over their fence and get the little tubes and break those and use them as spit ball deals. It's a funny thing because all of those electric signs always had the mercury in it, so I've ingested a lot of mercury through the ages, but I've never had any problem, health wise. I'm totally amazed that we survived those kinds of things when we were kids. 2 LR So your parents were okay with your hanging out on 25th Street? SI: Yes, because, like I told you before, there were really no aspects of being in danger there. Not our parents or us as young kids, ever feared getting mugged or kidnapped or anything like that. We just hung out there and watched. During the war we watched soldiers getting rolled and we saw drunkards getting rolled and it was all part of the activity of 25th Street back in the 40's and 50's, but that's where we grew up. Like I was telling you before, all the brothels in Ogden were on 24th Street and Grant Avenue, so we saw the seamy side of life. We, even as kids, used to climb up on roofs and peek in windows and look at the brothel place. We never did get to see anything, but always those kind of mischievous things are what we did as kids growing up on electric alley. Right now, electric alley has been fixed up so there's a lot of eateries and even the back side of 25th Street they have outside eateries. It's pretty nice now. Back in our days it was vacant lots and nothing but gravel and broken glasses, but we survived. LR: Is it strange to learn that those who didn't grow up on 25th Street found it a terrible, scary place? SI: Probably primarily the Caucasian race, they hardly ever came down 25th Street because during the wars years it was pretty notorious. Between the beer joints and the brothels, there weren't very many other activities. Union Station was a going railroad station back in those days. The military were transported through Ogden and the military always got a weekend pass or a pass to get off on 25th Street and visit the beer joints. I'll leave out the other one, I'm sure that happened too. Like I say, all the activities during the war was very, very open as far as 3 drinking and all that kind of stuff, so we saw all of that through the ages of growing up. LR: Speaking of the war, you mentioned this last time, but what are your memories of December 7, 1941? SI: Well, like I mentioned, I was raised by grandma and grandpa. My grandfather happened to be one of the more, I won't say important, but outstanding Japanese people in the Japanese community. On December 7, 1941, 11:30 at night, the police came and took him into custody and took him to Weber County Jail and he stayed there for a week and then he was shipped out to Mississippi to an internment camp and stayed there for a year and a half. He came back a year and a half after that. The war probably shortened his life by a couple years. He passed away when he was 75. I was ten years old at the time in 1941, so it was an impression that was very ingrained in my mind as far as a youngster was concerned. It was one of those things that, during the war at least when it broke out, the hysteria was very prominent and that's why all the Japanese descent people in California on the west coast were sent to internment camps because of that. The hysteria was so prominent. LR: You've mentioned that it had an impact on you as a 10 year old. How did that affect the rest of your childhood? SI: Well, I guess it made me introverted or reserved simply because you didn't want to be outgoing when you were of Japanese descent during the war years. I can remember grandma and grandpa always saying, "Don't speak Japanese in the presence of Caucasians because they'll think you're talking about them." We 4 primarily lost the capability of conversing in Japanese. That's why right now I can still understand a little bit, I can speak a little bit, but very limited. Whereas, Chinese, Spanish, they all speak their mother tongue in their families so they're very fluent and they understand it very well, they can read it. Whereas the Japanese people pretty much lost it because of the war. I dare say the second third and fourth generation as far as the Japanese language itself, cannot speak it, cannot read it. We lost the ability to converse in Japanese simply because we were told not to use it. That's the way it was during the war time. LR: When the war was over and things were kind of settling down a little, you just didn't start speaking it again? SI: No, because by then my grandparents were very elderly, they were close to, I think 70's, so they were on their last leg if you will as far as their life was concerned, so our conversations were very limited and we spoke primarily English because we grew up that way with school and all of that. We ran around with nothing but English speaking kids and same nationality as me. You probably had 10 guys that you grew up with that were Japanese decent, but we all spoke English all the time. We never used Japanese words other than maybe a slang or a swear word or something like that. Other than that, we never used it. We never had the occasion to use it, so we primarily grew up using English. We even went to Japanese school when we were teenagers, the more simple reading and writing of the Japanese alphabet if you will, until the war broke out. After the war broke out, that was done away with simply because of the hysteria as far as Japanese people were concerned. 5 I'll tell you a little bit more about 25th Street. There was a Buddhist church on Lincoln Avenue between 24th and 25th. There was a dry goods store on the same block. There was a Chinese gambling casino on the same block and people say it was an opium den also, but I was never privy to that. I would imagine there was some of that going on because in those days it was pretty loose as far as gambling and stuff was concerned. The Lincoln Avenue between 24th and 25th had probably half a dozen Japanese residents and companies or stores, if you will. On the west side of Lincoln there was a Pacific Fruit, which was a produce company that primarily was run by Japanese people too. It was all very Japanese community oriented in that two block area. LR: So, the area between Lincoln and Grant and 23rd to 25th? SI: No, 24th to 25th. LR: Okay, so you mentioned last time that it was what you guys called Japanese town or J-town. Is it just that block then that was considered that? SI: Yes. It was just that one square block that was considered J-town because most of the stores were in that square block. There were establishments on Kiesel and Wall Avenue and over on 26th Street there were families living there too, but as far as the town activity itself, it was right in that one block area. LR: Speaking of the businesses, during the war and then afterward, was it hard for the Japanese to continue working? Were the businesses still able to function? SI: Yes, but to a lesser degree because it was affected during, I would dare say, probably a five to ten year spam. After that things went pretty much back to 6 normal. By then, the ones that weren't making an income probably closed up before that. The ones that were doing okay continued on. Like I told you, on Grant Avenue there was Utah Noodle and Bamboo Noodle right next to each other, which did very well during that time period. The reason I know is because my wife's brother owned Utah Noodle. They moved up to Washington in the 1970's and they kept going until just last November. There was one document in there that you probably need to read because Raymond Uno was the one who wrote it and he's a retired judge. He's very well-known in the community as far as the aspects of people that judge things. Anyway, he wrote that and he mentioned there were primarily three J-town or Japanese communities in Utah. One was in Price City in Carbon County, one was in Salt Lake and the other was in Ogden. The only reason we had one in Ogden was because primarily the Union Depot because the Japanese, the first generation Japanese that came to Utah, most of the people, or guys, that came to the United States worked on the railroad, so consequently, the relationship between the Union Pacific Station and settling here in Ogden was very cohesive as far as being in existence as far as working for the railroad. That was one of the reasons the Japanese community was in Ogden and then Salt Lake it was simply because it was the largest city and the reason in Carbon County in Price was because of the coal mines. They worked in the coal mines. LR: Did your grandfather work on the railroad? SI: No. LR: He had another business? 7 SI: Yes. Like I said, he was sort of a semi-important person in the Japanese community. He never had to do manual labor, he was always a higher up guy that did bookwork and stuff. LR: Did he have his own business? SI: They had what they called the Intermountain Japanese Association which was an association that developed Japanese American relationships within the Northern Utah area. He was very prominent as far as the Japanese community from Corrine in the north to Salt Lake in the south. In the organizations or Buddhist church and community things going on, he had his fingers in all of those areas. He was very well-known and established as far as importance in the Japanese community. That's one of the reasons he was interned immediately when the war broke out. LR: So, I'm kind of going backwards a little and I apologize. You mentioned that there was only about a dozen from Ogden that were interned and they were all important in the community. SI: Important in the Japanese community. Primarily guys like, I can name two or three of them, there was Mr. Sakurada who was a prominent market established entrepreneur. There was Dr. Yoshitaka, who was a dentist. There was Kobayashi, who owned the Utah hand laundry. Those kinds of people were the ones that were taken, that owned their own establishment, that were highly thought of in the upper echelon as far as the Japanese community was concerned. They were the ones that were picked up right from the very beginning and taken. 8 LR: The ones that owned their own businesses, did their business suffer? SI: Yes. Like I said, probably the first five years was the worst. After that they probably slowly came back. At least in the Ogden area, there really wasn't all that much prejudice. There were a handful that thought of you as the enemy, if you will, and called you all kinds of names and stuff, but that was minimal in the Ogden area. On the west coast it was predominant. I've heard those stories like there's a senator from Hawaii, Daniel Inoway, who's passed on now, but he was in the army in the 442 and he lost one of his arms. When he got discharged in California, he went to a barbershop to get a haircut and they wouldn't cut his hair because he was of Japanese descent. He even had on his uniform, that's how bad it was back in those days. It's something that we lived with and grew up with, but we got over it so to speak. It's still in the back of our minds or in our memory, but we got over it. I'm 82 now, and I can still remember certain instances. In Ogden there were two areas that we were not allowed to go to because we were Japanese people. One was KLO, which was above the Orpheum Theater. We couldn't go to that theater to see a movie because they feared we would do something to KLO, which was a radio station. Those things didn't last very long, it only lasted probably a year or a year and a half. After that they lifted. There were certain areas that Japanese race people could not go. In California it was even twice as bad, so here in Ogden or here in Utah, it wasn't all that bad. LR: This obviously shaped your childhood and as you grew in your teenage years. You talked about your uncle who owned a cleaning establishment and that you would deliver clothes. 9 SI: Was there any prejudice when I delivered? Let's see, that would have been, I graduated in 1949, so it would have been 1948, 1949 and I went into the service in 1951, so between 1948 and 1950 is when I used to deliver clothes for my uncles. I never had any problem because I was a typical teenager. LR: You were just doing your thing. SI: Yes. Most of the Caucasian people never entered their mind as far as a kid delivering clothes that they would be prejudice against. One thing I will say for my uncle. He did a very good job of cleaning clothes, so we had a lot of real good customers, so I never had, at least to my knowledge, I can't remember ever being discriminated against while I was working there. LR: Kind of a lighter question, when you were in your teenage years, would you still do the same things for fun? Would you still be on 25th Street or were you kind of expanding out into the community? SI: No, that was our area, that's all. We only grew up between school and that one block area, that's primarily where we hung out and played. It's really funny because as kids, we used to make swords and have swordfights and we used to make little rubber guns and use inner tubes, because in those days, inner tubes were in tires, so we used to make those and have rubber gun fights. I told you about Young Electric Sign Company and the blowers, we used to do that. So, we played marbles, we played tag, Annie eye over the roofs. Kids nowadays don't know how to play compared to what we used to do when we were young. I see kids now just for, I don't know why, they'll go and pick a flower off of somebody's bush and throw it in the gutter or sidewalk. Why do you want to do that? If you 10 pick it, why don't you take it home? I just can't fathom why kids do that now. The kids I see now go and, even the grammar school kids, when they get off at 3:00pm, they dare cars to hit them. They cross the street and they slow down, they don't hurry up. I can't imagine why kids are like that anymore. It doesn't make any sense. They're daring you to hit them and I tell young kids, I say, "I hope your skin is tougher than that bumper." They look at me, "well, what do you have to say about it?" I'm thinking, "Well, you know, logic up here tells you that you shouldn't be doing that." That's the kind of stuff that we used to do back in the electric alley and we grew up that way. We made our own entertainment and got along— along with the mischievous stuff. LR: Of all the businesses on 25th Street that you didn't necessarily frequent, but you were able to be around, which ones were your favorite? Did you have a favorite that you just liked to hang out in front of? SI: Well, restaurant wise I've got to say Bamboo and Utah Noodle probably. I wasn't married to my wife at that time when I was a kid, but Bamboo Noodle used to have a bowl of noodles for 35 cents, so we could go in there and afford to have a bowl of noodles. We didn't have a lot of money in those days, but 35 cents wasn't much money either. Those were the kind of places that we often frequented. As we grew up, I can remember when I was in high school, we visited Salt Lake a lot because 1st south and West Temple was J-town in Salt Lake. There used to be three or four cafes in that area that we went to all the time too. When I was growing up, when I got to high school, there was one older guy that we hung out with. He was one year older than us, so he was the guy that had the car. There 11 was a half a dozen of us guys, he would furnish the car and we would pitch in our 25 or 50 cents to buy gas and we'd go to Salt Lake. That's the way we used to survive. In those days, gas was 20 cents or 25 cents a gallon. LR: Going back to the discrimination on the street. I asked last time about the blanket discrimination on the street. The south side was where the blacks were allowed and they weren't allowed on the north. You mentioned that you didn't really see a lot of that until later. SI: In Ogden, the race situation really wasn't that terrible. Like I mentioned, when I went into the service, I went to Texas to take my basic training and that was the first exposure to real prejudice because there were separate drinking fountains, separate lavatories, and all of that kind of stuff. In Ogden, the black community primarily stayed on the west side. They all lived on Lincoln and Wall Avenue. That was the area that blacks lived and the Japanese people were primarily around 25th Street and the Mexicans, there weren't that many in Ogden at that time, so those were the two major races in Ogden that existed. There were a few Chinese too, but they were also mixed in with the Japanese community because they are an Asian or Oriental race. In Ogden, I really didn't see that much racial prejudice, whether it was against the Japanese or against the colored because on 25th Street, there wasn't that much prejudice. It wasn't all that bad. Like I told you, the only time I ever saw it really predominant was in the south when I went into the service. LR: As you got older and graduated from high school, what did you decide to do career-wise? 12 SI: I didn't have the slightest idea of what I was going to do. In fact, I had no aspirations to go to college. The Korean War broke out and before we got drafted, I decided to join, so I joined the Air Force. I went in the Air Force for four years and came out and bummed around and worked half a dozen different jobs and I really had no secret desire to be a doctor or a lawyer a carpenter or anything like that. I just, you know, went with the flow, if you will, helped primarily with my uncle in his dry cleaning business. I even delved into a flower shop because of delivering and those kinds of things. I don't know if it's luck or, I happened to go take a test at the capital for this appraisal job and happened to pass it so I went for an interview with the state tax commission and they asked me a bunch of questions about appraising and so forth and I guess I did all right because they said, "When would you like to start?" I said, "How about tomorrow?" I started. That's history. I've been doing that ever since. LR: Your uncle's cleaning establishment, his dry cleaning business, do you remember what it was called? SI: Economy Cleaners on 24th Street between Grant and Kiesel on the north side of the street. LR: As time has gone on and you've had a chance to look at 25th Street the way it is now, do you like the way it's changed? SI: Yes, I really do. In fact, I'm rather surprised with the activity on 25th Street now. In fact, we go down to the sushi bar, Tona's, on 25th Street and by the way, it used to be Western Barbershop that Wat Misaka, the one that used to play for Weber College and also Utah University, that's where his mother had a 13 barbershop. In fact, I dare say there's my hair on the floor someplace in that building because I've had my hair cut there all the time. That café is where the barbershop used to be and we go down there quite often. To find a parking space on 25th Street in the evening time is pretty tough to do. We can park in the back where the hotel is because that had a lot of parking space. We go down to Karen's Café which is half a block further west on the south side of the street. Saturdays they have the farmer's markets and there are a lot of people down there milling around. I've got to say, Ogden, thanks to the mayor and so forth, the activities, there's a lot of activity going on in downtown Ogden, I'm surprised. It's progress. All of the old buildings that I know about primarily are all gone. The hotels replaced, the federal buildings are replaced, almost all of the buildings. You asked about Star Noodle, that closed up and it's vacant right now and it's for sale. Its progress I guess. LR: Hopefully for the better. Do you have any questions? MJ: I had a few that I jotted down. You mentioned that you were born in Seattle and then came to Ogden when you were three or four. How come your family relocated to Ogden? SI: Well, it wasn't, let me back up a little bit. When I was born, my family moved to San Francisco, California. Mom and Dad and my older brother and I lived there and when I was three or four, they shipped me to Ogden to live with my grandma and grandpa because Mom was very ill at the time and it so happened that I liked it better here than I did there, so they said, "Well, you can stay," hoping that I would come back eventually, but I never did I just stayed in Ogden. I grew up in 14 Ogden and later there was a younger brother that was born, so my knowledge of my two brothers were less than the guys I used to run around with because I never grew up with them. So, they were living in California when the war broke out which is why they were sent to an internment camp. Manzanar was the name of the camp they went to in California. When they got out they decided to go to Cleveland, so that's where they relocated after the internment. So, when they moved out there I had no reason to go back east, so I stayed here. That's the way it was. I just grew up as grandma and grandpa's kid. LR: You were, in essence, an only child with your grandparents? SI: Yes. Until my uncles and aunt came and they took over living and taking care of grandma and grandpa as far as their life was concerned. That's why I got an association with the cleaners, but after that, my aunt and uncle primarily raised me, which was after probably my sophomore or junior year in high school. When I went in the service and came back I was old enough that I pretty much went out on my own. MJ: So, how did your grandparents settle in Ogden? Why did they settle here? SI: I really don't know how they came about coming here. My grandma is the mother of my uncle, Tominaga, and my grandfather remarried my grandma. He was originally married to another lady. I never met her, I just knew about her. Grandma was always here as I remember and grandpa came from, I don't know where he came from, other than Japan. He came here and they got married. My grandpa was one of the, I don't know if you want to use the word "instigator," but he was one of the ones that took care of, the Japanese word is, "Bishakunin," 15 which means, "picture marriage." They used to fix up guys that lived in Ogden or the Utah area that never got married, fixed them up with a wife from Japan just through pictures. LR: Wow. SI: Yes, that used to go on back in the old days. That was primarily to get Japanese descent ladies from Japan into the United States because in those days there was a limited amount of foreigners that came into the United State, but if you could arrange a marriage, then that took place and they were able to come. The guys were always already American citizens because they were born in the United States. They were always older guys that went through their life primarily working for their parents and never interfaced into the American life and dating, etc. So, that's why those kinds of marriages were arranged for the Japanese. MJ: Would they go to Japan and marry them and bring them back or would they bring girls to the U.S.? SI: Some of them would go just to meet them to make sure that they wanted to marry them, but some of them just "cold turkey" came over. I don't know if that's the right term to use, but they came over and got married over here. MJ: You said your aunt and uncle came to Ogden as well. Were they the only other extended family that you had or did you have other aunts and uncles? SI: Well, through marriage, yeah, my aunt's sisters lived in Idaho and I got to know them, but as far as my uncle, my mother and uncle were brother and sister and they were the only two in the family. So, not really a lot of relatives. I know on my 16 father's side there are people in japan still existing. When I went to Japan I looked them up and visited with them, so that was a good experience. MJ: I wanted to talk a little bit about that Intermountain Japanese Association. Do you know how it started? SI: I can't tell you anything about it because all I remember is that he was the head of it and they paid him. I don't know how in the heck he got paid, to tell you the truth, but I'm sure it was the community donating or paying him a certain amount of money for whatever he did. I don't know how it started or why it started, or why they chose him to take care of it because I was only eight or ten years old at that time. I just know that there was such a thing. My grandpa, I got to give him all the credit in the world for raising me right. Like I told you before about kids and how they act, in my days when I was growing up, grandpa was good for this. He used to always give me one of these if I did something wrong, it was one of these little knuckles in the head. It wasn't very hard or anything, it was just a reminder that you need to shape up and do things right. It was a good learning experience, even while I was going to school. If I got stuck on some algebra problem or whatever, he would take me aside and he'd say, "Now, this is the way you do it," and he'd give me one of these and say, "Maybe that'll help you remember." He was very stern and I didn't dare go against his wishes or ever miss mind whatever he said. I can thank him from the bottom of my heart today because that's the way I was raised. My kids were raised pretty much the same way because I used to pull out the belts, if you will, and give them a spanking now and again when they 17 misbehaved. In today's age you couldn't do that. You would be mishandling children. It's a different culture from the time I grew up to now. I can see kids, like I said before, that's what they need a little bit, one of these or a little kick in the butt, if you will. Maybe that would straighten them out. That's why you get, when they get into their later teens and early twenties they get into this kind of stuff that is more serious like robberies, etc. MJ: The other thing I was kind of wondering, we talked about the hub that the Union depot was. It was that railroad hub and it brought in so much business during the war, but we know later on that declined, so how did that affect the Japanese businessmen who were down there? SI: As time went on, I dare say, probably in the seventies, most of your Japanese community establishments disappeared. There are a few that lingered on, like my wife's brother, he existed in business for 57 years, if you can believe it. Those were far and few between. For whatever reason they either quit the business or went into something that was a little bit more lucrative or more meaningful. All of those kinds of businesses that the Japanese community was in in those days were, not demeaning, but lower class, if you will, lower income, if you will, because that's all they could do at the time. That was normal for foreigners to get established, so that's what they did. Before I forget, the hotel Ben Lomond, did you know that was originally a different hotel named, "Bigelow?" MJ: Yes. SI: Okay, that's good. I didn't really realize that until we did this day or remembrance in 2007. I was doing some historical work and I found out it was Bigelow and I 18 thought, "Wow, that's strange." I always knew it as Ben Lomond Hotel. That's one fact I wanted to bring up to you guys because that was back in the thirties, maybe even twenties? MJ: It was about then. Archie Bigelow, who owned it, it was during the depression that he lost his fortune and sold it to the Eccles family. SI: It was interesting to me because I've never known it as anything else other than Ben Lomond. MJ: It's fun working in special collections the way that we do because we learn all these little tidbits. We go out and talk to people and get their stories. SI: Have you heard about the Egyptian Theater and the Peery family? Peery used to be quite a notorious guy in his days. MJ: I know, mostly as the mayor, the cowboy mayor. SI: I think he was an instigator of pioneer days way back when. MJ: The Buddhist Temple that was there on Lincoln, how long was that there for? SI: Growing up, as a kid, it was always there when I was small, but they relocated to North Street, I'm thinking it had to be in the fifties or sixties. That's where all the Japanese funerals were done and the Buddhist celebrations, whatever they had, the hana matsuri and that kind of stuff was all down there. MJ: We actually have a couple of pictures of a parade that was done by the Japanese Buddhist. I'm not sure when the photos were taken; I think they were from the fifties or sixties. 19 SI: I think I know what one you're talking about because I've got the same ones. I was looking for that, but I don't know where it is on my computer. The one with the little children in their Kimono's? MJ: Yes. SI: Yes, that one. I think it's probably the same picture. MJ: Did they often do parades like that? SI: Yes, because the hana matsuri I'm talking about is an annual thing that they celebrate in Japan primarily and it came over from Japan. They perpetuated the custom and so forth. They celebrate by doing the dances and stuff and it's always in their Kimono's and that kind of stuff. They used to do it all the time. MJ: It's hana matsuri? SI: Yes, "hana" means "flower" and "matsuri" is "celebration" so it's the flower celebration. MJ: Okay. SI: It's just like; I'm trying to think of the Japanese café over on 37th Street. I can't think of the name. Well, that's another story I guess because I can't remember what it is. SI: I'm very honored and pleased that you guys would take the time to do this because for me, as a Japanese, we just don't get this story out to the community because they are not aware that there was such a thing as J-town back in the day. The celebration that we put on in 2007, I chaired the thing and Raymond Uno, he was primarily the instigator of the whole thing and he did most of the 20 work, but he just used me as a centerpiece, I guess. The Japanese community, during probably ten years prior to the war and ten years after the war, it was predominant right there on 25th Street. So, if you're doing the 25th Street history, you've got to get that because we were very prominent during the late thirties and early forties. There were a lot of Japanese establishments and café and laundries and hotels and that kind of stuff. LR: You mentioned that when the railroad stopped going through that the businesses began to flounder away. Did that stop being J-town then? Or has it? SI: Actually, I would still have to say that it's there a little bit, but not as much. If you asked people of my age, they would immediately say, "Yes, J-town is gone, because there is really no Japanese establishment down there. There are two sushi bars down there, but they are both run by Chinese. I know the one very well. Tony is his name and his wife, Tina. The Tona restaurant, the name has been divided between the two. Tina is very, very presentable, as far as being the outgoing person at the restaurant, but this Tony guy, he took sushi making classes in San Francisco, so he does a very good job of emulating the Japanese custom and making sushi. There is a knack and in Japan, it isn't so much quantity as it is presentation. You've got to have a nice looking dish as far as the sushi is. It's got to be presentable to taste good. That's their theory. He's learned that very well in his presentations of sushi. There's a Chinese guy, two Mexicans and one white guy making the sushi for him. So, you can imagine, not one real Japanese there and the owner is Chinese, but he does a good job. In fact, he 21 always tells me, are you watching real closely, and I say, "Yeah I'm watching you guys." Not that I'm an expert. I just depend on my nationality to ride it a little bit. LR: Let me just ask you this final question. Is there anything else that you'd like to share about your time growing up on 25th Street or just the Japanese community as a whole that you'd like to share? SI: As probably an afterthought, but I am pleased that you would take the time to do this because the story of the Japanese community in Ogden really hasn't been exposed to the general public. Yes, the Japanese people know about it because we've lived it and grew up with it and so forth. Even the tape stuff that I've given you, please look at it and decide what you want to use and what you don't want to use. There is one document in there written by Raymond Uno, the one that I always tell is he's a judge and he's very good at writing stuff and that gives you a real good picture of the Japanese history from J-towns in the three communities I talked about and how it demised and where it went to. It's just a little snippet of the J-towns in Utah and it'll give you some very good history as far as what happened in Utah. My idea of the Japanese community growing up was, I was just a kid and went through all the regular stuff kids go through and never was very important or did anything important, but enjoyed my life to now and to have you guys take the time to do this, I appreciate it. LR: We appreciate your willingness to share. SI If you ever decide you want more input, I would like to get a couple or three guys that have gone through the Ogden growing up. Guys like Ray and Alice who actually went into an internment camp and maybe at some future date, we could 22 set an hour or two and you could pick their brain, if you would. I'd be glad to set something up like that if you're interested. MJ: Absolutely, we are. SI: Just give me a call and let me know and I could sure arrange that without any problem. Ray lives in Salt Lake and Alice lives here in Ogden. Maybe we three and maybe one or two more and you could fire questions like crazy. LR: I think we could definitely do something in the next little while, that would be fantastic. SI: It doesn't have to be immediate. A year down the line, six months down the line, just remind me who you are when you call. If you want something like that I would be more than happy to arrange that and we can go to the church, it has more room for three or four people. Or even at the college. The only trouble with going up to Weber is you'll never find a parking space. LR: Then when you find one you still have to walk a ways. SI: A mile or something. LR: And it's all uphill. SI: Hey, let me tell you about walking uphill, I used to live on Wall Avenue and went to Central which was on Monroe. We used to walk that sucker every day. I tell my kids that and they say, "Yeah, yeah, through five feet of snow." I'd say, "You got it." They never believed me. LR: That's the best part about telling your kids. Thank you so much, Mr. Ichida. We really appreciate it. 23

Context. Realistic synthetic observations of theoretical source models are essential for our understanding of real observational data. In using synthetic data, one can verify the extent to which source parameters can be recovered and evaluate how various data corruption effects can be calibrated. These studies are the most important when proposing observations of new sources, in the characterization of the capabilities of new or upgraded instruments, and when verifying model-based theoretical predictions in a direct comparison with observational data. Aims. We present the SYnthetic Measurement creator for long Baseline Arrays (SYMBA), a novel synthetic data generation pipeline for Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations. SYMBA takes into account several realistic atmospheric, instrumental, and calibration effects. Methods. We used SYMBA to create synthetic observations for the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), a millimetre VLBI array, which has recently captured the first image of a black hole shadow. After testing SYMBA with simple source and corruption models, we study the importance of including all corruption and calibration effects, compared to the addition of thermal noise only. Using synthetic data based on two example general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (GRMHD) model images of M 87, we performed case studies to assess the image quality that can be obtained with the current and future EHT array for different weather conditions. Results. Our synthetic observations show that the effects of atmospheric and instrumental corruptions on the measured visibilities are significant. Despite these effects, we demonstrate how the overall structure of our GRMHD source models can be recovered robustly with the EHT2017 array after performing calibration steps, which include fringe fitting, a priori amplitude and network calibration, and self-calibration. With the planned addition of new stations to the EHT array in the coming years, images could be reconstructed with higher angular resolution and dynamic range. In our case study, these improvements allowed for a distinction between a thermal and a non-thermal GRMHD model based on salient features in reconstructed images. © 2020 ESO. ; This work is supported by the ERC Synergy Grant "BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes" (Grant 610058). I. Natarajan and R. Deane are grateful for the support from the New Scientific Frontiers with Precision Radio Interferometry Fellowship awarded by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa. The authors of the present paper further thank the following organizations and programmes: the Academy of Finland (projects 274477, 284495, 312496); the Advanced European Network of E-infrastructures for Astronomy with the SKA (AENEAS) project, supported by the European Commission Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action under grant agreement 731016; the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; the Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, through a grant (60477) from the John Templeton Foundation; the China Scholarship Council; Comision Nacional de Investigacio Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT, Chile, via PIA ACT172033, Fondecyt 1171506, BASAL AFB-170002, ALMAconicyt 31140007); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico, projects 104497, 275201, 279006, 281692); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (DGAPA-UNAM, project IN112417); the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grants GBMF-3561, GBMF-5278); the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the GenT Program (Generalitat Valenciana) under project CIDEGENT/2018/021; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; the Jansky Fellowship program of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS, grants QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008); the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (grants 18KK0090, JP18K13594, JP18K03656, JP18H03721, 18K03709, 18H01245, 25120007); the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M-001-011, 106-2119-M-001027, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107-2119-M-001-020, and 107-2119-M-110-005); the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC17K0649); NASA through the NASA Hubble Fellowship grant #HST-HF2-51431.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. , for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555; the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702); the National Science Foundation (NSF, grants AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST-0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST-1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730, AST-1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST-1312651, AST-1337663, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST-1715061, AST-1615796, AST-1716327, OISE-1743747, AST-1816420); the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11573051, 11633006, 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11933007); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China; the National Research Foundation of Korea (the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: grants NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, 2015-R1D1A1A01056807, the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF-2015H1D3A1066561); the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award (grant 639.043.513) and Spinoza Prize SPI 78-409; the New Scientific Frontiers with Precision Radio Interferometry Fellowship awarded by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa; the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure, for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under grant 2017-00648) the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science); the Princeton/Flatiron Postdoctoral Prize Fellowship; the Russian Science Foundation (grant 17-12-01029); the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (grants AYA2015-63939-C21-P, AYA2016-80889-P); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award for the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709); the Toray Science Foundation; the US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory (operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE (Contract 89233218CNA000001)); the Italian Ministero dell'Istruzione Universita e Ricerca through the grant Progetti Premiali 2012-iALMA (CUP C52I13000140001); the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730562 RadioNet; ALMA North America Development Fund; the Academia Sinica; Chandra TM6-17006X. This work used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), supported by NSF grant ACI-1548562, and CyVerse, supported by NSF grants DBI-0735191, DBI-1265383, and DBI1743442. XSEDE Stampede2 resource at TACC was allocated through TGAST170024 and TG-AST080026N. XSEDE JetStream resource at PTI and TACC was allocated through AST170028. The simulations were performed in part on the SuperMUC cluster at the LRZ in Garching, on the LOEWE cluster in CSC in Frankfurt, and on the HazelHen cluster at the HLRS in Stuttgart. This research was enabled in part by support provided by Compute Ontario (http://computeontario.ca), Calcul Quebec (http://www. calculquebec.ca) and Compute Canada (http://www.computecanada.ca).We thank the sta ff at the participating observatories, correlation centers, and institutions for their enthusiastic support. This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2017.1.00841.V. ALMA is a partnership of the European Southern Observatory (ESO; Europe, representing its member states), NSF, and National Institutes of Natural Sciences of Japan, together with National Research Council (Canada), Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST; Taiwan), Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA; Taiwan), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI; Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI)/NRAO, and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). The NRAO is a facility of the NSF operated under cooperative agreement by AUI. APEX is a collaboration between the Max-Planck-Institut fur Radioastronomie (Germany), ESO, and the Onsala Space Observatory (Sweden). The SMA is a joint project between the SAO and ASIAA and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. The JCMT is operated by the East Asian Observatory on behalf of the NAOJ, ASIAA, and KASI, as well as the Ministry of Finance of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the National Key R&D Program (No. 2017YFA0402700) of China. Additional funding support for the JCMT is provided by the Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK) and participating universities in the UK and Canada. The LMT is a project operated by the Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, Optica, y Electronica (Mexico) and the University of Massachusetts at Amherst (USA). The IRAM 30m telescope on Pico Veleta, Spain is operated by IRAM and supported by CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France), MPG (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany) and IGN (Instituto Geografico Nacional, Spain). The SMT is operated by the Arizona Radio Observatory, a part of the Steward Observatory of the University of Arizona, with financial support of operations from the State of Arizona and financial support for instrumentation development from the NSF. The SPT is supported by the National Science Foundation through grant PLR-1248097. Partial support is also provided by the NSF Physics Frontier Center grant PHY-1125897 to the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Kavli Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant GBMF 947. The SPT hydrogen maser was provided on loan from the GLT, courtesy of ASIAA. The EHTC has received generous donations of FPGA chips from Xilinx Inc., under the Xilinx University Program. The EHTC has benefited from technology shared under open-source license by the Collaboration for Astronomy Signal Processing and Electronics Research (CASPER). The EHT project is grateful to T4Science and Microsemi for their assistance with Hydrogen Masers. This research has made use of NASA's Astrophysics Data System. We gratefully acknowledge the support provided by the extended staff of the ALMA, both from the inception of the ALMA Phasing Project through the observational campaigns of 2017 and 2018. We would like to thank A. Deller and W. Brisken for EHT-specific support with the use of DiFX. We acknowledge the significance that Maunakea, where the SMA and JCMT EHT stations are located, has for the indigenous Hawaiian people. The software presented in this work makes use of the Numpy (van derWalt et al. 2011), Scipy (Jones et al. 2001), Astropy (Astropy Collaboration 2013, 2018) libraries and the KERN software bundle (Molenaar & Smirnov 2018).

This report presents the final evaluation of a project called: "Sammen for barn og unge – bedre samordning av tjenester til utsatte barn og unge.» Norwegian Social research (NOVA) was commissioned by The Norwegian Association of Local and Regional Authorities (KS) and The Ministry of Children, Equality and Social Inclusion (BLD) who stood behind the project. The basic idea has been that the various local authorities involved in assisting children and youth at risk, have to have well coordinated and functional ways of collaborating, if they are to offer the aid the youngsters need. The main goal of the project has been to develop functional models for interdisciplinary collaboration at the local level. These models can serve as inspiration and guides for other municipalities and be developed further. The three year project, started in the end of 2008, has supported fifteen selected municipalities in their efforts to develop good interdisciplinary models for such collaboration. In addition to financial support the participating municipalities received assistance in their efforts to raise the level of competence, internal control, secure support from administration and amongst the employees, clarify placement of responsibility and improve the quality of meetings etc. Each municipality tried out their own version of an interdisciplinary collaborative model. Some models had a narrow scope, while others included virtually all the local authorities that are involved with children and youth. The present evaluation includes six of the fifteen municipalities. These are: Haram, Harstad, Moss, Risør, Bærum and Fet. They were chosen to illustrate the variation in size and geographical location amongst the participating municipalities. Elaborate descriptions of the models are available online at: http://www.ks.no/Sammen-for-barn-og-unge The municipality of Harstad had a model that included a wide scope of participants; the public health centers, school health services, child welfare services, mental health care services, psychiatric services for children and youth, police, nursery schools, schools and The Norwegian Labor and Welfare Administration. They established an interdisciplinary "preventive" forum that played a central role in their local project. The forum worked with improving cooperation between the involved stakeholders and the implementation of a handbook in collaboration, was important. Haram had a program that included several developmental projects. They targeted the organization, management and structural aspects in the municipality. A key partner in their developmental efforts was the office "Tiltakstjenester for barn og unge", which included local health centers, child welfare services and the educational – psychological services. They also worked with other agencies, local and governmental. The municipality of Risør based their project on a previous one that had targeted youth at risk of becoming addicted to drugs. In their project they intended to coordinate the services for children and young adults, and developed a model for coordinating local measures to prevent crime, called the SLT- model - to strengthen primary preventive action. The development of a guidebook was central in their work. All services connected with children and young people are potential partners in their model. Moss had a model that aimed at implementing an overall childhood plan. The project was organized through the establishment of interdisciplinary teams in three city districts. The teams work with cases at the system level. Fet participated with a model where the interdisciplinary groups were organized around each school and childcare center. There are three main elements in their model. One is a resource team, in which an educational- psychological professional is added to the unit's own group. The second are interdisciplinary groups, consisting of the unit leader, an educational- psychological resource, Child Welfare Services, school nurse and the resource team. The interdisciplinary group visits the schools and child care centers every 4-6 weeks. The third is a coordinating working committee. The members of the committee are the leaders of each of the units that work with children and youth. Participating in the project are the health services, the educational- psychological services, Child Welfare Services and the coordinator for interdisciplinary collaboration for children and youth. During the project period this municipality also collaborated with Oslo University College on teaching 80 employees about interdisciplinary interaction. Bærum participated with a model that consisted of collaboration between the Child Welfare Services and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. They have focused on developing their joint expertise and intensifying the collaboration between ten employees in each of the two services. They intend to transfer their good experiences to other collaborative constellations. While they were developing their competences, they also worked together on cases that involved other agencies. Network meetings and kickoffs were essential to getting the interaction started. The aim of the evaluation has been to evaluate and describe changes in the interdisciplinary and interdepartmental collaboration during the project period. Only 14-18 months passed between the first and second collection of data, which limits the likelihood of there having been any major changes in the municipalities. Organizations take time to change, and a year and a half is a short time in this respect. Municipalities usually also have several projects going on at the same time, which makes it difficult to know what is caused by which process. In our evaluation we have looked at criteria that characterize good types of cooperation. Amongst these are; regular meetings, clear allocation of responsibility, formalized routines, management follow-up and the correct skills and knowledge. Other characteristics of collaborative competence are knowledge about each others routines, work practices, duty of confidentiality and informing. The intent has been to understand which processes the employees have participated in and their experiences. We collected data for the evaluation twice. The first round was in the fall of 2009 in four of the municipalities and in January 2010 in the last two municipalities. The first round consisted of individual interviews and focus groups with the employees, and also gathering information from statistics and documents. The second round was the winter / spring of 2011. In February/ March we sent an electronic questionnaire with questions about how the employees in the involved services, in all six municipalities, experienced the interdisciplinary and interdepartmental collaboration. In the spring of 2011 we did a new round of individual and group interviews. After the first round of data collection NOVA wrote a status report about how the collaboration was perceived in the municipalities. Some of the municipalities used that Paper as a basis for the continuation of their efforts and development of their models. The first stage of the study showed that there was a lot of variation between the municipalities regarding how far they had developed their models for cooperation. There were some common experiences that can be summed up as follows: The participating services overall had high level of expertise. It was challenging to get the professionals working in "the field" committed to collaboration. All the municipalities experienced that there wasn't enough time for extensive collaboration. Collaboration wasn't always useful. Many had established routines for regular meetings, but the challenge was to make them meaningful, constructive to improving the services to the clients. Several were discontent with the results of the meetings. In general improvement of cooperational skills was required. There was discontentment with how the duty of confidentiality was handled. There was a lack of knowledge about and understanding of the partner's services, responsibilities and roles. There was a need for more knowledge about one's own organization and possible offers in the municipality. There were few who knew about the project "Sammen for barn og unge" at the time of the first round of data collection. The municipalities had made some changes between the first and second round of data collection. Some of the common experiences at the end of the project can be summarized as follows: Many employees were involved in interdisciplinary cooperation. Most were aware of the importance of collaboration in creating better services for the users. Several formal routines for collaboration have been established. Within the municipalities there were differing experiences of the changes in routines. Some experienced many changes in routines, while others didn't notice that any changes. Collaborative skills had improved through courses and the practice of collaboration itself. The respondents were generally more favorable to collaboration. Several focused on collaboration, and had a better understanding of its importance. The answers show that management can improve their facilitation of collaboration. Not everybody interpreted the changes that happened as results of the project, often they focused on the changes themselves. In the second data set there were fewer differences between the municipalities with regard to how collaboration was experienced. There were large variations in the degree interdisciplinary collaboration had contributed to an increase in perceived efficiency. A main challenge has been to incorporate collaborative routines amongst all employees. Staying focused increases the chances of success, without focus a model can deteriorate easily. With time and patience many eventually succeed at having constructive meetings, even if they felt meaningless in the beginning. There was less dissatisfaction with the routines for giving feedback. (During the project a new law about the Child Services duty to give feedback to someone who made a report was passed.) Most reply that collaboration has been on the agenda for years. Those who say they do experience a difference say it's mainly due to the common platform that has been established. Obstacles to interdisciplinary collaboration can amongst other things be due to differences in professional cultures, unrealistic expectations, lack of knowledge about the others, complex routines, lack of skills needed for collaboration, limited feedback, management's insufficient prioritization etc. To overcome such obstacles it is important to grasp the attitudes, knowledge and various types of cooperation that exist. The following factors were considered important in our study: Openness: Cooperation regarding clients and the development of good relations are dependent upon inclusion of the involved parties and that sufficient and meaningful feedback is given. Meeting places: The employees appreciate joint courses and places to meet. Herein joint conferences and other get-togethers are also included. Personal relations: To make interdisciplinary cooperation work, people need to spend time getting to know each other. There is an evident need to get to know the people in the other fields and authorities, and do things together. Formal structures: are necessary to anchor the collaborative efforts. Formal structures such as meetings, contribute to enhance competence in teamwork. Thereby it becomes easier to clarify roles and premises, in addition to giving an opportunity to discuss disagreements. Management's responsibility: It is very important that the attention to cooperation and enabling of it is a management priority. Management must lay the foundation for, motivate and follow up collaborative possibilities. Collocation: Those who are located together say it contributes to strengthening cooperation and establishing collaboration. Client participation: Involving parents contributes to good results. It is especially beneficial when children, youth and parents / guardians participate throughout the whole process. Tools: Manuals and guides can be very useful tools when used. A common intranet could be used more actively for communication. ; Denne rapporten er en sluttevaluering av kommuneprosjektet Sammen for barn og unge – bedre samordning av tjenester til utsatte barn og unge. Prosjektet ble satt i gang for å prøve ut tverrfaglige samarbeidsmodeller i 15 kommuner, rettet mot barn og unge som er avhengig av flere tjenester på kommunalt nivå.NOVA har evaluert arbeidet i seks av kommunene. Evalueringen viser at det er avgjørende å ha en fast struktur på samarbeidet, med klar ansvarsfordeling og klare oppgaver. Videre må man kjenne til hverandres ansvarsområde, klargjøre forventninger, vise respekt for de ulike fagområdene, bygge opp personlige relasjoner, samt utarbeide skriftlige rutiner som sikrer gode tilbakemeldinger.

Die klassische Literatur über die Nahrungskonkurrenz unterscheidet zwischen zwei Hauptformen des Wettbewerbs: Interferenzkonkurrenz und Ausbeutungskonkurrenz. Interferenzkonkurrenz ist eine direkte Form des Wettbewerbs, die von gruppierten, verteidigbaren Ressourcen hervorgerufen wird und eine ungleiche Verteilung der Ressourcen zur Folge hat. Ausbeutungskonkurrenz ist eine indirekte Art des Wettbewerbs, die eine gleiche Verteilung der Ressourcen zu Folge hat, aber sich die Menge, die jeder bekommt, mit erhöhter Gruppengröße verringert. Sozioökologische Modelle über Primaten bieten eindeutige Vorhersagen für Verhaltensantworten und die Energiebilanz abhängig von den Eigenschaften der Ressource. Die sozialen Auswirkungen beschreiben das Wettbewerbssystem innerhalb von Gruppen und zwischen Gruppen, wie Charakteristika der Dominanzbeziehungen und den Grad von Toleranz unter Weibchen. Die zwei Arten in der Gattung Pan, Schimpansen (P. troglodytes) und Bonobos (P. paniscus), haben einige soziale Eigenschaften gemeinsam, darunter die Abwanderung von Weibchen und starke Fission-Fusion-Dynamiken. Jedoch unterscheiden sich weibliche Bonobos von Schimpansen durch ihren hohen Grad an Geselligkeit, größere Toleranz und ihre sozio-sexuellen Verhaltensweisen. Bisher wurden die proximaten Mechanismen, die diesen Eigenschaften zugrunde liegen, noch nicht gründlich untersucht. Meine Doktorarbeit hatte zum Ziel die Voraussagen, die von der sozioökologischen Theorie abgeleitet werden können, zu untersuchen. Diese stellt wiederholte soziale Interaktionen an Orten wo Nahrung vorkommt mit unterschiedlichen Energiebilanzen und allostatischer Belastung von weiblichen Bonobos in Bezug. Insbesondere war mein Ziel aufzuklären, ob diese Unterschiede durchweg mit der Position in der Rangordnung zusammenhängen. Mit meiner Studie konnte ich außerdem einen formalen Test der sozioökologischen Hypothese durchführen. Diese schlägt vor, dass Unterschiede in der Geselligkeit zwischen weiblichen Schimpansen und Bonobos durch die Verfügbarkeit üppiger Nahrungsressourcen im Lebensraum der Bonobos zustande kommen. Des Weiteren untersuchte ich zwei alternative Hypothesen, welche besonders die erhöhte Geselligkeit von Bonobos erklären sollen. Um dies zu tun, beschrieb ich die proximaten Mechanismen der Nahrungskonkurrenz weiblicher Bonobos innerhalb von Gruppen, indem ich die relativen Auswirkungen sozialer und ökologischer Parameter auf die Effizienz bei der Nahrungsaufnahme, die Energiebilanz und die allostatische Belastung maß. Über zweimal neun Monate sammelte ich Daten von 14 weiblichen Bonobos der Bompusa-Gruppe am Studienstandort LuiKotale in der Demokratischen Republik Kongo. Mit der Fokusbaum-Methode (focal tree method) sammelte ich Daten über die Eigenschaften von Nahrungsressourcen, auf einer für Bonobos relevanten Skala, an 683 Orten an denen Nahrung vorkam. Ich erfasste die Rate der Nahrungsaufnahme und Bewegungen im Fokus stehenden Baum, um die Effizienz bei der Nahrungsaufnahme festzustellen. Ich sammelte nicht-invasive Urinproben, um die Energiebilanz von Weibchen anhand der C-Peptidmenge und der allostatischen Belastung (Menge der Kortisolmetaboliten) abzuschätzen. Ich sammelte Scan-Daten über die Zusammensetzung der Gruppe und das Fressen am Boden wachsender krautiger Vegetation und nutzte diese um mögliche unterschiedliche Strategien der Nahrungsaufnahme bei den Weibchen abzuleiten. Um zu untersuchen, ob Weibchen Koalitionen gegen andere Weibchen oder Männchen bilden, analysierte ich Daten über das Vorkommen agonistischer Interaktionen. Meine erste Studie untersuchte die relativen Beiträge ökologischer und sozialer Faktoren zur erfolgreichen Nahrungsaufnahme, dem zur Nahrungsaufnahme nötigen Aufwand und der Energiebilanz bei Weibchen. Basierend auf dem Zusammenspiel geringerer Nahrungsaufnahme und erhöhter Bewegung innerhalb des Nahrungsvorkommens, konnte ich feststellen, dass Bonobos ihre Nahrungsressourcen erschöpfen, was eine Grundvoraussetzung für das Vorkommen von Nahrungskonkurrenz ist. Ich fand heraus, dass hochrangige Weibchen eine höhere Effizienz bei der Nahrungsaufnahme hatten als niedrigrangige Weibchen, da ein hoher Rang mit höheren Raten der Nahrungsaufnahme in Kombination mit einer geringeren Wahrscheinlichkeit der Bewegung innerhalb des Nahrungsvorkommens zusammenhing. Ich fand heraus, dass Unterschiede in der Energiebilanz bei Weibchen durch die monatliche Verfügbarkeit von Früchten erklärt werden konnte, aber nicht mit der Position in der Rangordnung zusammenhingen. Ich zeigte, dass niedrigrangige Weibchen die niedrigere Effizienz bei der Nahrungsaufnahme weder dadurch kompensierten, dass sie krautige Vegetation am Boden fraßen, noch, dass sie in kleineren Gruppen auf Nahrungssuche gingen als höherrangige Weibchen. Ich konnte zeigen, dass Interferenzkonkurrenz ein Teil des Kokurrenzsystems von Bonobos ist. Dies kommt wahrscheinlich dadurch zustande, dass hochrangige Weibchen bessere Positionen für die Nahrungsaufnahme im Nahrungsvorkommen einnehmen und von niedrigrangigen Weibchen gemieden werden. Zusammen mit der Erschöpfung des Nahrungsvorkommens und in Ermangelung von Hinweisen darauf, dass niedrigrangige Weibchen alternative Strategien zur Nahrungsaufnahme wählen, habe ich gezeigt, dass die Hypothese des Überflusses an Ressourcen eine unwahrscheinliche Erklärung für die Unterschiede in der Geselligkeit zwischen weiblichen Schimpanse und Bonobos ist. So unterstützt meine Studie die Hypothese, dass sich die Geselligkeit und Duldung von Weibchen bei Bonobos evolutionär entwickelt hat, da größtenteils nicht-verwandte Weibchen flexible Koalitionen bilden müssen, um Nahrungsressourcen gegen Männchen zu verteidigen und Schikanen durch Männchen abzuwehren. In meiner zweiten Studie untersuchte ich die Vorrausagen des Konzeptes der allostatischen Belastung, um die Wirkungen des energetischen Zustandes, der Position in der Rangordnung und des reproduktiven Zustandes auf die Menge an Kortisolmetaboliten bei den Weibchen, ein Maß für die allostatische Belastung, zu untersuchen. Ich stellte fest, dass es keine Beziehung zwischen der Energiebilanz und der in derselben Urinprobe gemessenen Kortisolmenge gab. Ich fand heraus, dass Weibchen in der frühen Phase der Milchbildung höhere Kortisolmengen hatten als sich im Zyklus befindende Weibchen und Weibchen in einer späteren Phase der Milchbildung. Ich fand auch heraus, dass die drei höchstrangigen Weibchen höhere Kortisolmengen aufwiesen, als die 11 Weibchen auf den anderen Positionen in der Rangordnung. Ich zeigte, dass Weibchen in den höheren Positionen in der Rangordnung einer größeren allostatischen Belastung ausgesetzt sind. Auch zeigte ich, dass die frühe Phase der Milchbildung die allostatische Belastung der Weibchen, unabhängig von der Position in der Rangfolge, erhöht. Zusammengenommen verbessern die Ergebnisse meiner Studie unser Verständnis der sozialen Beziehungen zwischen Weibchen, bei einer Art, die allgemein als friedfertig und tolerant angesehen wird. Niedrigranginge Bonoboweibchen haben nur beschränkt Nachteile durch Nahrungskonkurrenz, da ihre Energiebilanzen ähnlich derer der hochrangingen Weibchen waren. Die höchstrangigen Weibchen sind durch die Sozialität benachteiligt. Dies scheint mehr durch soziale Ursachen, als durch Nachteile bei der Nahrungsaufnahme begründet. Die erhöhten Nachteile der Sozialität für weibliche Bonobos, könnten einerseits in der Erhaltung der Position in der Rangordnung und des Erlangens von Rang bei gleichzeitigem Fehlen von weiblichen Verwandten begründet liegen und andererseits durch ihre Beteiligung an Konflikten zwischen den Geschlechtern hervorgerufen werden, ins besonders wenn Unterstützung ihrer Söhne in Konflikten dabei eine Rolle spielt. ; Social interactions with conspecifics have fitness consequences for individuals. Socio-ecology is a subdiscipline of behavioral ecology. Socio-ecology integrates ecology, sexual selection, inclusive fitness theory, and evolutionary optimality modelling to advance our understanding of how social strategies evolve. Social strategies are sets of repeated individual behavioural decisions from which social systems eventually arise. A successful strategy maximizes an individuals' inclusive fitness. Behavioural decisions are constrained by several factors, many of which stem from the surrounding ecological and social environment. Group living comes with the costs of within-group competition for resources and increased disease transmission risk, which needs to balance out against the benefits of sociality for group living to evolve. Benefits of group living include reduced risk of predation, increased access to mates, defense of resources, and enhanced foraging success, among others. Social strategies are modulated by sex, because male and female fitness are limited by different resources. In mammals, female fitness is limited by access to food resources due to the energetic costs of gestation and lactation. Therefore, feeding competition tends to pose a greater cost of sociality for females than for males. Primate socio-ecology has focused on how food resource characteristics affect the distribution of females and their social strategies, which in turn defines the social strategies of males. Male coercion, infanticide risk, and predation risk are also key factors which shape female strategies. Classical literature on resource competition makes a distinction between two main forms of competition, contest and scramble. Contest competition is a direct form of competition induced by clumped, defendable resources, and it results in a skewed distribution of resources among group members. Scramble is an indirect form of competition that results in equal resource distribution among group members but the amount received by everyone decreases with increasing group size. Primate socio-ecological models have been central in providing distinct predictions for the behavioural responses and net energy intake depending on the resource characteristics. The social outcomes describe the competitive regimes within and betw een groups, including characteristics of dominance relationships and degree of tolerance among females. The two species in genus Pan, chimpanzees (P. troglodytes) and bonobos (P. paniscus), share several social traits, including female dispersal and a high degree of fission-fusion dynamics. However, female bonobos are distinct due to their high gregariousness (i.e. high ratio of attendance in mix-sex parties and female cohesiveness), increased social tolerance and socio-sexual behaviours. The proximate mechanisms underlying these traits have not been studied rigorously thus far. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the species difference within the Genus Pan, however a formal test with the appropriate parameters has been lacking. As our closest living relatives together with the chimpanzees, studying bonobos in their natural habitat can also enhance our understanding of human evolution. My thesis aim was test predictions derived from socio-ecological theory, which link repeated social interactions in feeding patches to variation in female energy balance and glucocorticoid levels reflecting allostatic load (i.e. the cumulative burden on the body due to environmental challenges) in female bonobos. In particular, my aim was to elucidate, whether the variation is consistently associated with female dominance rank position such that the costs of feeding competition are skewed. With my study, I was also able to comprehensively test a socio-ecological hypothesis, the Resource Abundance hypothesis, which proposes that differences in gregariousness between female chimpanzees and bonobos are due to the differences in the availability of abundant food resources. In addition, I tested two alternative hypotheses, the Cooperative Defence and Priority of Access hypotheses, proposed to explain the increased gregariousness in female bonobos specifically. The former proposes female defence of food resources against males as the main driver of female sociality in bonobos, while the latter invokes female defence of food resources against other females, respectively. To test the predictions for these hypotheses, I characterized the proximate mechanisms of within-group feeding competition in female bonobos by assessing the relative effects of social and ecological parameters on female feeding efficiency, energy balance and allostatic load. I collected data on 14 adult female bonobos of the Bompusa community at the study site of LuiKotale in Democratic Republic of Congo during two nine-month field seasons. I obtained data on food resource characteristics on a scale relevant to the bonobos from 683 feeding patches using the focal tree method. I recorded food intake rates and movement in focal trees to assess female feeding efficiency. I collected non-invasive urine samples to assess female energy balance based on C-peptide levels and allostatic load based on cortisol metabolite levels. I collected scan data on party composition and terrestrial herbaceous vegetation feeding, and used it to infer potential alternative female feeding strategies. To examine whether females predominantly formed coalitions against other females or against males, I analysed all occurrence data on agonistic interactions. My first study evaluated the relative contributions of ecological and social factors on female feeding success, feeding effort and energy balance. Based on the combined effects of decreasing food intake and increasing movement in feeding patches, I established that bonobos depleted their food resources, which is a condition for feeding competition to occur. I found that high-ranking females had higher feeding efficiency than low-ranking females, because high dominance rank was associated with higher food intake rates in combination with lower probability of moving in feeding patches. This finding is consistent with within-group contest competition and most likely results from high-ranking females attaining better feeding positions in food patches and avoidance of high-ranking females by low-ranking females. I found that variation in female energy balance was explained by monthly availability of fruits (positive association between energy balance and fruit availability), but not by female dominance rank. I demonstrated that low-ranking females did not compensate for the lower feeding efficiency by feeding in terrestrial herbaceous vegetation patches or by foraging in smaller parties than high-ranked females. I also found that female-female coalitions mainly targeted males. In combination with the patch depletion and lack of support for lower-ranking females using alternative feeding strategies, I have shown that the Resource Abundance hypothesis is an unlikely explanation for the differences in female gregariousness between chimpanzees and bonobos. My study lends stronger support for the Cooperative Defence hypothesis, suggesting that female gregariousness and tolerance in bonobos evolved due to the need of flexible coalition formation among the mostly unrelated females in defense of food resources against males and to deter harassment by males. In my second study, I tested the predictions of the allostatic load framework to asses the effects of energetic condition, dominance status, and reproductive state on female cortisol metabolite levels as a proxy of allostatic load. I established, that there was no relationship between energy balance and cortisol levels measured from the same urine sample. I found that females in early lactation state had higher cortisol levels compared to females in cycling or late lactation state. I also found that the three highest-ranked females had higher cortisol levels compared to the 11 females on all other dominance rank positions. I also showed that females at the highest dominance rank position face increased allostatic load. Moreover, I found that early lactation increases allostatic load of females independent of dominance rank position. The combined results of my study refine our understanding of female social relationships in a species that is peaceful and tolerant according to the widely held notion. Lower-ranking female bonobos suffer only limited costs of within-group feeding competition. Despite having lower feeding efficiency compared to high-ranking females, the energy balance of low-ranking females is similar to those of higher-ranked females. I did not find indication that low-ranked females used compensatory feeding strategies of feeding away from the main party or feeding more on terrestrial herbs. Another possibility is that lower-ranking females feed longer, which I did not test for. However, I did find that highest-ranking females face costs of sociality that seem to be driven by social effects rather than by nutritional challenges. The increased costs of sociality to the highest-ranked female bonobos may be due to dominance rank maintenance and acquisition in the absence of support from female relatives on the one hand. Moreover, there may be additional energetic costs for those high-ranking females who provide agonistic support for their son(s). My study therefore consolidates the modulating effect of male strategies on female social relationships, and the importance of considering the synergistic effects of male and female strategies on sociality.

En este trabajo se pretende realizar una aportación a la Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales, mediante el diseño, implementación y evaluación de una propuesta de enseñanza que ayude al alumnado de secundaria obligatoria a asimilar los conceptos básicos volumen, masa y densidad tratados en esta etapa. Con este objetivo, la investigación se estructura en tres estudios relativos a la enseñanza fundamentada de dichos conceptos: análisis de las concepciones alternativas, análisis de los libros de texto; y elaboración, aplicación y evaluación de una propuesta de enseñanza. Los instrumentos de análisis, para cada estudio, se indican en las líneas siguientes: Para el análisis de las concepciones alternativas de alumnos en el primer estudio (Muestra 1): cuestionarios de respuestas abiertas. Para el análisis de los libros de texto: protocolos/plantilla de presencia- ausencia. Para la investigación de la propuesta de enseñanza implementada (Muestra 2): cuestionarios inicial y final de respuestas abiertas (prestest y postest) estructurado en cinco aspectos fundamentales, relacionados con el volumen, la masa y la densidad; hojas de resultados con la respuesta de los estudiantes a las actividades de la unidad; y, diario e informe final del profesor. Los resultados sobre concepciones alternativas, indican que el alumnado que finaliza tercero de ESO, presenta dificultades en la explicación de los fenómenos planteados. Entre estas dificultades: la asociación de cambios de forma con cambios de volumen, la influencia del peso o la profundidad de inmersión en el volumen desalojado de líquido cuando se sumerge totalmente un sólido en él, la ausencia de masa en gases o la confusión entre densidad y viscosidad; destacan por ser las más arraigadas. Además, es de señalar que, la mayoría de los estudiantes de la muestra estudiada, no son capaces de estimar valores aproximados de masa o volumen de objetos frecuentes en su vida diaria. Tampoco consideran la densidad como una propiedad que sirva para diferenciar unas sustancias de otras, y solo unos pocos consideran que la densidad no depende de la cantidad de sustancia. Utilizan mejor la interpretación adecuada de la flotación cuando se trata comparar lo ocurrido con un mismo sólido en diferentes líquidos, que cuando la situación contempla varios sólidos en un mismo líquido. Estas circunstancias revelan las carencias en la estrategia de enseñanza utilizada para el tratamiento de estos contenidos. En el análisis de los textos de ESO se buscó la presencia o ausencia de elementos que pudieran tener relación con las concepciones alternativas mencionadas, llevando a cabo una comparativa entre los publicados según la ley anterior (LOE) y los que se rigen por la legislación actual (LOMCE). En general, los libros introducen la densidad como una fórmula matemática sin una presentación cualitativa previa de su significado. Aunque aparecen ejemplos de valores de densidades de sustancias (habiendo pocos casos de gases), no incluyen ejemplos de materiales de posible interés como el grafeno. De forma gráfica, solo una minoría de los libros analizados resalta el contraste entre los valores de densidades de sustancias sólidas, mejorando este tratamiento los libros de la nueva ley. No se abordan las concepciones alternativas relativas a que el agua desalojada por un sólido en completa inmersión no depende del peso del sólido ni de la profundidad a la que se sumerja. Pero suelen reproducir el mismo ejemplo de la "medida del volumen de una piedra inmersa en agua", bajo la falsa premisa de que los alumnos carecen de ideas previas inadecuadas al respecto. En la separación de sustancias por decantación, aparece sistemáticamente el caso del agua y aceite. Pero no se aprovecha para mostrar otros ejemplos, como la decantación en la depuración del agua o en la fabricación de aceites esenciales. La propuesta de ejemplos de flotación sólidos en líquidos ha mejorado en algunas editoriales al pasar de una ley a la siguiente. Pero aspectos como la flotabilidad variable de un objeto en un mismo líquido, no se discute en ninguno de los libros analizados. Por último, la propuesta de enseñanza está fundamentada en la metodología por investigación dirigida y aplicada a alumnado de tercer curso de ESO. Consiste en un programa de actividades (23, de tipo experimental, en siete sesiones) que sigue una secuencia construida con el objetivo de ir paliando las dificultades que se han anticipado en los estudios anteriores. La metodología, de forma general, consiste en comenzar con una situación problemática de interés a partir de la cual los estudiantes emiten hipótesis de partida. A continuación deben pensar en algún método que les lleve a la comprobación de estas hipótesis, obteniendo datos y emitiendo conclusiones. La función del profesor es servir de guía en el proceso de aprendizaje. Los participantes fueron los alumnos (de dos grupos homogéneos) del autor de la investigación. Tras el desarrollo y análisis de la propuesta, los resultados revelan, en primer lugar, una mejora significativa entre las respuestas del pretest y las del postest. Entre ellas, la asimilación de que el volumen de líquido que desaloja un sólido al sumergirse totalmente en él depende del volumen de este, la utilización de la densidad para la identificación de sustancias, la diferenciación entre densidad y viscosidad o la asimilación de que el estado gaseoso presenta las mismas propiedades que los otros estados. Del mismo modo, observamos una adaptación progresiva a la metodología de enseñanza propuesta y una mayor autonomía en el desarrollo del trabajo experimental. Esta evolución se da, sobre todo, en aquellos procedimientos relacionados con la identificación del problema propuesto, la formulación de predicciones e hipótesis y el establecimiento de conclusiones. Si bien, detectamos cierta intermitencia en la medición de magnitudes, recogida de datos y utilización de las técnicas básicas de laboratorio, según las sesiones y actividades, aspectos que consideramos necesario seguir trabajando. Por último, advertimos también una mejora en la actitud de aprendizaje ante las ciencias. No obstante, se ha detectado la necesidad de ampliar el número de ejemplos donde aplicar los conocimientos, para garantizar la superación de algunas concepciones alternativas más arraigadas y que esto se haga extensivo a una mayoría de alumnos. ; This research expects to contribute to Science Education by designing, implementing and assessing a teaching proposal that will help the ESO (compulsory secondary education) students to assimilate the basic concepts of volume, mass and density, addressed at this stage. With this aim, the research is structured in three studies related to the teaching of such concepts: analysis of alternative conceptions, analysis of textbooks; and production, implementation and evaluation of a teaching proposal. The instruments of analysis used for each study, are indicated in the following lines: Open-answer questionnaires, for the first study (Sample 1). Presence-absence protocols/template, for the analysis of textbooks: Initial and final open-answer questionnaires, structured in five fundamental aspects, related to volume, mass and density; result sheets with the students' answers to the activities from the unit; and, diary and final report of the teacher, for the investigation of the implemented teaching proposal (Sample 2). The results about alternative conceptions indicate that students who finish the third year of ESO, present difficulties in explaining the suggested phenomena. Some of these difficulties are: the association between shape changes and volume changes, the influence of weight or immersion depth on the volume of displaced liquid when a solid is totally immersed in it, the absence of mass in gases or the confusion between density and viscosity; they stand out for being the most unshakable. In addition, it is noteworthy that most of the students in the sample studied are not able to estimate approximate values of mass or volume of common objects in their daily life. Nor do they consider density as a property that serves to differentiate substances from others, and only a few consider that density does not depend on the amount of substance. They use the proper interpretation of flotation better when comparing what happened with the same solid in different liquids, than when the situation contemplates several solids in the same liquid. These circumstances reveal the shortcomings in the teaching strategy used for the treatment of these contents In the analysis of the texts from ESO, we searched for the presence or absence of elements that could be related to the mentioned alternative conceptions, comparing those published according to the previous law (LOE) and those that are governed by the current legislation (LOMCE). In general, books introduce density as a mathematical formula without a prior qualitative introduction to its meaning. Although there are some examples of values of substance densities (with few cases of gases), they do not include examples of materials of possible interest such as graphene. Graphically, only a minority of the analyzed books highlight the contrast between the values of densities of solid substances. The books for the new law are better in this aspect. They do not tackle alternative conceptions related to the fact that the water displaced by a solid in complete immersion does not depend on the weight of the solid or the depth to which it is immersed. But they often reproduce the same example, the "measure of the volume of a stone immersed in water", under the false premise that the students lack previous inadequate ideas about it. In the separation of substances by decantation, the example of water and oil appears systematically. But it is not used to show other examples as the decanting in the purification of the water or the manufacturing of essential oils. The proposal for examples of buoyancy of solids in liquids has improved in some books by certain publishers when moving from one law to the next one. But aspects such as the variable buoyancy of an object in the same liquid are not discussed in any of the books analyzed. Finally, the teaching proposal is based on the directed research methodology and applied to students from the third year of ESO. It consists of a program of activities (23, of experimental type, in seven sessions), that follows a sequence based on the idea of palliating the difficulties that have been anticipated in previous studies. The methodology, in general, consists in starting with a problematic situation of interest from which the students give initial hypotheses. Then, they must think of some method that leads them to check these hypotheses, obtaining data and conclusions. The role of the teacher is to guide the learning process. The participants were the students (of two homogeneous groups) of the researcher. After the development and the analysis of the proposal, the results reveal, first, a significant improvement between pre-test and pos-test responses. This includes the assimilation that the volume of liquid displaced by a solid completely submerged in it depends on its volume, the use of density for the identification of substances, the differentiation between density and viscosity or the assimilation that the gaseous state has the same properties as the other states. Likewise, we observe a progressive adaptation to the proposed teaching methodology and a greater autonomy in the development of experimental work. This development occurs mainly in those procedures related to the identification of the proposed problem, the formulation of predictions and hypotheses and the establishment of conclusions. However, we detect some intermittence in the measurement of magnitudes, collection of data and use of basic laboratory techniques, according to the sessions and activities, aspects in which we consider necessary to continue working. Finally, we also notice an improvement in the attitude towards the learning of science. However, there has been a need to expand the number of examples in which to apply knowledge, to ensure that some of the more deeply rooted alternative conceptions are overcome and that this is extended to a majority of students.