Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Navule Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 684 ha in Chikkanayakanahalli taluk of Tumkur district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 700 mm, of which about 378 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 179 mm during north-east and the remaining 143 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 94 per cent is covered by soils and six per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 29 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of July to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 61 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm), 30 per cent moderately deep and 3 per cent moderately shallow.  About 23 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 67 per cent loamy soils.  About 34 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m).  About 80 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1- 3% slope) lands and 13 per cent gently sloping (3-5%).  An area of about 69 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 24 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 24 per cent has soils that are slightly acid (pH 5.0-6.5) to moderately acid, 38 per cent neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 32 per cent slightly to moderately alkaline.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 3 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is high (>10 ppm) in about 12 per cent area and medium (10- 20 ppm) in about 79 per cent area and low (4.5 ppm) in 91 per cent and deficiant in 3 per cent area.  Available manganese, copper and zinc are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure,marked price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 144 (21) 274(40) Guava 16 (2) 350 (51) Fodder Sorghum 144 (21) 274(40) Pomogranate 16 (2) 348 (51) Maize 144 (21) 48 (7) Banana 16 (2) 348 (51) Upland paddy 144 (21) 298 (44) Jackfruit 16 (2) 307 (45) Finger millet 144 (21) 126 (18) Jamun 16 (2) 226 (33) Redgram 144 (21) 274 (40) Musambi 16 (2) 402 (32) Horse gram 144 (21) 472 (69) Lime 16 (2) 402 (32) Field bean 144 (21) 274 (40) Cashew 16 (2) 350 (51) Cowpea 144 (21) 274 (40) Custard apple 164 (24) 453 (56) Groundnut 144 (21) 246 (36) Amla 144 (21) 472 (69) Sunflower 16 (2) 402 (59) Tamarind 16 (2) 226 (33) Onion 144 (21) 143 (21) Marigold 144 (21) 274 (40) Chilli 144 (21) 274 (40) Chrysanthemum 144 (21) 274 (40) Brinjal 144 (21) 274 (40) Jasmine 144 (21) 274 (40) Tomato 144 (21) 274 (40) Coconut 16 (2) 176 (26) Mango 16 (2) 600 (88) Arecanut 16 (2) 176 (26) Sapota 16 (2) 176 (26) Mulberry 68 (10) (3247) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Navule micro-watershed (Anekatte sub-watershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13025' – 13026' North latitudes and 76033' – 76035' East longitudes, covering an area of about 684.17 ha, bounded by Muddenahalli, Shavashettyhalli, Katenahalli, Navule, Yarehalli, Aralikere and Muddhenahalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days.We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Navule micro-watershed (Anekatte subwatershed, Chikkanayakanahalli taluk, Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 49 to 51 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 49 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 95.8 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 10.0 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 20.0 per cent.  About 80.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (60.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities among all the sample households.  Institutional participation is only 6.3 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 10 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.64 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small farmers. The rainfed land is around 48.6 % and irrigated land is around 51.4 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 4.3 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 61.7 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 12134 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average farm assets value is around Rs. 103179 per household, about 30.0 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 47000 per household; among all household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 693.4 grams (1638.3 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 83358 per household. About 60 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1328. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 484 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 310009 per year for the total area of 451.5 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grains production is around Rs. 28636/ha/year. Per hectare food grains production services is maximum in coconut (Rs. 87821) followed by maize (Rs.21942), ragi (Rs. 11884), green gram (Rs. 6969), sorghum and horse gram are negative return  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around sorghum (Rs. 3437) followed by ragi (Rs. 2408), horse gram (Rs. 2058), maize (Rs. 1825), green gram (Rs. 396) and coconut (Rs. 127).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 317967) followed by greengram (Rs. 37276), horse gram (Rs. 23758), maize (Rs. 22303), sorghum (Rs. 19640) and ragi (Rs. 16479). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is greengram (27.9 %) followed by ragi (22.9 %), coconut (20.6 %), maize (14.7 %), areca nut (6.2 %), cardamom (6.2 %), horse gram (0.6 %) and sorghum (0.6 %).  In Navule micro-watershed, major soil is Gollarahatti (GHT) soil are moderately deep well drained, around 21.55 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing coconut. Balapur (BPR) soil series having soils are deep soil depth cover around 12.41 % of areas; crops are greengram (40.6 %), maize (30.3 %) and ragi (29.1 %). Giddadapalya (GDP) and Nagalapur (NGP) are also having soils are deep soil depth cover around 7.52 % and 5.53 % of area, respectively; the crops are greengram and ragi. Shirur (SRR) soil having are deep moderately well drained, around 11.29 % of area; crops are horse gram (29.4 %) and sorghum (70.6 %). Muradi (MRD) and Thondigere (TDG) soil series having are very deep soil depth covered around 2.35 % and 13.81 % of area, respectively. The major crops grown are coconut and ragi.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for coconut ranges between Rs.102779/ha in TDH soil (with BCR of 1.63) and Rs. 31404/ha in GHT (with BCR of 3.79).  In ragi the cost of cultivation of range between Rs. 59287/ha in TDG soil (with BCR of 1.13) and Rs. 26060/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.65).  In green gram the cost of cultivation range between and Rs. 38449 in GDP soil (with BCR of 1.00) and Rs. 22173/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 1.53).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation in SRR soil is Rs.31605/ha (with BCR of 1.51).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in SRR soil is Rs 15995/ha (with BCR of 1.14) and maize the cost of cultivation in BPR soil is Rs 10910 /ha (with BCR of 3.18)  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation. 4  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in coconut (20.9 to 42.9 %), ragi (57.4 to 77.0%), green gram (30.5 to 36.6 %), horse gram (40.9 %), maize (78.0 %) and sorghum (29.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Maddenahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 588 ha in Gubbi taluk of Tumakuru district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 813 mm, of which about 466 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 196 mm during north-east and the remaining 151 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, five per cent by others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from 3rd week of June to third week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 34 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 95 per cent area is suitable for agriculture.  About 95 per cent of the soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm).  About 17 per cent of the area has clayey soils at the surface and 78 per cent loamy soils.  About 56 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 34 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 6 per cent has very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils.  About 55 per cent has soils that are very low (200 mm/m) available water capacity.  About 83 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 12 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%).  An area of about 74 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 22 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 28 per cent has soils that are slightly acidic (pH 6.0-6.5),40 per cent area moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), 28 per cent strongly acid (pH 5.0-5.5) and 6 per cent area has neutral (pH 6.5-7.3).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 19 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is high (>10 ppm) in about 1 per cent area and medium (10-20 ppm) in about 94 per cent area.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 95 per cent area and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 4.5 ppm) in the entire microwatershed area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 52 per cent of soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 34 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (Class S1) and moderately suitable (Class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 219 (37) 18 (3) Guava 86 (15) 423 (72) Fodder Sorghum 219 (37) 18 (3) Pomegranate 219 (37) 18 (3) Maize - 237 (40) Banana 219 (37) 18 (3) Upland paddy 219 (37) 68 (12) Jackfruit 219 (37) 18 (3) Finger millet 219 (37) 68 (12) Jamun 219 (37) 18 (3) Red gram 219 (37) 18 (3) Musambi 219 (37) 18 (3) Horse gram 219 (37) 340 (58) Lime 219 (37) 18 (3) Field bean 219 (37) 18 (3) Cashew 86 (15) 405 (69) Cowpea 219 (37) 18 (3) Custard apple 219 (37 ) 340 (58) Groundnut 86 (15) 322 (55) Amla 219 (37 ) 340 (58) Sunflower 219 (37) 18 (3) Tamarind 219 (37) 18 (3) Onion 133 (23) 104 (18) Marigold 219 (37) 18 (3) Chilli 219 (37) 18 (3) Chrysanthemum 219 (37) 18 (3) Brinjal 219 (37) 18 (3) Jasmine 219 (37) 18 (3) Tomato 219 (37) 18 (3) Coconut 86 (15) 151 (26) Mango 219 (37) 18 (3) Arecanut 86 (15) 151 (26) Sapota 219 (37) 18 (3) Mulbery 25 (5) (4557) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Maddenahalli micro-watershed (Bangihalli sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) is located in between 13027' – 13028' North latitudes and 76051' – 76053' East longitudes, covering an area of about 588.21 ha, bounded by Sanabanahalli, Maranahalli, Madhenahalli and Pinnenahalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Maddenahalli micro-watershed (Bangihalli sub-watershed, Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 59.2 to 40.8 Per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is 57.1 around per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 87.8 per cent.  Social groups among all are general caste.  Among all farm households having liquefied petroleum gas is the source of energy for a cooking.  About 50 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Farm households are having MGNREGA card only 20 per cent for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70 percent of farm households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 80 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making is around 77.8 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.72 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The rainfed land is 91 per cent and 9 per cent of irrigated land is cultivated land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 53.1 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 14.3 per cent of the sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.16772 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 104460 per household; about 70 per cent of sample farmers having plough and bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.17271 per household; about 81.25 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 455.7 grams (1138.2 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.102052 per household. About 50 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.818. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 442 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 247521per year for the total area of 588.21 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 70428/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in Mango (Rs. 227566) followed by areca nut (Rs. 105087), coconut (Rs. 84360), ragi (Rs.7727), sorghum (Rs. 600) and paddy is negative return.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 3356/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in paddy (Rs. 4693), sorghum (Rs. 3356) and ragi (Rs. 2020).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in coconut (Rs. 277513) followed by mango (Rs. 65867), sorghum (Rs. 31043), paddy (Rs. 14463), ragi (Rs.12515) and areca nut (Rs.4284). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is ragi (28.4 %) followed by areca nut (28.4 %), sorghum (23.5 %), coconut (12.9 %), mango (5.9 %) and paddy (1.1 %).  In Maddenahalli micro-watershed, major soil series are Balapur series having very deep soil depth covered around 46.23 % of area; major crops are areca nut (82.5 %), and ragi (17.5 %). Kadagathur soils series are having very deep soil depth covered around 14.64 % of area on this soil farmers are presently growing areca nut (20.6 %), coconut (16.1 %), ragi (31.6%) and sorghum (31.6 %). Ranatur soils series are having very deep soil depth covers around 17.98 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing coconut (13.4 %), mango (18.0 %), ragi (27.5%) and sorghum (41.1 %). Thimmasandra soils series are having very deep soil depth covers around 3.11 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing paddy (50 %) and sorghum (50 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for coconut range between Rs 97036/ha in KDT soil (with of 2.01) and Rs. 69905/ha in RTR soil (with BCR of 1.11).  In areca nut the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.69122/ha in KDT soil (with BCR of 1.92) and Rs.8499/ha in BPR soil (with BCR of 18.24).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 25729/ha KDT soil (with BCR of 0.98) and Rs.16497/ha RTR soil (with BCR of 1.62).  In ragi the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 37931/ha BPR soil (with BCR of 1.18) and Rs.15857/ha KDT soil (with BCR of 1.51).  In mango the cost of cultivation in RTR soil Rs.28582/ha (with BCR of 8.96) and  In paddy the cost of cultivation in RTR soil Rs.32164/ha (with BCR of 1.62).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. 4  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in areca nut (91.4 to 91.6 %), coconut (8.1 to 79.9 %), sorghum (57.7to 73.9 %) and ragi (68.9 to 76.0 %), mango (63.0 %) and paddy (85.4 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Las políticas agrarias de los países desarrollados tratan de responder cada vez más a las demandas de su población respecto de la producción de bienes públicos (BPs) por parte de la agricultura. Un claro ejemplo de ello resulta la Política Agraria Común (PAC) de la Unión Europea (UE), cuya orientación a este objetivo está marcando el paso de sucesivas reformas desde inicios de siglo y seguirá haciéndolo en el futuro. Esta mayor orientación de las políticas agrarias a la producción de BPs requiere de un esfuerzo investigador considerable, tanto en lo que respecta a estudios desde el lado de la oferta como del lado de la demanda. La presente tesis viene a avanzar en el análisis de la producción de los BPs por parte de los sistemas agrarios de regadío (SAR), teniendo en cuenta por una parte la importancia de estos sistemas, sobre todo en climas mediterráneos, y por otra el hecho de que la producción de BPs en estos sistemas haya recibido una menor atención por parte de la comunidad académica. Así, se propone un marco analítico para el estudio de los BPs producidos por los SAR, el cual es extrapolable al resto de sistemas. En este marco se distinguen las "presiones" producidas por el agricultor de los "estados" que reflejan la cantidad y calidad del bien. Del empleo de este marco se ha realizado una lista con los doce principales BPs que producen los SAR. A partir de ella, se ha realizado el análisis de cómo cada bien es producido en estos sistemas agrarios, sus grados de rivalidad y exclusión, y la escala a la que es consumido. Este análisis sirve para avanzar en el conocimiento de la producción de BPs agrarios. Igualmente, evidencia cómo el hecho de disponer de agua para riego resulta un factor determinante para la producción de estos bienes, habiéndose encontrado importantes diferencias entre los sistemas agrarios de regadío y secano. A partir de este conocimiento, se ha elegido el caso de estudio de la Demarcación Hidrográfica del Guadalquivir para analizar la producción de los BPs por parte de sus SAR. Se ha realizado una tipología de los SAR en esta demarcación, habiéndose escogido el principal sistema en términos de superficie y agua consumida (el olivar) para analizar más en detalle: i) su producción efectiva de BPs; y ii) cómo se podrían diseñar instrumentos para la promoción de su producción de estos bienes. En el primer análisis, se ha empleado la técnica multricriterio Proceso Analítico en Red (Analytic Network Process o ANP), la cual ha servido para adaptar el marco analítico propuesto empleando un enfoque integrado de análisis. En la aplicación de ANP se incluye una innovación metodológica (aplicación dual de ANP) para poder analizar la propia producción de BPs y las decisiones que la motivan. Como resultado de esta aplicación de ANP, se han identificado los BPs más influenciables por las decisiones del olivicultor de regadío, principalmente: fertilidad del suelo, calidad visual del paisaje agrario, biodiversidad en tierras agrarias y balance de carbono. Se han obtenido además los factores relativos a la toma de decisión por parte del olivicultor que más influyen en la producción de estos BPs. Así, se ha obtenido que las decisiones de éste en el largo plazo (factores estructurales) son considerablemente superiores a las del corto plazo (factores de gestión) respecto de la influencia que presentan en conjunto en la producción de dichos bienes. En particular, las decisiones relativas a la densidad de plantación y dimensión de la explotación aparecen claramente como las más influyentes. Con un nivel de influencia menor aparecen los factores de gestión relativos a los manejos de la fertilización, riego y suelo. A la luz de estos. ; Agricultural policies of developed countries are increasingly responding to societal demands regarding the production of public goods (PGs) by agriculture. A good example of this is the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union (EU), wherein efforts to achieve such objectives have been key in recent CAP reforms and will remain so in future reforms. To support greater orientation of agricultural policies to the production of agricultural PGs extensive research of both the supply and demand side is required. The current PhD thesis makes advances in the analysis of the production of PGs by irrigated agricultural systems (IAS), in light of the great importance of these agri-systems, especially in Mediterranean climates, and the fact that the production of PGs by IAS has received little attention from researchers. This research initially provides a robust analytic framework to study the production of PGs by IAS, although the framework can be also applied to other agricultural systems. In particular, this framework makes a distinction between the state of the PG and the pressure produced as a result of farmers' decision-making. From the framework, it has been created a list of the 12 main PGs provided by IAS. From such list, analyses have been carried out regarding how each of the PGs are provided by IAS, their degrees of rivalry and excludability, and their scale of consumption, explaining the key factors that take place in these systems' production of PGs. This analysis has served to advance the knowledge concerning the production of each PG by these agricultural systems. This research also demonstrates that irrigation is a determining factor that significantly influences the agricultural production of PGs, having found significant differences in the respective production of these goods between irrigated and rainfed agricultural systems. In this research, the Guadalquivir river basin has been used as case study to analyse the production of PGs by its IAS. A typology of IAS has been developed, choosing the most important in terms of area and water consumption, the irrigated olive groves system (IOG), to carry out an in-depth analysis of: i) its production of PGs; and ii) how policy instruments could be designed to promote such production. For the first analysis, this research provides a novel approach to analysing agricultural PGs production, based on the multi-criteria technique Analytic Network Process (ANP) and applies the aforementioned analytical framework. This ANP application includes an innovative method (the dual approach of ANP) that makes it possible to analyse the most influenced PGs and the most influential decisions by farmers concerning their production. The main advance that this method brings is the application of an integrated approach to the analysis of agricultural PGs production, thus taking account the abundant interrelationships that characterise such production. As a result of this ANP application, there has been identified the PGs most influenced by IOG-farmers' decisions, which are soil fertility, the visual quality of agricultural landscapes and farmland biodiversity. In addition, the most influential factors affecting the provision of PGs are structural, namely farm size and tree density, and to a lesser extent, management factors dealing with fertilisation, soil and irrigation management. These results suggest that policy-makers should prioritise structural over management policies with regard to the promotion of PGs production by this agri-system. Results also demonstrate that policy-makers should better understand the production.

The process by which different ecological conditions and historical trajectories interacted to create different social and cultural systems resulted in major differences in economic development performance within Southeast Asia. In the late 19th century, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand commonly experienced vent-for-surplus development through exploitation of unused lands. Nevertheless, different agrarian structures were created. Indonesia s development was mainly based on the exploitation of tropical rain forest under Dutch colonialism. It resulted in the bifurcation of the rural sector between rice-farming peasant proprietors and large plantations for tropical export crops based on hired labor. In the Philippines, exploitation of the same resource base under Spanish rule resulted in pervasive landlessness among the rural population. Relatively homogeneous landowning peasants continued to dominate in Thailand, where delta plains that were suitable only for rice production formed the resource base for development. These different agrarian structures associated with different social value systems have accounted for differential development performance across the three economies in the recent three decades.