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Thalassemia major (TM) is the most common deadly genetic disorder, a major cause of chronic non-infectious morbidity and financial burden in many low and middle-income regions. In these settings few children reach adulthood because proper long-term supportive care is seldom available. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is the only available curative modality and it can be very successful and cost-effective for young children with low-risk features and a compatible related donor. However, in countries where TM is most prevalent, there is a dire shortage of BMT centers. The Cure2Children Foundation has supported a feasibility study evaluating safety, efficacy and costs of developing a new BMT center in an underserved lower-middle-income country with relatively untrained professionals within a structured collaboration and knowledge-transfer program. A total of 24 consecutive patients who underwent BMT in Pakistan between September 2008 and August 2010 are included in this prospective analysis, 17 from an established bone marrow transplant center, the National Institute for Blood Diseases in Karachi, Pakistan and the initial 7 BMTs from a start up unit in a government civil hospital, the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Children&rsquo ; s Hospital in Islamabad. Patients were matched for age, nutritional status, growth, disease, disease status and post-BMT follow-up time. All patients had a matched-related sibling donor, were younger than 10 years of age at the time of transplantation, received the same conditioning regimen. All needy families could rely on a support program throughout the 8-month post-transplant period. The Cure2Children Foundation provided professional and financial support as well as a structured web-based data management and cooperation platform. At a median follow up of 19.6 months (range 8.7 to 31.5) actuarial thalassemia-free survival is 85.6% and 85.7% and overall survival 94.1% and 85.7% in the established and start-up center respectively with no statistically significant differences. Other outcome indices like infectious complications, engraftment parameters, transplant-related complications, and post-BMT performance scores also did not differ. The median cost of matched-related transplants in the start-up center, including pre-BMT evaluation, was 11,513 USD (range 7,518 to 21,176). Within structured cooperation strategies bone marrow transplantation for thalassemia major can be performed safely, effectively, and affordably even in start-up centers in lower-middleincome countries, like Pakistan, were most thalassemia patients live. This observation may have important implications to increase access to cure for thalassemia worldwide.  ; 重型地中海贫血(TM)是最常见的也是最致命的基因错乱,在许多中低收入地区,基因错乱是造成非传染性慢性疾病和经济负担的重大原因。 在这种情况下,许多儿童因接受不到长期支持治疗而活不到成年。 骨髓移植(BMT)是目前唯一能治愈该疾病的方法。若病患儿童有低风险的特点并且具有匹配的捐献物, BMT 将是治疗幼童成功且低成本的疗法。 然而,在重型地中海贫血多发国家,严重缺乏骨髓移植中心。 第二治愈儿童基金会与来自结构化合作和知识转换计划的未受训专业人员共同资助了一个可行性研究,评估在服务不到位的中低收入国家发展一个BMT中心的安全性、疗效和成本。 本预期分析收录了2008年9月到2010年10月间先后在巴基斯坦接受BMT的24名病人。其中,17名病人在成立的骨髓移植中心位于巴基斯坦卡拉奇市国家血液病研究所,完成手术;最先的7名在市立政府医院位于巴基斯坦医学研究院伊斯兰堡儿童医院,完成手术。 分析中,对比了病人的年龄、营养状态、发育、疾病、疾病状态和MBT后的随访时间。 所有病人都有一名相匹配的同胞捐献者。移植手术时,他们的年龄都在10岁以下,并都接受了相同的预处理方案。 所有困难家庭在骨髓移植手术后的8个月期间都可以得到资助计划的帮助。 第二治愈儿童基金会提供了专业上和经济上的支持以及结构化网络数据管理和合作平台。 在进行平均19.6个月的随访中((8.7月-31.5月),在已成立的和新运作的卫生中心,地中海贫血症救活率保险估计为85.6% 和85.7%,总生存率为94.1%和85.7%。在统计上无明显区别。 其他结果指标,如传染性并发症、植入参数、移植相关并发症和BMT后表现分数等,都没有区别。 新运作卫生中心匹配相关移植手术的平均成本为11,513 USD (7,518至 21,176),包括BMT前评估费。 在结构化合作策略下,重型地中海贫血(TM)患者骨髓移植手术可以在诸如巴基斯坦等中低收入国家的新运作卫生中心进行,安全、有效,而且价格合理。通过这种手术,大多数病人都可以存活下来。 该观察对提高全球地中海贫血患者接受治疗具有重要意义。

Die Ernährung von Kindern und Jugendlichen beeinflusst ihre unmittelbare als auch ihre langfristige Gesundheit und ihr Wohlbefinden. Eine obst- und gemüsereiche Ernährung leistet diesbezüglich einen wichtigen positiven Beitrag. Der Obst- und Gemüseverzehr (O&G) von Kindern liegt jedoch in Deutschland weit unter den täglichen Empfehlungen. Zur Förderung einer ausgewogenen Ernährung der Kinder kann das Setting Schule einen wichtigen Beitrag leisten. Das im Frühjahr 2010 in NRW eingeführte EU-Schulobstprogramm setzt genau an diesem Punkt an. Durch die kostenlose Verteilung von O&G soll der O&G Konsum der Kinder gesteigert, ihre Vorliebe für O&G nachhaltig erhöht und mit Hilfe der ernährungspädagogischen Begleitung des Programms die Ernährungskompetenz der Kinder verbessert werden. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, die Erfolgsfaktoren und die Hemmnisse sowohl im Bezug auf die Wirkung der Intervention als auch bei der Umsetzung des Programms zu identifizieren. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde eine Vorher-Nachher-Studie mit Interventions- und Kontrollgruppe konzipiert, um bei den Kindern mögliche Änderungen des Verzehrs, der Präferenzen und des Wissens zu untersuchen, sowie Parameter für eine erfolgreiche Organisation des Programms zu analysieren. Für den Einbezug möglichst unterschiedlicher Perspektiven, wurde neben einer Schülerbefragung, eine Schulleiter-, Lehrer- und Elternbefragung durchgeführt. Die sich hieraus ergebenden wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse können als Hilfestellung bei der Konzeption weiterer Interventionsstudien dienen und darüber hinaus genutzt werden, um Handlungsempfehlungen für Schulen und politische Entscheidungsträger abzuleiten. Ein Jahr nach Einführung des EU-Schulobstprogramms ist es bei den Kindern, die von der kostenlosen Vergabe von O&G profitieren, zu einem signifikanten Anstieg des O&G Verzehrs gekommen. Des Weiteren wird deutlich, dass gerade Kinder mit einer geringen O&G Verzehrshäufigkeit nun häufiger O&G essen. Dennoch liegt auch nach Einführung des Programms der durchschnittliche O&G Konsum der Kinder unterhalb der täglichen Verzehrsempfehlung. Auffallend ist, dass Mädchen bereits in der Basiserhebung im Jahr 2010 und somit vor Start des Programms, häufiger O&G essen als Jungen und der durch das Programm induzierte Anstieg des Konsums bei Mädchen tendenziell höher ausfällt. Eine Wirkung der Schulobstintervention sowohl auf das Ernährungswissen, die O&G Verzehrsvielfalt als auch die Präferenzen der Kinder für O&G kann nicht eindeutig nachgewiesen werden. Eine weiterführende Analyse weist jedoch auf einen positiven Zusammenhang zwischen kostenloser Schulobstgabe in Kombination mit einem hohen Maß an ernährungspädagogischer Begleitung und dem O&G Konsum der Kinder hin. Die Durchführung ernährungspädagogischer Aktivitäten ist Voraussetzung für die Teilnahme der Schulen am EUSchulobstprogramms in NRW. Die Studie zeigt, dass gerade praktische Aktivitäten, wie ein gesundes Frühstück oder gemeinsames Kochen häufig Anwendung finden. Vor dem Hintergrund des positiven Effekts der ernährungsbildenden Maßnahmen auf den O&G Konsum der Kinder ist der Wunsch der Schulen nach einer Unterstützung in Hinblick auf die Umsetzung ernährungspädagogischer Aktivitäten ernst zu nehmen. Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen, dass das Programm von Schulleitern, Lehrern, Eltern und Kindern als durchweg positiv eingestuft wird. Bei der Bewertung durch die Kinder steht vor allem der gute Geschmack im Vordergrund. Die große Mehrzahl der Schulleiter und Eltern sprechen sich für eine Weiterführung des Programms aus. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die weiterhin kostenlose Belieferung der Schulen als essentiell angesehen. Nach Aussagen der meisten Schulleiter lässt sich das Schulobstprogramm gut in den Schulalltag einbetten. Nur in Einzelfällen führt die Umsetzung in den Schulen zu Problemen. Generell weisen die Schulleiter jedoch darauf hin, dass die Einführung des Schulobstprogramms zu einem messbaren Mehraufwand für den Schulobstverantwortlichen und die Lehrkräfte führt. Vor allem in Förderschulen sind die Lehrer stark involviert, da insbesondere in diesen Schulen eine Unterstützung durch Eltern kaum gegeben ist. Die am Programm teilnehmenden Schulen bewerten die ihnen zur Verfügung stehenden Lagerbedingungen für das O&G und ihre Möglichkeit, die hygienischen Anforderungen umzusetzen in der Regel positiv ein. Hier zeigt sich ein erheblicher Unterschied zu den Schulen, die sich nicht für die Teilnahme beworben haben. Letztere verweisen vor allem auf räumliche und personelle Engpässe als Beweggründe, sich nicht zu bewerben. Für eine erfolgreiche Umsetzung des Schulobstprogramms ist das Verhältnis zwischen den Schulen und den O&G Lieferanten von großer Bedeutung. Die Bewertung der Lieferanten durch die Schulen fällt durchweg positiv aus. Die Schulen sind mit der Qualität, Herkunft, Variation und Menge des O&G zufrieden. Vor allem kleine Schulen geben allerdings an, dass es Probleme bereitet, überhaupt einen Lieferanten zu finden. Hat sich eine Lieferbeziehung etabliert, kommt es nur selten zu einem Wechsel des Lieferanten. Abschließend kann festgehalten werden, dass das EU-Schulobstprogramm in NRW im ersten Jahr der Durchführung erfolgversprechende Resultate aufzeigt. Von allen teilnehmenden Personengruppen wird das Programm als durchweg positiv bewertet. Die Studie weist darauf hin, dass vor allem Kinder mit geringem O&G Konsum vor Einführung des Programms von diesem profitieren. Eine Intensivierung und Ausweitung der ernährungspädagogischen Begleitung des Programms könnte den Effekt der kostenlosen O&G Vergabe verstärken. Weitere Studien wären wünschenswert, um zu prüfen, ob das Schulobstprogramm einen nachhaltigen Effekt auf den O&G Konsum der Kinder, auch nach Ende der kostenfreien O&G Verteilung hat. ; Children's and adolescents' nutrition affects their immediate and long-term health and wellbeing. In this respect, a diet rich in fruit and vegetables (F&V) contributes positively to the aforementioned effects. However, children's consumption of F&V in Germany falls well below the recommended daily amount. The school setting can contribute to promote a balanced diet in children. The EU School Fruit Scheme that was implemented in spring 2010 in NRW addresses this issue. The aim is to increase children's F&V consumption, through free of charge distribution of F&V. Furthermore, the programme intends to promote long term taste preferences for F&V and to improve nutrition competence through the programme's nutrition education linkage. The aim of the present study is to identify success factors and limitations both with regard to the effectiveness of the intervention as well as to the organizational implementation. Against this background, a pre-post study with intervention and control group was devised to assess potential changes in children's F&V consumption, their preferences and their knowledge as well as to analyse parameters for a successful organization of the programme. To consider a broad range of perspectives, in addition to a pupil's survey, further surveys were carried out with head teachers, class teachers and parents. The scientific results provide important insights for the design of future intervention studies and allow to derive recommendations for schools and policy makers. One year after the implementation of the EU School Fruit Scheme, a significant increase of F&V consumption could be observed in children who benefit from the free of charge distribution of F&V. Furthermore, it emerges that especially children with an initial low F&V consumption eat F&V more frequently after the treatment. Nevertheless, even after introduction of the programme, children's average F&V consumption remains below the recommended daily intake. It should be noted that in the baseline survey in 2010 before the start of the scheme, girls already eat F&V more frequently than boys and the increase in consumption induced by the programme is on average higher for girls. An effect of the School Fruit Intervention on nutritional knowledge as well as on the F&V consumption variety and the children's preferences for F&V cannot be proven clearly. Nonetheless, a further analysis shows a positive correlation between free of charge provision of F&V in combination with a high nutrition education linkage and children's F&V consumption. The implementation of nutrition education activities is a requirement for schools' participation in the EU School Fruit Scheme in NRW. The study shows that especially hands-on activities such as a healthy breakfast or joint cooking are frequently implemented. Based on the positive effect of nutrition education activities on children's F&V consumption, the schools' request for support with respect to the implementation of nutrition education activities should be taken seriously. The results of the study show that the scheme is positively evaluated by head teachers, class teachers, parents and children. Above all children cherish the good taste of F&V. The majority of head teachers and parents encourage a continuation of the programme. In this context, a further free of charge supply to the schools is regarded as essential. Most head teachers state that the School Fruit Scheme can easily be embedded into everyday school life and causes limited difficulties only in individual cases. Nevertheless, head teachers point out that the implementation of the School Fruit Scheme leads to a measurable burden on the person responsible for the School Fruit Programme and the teachers. Especially in special-needs schools the teachers are highly involved, as only little help from parents is given. Participating schools generally evaluate the available storage conditions for F&V and the possibility to comply with hygienic requirements as positive. This becomes especially evident in contrast to the schools that did not apply for participation. The latter addressed spatial and personal bottlenecks as reasons to forego application. The relationship between schools and F&V distributors is of great importance for the successful implementation of the EU School Fruit Scheme. The evaluation of the distributors by the schools is consistently positive. The schools are satisfied with the quality, origin, variety and quantity of the F&V. However, small schools in particular state to have difficulties in finding any available distributor. Changes in this relationship rarely occur once a supplier relationship has been established. In conclusion, it can be noted that the EU School Fruit Scheme shows promising results in the first year of implementation. All parties involved consistently evaluate the programme as positive. The study shows that especially children with low F&V consumption before introduction of the scheme profit from its implementation. An intensification and expansion of the nutrition education linkage of the programme could strengthen the effect of the free of charge distribution of F&V. Further studies are desirable to verify if the School Fruit Scheme has a sustained effect on children's F&V consumption even after the free of charge distribution of F&V has ended.

Die klassische Literatur über die Nahrungskonkurrenz unterscheidet zwischen zwei Hauptformen des Wettbewerbs: Interferenzkonkurrenz und Ausbeutungskonkurrenz. Interferenzkonkurrenz ist eine direkte Form des Wettbewerbs, die von gruppierten, verteidigbaren Ressourcen hervorgerufen wird und eine ungleiche Verteilung der Ressourcen zur Folge hat. Ausbeutungskonkurrenz ist eine indirekte Art des Wettbewerbs, die eine gleiche Verteilung der Ressourcen zu Folge hat, aber sich die Menge, die jeder bekommt, mit erhöhter Gruppengröße verringert. Sozioökologische Modelle über Primaten bieten eindeutige Vorhersagen für Verhaltensantworten und die Energiebilanz abhängig von den Eigenschaften der Ressource. Die sozialen Auswirkungen beschreiben das Wettbewerbssystem innerhalb von Gruppen und zwischen Gruppen, wie Charakteristika der Dominanzbeziehungen und den Grad von Toleranz unter Weibchen. Die zwei Arten in der Gattung Pan, Schimpansen (P. troglodytes) und Bonobos (P. paniscus), haben einige soziale Eigenschaften gemeinsam, darunter die Abwanderung von Weibchen und starke Fission-Fusion-Dynamiken. Jedoch unterscheiden sich weibliche Bonobos von Schimpansen durch ihren hohen Grad an Geselligkeit, größere Toleranz und ihre sozio-sexuellen Verhaltensweisen. Bisher wurden die proximaten Mechanismen, die diesen Eigenschaften zugrunde liegen, noch nicht gründlich untersucht. Meine Doktorarbeit hatte zum Ziel die Voraussagen, die von der sozioökologischen Theorie abgeleitet werden können, zu untersuchen. Diese stellt wiederholte soziale Interaktionen an Orten wo Nahrung vorkommt mit unterschiedlichen Energiebilanzen und allostatischer Belastung von weiblichen Bonobos in Bezug. Insbesondere war mein Ziel aufzuklären, ob diese Unterschiede durchweg mit der Position in der Rangordnung zusammenhängen. Mit meiner Studie konnte ich außerdem einen formalen Test der sozioökologischen Hypothese durchführen. Diese schlägt vor, dass Unterschiede in der Geselligkeit zwischen weiblichen Schimpansen und Bonobos durch die Verfügbarkeit üppiger Nahrungsressourcen im Lebensraum der Bonobos zustande kommen. Des Weiteren untersuchte ich zwei alternative Hypothesen, welche besonders die erhöhte Geselligkeit von Bonobos erklären sollen. Um dies zu tun, beschrieb ich die proximaten Mechanismen der Nahrungskonkurrenz weiblicher Bonobos innerhalb von Gruppen, indem ich die relativen Auswirkungen sozialer und ökologischer Parameter auf die Effizienz bei der Nahrungsaufnahme, die Energiebilanz und die allostatische Belastung maß. Über zweimal neun Monate sammelte ich Daten von 14 weiblichen Bonobos der Bompusa-Gruppe am Studienstandort LuiKotale in der Demokratischen Republik Kongo. Mit der Fokusbaum-Methode (focal tree method) sammelte ich Daten über die Eigenschaften von Nahrungsressourcen, auf einer für Bonobos relevanten Skala, an 683 Orten an denen Nahrung vorkam. Ich erfasste die Rate der Nahrungsaufnahme und Bewegungen im Fokus stehenden Baum, um die Effizienz bei der Nahrungsaufnahme festzustellen. Ich sammelte nicht-invasive Urinproben, um die Energiebilanz von Weibchen anhand der C-Peptidmenge und der allostatischen Belastung (Menge der Kortisolmetaboliten) abzuschätzen. Ich sammelte Scan-Daten über die Zusammensetzung der Gruppe und das Fressen am Boden wachsender krautiger Vegetation und nutzte diese um mögliche unterschiedliche Strategien der Nahrungsaufnahme bei den Weibchen abzuleiten. Um zu untersuchen, ob Weibchen Koalitionen gegen andere Weibchen oder Männchen bilden, analysierte ich Daten über das Vorkommen agonistischer Interaktionen. Meine erste Studie untersuchte die relativen Beiträge ökologischer und sozialer Faktoren zur erfolgreichen Nahrungsaufnahme, dem zur Nahrungsaufnahme nötigen Aufwand und der Energiebilanz bei Weibchen. Basierend auf dem Zusammenspiel geringerer Nahrungsaufnahme und erhöhter Bewegung innerhalb des Nahrungsvorkommens, konnte ich feststellen, dass Bonobos ihre Nahrungsressourcen erschöpfen, was eine Grundvoraussetzung für das Vorkommen von Nahrungskonkurrenz ist. Ich fand heraus, dass hochrangige Weibchen eine höhere Effizienz bei der Nahrungsaufnahme hatten als niedrigrangige Weibchen, da ein hoher Rang mit höheren Raten der Nahrungsaufnahme in Kombination mit einer geringeren Wahrscheinlichkeit der Bewegung innerhalb des Nahrungsvorkommens zusammenhing. Ich fand heraus, dass Unterschiede in der Energiebilanz bei Weibchen durch die monatliche Verfügbarkeit von Früchten erklärt werden konnte, aber nicht mit der Position in der Rangordnung zusammenhingen. Ich zeigte, dass niedrigrangige Weibchen die niedrigere Effizienz bei der Nahrungsaufnahme weder dadurch kompensierten, dass sie krautige Vegetation am Boden fraßen, noch, dass sie in kleineren Gruppen auf Nahrungssuche gingen als höherrangige Weibchen. Ich konnte zeigen, dass Interferenzkonkurrenz ein Teil des Kokurrenzsystems von Bonobos ist. Dies kommt wahrscheinlich dadurch zustande, dass hochrangige Weibchen bessere Positionen für die Nahrungsaufnahme im Nahrungsvorkommen einnehmen und von niedrigrangigen Weibchen gemieden werden. Zusammen mit der Erschöpfung des Nahrungsvorkommens und in Ermangelung von Hinweisen darauf, dass niedrigrangige Weibchen alternative Strategien zur Nahrungsaufnahme wählen, habe ich gezeigt, dass die Hypothese des Überflusses an Ressourcen eine unwahrscheinliche Erklärung für die Unterschiede in der Geselligkeit zwischen weiblichen Schimpanse und Bonobos ist. So unterstützt meine Studie die Hypothese, dass sich die Geselligkeit und Duldung von Weibchen bei Bonobos evolutionär entwickelt hat, da größtenteils nicht-verwandte Weibchen flexible Koalitionen bilden müssen, um Nahrungsressourcen gegen Männchen zu verteidigen und Schikanen durch Männchen abzuwehren. In meiner zweiten Studie untersuchte ich die Vorrausagen des Konzeptes der allostatischen Belastung, um die Wirkungen des energetischen Zustandes, der Position in der Rangordnung und des reproduktiven Zustandes auf die Menge an Kortisolmetaboliten bei den Weibchen, ein Maß für die allostatische Belastung, zu untersuchen. Ich stellte fest, dass es keine Beziehung zwischen der Energiebilanz und der in derselben Urinprobe gemessenen Kortisolmenge gab. Ich fand heraus, dass Weibchen in der frühen Phase der Milchbildung höhere Kortisolmengen hatten als sich im Zyklus befindende Weibchen und Weibchen in einer späteren Phase der Milchbildung. Ich fand auch heraus, dass die drei höchstrangigen Weibchen höhere Kortisolmengen aufwiesen, als die 11 Weibchen auf den anderen Positionen in der Rangordnung. Ich zeigte, dass Weibchen in den höheren Positionen in der Rangordnung einer größeren allostatischen Belastung ausgesetzt sind. Auch zeigte ich, dass die frühe Phase der Milchbildung die allostatische Belastung der Weibchen, unabhängig von der Position in der Rangfolge, erhöht. Zusammengenommen verbessern die Ergebnisse meiner Studie unser Verständnis der sozialen Beziehungen zwischen Weibchen, bei einer Art, die allgemein als friedfertig und tolerant angesehen wird. Niedrigranginge Bonoboweibchen haben nur beschränkt Nachteile durch Nahrungskonkurrenz, da ihre Energiebilanzen ähnlich derer der hochrangingen Weibchen waren. Die höchstrangigen Weibchen sind durch die Sozialität benachteiligt. Dies scheint mehr durch soziale Ursachen, als durch Nachteile bei der Nahrungsaufnahme begründet. Die erhöhten Nachteile der Sozialität für weibliche Bonobos, könnten einerseits in der Erhaltung der Position in der Rangordnung und des Erlangens von Rang bei gleichzeitigem Fehlen von weiblichen Verwandten begründet liegen und andererseits durch ihre Beteiligung an Konflikten zwischen den Geschlechtern hervorgerufen werden, ins besonders wenn Unterstützung ihrer Söhne in Konflikten dabei eine Rolle spielt. ; Social interactions with conspecifics have fitness consequences for individuals. Socio-ecology is a subdiscipline of behavioral ecology. Socio-ecology integrates ecology, sexual selection, inclusive fitness theory, and evolutionary optimality modelling to advance our understanding of how social strategies evolve. Social strategies are sets of repeated individual behavioural decisions from which social systems eventually arise. A successful strategy maximizes an individuals' inclusive fitness. Behavioural decisions are constrained by several factors, many of which stem from the surrounding ecological and social environment. Group living comes with the costs of within-group competition for resources and increased disease transmission risk, which needs to balance out against the benefits of sociality for group living to evolve. Benefits of group living include reduced risk of predation, increased access to mates, defense of resources, and enhanced foraging success, among others. Social strategies are modulated by sex, because male and female fitness are limited by different resources. In mammals, female fitness is limited by access to food resources due to the energetic costs of gestation and lactation. Therefore, feeding competition tends to pose a greater cost of sociality for females than for males. Primate socio-ecology has focused on how food resource characteristics affect the distribution of females and their social strategies, which in turn defines the social strategies of males. Male coercion, infanticide risk, and predation risk are also key factors which shape female strategies. Classical literature on resource competition makes a distinction between two main forms of competition, contest and scramble. Contest competition is a direct form of competition induced by clumped, defendable resources, and it results in a skewed distribution of resources among group members. Scramble is an indirect form of competition that results in equal resource distribution among group members but the amount received by everyone decreases with increasing group size. Primate socio-ecological models have been central in providing distinct predictions for the behavioural responses and net energy intake depending on the resource characteristics. The social outcomes describe the competitive regimes within and betw een groups, including characteristics of dominance relationships and degree of tolerance among females. The two species in genus Pan, chimpanzees (P. troglodytes) and bonobos (P. paniscus), share several social traits, including female dispersal and a high degree of fission-fusion dynamics. However, female bonobos are distinct due to their high gregariousness (i.e. high ratio of attendance in mix-sex parties and female cohesiveness), increased social tolerance and socio-sexual behaviours. The proximate mechanisms underlying these traits have not been studied rigorously thus far. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the species difference within the Genus Pan, however a formal test with the appropriate parameters has been lacking. As our closest living relatives together with the chimpanzees, studying bonobos in their natural habitat can also enhance our understanding of human evolution. My thesis aim was test predictions derived from socio-ecological theory, which link repeated social interactions in feeding patches to variation in female energy balance and glucocorticoid levels reflecting allostatic load (i.e. the cumulative burden on the body due to environmental challenges) in female bonobos. In particular, my aim was to elucidate, whether the variation is consistently associated with female dominance rank position such that the costs of feeding competition are skewed. With my study, I was also able to comprehensively test a socio-ecological hypothesis, the Resource Abundance hypothesis, which proposes that differences in gregariousness between female chimpanzees and bonobos are due to the differences in the availability of abundant food resources. In addition, I tested two alternative hypotheses, the Cooperative Defence and Priority of Access hypotheses, proposed to explain the increased gregariousness in female bonobos specifically. The former proposes female defence of food resources against males as the main driver of female sociality in bonobos, while the latter invokes female defence of food resources against other females, respectively. To test the predictions for these hypotheses, I characterized the proximate mechanisms of within-group feeding competition in female bonobos by assessing the relative effects of social and ecological parameters on female feeding efficiency, energy balance and allostatic load. I collected data on 14 adult female bonobos of the Bompusa community at the study site of LuiKotale in Democratic Republic of Congo during two nine-month field seasons. I obtained data on food resource characteristics on a scale relevant to the bonobos from 683 feeding patches using the focal tree method. I recorded food intake rates and movement in focal trees to assess female feeding efficiency. I collected non-invasive urine samples to assess female energy balance based on C-peptide levels and allostatic load based on cortisol metabolite levels. I collected scan data on party composition and terrestrial herbaceous vegetation feeding, and used it to infer potential alternative female feeding strategies. To examine whether females predominantly formed coalitions against other females or against males, I analysed all occurrence data on agonistic interactions. My first study evaluated the relative contributions of ecological and social factors on female feeding success, feeding effort and energy balance. Based on the combined effects of decreasing food intake and increasing movement in feeding patches, I established that bonobos depleted their food resources, which is a condition for feeding competition to occur. I found that high-ranking females had higher feeding efficiency than low-ranking females, because high dominance rank was associated with higher food intake rates in combination with lower probability of moving in feeding patches. This finding is consistent with within-group contest competition and most likely results from high-ranking females attaining better feeding positions in food patches and avoidance of high-ranking females by low-ranking females. I found that variation in female energy balance was explained by monthly availability of fruits (positive association between energy balance and fruit availability), but not by female dominance rank. I demonstrated that low-ranking females did not compensate for the lower feeding efficiency by feeding in terrestrial herbaceous vegetation patches or by foraging in smaller parties than high-ranked females. I also found that female-female coalitions mainly targeted males. In combination with the patch depletion and lack of support for lower-ranking females using alternative feeding strategies, I have shown that the Resource Abundance hypothesis is an unlikely explanation for the differences in female gregariousness between chimpanzees and bonobos. My study lends stronger support for the Cooperative Defence hypothesis, suggesting that female gregariousness and tolerance in bonobos evolved due to the need of flexible coalition formation among the mostly unrelated females in defense of food resources against males and to deter harassment by males. In my second study, I tested the predictions of the allostatic load framework to asses the effects of energetic condition, dominance status, and reproductive state on female cortisol metabolite levels as a proxy of allostatic load. I established, that there was no relationship between energy balance and cortisol levels measured from the same urine sample. I found that females in early lactation state had higher cortisol levels compared to females in cycling or late lactation state. I also found that the three highest-ranked females had higher cortisol levels compared to the 11 females on all other dominance rank positions. I also showed that females at the highest dominance rank position face increased allostatic load. Moreover, I found that early lactation increases allostatic load of females independent of dominance rank position. The combined results of my study refine our understanding of female social relationships in a species that is peaceful and tolerant according to the widely held notion. Lower-ranking female bonobos suffer only limited costs of within-group feeding competition. Despite having lower feeding efficiency compared to high-ranking females, the energy balance of low-ranking females is similar to those of higher-ranked females. I did not find indication that low-ranked females used compensatory feeding strategies of feeding away from the main party or feeding more on terrestrial herbs. Another possibility is that lower-ranking females feed longer, which I did not test for. However, I did find that highest-ranking females face costs of sociality that seem to be driven by social effects rather than by nutritional challenges. The increased costs of sociality to the highest-ranked female bonobos may be due to dominance rank maintenance and acquisition in the absence of support from female relatives on the one hand. Moreover, there may be additional energetic costs for those high-ranking females who provide agonistic support for their son(s). My study therefore consolidates the modulating effect of male strategies on female social relationships, and the importance of considering the synergistic effects of male and female strategies on sociality.

Esta tesis se basa en tres publicaciones científicas. En primer lugar, analizamos el efecto de la suplementación con Probisan® en la rata Zucker Diabetic Fatty, un modelo animal experimental de diabetes tipo 2, en un estudio que duró 31 semanas (Estudio 1). Al final del estudio observamos que la administración de Probisan® en este modelo animal no previno el desarrollo de diabetes tipo 2 aunque si retrasó el inicio de la enfermedad. Además de ello, pudimos confirmar que la suplementación con Probisan® fue favorable porque disminuyó las complicaciones y molestias derivadas de la diabetes, mejorando la salud de los animales suplementados e incrementando su esperanza de vida. Presuponemos que dicha protección se obtuvo mediante la modulación de la microbiota gastrointestinal. En cualquier caso, nuestro estudio presenta ciertas limitaciones y se requiere de más estudios para esclarecer el tema. En segundo lugar, actualizamos el conocimiento sobre el papel de la microbiota gastrointestinal en la patogénesis de la diabetes tipo 1, otra forma de diabetes mellitus (Estudio 2). Se trata de un tema de suma importancia ya que la diabetes tipo 1 es una enfermedad incurable y existe una gran heterogeneidad en la respuesta de los pacientes frente a los tratamientos, lo que dificulta el desarrollo de tratamientos efectivos para la mayoría de enfermos. Para ello realizamos una revisión narrativa sobre las terapias emergentes para tratar la enfermedad. Particularmente, nos centramos en aquellas estrategias basadas en la inmunoterapia, y en una de las secciones del trabajo profundizamos sobre el papel de la microbiota como nuevo enfoque para tratar la enfermedad. Este estudio nos aportó una perspectiva más amplia para comprender mejor la implicación de los microorganismos intestinales en la diabetes mellitus. Además, nos permitió explorar las posibles estrategias terapéuticas para abordar la diabetes tipo 1 mediante cambios en la ecología microbiana intestinal, tanto a nivel estructural como funcional. Por último, con el objetivo de conocer mejor Probisan® y su comportamiento en el tiempo, quisimos evaluar los cambios que tienen lugar en el producto durante su almacenamiento (Estudio 3). Para analizar las propiedades fisicoquímicas y microbiológicas del producto a lo largo del tiempo realizamos un estudio de campo en el cual Probisan® estuvo expuesto a condiciones de almacenamiento simuladas durante su vida útil (1 año). Para ello se prepararon pequeños sacos con Probisan® (150 g de producto) que fueron almacenados en ocho condiciones diferentes [cuatro temperaturas de almacenamiento (-20 ºC, 4 ºC, 22 ºC and 37 ºC) y dos tipos de envasado (envasado normal y envasado al vacío)]. El pH, la humedad y los recuentos de bacterias totales, bacterias lácticas y levaduras fueron determinados en cada tiempo de muestreo (0, 1, 3, 6 y 12 meses de almacenamiento). Estábamos particularmente interesados en el estudio de la viabilidad microbiana ya que hipotetizamos que los microorganismos vivos podrían jugar un papel clave en los efectos beneficiosos de Probisan®. Al final del estudio pudimos concluir que la carga microbiana de Probisan® se ve afectada negativamente en todas las condiciones estudiadas, y que dicho efecto se intensifica con el tiempo. Nuestros resultados revelaron que, de acuerdo con nuestra hipótesis de partida, el almacenamiento a baja temperatura (-20 ºC y 4 ºC) protege mejor la viabilidad de los microorganismos en Probisan® en comparación con el almacenamiento a temperatura ambiente (22 ºC) o alta temperatura (37 ºC). Por otro lado, no encontramos diferencias importantes entre las dos formas de envasado en los parámetros de estudio, descartándose por tanto el envasado al vacío como posible estrategia para preservar la carga de microorganismos vivos en Probisan®. No obstante, futuros estudios podrían valorar otras formas alternativas de envasado. ; This thesis is based on three scientific publications. Firstly, we tested the effect of Probisan® on the Zucker Diabetic Fatty rat, an experimental animal model of type 2 diabetes, for 31 weeks (Study 1). At the end of the study we concluded that the administration of Probisan® in this animal model could not prevent the development of type 2 diabetes, however, it delayed the disease onset. In addition, we were able to confirm that Probisan® supplementation was favorable and alleviated complications and discomfort associated with diabetes, improving the health of the supplemented animals and increasing their life expectancy. We hypothesize that such protection was obtained through the modulation of the gastrointestinal microbiota. In any case, our study has certain limitations and more research is required to clarify this issue. Secondly, we update the knowledge on the role of the gastrointestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of autoimmune type 1 diabetes, another form of diabetes mellitus (Study 2). It is an extremely important topic since type 1 diabetes is an incurable disease and there is great heterogeneity in the response of patients to treatments, making it difficult to develop effective treatments for most patients. To do this, we conducted a narrative review of emerging therapies to treat the disease. In particular, we focus on those strategies based on immunotherapy, and in a specific section we delve into the role of the microbiota as a new approach to treat the disease. This study gave us a broader perspective to better understand the involvement of gut microbes in diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, it allowed us to explore possible therapeutic strategies to address type 1 diabetes through changes in the intestinal microbial ecology, both structurally and functionally. Lastly, in order to better understand Probisan® and its behaviour over time, we aimed to evaluate the changes that take place in the product during its storage (Study 3). To analyse the physicochemical and microbiological properties of the product over time, we conducted a field study in which Probisan® was exposed to simulated storage conditions during its shelf life (1 year). For this, small sacks were prepared with Probisan® (150 g of product) that were stored in eight storage conditions [four storage temperatures (- 20 ºC, 4 ºC, and 37 ºC) and two types of packaging (normal packaging and vacuum packaging)]. The pH, moisture content, and counts of total bacteria, lactic bacteria, and yeast were determined at each sampling time (0, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of storage). We were particularly interested in the study of microbial viability as we speculated that alive microorganisms could play a key role in the beneficial effects of Probisan®. At the end of the study we were able to conclude that the microbial load of Probisan® is negatively affected in all the conditions studied, and this effect intensifies over time. Our results revealed that, in good agreement with our starting hypothesis, storage at low temperature (- 20 ºC and 4 ºC) protects better the viability of microorganisms in Probisan® compared to storage at room temperature (22 ºC) or high temperature (37 ºC). On the other hand, we did not find substantial differences between the packaging modes in the measured parameters, and vacuum packaging was ruled out as a possible strategy to preserve the load of alive microorganisms in Probisan®. Notwithstanding, alternative packaging approaches remain to be investigated. ; The current Ph. D. dissertation has been carried out in the Laboratory of Biochemistry of the Faculty of Health Sciences of the Public University of Navarre, within the framework of the project entitle 'The role of synbiotics (Probisan®) in the prevention and development of diabetes and inflammatory bowel diseases in animal experimental models', granted from Advanced Innovation & Technology Corporation (ADItech Corp, Department of Economic Development, Navarre Government) [Reference: PT022 SIMDIACOL], and the study 'Optimization of Probisan®'s manufacturing process for its future use in diabetic patients as a nutritional supplement' (Navarre Government) [Reference: 0011-1365-2017-000127], within the project HEALTHSTOCK (Ref. 733627) funded by the European Union Research and Innovation Programme Horizon 2020. During the doctoral programme, Ms. Miriam Cabello Olmo received a research grant from the Navarre Government under the Industrial Ph. D. program 2017-2019 [Reference: 001114082016000011]. This financial assistance also included the economic support for national or international research internships, and allowed the Ph. D. candidate to enjoy three research stays. ; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud (RD 99/2011) ; Osasun Zientzietako Doktoretza Programa (ED 99/2011)

Grünland erfüllt eine Reihe von wichtigen Funktionen: Es liefert Biomasse für die Tier- und Futtermittelproduktion und stellt gleichzeitig viele Ökosystemfunktionen, wie die Erhaltung der Artenvielfalt, Kohlenstoffspeicherung, Wasserreinigung, Nährstoffrückhaltung und einen hohen Erholungswert für die Gesellschaft, zur Verfügung. Diese Multifunktionalität hängt allerdings stark von der Bewirtschaftungsintensität und von verschiedenen Umweltbedingungen ab. Grünlandbewirtschaftung spielt eine wichtige Rolle innerhalb der landwirtschaftlichen Produktionssysteme in Deutschland, besonders in der Rinderhaltung. In Norddeutschland reicht der Anteil des Grünlandes an der gesamten landwirtschaftlichen Nutzfläche auf Landesebene von 20 bis über 30 %. Die fortschreitende Intensivierung der Landnutzungssysteme mit immer höheren Anforderungen an die Milchleistungen pro Kuh führt zu einem immer höheren Bedarf an Energiegehalt im Tierfutter. Landwirte, die Grünland bewirtschaften, müssen sich diesem Trend anpassen um ihren Betrieb profitabel und wettbewerbsfähig zu erhalten. Diese Entwicklung führt zu einer Intensivierung der gesamten Futterproduktion. Für das Grünlandmanagement bedeutet dies höhere Stickstoffdüngergaben und eine erhöhte Nutzungsfrequenz. Es werden aber auch vermehrt Hochleistungsfuttermittel, insbesondere Mais, angebaut. Dies geschieht häufig auf Kosten von Dauergrünlandflächen. Da besonders extensiv bewirtschaftetes Dauergrünland neben der Produktionsfunktion sehr viele andere Ökosystemfunktionen bereitstellt, führt der Flächenverlust an Dauergrünland zu einer Schwächung der Multifunktionalität der Agrarlandschaft. Hinsichtlich dieser Ausgangssituation ging es im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit um die Einstellung und das Verhalten von Landwirten, die Grünland bewirtschaften, bezüglich der Agrarumweltmaßnahmen (AUM). Diese Maßnahmen wurden entwickelt, um eine extensive Bewirtschaftung von Dauergrünland zu fördern. Die Teilnahme an diesen Programmen ist freiwillig. Betriebe, die an AUM teilnehmen, bekommen staatliche Ausgleichszahlungen, wenn sie ihr Dauergrünland extensiv bewirtschaften. Innerhalb der Untersuchungen wurde ein standardisierter Fragebogen entwickelt, der von 82 Betriebsleitern von Grünland-Betrieben auf einem Gradienten von Westen nach Osten in Norddeutschland beantwortet wurde. Die Auswahl der Betriebe erfolge auf Basis von Zensus Daten, um ein repräsentatives Bild der Grünland-Betriebe der Untersuchungsregion zu bekommen. Es wurden Fragen zu persönlichen Daten, Betriebs- und Geschäftsmanagement sowie zu allgemeinen landwirtschaftlichen und naturschutzfachlichen Angelegenheiten gestellt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Mehrheit der befragten Betriebsleiter generell am Naturschutz interessiert ist. Die meisten Betriebsleiter vertraten die Ansicht, dass Landwirte die Aufgabe haben, die Natur aktiv zu schützen. Diese positive Einstellung zum Naturschutz korrelierte allerdings nicht mit einer positiven Einstellung zu AUM. Mit Hilfe des "farming style concepts" wurden alle befragten Betriebsleiter in vier Gruppen eingeteilt (Traditionalisten, Idealisten, Modernisierer und Ertragsoptimierer). Diese Gruppen unterschieden sich hinsichtlich Betriebsparametern wie Betriebsgröße, der generellen Einstellung zu landwirtschaftlichen Belangen und wirtschaftlichem Erfolg. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich diese vier Gruppen auch hinsichtlich ihrer Einstellung zum Naturschutz unterscheiden. Allerdings unterschieden sie sich nicht hinsichtlich der Nutzung von AUM und nannten zugleich unterschiedliche Gründe für eine Nichtteilnahme an den Maßnahmen. Die "farming styles" beschreiben Landwirte auf Grund einer Kombination von Betriebsparametern und der Art wie diese Landwirte denken und fühlen. Für Beratungsstellen, die AUM in die landwirtschaftliche Praxis integrieren möchten, könnte eine Kommunikation, die an die unterschiedlichen "farming styles" angepasst ist, von Vorteil sein. Die existierenden AUM sollten hinsichtlich der von den Betriebsleitern genannten Gründe für eine Nichtteilnahme überarbeitet werden. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit befasst sich mit der Überprüfung der Praxistauglichkeit einer Methode zur Untersuchung des Maisanteils im Futter von unterschiedlichen Rinderhaltungssystemen. Die 13C-Isotopensignatur in den Rinderschwanzhaaren war Gegenstand dieser Untersuchungen. Rinderhaare fungieren als Archiv für Isotopensignaturen und erhalten somit Informationen über die Zusammensetzung des aufgenommen Futters in der Vergangenheit. In dieser Untersuchung wurde zunächst die Verlässlichkeit der 13C-Isotopensignatur in den Rinderschwanzhaaren für die Überprüfung des Maisanteils im Futter analysiert. Weiterhin wurde untersucht, ob der Maisanteil im Futter über einen längeren Zeitraum auf Basis eines einzelnen Haares zurückverfolgt werden kann, ohne kostspielige und zeitaufwendige Umfragen und Untersuchungen auf den Betrieben durchführen zu müssen. Es wurde untersucht, ob durch die Analyse von unterschiedlichen Abschnitte von Rinderschwanzhaare Unterschiede im Maisanteil im Futter während der Sommer- und der Winterfütterung festgestellt werden können. Auf 23 Rinderbetrieben in Norddeutschland wurden Rinderschwanzhaare und Informationen zum Management und der Futterzusammensetzung gesammelt. Die Betriebe unterschieden sich hinsichtlich des durchschnittlichen jährlichen Anteils von Mais, Gras und anderem Kraftfutter in der Ration und in der Haltungsform der Rinder (Ganzjahresweide, Weidehaltung im Sommer, keine Weidehaltung). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die gemittelten 13C-Isotopensignaturen von zwei Haar-Abschnitten, welche isotopische Informationen über die Sommer und Winterfütterung enthalten, den durchschnittlichen jährlichen Maisanteil im Futter auf einem Betrieb verlässlich widerspiegeln. Kurzzeitige Änderungen in der Zusammensetzung der Ration (wenn über einen kurzen Zeitraum Mais gefüttert wurde) konnten ebenfallt aufgedeckt werden. Betriebe deren Maisanteil im Futter stark vom durchschnittlichen Maisanteil im Futter des jeweiligen Haltungssystems abwich, konnten ebenfalls mittels 13C-Isotopensignaturen in einem einzelnen Haar nachgewiesen werden. Demnach kann diese Methode in unterschiedlichen Rinderhaltungssystemen zur Überprüfung von Maisanteilen im Futter über einen Zeitraum von einem Jahr vor der Probenahme der Haare eingesetzt werden. Der dritte Teil dieser Arbeit befasst sich mit der Untersuchung der Potentiale und Risiken einer Landnutzungsintensivierung von ehemals extensiv genutzten Dauergrünlandflächen auf sandigen Böden in Norddeutschland. In einer 3-Jahres-Studie wurden vier typische Futtermittelproduktionssysteme mit steigender Intensität (moderat bewirtschaftetes Dauergrünland, intensiv bewirtschaftetes Dauergrünland, Ackergras, Mais) auf fünf Untersuchungsstandorten auf einem Klimagradienten (Temperatur und Niederschlag) untersucht. In dieser Untersuchung konnten keine höhen Stickstofferträge und Rohproteingehalte im Ackergras im Vergleich zum intensiv bewirtschafteten Dauergrünland nachgewiesen werden. Das intensiv bewirtschaftete Dauergrünland zeigte allerdings im Vergleich zum moderat bewirtschafteten Dauergrünland höhere Stickstofferträge, Rohproteingehalte und Energiedichten im Aufwuchs. Die Anzahl der Pflanzenarten wurde allerdings durch diese Intensivierung nicht verringert. Im Vergleich zu den anderen drei Intensitätsstufen der Futtermittelproduktion wurde beim intensiv bewirtschafteten Dauergrünland am wenigsten Variabilität bei allen aufgenommenen Parametern zwischen den fünf Standorten und den drei Untersuchungsjahren festgestellt. Die Trockenmasseerträge der drei Grünland Intensitäts-Stufen waren gering aber von guter Qualität hinsichtlich Energie- und Rohproteingehalt. Die Trockenmasseerträge des Maises lagen im zu erwartenden Bereich für die Untersuchungsregion, waren aber von eher schlechter Qualität. Wie zu erwarten zeigte sich beim Mais ein höheres Risiko für eine Stickstoffauswaschung im Herbst im Vergleich zum Dauergrünland und zum Ackergras. Dies bedeutet, dass ein moderat bis intensiv bewirtschaftetes Dauergrünland eine akzeptable Option der Futtermittelproduktion auf ungünstigen Standorten darstellt. Der Verlust von wichtigen Ökosystemleistungen wird im Vergleich zum Ackergras und zum Mais vermindert und gleichzeitig kann eine angemessene Futterqualität erzielt werden. ; Grassland is seen to fulfil a range of functions: Grasslands deliver biomass for livestock and energy production and provide several ecosystem services like biodiversity and wildlife protection, carbon sequestration, water purification, nutrient retention and also social benefits like recreation. This multifunctionality, however, strongly depends on the intensity of management and on environmental conditions. Grassland farming plays an important role among the agricultural production systems in Germany and grasslands are mainly used for cattle production. In northern Germany, the proportion of grassland of the total agricultural land ranges from 20 to over 30 %. There is an on-going trend towards an intensification of land-use and increasing milk yields which require higher energy contents in forage. Grassland farmers have to follow this trend if their enterprise is to remain profitable. This results in an intensification of grassland management – usually an increased N input and more cuts – with the extension of the cultivation of ley grass or the cultivation of the high energy crop maize for cattle fodder. As it is mainly extensively or moderately managed grassland that provides many ecosystems services, the intensification of grassland management can weaken its multifunctionality. The first aim of this dissertation was to analyzed farmer's attitude and behavior concerning voluntary Agri-environment measures (AEM). These measures tend to promote a more extensive grassland management by providing governmental support payments to farmers. A standardized questionnaire was developed to be answered face-to-face by 82 grassland farmers on a west to east gradient in northern Germany. The selection of farms was based on census data to achieve a representative picture of the area. Questions were asked concerning personal data, farm management and business management as well as on general agricultural and nature protection issues. The results indicate that the majority of grassland farmers is generally interested in nature conservation and believes it to be of concern for every farmer. In contrast, only a minority of the respondents is using the existing AEM to the full extend on their own farm. By applying the concept of farming styles, we classified farmers into four groups, namely Traditionalist, Idealist, Modernist, and Yield Optimizer. These farming styles groups differ in farm and management parameters, general attitudes towards agricultural issues, farming objectives and economic success. We found that in our survey the farming styles groups differ in their attitude towards nature conservation. However, they do not differ in the adoption of AEM and have different reasons for not taking part. We state that for a better implementation of AEM into agricultural practice a better communication, which is adapted to the different ways that farmers manage their farm and think and feel, is needed. Consequently, AEM need to be revised as well. The second aim was to find a simple method that can be used in practice to retrospectively check on mean maize contents in diet of different cattle production systems over a longer period without frequently and costly surveys on the farms. Sections from cattle hair serve as an isotopic archive - they contain information on diet from different time periods. We tested the reliability of 13C signatures (δ13C) in cattle tail switch hair to retrospectively trace back the annual mean dietary proportion of maize of different production systems without having to sample and analyze the feed. Furthermore, we investigated if differences in dietary proportion of maize during summer and winter feeding can be detected by sampling hair only once a year. We sampled hair and obtained information on management and annual mean composition of diets on 23 cattle farms in northern Germany. Farms differed in dietary proportions of maize, grass and other concentrates as well as in grazing regime (year-round grazing, summer grazing, no grazing). We found that the mean δ13C of two hair sections that contain the isotopic information of summer and winter feeding is a robust indicator for the annual mean proportion of maize in cattle diet on a farm. We could also demonstrate short term changes in the diet (when maize was added for some time) by comparing summer and winter δ13C. Farms whose dietary proportion of maize deviated from the average dietary proportion of maize of the respective grazing regime (in summer or winter feeding) could be detected via the δ13C of a single cattle hair. We conclude that the method can be used in different cattle production systems to check on dietary proportions of maize for a period of one year before sampling of hair. The third aim was to investigate the potentials and risks of land-use intensification on former extensively managed permanent grassland sites on sandy soils concerning productivity and other ecosystem services. We set up a three-year field experiment with four management intensity levels representing four typical forage production systems (moderate permanent grassland, intensive permanent grassland, ley grass, maize) on five sites on a climatic gradient (temperature and precipitation) in northern Germany. We found that ley grass had no higher N yields and crude protein concentrations than intensive permanent grassland. Intensive permanent grassland had higher N yields than moderate permanent grassland while the number of plant species was not lower. Of all treatments, intensive permanent grassland was least influenced by site and year effects on yield, forage quality and species number. The dry matter yields of all grassland treatments were small, but forage had good net energy contents and crude protein concentrations. Dry matter yields of maize were in a range of those of the farming practice in the respective regions, but nutritional quality was poor. Maize showed a higher risk of nitrogen leaching compared to the grassland treatments. We conclude that to avoid a loss of ecosystem services and to have a forage production system that delivers yields of adequate quality, a moderate or intensive management of permanent grassland can be a good option on sandy soils.

Not Available ; Strategies for Doubling Farmers' Income in Rainfed Regions of the Country Rainfed agriculture with nearly 53 per cent of the cultivated area contributes to 40 per cent of country's food production. Nearly 83% of the area under pulses, 85% of the area under coarse cereals, 70% of the area under oilseeds and 42% of the area under rice is rainfed. Rainfed regions are home to about 40% of the human and 60% of the livestock population and the performance of rainfed agriculture is critical to achieve and sustain higher growth in agriculture, enhance incomes and improve livelihoods. The productivity of several rainfed crops is around 1 t/ha and the adoption and diffusion of key rainfed technologies is still low resulting in large yield gaps between research stations and farmers' fields. Decline in the size of the holdings, continuous and unabated land degradation, widespread nutrient deficiencies, increasing climatic variability and climate change poses new challenges in the form of deficit rainfall, droughts and floods impacting the productivity and profitability. Besides, large livestock population inhabiting the rainfed regions require nutrient rich fodder and the demand and supply of fodder is widening. By 2025, the deficits will be to the tune of 65% in case of green fodder and 25% in case of dry fodder. The real incomes of the farmers are declining due to growing labour and input costs. In order to achieve doubling of farmers' income, besides meeting food and nutritional security of the growing population, enhancing the productivity of crops as well as an accelerated growth of livestock, fishery and horticulture sub-sectors will be required in rainfed areas. The short-term strategy would be deployment of location specific proven rainfed technologies depending on the resource endowments for bridging the yield gaps, cropping intensification in medium to high rainfall regions with appropriate water harvesting and efficient use, diversification of agriculture at farm level. Emphasis on strengthening of the farming system and enhancing income from livestock component, focus on market intelligence and dissemination of market information is key for enhancing income at farm. Upscaling of climate resilient integrated farming system modules with diversifying enterprises with high farm income is an essential strategy particularly for small and marginal farmers. The medium term strategy would be on high value crops and commodities including horticulture, protected cultivation of high value crops, value chain development for rainfed crops, capacity building of communities on market intelligence, skill up-gradation towards value addition, cost minimization by way of establishment of farmers producers groups, and risk minimization by way of providing access to water and insurance. For long-term sustainable agriculture, building Dr. K. Sammi Reddy soil organic carbon and promotion of application of organic manures and crop residues with reduced tillage to improve soil health is needed. These strategies have to be implemented in a system mode in association with all the relevant stakeholders so as to establish scalable and evidence based models for doubling of income for various rainfed agro-ecosystems in the country. The action plan need to be implemented in a mission mode pattern by DAC&FW and State line departments by converging with ongoing Central (PMKSY,PMPKVY, MGNREGA, RKVY, PMFBY, etc) and State (eg. Krishi Bhagya program of Karnataka, PantaSanjivani of Andhra Pradesh, PoCRA of Maharashtra, drought management program of Odisha, TSMIP of Telangana etc) programs. This may require adequate fund allocation and manpower. The focus should also be on capacity building/skill development of all relevant stakeholders at various levels. ICAR-CRIDA along with network partners through AICRPDA, AICRPAM, NICRA and SAUs would contribute for implementing the mission mode program through technical backstopping. K. Sammi Reddy Director (Acting), CRIDA CRIDA - Newsletter 2 Research Highlights New Research Initiatives Development of Microbial Consortia for Drought Tolerance in Rainfed Crops Plant beneficial microorganisms have great potential to enhance the drought tolerance and crop productivity. They exhibit variety of plant growth promoting characteristics, which help in modifying the physiological responses to water scarcity and enhances the survival and growth of crop plants. Combination of microbial cultures potentially aid in multiple functions, which are not possible otherwise. Since the constituent individual species perform different functions such as nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, drought tolerance etc. which gives additive benefit for crop growth and development. At ICARCRIDA, a project entitled 'Development of microbial consortia for drought tolerance in rainfed crops' has been initiated in collaboration with AICRP on Dryland Agriculture to evaluate microbial consortia already developed at CRIDA under different rainfed regions of the country and to identify potential isolates/ consortia of microorganisms if any for drought tolerance and plant growth promotion from native soils. This study would help in characterizing the location specific effective consortia that could be used to improve plant growth and yield under drought stress conditions. District Action Plans for Drought Proofing ICAR-CRIDA has been given the responsibility to develop district action plans for drought proofing for 24 selected districts in 3 states i.e Karnataka (16), Andhra Pradesh (4), Rajasthan (4). The plans being developed in association with participation of district level officials of different line departments including agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, irrigation, groundwater and rural development and KVKs and state agriculture universities. A common template has been prepared by ICAR-CRIDA and circulated to all districts to collect the relevant information on all sectors covering climate information, crops, animals, water resources availability and prioritisation basis to identify the crops/horticulture systems/ livestock systems to assess the vulnerability and the possible interventions in terms of water management, watershed activities and crop based interventions for inclusion in developmental programmes. Capacity building workshops were organised for 3 states separately on the template and review meetings are also completed for district level officials. Co-4 fodder in the farmer's field Farmers FIRST Project Farmers FIRST project on "Farmer Centric Natural Resource Development for Socio- Economic Empowerment in Rainfed areas of Southern Telangana Region" being implemented since October, 2016 in Pudur mandal of Vikarabad district of Telangana State in a cluster of four villages namely: Thirumalapur, Rakamcharla, Pudugurthy and Devanoniguda comprising 400 households. Based on PRA and baseline survey information, an action plan and technology package for the area has been implemented. The technology package modules comprised of soil and water conservation, crops and cropping systems, horticulture, livestock, farm mechanization and socio-economic studies. Development of model irrigation system, vegetable nursery raising at farmers level utilizing portrays with cocopeat; seed and shade nets, backyard poultry; mineral supplementation; crop residue management by making total mixed ration and use of chaff cutter; ram lamb technology; fodder technology var.CO- 4 series were some of interventions carried out in the villages in participatory mode. CRIDA - Newsletter 3 Unreaped Yield Potentials of Major Rainfed Crops A Decision Support System (DSS) has been developed which can be hosted online. The DSS accommodates 15 rainfed crops. For a selected crop and district, the DSS identifies model district having agro-climatic features similar to target district and provides potential yield achieved by model district. It further explores the scope for bridging the yield gap with adoption of HYVs and proper nutrient management. Some validation checks were incorporated for nutrient use. Testing is being done for hosting the application on CRIDA server. Yield efficiency of a district was assessed under rainfed conditions by building a composite index. The index was built by combining crop-wise efficiencies (20 crops) using area sown under a crop as weight. There were 60 districts which have potential for doubling of yield under rainfed production system. Scientific Activities Orientation Workshop on Drought Management An Orientation Workshop on "Drought Management in Odisha" at Watershed Mission Building, Bhubaneswar was organized on 7th July, 2017 by Department of Agriculture and Farmers' Empowerment, Govt. of Odisha, involving all line departments. The workshop was attended by Director, CRIDA and Scientist representatives from CRIDA, IIWM and OUA&T. The meeting was chaired by Smt. Sujata Kartikeyan, Commissioner cum Director, Odisha Watershed Development Mission. Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, Acting Director, ICAR-CRIDA in his opening remarks, appraised the delegates about short, medium and long-term action plans of Drought management to be taken up and role of various stakeholders in carrying out the MoU. Two presentations were made, first by Dr. P. Vijaya Kumar, ICARCRIDA on the detailed approach for drought management and the other by Dr. G. Kar of ICAR-IIWM on Mitigation Strategies. Deliberations were made on identification of blocks which are vulnerable to drought based on data available for selected parameters. Further, stress on inclusion of socio-economic parameters was laid, as Odisha is lagging behind in these aspects though it has better natural resources. A core group was formed to work out the methodology of prioritizing blocks for drought management. Smt. Sujata suggested for development of detailed technical programme for the selected blocks at the earliest to initiate the activities and also for monitoring and evaluation of the Programme by ICAR and SAU. Institute Advisory Committee (IAC) Meeting under Farmers FIRST Project Institute Advisory Committee (IAC) under Farmers FIRST Project was conducted on 26th July, 2017 at ICAR-CRIDA, under the chairmanship of Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting), ICARCRIDA in the presence of Dr. Y.G. Prasad, Director, ICAR-ATARI (Zone-X), Smt. S.V. Bharati, ADA, Vikarabad Dist., Ms. Vijayanti, HO, Parigi division, Dr. G. Nirmala, PI and all Co-PIs of the Farmers FIRST Project. A brief presentation on activities of project was made by Dr. G. Nirmala, PI which included the progress of work done and action plans for the year 2017-18. Some suggestions made by official includes to sum up each parameter of survey of 400 households in 4 villages, establishment of fodder bank, seed bank and IFS module in each village. Orientation Workshop on Drought Management in Odisha Institute Advisory Committee (IAC) under Farmer FIRST Project Interface Meeting on Agriculture Contingencies An interface meeting was organised on 8th August, 2017 at ICARCRIDA, Hyderabad, to assess the prevailing crop condition due CRIDA - Newsletter 4 to deficient rains in Telangana state under the chairmanship of Sri Parthasarathi, Agriculture Prin. Secretary, Govt of Telangana which was attended by District Level Officials and representatives of various institutes in Hyderabad. The rainfall for Southwest monsoon 2017, was predicted to be normal for the entire state. Rainfall during June month observed to be very good with majority mandals receiving normal to large excess rainfall in the state. A total of 264 mandals out of 584 mandals in the state received large excess rainfall. Only 63 mandals received deficient (59 mandals) to large deficient (4 mandals) rains in the state. Contingency measures to be taken up under the present condition were discussed. An assessment of available water in major, medium and minor tanks was also discussed. District level officials were advised to be cautious and also requested to monitor the emerging pests for cotton and other crops and requested to issue timely advisories to farmers using electronic media. Interface Meeting Standing Technical Committee (STC) Meeting of National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA). The Standing Technical Committee (STC) meeting of National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) was held on 8th September, 2017 at ICAR-CRIDA, Hyderabad under the Chairmanship of Dr.K. Sammi Reddy, Chairman, STC & Director, ICARCRIDA. Sri B.V.N. Rao, Deputy Commissioner, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare gave a brief on the importance of the pilot research projects being implemented by the various ICAR institutes sanctioned under NMSA. The committee reviewed these projects and suggested to develop Climate Resilient Farming System models. The committee advised to develop a withdrawal strategy for maintenance of assets created under the project and the outcome of the projects should indicate how the interventions of the project would contribute towards the vision of doubling of the farmers' income and reducing the risk due to extreme climate events. Hindi Fortnight Celebration The Hindi Fortnight was organized from 1-14 September, 2017. On this occasion Hindi Noting Drafting, Hindi-English technical, terminology, Hindi competitions and many others were organized. Winners were awarded with cash prizes on the concluding day by Director, CRIDA. Hindi Fortnight Celebration Dr.K.Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting) visited various experimental plots during Field IRC Field Institute Research Council (IRC) Meeting Field Institute Research Council (IRC) Meeting for 2017-18 was held on 21st September, 2017 at Gunegal Research Farm (GRF) and 27th September, 2017 at Hayathnagar Research Farm (HRF) under the chairmanship of Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting). The chairman IRC, Dr.K.Sammi Reddy, Project coordinators, Heads of Divisions/Sections and scientists visited various experiments and discussed thoroughly on various treatment effects. Various suggestions like displaying of the experimental and treatment boards at the experimental site, periodical Meeting in progress CRIDA - Newsletter 5 monitoring of soil moisture in CA related experiments, correlation of rainfall amount, rainy days and crop were made in Field IRC. Quinquennial Review Team (QRT) Meeting A two-day Quinquennial Review Team (QRT) meeting was organized at ICAR-CRIDA, Hyderabad during 20-21 December, 2017 under the Chairmanship of Dr. J.C. Katyal, Former VC, HAU, Hisar & Ex. DDG (Edn.), ICAR. The meeting was attended by Dr. V.M. Mayande, Former VC, PDKV, Akola; Dr. A. M. Shekh, Former VC, AAU Anand; Dr. V.S. Korikanthimath, Former Director, ICAR-CCARI, Goa; Dr. S.D.Gorantiwar, Head, (Dept. of IDE), MPKV, Rahuri and Dr. Rajender Parsad, Principal Scientist, ICAR-IASRI. Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, in his welcome address briefed the members about historical background of the institute, organizational structure, achievements in brief. The QRT members appreciated the efforts of ICAR- CRIDA and recommended inter-divisional approach for carrying out research. An interaction session was also organized with the scientists of the institute. QRT meeting in progress Interaction session with scientists Technology Transfer Exposure Visit under Farmers FIRST Project An exposure visit was conducted for nearly 80 farmers from Devononiguda and Rakamcherla villages of Pudur cluster, Vikarabad district, Telangana state on 30th August, 2017 to expose the farmers to the horticulture exhibition which has been organized at Peoples plaza, Necklace road, Hyderabad by the State Department of Horticulture and Sericulture, Government of Telangana. During the visit the farmers were exposed to various horticultural technologies. A technical session was arranged on horticulture schemes of department and subsidies and prospects of organic farming in vegetable cultivation, and best management in vegetables particularly chillies which is grown by the farmers. The exposure visit provided farmers an opportunity to meet promoters of organic farming, medicinal and aromatic products, Bonsai practitioners etc. Farm Implements Distribution to Tribal Farmers In the month of October, 2017 two programmes were organized in Kothwalguda cluster of Adilabad district and another in Yellamma thanda cluster of Rangareddy district (27th October, 2017) to create awareness among tribal farmers and to distribute improved implements to the farmers, in the awareness programme organized in Rangareddy district. Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting) emphasized the need of various improved implements and machinery and presented machines to the selected beneficiaries. CRIDA Farm machinery team under the guidance of Dr. I. Srinivas conducted demonstrations to farming community. Participation of Farmers in National Workshop Farmers from Pudur cluster under FFP project participated in 'A National Workshop on Doubling Farmers Income' from 22-23 December, 2017 at ICAR-NAARM. Feedback and suggestions on technology generation and dissemination for doubling farmers' income were provided to Telangana farmers during the meet. Dr. K.Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting) distributing power sprayers to farmers of Rangareddy Cluster Adilabad cluster village farmers display power sprayers received from CRIDA Participation of farmers in National Workshop Mera Gaon Mera Gaurav (MGMG) Activities Teams of Scientists from CRIDA have visited villages of Adilabad and Rangareddy districts in Telangana state under MGMG programme during July to December, 2017. During the period the following activities were undertaken in the programme: CRIDA - Newsletter 6 Districts Villages Activities Adilabad Seetagondi gram panchayat: Chinna Malkapur, Pedda Malkapur, Kothwalguda and Garkampet Demonstration and distribution of ten 5-hp pump sets and power sprayers to eligible beneficiaries, acquired under TSP plan Rangareddy Yellammathanda, Dadipalli thanda, Venkateswarthanda and Rangapur Distribution of power sprayers Nalgonda Kothathanda, Boringthanthanda, Lakma thanda Voice based Agro-advisries National Nutrition Week Celebration ICAR - KVK, Ranga Reddy district, CRIDA organized National Nutrition Week from 1 - 7 September, 2017 in the KVK adopted villages Narrepally and Gummadivelli. The theme of the event envisaged by the Govt. of India was "Better health and Improved diet in Infants and children". In Narrepally village, the programme was conducted on 6th September, 2017, where about 200 farm women, farmers and Anganwadi teachers attended the programme. Dr. V. Maruthi, Head KVK emphasized the traditional diets, their importance in nutrition to rural women. Smt. Shantisree, ICDS CDPO and chief guest presented a detailed picture of Nutritional programme for women nutritive value of synthetic diets nutritional disorders etc. In Gummadivelli, Kandukur Mandal, Ranga Reddy District the National Nutrition Week was celebrated on 7th September, 2017. Around 200 farm women attended the programme. Sri M.Babu Sarpanch, Sri Rameshwara Rao, District Training Officer, Zilla Parishad, Smt. Shobana CDPO, Kandukur mandal participated in the programme as Chief guests. Nutritional aspects of farm women and nutrition requirements were the topics of discussion during the programme. Field Day on Usage of Agricultural Implements ICAR-CRIDA KVK has conducted field day and an awareness programme on usage of agricultural Implements in field demonstrations on 18th September, 2017 at Gummadivelly village, Kandukur mandal, Ranga Reddy District. Dr. V. Maruthi, Head, KVK briefed the farmers on the need to adopt mechanization in all operations for cost reduction and yield enhancement with different implements and other technologies. Dr. B. Sanjeeva Reddy, Principal Scientist and OIC of farm Implements ICARCRIDA emphasized on CRIDA developed implements usage and availability. Er S. Vijayakumar, SMS (Agricultural Engineering), organized 30 field demonstrations in two villages with seedcum-fertilizer planter and the performance of demonstrated farmer fields with comparison to farmers' method and was found to be effective. About 67 farmers participated in the field day programme from two villages Gummadavelly and Kolanguda villages. The Farmers were educated on the improved production technologies through interactions and brochure prepared in local language. An exhibition was also arranged during this occasion to exhibit different agricultural implements developed from ICARCRIDA. Technology Week Technology week was organised at KVK-Ranga Reddy, ICARCRIDA, Hyderabad during 14-16 October, 2017. On the first day Dr.V.Maruthi, Head, KVK and Principal Scientist chaired the event and the Chief Guest of the day was Er.M.Mallikarjuna Swamy, State Technical Expert, State Level Nodal Agency, PMKSY and WDC, Telangana State, Guest of Honour was Dr.K.Dattatri, Principal Scientist, ICAR-ATARI, Hyderabad. Exhibitions were organized on farm machinery, livestock medicines, feed mixtures, bio-products, micro-irrigation, fodder cafeteria, books and literature on agriculture. National Women Farmers' Day National Women Farmers' Day (Mahila Kisan Divas) was organized by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, CRIDA on 15.10.2017 at Hayathnagar Research Farm with the participation of 250 women farmers from Ranga Reddy district. Dr. V. Maruthi, Head, KVK and Principal Scientist briefed the importance of the day and women's role in agriculture. Dr. K. Uma Maheswari, Head, PGRC, PJTSAU in her lecture discussed about the problems faced by women in farm activities. Dr. Sarah Kamala, Professor, AICRP (H.Sc.) discussed the issues related to drudgery reduction technologies for farm women, farm women's role and problems in agriculture. Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting), ICAR-CRIDA, Chief Guest of the programme addressed the women farmers by highlighting the KVK role in women empowerment, drudgery management and nutritional aspects. Dr. Y.G. Prasad, Director, ICAR-ATARI, Guest of Honour in his address sought the farmers to utilize the services of KVK by women farmers related to nutrition garden, drudgery equipment, trainings on farm and nonfarm activities. Live demonstrations, exhibits, technical sessions and farmer interactions with the experts were organized. National womens day celebration at CRIDA-KVK. CRIDA - Newsletter 7 National Agriculture Education Day ICAR-CRIDA celebrated National Agriculture Education Day on 3rd December, 2017 by organizing essay writing competitions for Class VIII & IX students and painting competitions for Class VI & VII students to mark the birth anniversary of first President of Independent India and Union Minister of Agriculture, Bharat Ratna (Late) Dr. Rajendra Prasad. Total 36 students from 12 different Kendriya Vidyalaya Schools located in Hyderabad and Secunderabad participated in the competitions. Dr. R.Nagarjuna Kumar, Scientist, briefed about the celebrations of Nation Agriculture Education Day. Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting), ICAR-CRIDA distributed prizes to the winners. In his address, he advised the students to choose agriculture science as a career option and also said that agriculture as a discipline which has huge opportunities and awareness of this has to be created through such science based programmes. oriented the farmers about soil testing facility, procedure of soil sample collection, analysis and usage of recommendations for higher crop yields. Sri. Pentaiah, Village Sarpanch thanked the CRIDA efforts in preparation and distribution of soil health cards and requested for similar cooperation and support in future. CRIDA scientists and extension functionaries from Agriculture department and Horticulture department interacted with the farmers. 140 Soil Health Cards were distributed with the crop related recommendations to the farmers of Rakamcharla, Tirumalapur and Devanoniguda villages of Pudur cluster under Farmers' First Project. Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting), ICAR-CRIDA explained the usage of Soil Health Cards and its National Agriculture Education Day Celebration World Soil Day Celebration at Rakamcharla Village KVK-CRIDA celebrated Agriculture Education Day on 3rd December, 2017 at KVK, Hayathnagar Research Farm. A batch of 164 school children from Ravindrabharathi School and St. Patrick School of 8th -10th standard actively participated. These school children were exposed to live field crops technologies, fodder cafeteria, farm mechanization, agricultural implements, livestock demonstrations etc. and also emphasized the importance of soil health status for agriculture crops and importance of soil by demonstration of soil testing in the laboratory. A debate competition on "Importance of organic Agriculture" was organized for students. Dr. V. Maruthi, Head, KVK and Principal Scientist and KVK staff interacted with children on various issues concerned to Agriculture education, followed by the distribution of appreciation certificates for the winners. World Soil Day Celebrations ICAR-CRIDA celebrate World Soil Day on 5th December, 2017 at Rakamcharla village, Pudur Mandal, Vikarabad district under the Chairmanship of Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting), ICARCRIDA, Hyderabad. Around 200 farmers from the villages of Pudur cluster attended the Soil Health Card distribution program. Dr. G.Nirmala, Principal Scientist, Head, TOT welcomed the participants and explained the objectives of the programme. Shri Ram Mohan, Agricultural Officer from the Agriculture department World soil day celebration at CRIDA-KVK interpretation for effective nutrient management for sustainable crop yields. On this occasion farm literature on "Soil Health Cards", "Soil and Water Conservation measures" and "Nursery raising through portrays" were released by the dignitaries. Dr. K. Sammi Reddy along with CRIDA scientists reviewed the progress of Farmers FIRST project activities during the field visit. World Soil Day was celebrated by conducting programme in one of the KVK adopted villages: Nagireddipalli, Nawabpet Mandal on 5.12.2017. Honorable MLA Sh. K. Yadaiah, Chevella Assembly Constituency participated in the programme along with other local representatives, government officials, NGOs and 188 farmers and farm women. Expert lecture by Dr. K. Srinivas, Principal Scientist (Soil Science), ICAR-CRIDA was arranged on soil health, nutrient management and soil test based recommendations to the farmers. Dr. V. Maruthi, Head, KVK and Principal Scientist briefed the importance of world soil day to the farmers. Hon'ble MLA distributed few soil health cards to the farmers from 4 villages. Pledge on Soil Day was also taken. Video message was displayed. A total of 300 soil health cards were distributed. Exhibits on soil testing kit, bio-fertilizers and fodder were also arranged. CRIDA - Newsletter 8 News from AICRPs Farmers-Scientists Interaction Meeting AICRPDA Centre, Rakh Dhiansar organized Farmers-Scientists interaction meeting in AICRPDA-NICRA village Khaner, District Samba on 26th November, 2017. Dr K. Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting), ICAR-CRIDA, Dr. G. Ravindra Chary Project Coordinator (AICRPDA), Dr. S. K. Dhyani, Principal Scientist, NRM Division ICAR, Dr. J. P. Sharma, Director of Research and other officials from SKUAST-Jammu, Scientists from AICRPDA centres, Rakh Dhiansar, Ballowal Saunkhri and farmers from the AICRPDA-NICRA villages Khaner and Dangervala participated in the meeting. Farmers appreciated the real-time contingency measures to cope-up with weather aberrations and farmers emphasized on farm mechanization in rainfed crops. Brainstorming Session on "Automation of Agromet Advisory Services" A meeting of scientists from IMD, AICRPAM and ICAR-CRIDA was organized on 3rd August, 2017 at ICAR-CRIDA. The meeting was chaired by Dr. K. J. Ramesh, Director General, IMD, in which Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting), ICAR-CRIDA, Dr. P. Vijaya Kumar, PCAICRPAM and other scientists from IMD, AICRPAM Unit and Farmers-Scientists interaction in the AICRPDA-NICRA village AICRPAM Annual Working Group meeting National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) Annual Action Plan and Review Workshop of NICRA-KVKs Annual action plan and review workshop of NICRA-KVK's of various ATARI Zones were conducted in July, 2017 to review the progress in 2017- 18 and to discuss and finalize the action plan for 2018-19. The meetings captured the salient achievements and success stories from technology demonstrations in NICRA adopted villages. Dr. JVNS Prasad, Co-PI, TDC-NICRA emphasized about the approaches for scaling up of the proven resilient practices in the NICRA villages which is to be adopted in the next phase of NICRA in various workshops. Various suggestions were given to make the NICRA-KVK's achievements visible to other farmers and stakeholders. NICRA-KVK's of the zone presented from three AICRPAM centers attended and discussed about the collaboration between AICRPAM and IMD in preparation and dissemination of Agromet advisories. AICRPAM Annual Working Group Meeting The Annual working group meeting of AICRP on Agrometeorology was held at Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agriculture Sciences & Technology (SKUAST) Jammu, Chatha during 27th-29th November, 2017 to evaluate the research progress made during Kharif 2016 and Rabi 2016-17. All the scientists from AICRPAM Unit and cooperating centers participated. The center-wise progress of AICRPAM was reviewed under each individual research theme. QRT member Dr. AM Shekh and other invited experts have provided their valuable suggestions. Training to IMD Scientist In a series of trainings to IMD scientists, Dr. (Mrs.) Lata Bishnoi was trained under AICRPAM, ICAR-CRIDA in Agrometeorology from 21-08-2017 to 8-09-2017. Brainstorming meeting on Automation of Agromet Advisory CRIDA - Newsletter 9 the consolidated achievements of the NICRA programme in the last 6 years and the action plan for the next year. Details of the Annual Action Plan and Review Workshop of NICRA-KVKs Sl.No Zones Place Date 1 Zone VIII Krishi Vigyan Kendra- Baramati (Pune) 3 July, 2017 2 Zone III ICAR-ATARI, Jodhpur 5 July, 2017 3 Zone V ICAR-ATARI, Kolkata 12 July, 2017 4 Zone VI College of Veterinary Sciences, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati 10-11 July, 2017 5 Zone X ICAR-CRIDA, Hyderabad 13 July, 2017 6 Zone XI ICAR-ATARI, Bengaluru 29 July, 2017 Expert committee meeting in progress resilient agriculture, Up-scaling farm machinery custom hiring centres in India: A policy paper, "Roots of rainfed crops and Issues and remedies in rainfed farming" (in Hindi) were released by the Hon'ble DG, ICAR. Glimpses of Annual Action Plan cum Review Workshops Expert Committee to Review the Research Projects A two-day NICRA Expert Committee meeting was organized at NASC, New Delhi during 23rd-24th October, 2017.Dr. T. Mohapatra, Secretary, DARE and DG, ICAR in his address set the road map for next phase of NICRA with outputs that have impact at national level. Progress of 13 ongoing projects from Competitive Grants and two projects under Sponsored component were reviewed under the Chairmanship of Dr. K. Alagusundaram, DDG (NRM) and co-chaired by Dr. S Bhaskar, ADG (AAF & CC). Dr. K Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting), ICAR-CRIDA, Hyderabad presented the overview of progress under NICRA under CG and Sponsored components so far and the need for thorough monitoring of the progress by the expert committee. For each project a subcommittee of relevant members from NICRA Expert Committee was formed to mentor and monitor the progress of the projects. The committee deliberated on the identification of themes for inviting new proposals under Competitive Grants component for the next phase of NICRA. On this occasion, four publications from ICAR-CRIDA, Hyderabad viz., Farm innovations in climate ZMC visit at Kendrapara ZMC visit at Jharsaguda Zonal Monitoring Committee (ZMC) Visits Zonal monitoring committee's visits to various zones were organized to review the technical progress of different modules like NRM, crop production, livestock & fishery and institutional interventions in NICRA villages and for making appropriate suggestions for improvement. Details of ZMC visits during 2017-18 Sl. No Name of the ATARI Name of the KVK Date Name of the participating Member from CRIDA 1 Kolkata Kendrapara, Jharsuguda 31October - 1November, 2017 Dr. M. Osman 2 Barapani Ri-Bhoi and Imphal East 23-24 November, 2017 Dr. JVNS. Prasad 3 Hyderabad Nalgonda & Khammam 12-13 December, 2017 Dr. I. Srinivas, Dr. G. Pratibha 4 Patna Buxar, Jehanabad and Aurangabad 13-15 December, 2017 Dr. S.K. Bal, Dr. D.B.V. Ramana 5 Jodhpur Sirsa, Yamunangar 21-23 December, 2017 Dr. S.K. Yadav, Dr. K. Nagasree CRIDA - Newsletter 10 Important Visitors Visit of Dr. K. Alagusundaram DDG (NRM), ICAR Dr. K. Alagusundaram, Deputy Director General (NRM) has visited ICAR-CRIDA on 16th August, 2017 to review the research activities and oversee the completion of Climate Research Facilities (FATE, CTGC and SCADA) at Hayatnagar Research Farm (HRF). Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting) along with Project Coordinators, Heads of Divisions/Sections, other Scientists, staff of Administration and Finance have accompanied the DDG to HRF. The DDG (NRM) expressed his satisfaction Dr.K.A Lagusundaram, Deputy Director General (NRM) Interacting with Scientists about the progress made in installation of Climate Research Facilities. He visited the farm machinery workshop and gave valuable suggestions for improving the workshop facilities. Canadian Delegation Visit to ICAR-CRIDA Canadian delegation visited ICAR-CRIDA on 17th November, 2017. The team interacted with the Director and Scientists of the institute. The team got acquainted with the technologies developed by the institute displayed in Dryland Gallery and were exposed to various research facilities present at CRIDA. Visits Abroad Dr. D.B.V. Ramana participated in the International Conference on Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition (RAAN) held at School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia from 25-27, October, 2017 under 2015 Norman E. Borlaug International Agricultural Science and Technology Fellowship Programme (Borlaug Fellowship) of United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Foreign Dr. D.B.V. Ramana participated in the Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition (RAAN) conference Agricultural service, USA. The purpose of the visit was to get exposed to the recent advances in animal nutrition and had dialogue with mentor for possible future research linkages. Human Resource Development Training Programme on Efficient Watershed Management in Rainfed Agriculture A five day training programme on "Efficient Watershed Management in Rainfed Agriculture" sponserd by watershed development department, Govt. of Karnataka was organized at ICAR-CRIDA from 19-23 September, 2017. Twelve officials from the Karnataka agriculture departments participated in the programme. The training covered various aspects of soil and water conservation, water harvesting, farm machineries along Participants of the training programme Canadian delegation visit to ICAR-CRIDA CRIDA - Newsletter 11 with field visits and practical exposure to the water harvesting structures. Dr. K. Ravi Shankar, PS, TOT was the course director for the training course. Model Training Course on Participatory Natural Resource Management for Sustainable Agricultural Productivity in Rainfed areas Model Training Course on "Participatory Natural Resource Management for Sustainable Agricultural Productivity in Rainfed areas" sponsored by DOE was organised at CRIDA during October 4-11, 2017. Fifteen officials from eight different states viz., Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Goa, Punjab and Karnataka attended the model training course. The course covered focus on various technologies for sustainable NRM, horticulture systems in rainfed agriculture, enhancing productivity of crops and cropping systems through effective use of natural resources, farming systems approach, role of livestock and their management for enhancing productivity and income in drylands, gender mainstreaming, communication tools and techniques for sustainable NRM. Dr. K. Nagasree, Principal Scientist was the course director for the training programme. Participants of the training programme Training Programme on Farm Mechanization under CRP-Farm Mechanization and Precision Farming The programme was organized by the ICAR-CRIDA under CRP-Farm Mechanization and Precision Farming in association with KVK, RR District for TSP farmers on 27th October, 2017 at Yellamma Thanda village, Manchal Manda, Rangareddy District. The participants were addressed by Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting), B. Venkteswar Rao, ADA, Alair Reddy District, Smt. G. Jayamma, MPP, Mr. Jagadeswar, village Sarpanch and ICARCRIDA Staff. The participants explained about the importance of farm mechanization in agriculture. Different farm machinery viz. manual weeder, six row multi crop CRIDA planter, bed planter cum herbicide applicator, bullock drawn weeder etc. were demonstrated. Around 200 farmers were trained from Yellamma Thanda village. The trainees were imparted skills in operation of different crop based agricultural implements. ICAR Short course on Tools on Monitoring, Evaluation and Impact Assessment of Rainfed Technologies and Development Programmes ICAR Sponsored Short course on "Tools on Monitoring, Evaluation and Impact Assessment of Rainfed Technologies and Development Programmes" was conducted for 10 days from 1-10 November, 2017 at ICAR-CRIDA. Dr. Y. G. Prasad, Director, ATARI (Zone-X) was the Guest of Honour for the inaugural session. Dr. Y. G. Prasad addressed the participants about the importance of Tools on Monitoring, Evaluation and Impact Assessment of Rainfed Technologies. Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting), ICAR-CRIDA highlighted significance of M&E for impact assessment of rainfed technologies in the context of doubling farmers' income. Dr. G. Nirmala, Principal Scientist and Course Director briefed the objectives of the short course. During the ten days of short course, the participants were familiarized with topics like concepts and principles of M&E, results-based management, theory of change, protocols for organic livestock interventions, impact assessment of KVK, IWDP and agricultural development programmes. Inaugural session of the short course Participants of the training programmes ICAR-Sponsored Training Program for ICAR Technical Staff ICAR-sponsored training program on 'Agrometeorological Data Collection, Analysis and Management' for ICAR technical staff was organized at ICAR-CRIDA during 11-23 December, 2017. All the trainees were exposed to various agro-climatic analysis techniques, and on hands on practicals. Besides these, they were exposed to national and international institutes where the Agrometeorological research is going on through field visits. CRIDA - Newsletter 12 Capacity Building Activities of Farmers Training on Crop Colonies and Soil Health Management in Horticulture Crops Department of Horticulture, Telangana and KVK-CRIDA organized the training programme on "Crop colonies and soil health management in horticulture crops for sustainable net returns" organized at Center of Excellence, Govt. of Telangana, Jeedimetla, Medchal on 8th September, 2017. About 150 practicing farmers from Ibrahimpatnam cluster attended the training. Sri. S. Parthasarathi, IAS, APC & Secretary to Govt.Agriculture & Cooperation, Government of Telangana, Sri L. Venkatram Reddy, Commissioner of Horticulture (FAC), Government of Telangana and department officials interacted with farmers and visited the fields. Importance of soil testing, procedures for soil sampling, soil test based fertilizer recommendations, vulnerability of small and marginal farmers in rain-fed/dryland areas, integrated farming with agri-horti-animal husbandry for sustainable net income, crop diversification, inter crops/mixed cropping, strip cropping, trap crops, boarder crops, sticky traps, pheromone traps, water traps etc were also demonstrated. Pest Management and Vegetable Cultivation in Nawabpet Mandal of Vikarabad Division (Kesavapalli and Thimmaredy palli villages). Dr. SM Vidya sekhar and Sh. G. Sri Krishna from KVK-CRIDA, Ranga Reddy District, Telangana, Sh. Nagabrahma Chari, CEO of Seed NGO and Village Sarpanch along with 67 farmers participated in the programme. The soil test based fertilizer recommendations were given to 200 farmers for crops like Rice, Cotton, Redgram, Maize, Vegetables and soil health management aspects were explained to farmers by Dr. S.M. Vidya Sekhar, KVK during the training programme. Around 200 soil health cards prepared by KVK were distributed to farmers of the two villages. Integrated Pest Management of Cotton and Redgram crops were covered and the farmers were given the demonstration of inputs of pheromone traps with lures for Pink bollworm, Helicoverpa, Spodoptera for Cotton and Redgram and bio-fertilizers, Trichoderma etc. Training Programme on Soil Health Management, IPM and Vegetable Cultivation An off-campus training programme in collaboration with SEED NGO under the sponsorship of NABARD was organized on 14th September, 2017 on Soil Health Management, Integrated Participants of the training programme Off-campus training on "Soil Health Management and IPM" Training on "Crop colonies and Soil health management" Training on Good Horticultural Practices in Tuber Crops KVK, ICAR-CRIDA conducted on-campus training on Good horticultural Practices in Tuber crops suitable for Ranga Reddy district farmers on 29th November, 2017 at KVK, CRIDA. About 42 vegetable growers and KVK staff attended the programme. Dr. D.Anitha Kumari, Scientist (Entomology) VRS, SKLTSHU explained about suitable major tuber crops viz. Colacasia, Sweet potato and Yam with reference to improved varieties, climate, soil characters, seed rate, spacing, planting methods, weeding, irrigation, fertilizers, pest, disease management, harvesting and yield. GHPs like Bio-fertilizers, Bio-control agents, plant derivatives, Raised bed cultivation, Use of Drip irrigation, Adaptation of Fertigation, Need based Micronutrient foliar sprays, trap crops, Boarder crops, sticky traps, pheromone traps, water traps etc. which will reduce the cost of cultivation were demonstrated. CRIDA - Newsletter 13 Forthcoming Events Sl. No. Title of the event Duration 1 26th Meeting of RAC at ICAR-CRIDA, Hyderabad January 11-12, 2018 2 International training on Strategies for Enhancement of Farmers Income in Dryland Agriculture" under the program Feed the Future - India Triangular Training (FTF-ITT) January 16-30, 2018 3 Republic Day January 26, 2018 4 XVI Working Group Meeting of AICRPDA at AICRPDA centre, Jagdalpur February 1-5, 2018 5 International Training programme on Rainwater Management for Climate Resilient Agriculture in Dryland under India-Africa Forum Summit-III February 15 - March 07, 2018 6 CRIDA Foundation Day April 12, 2018 7 IRC meeting April/May, 2018 8 World Environment Day June 5, 2018 For further details please visit the website : www.crida.in Participation in Seminars and Symposia Name of the scientist Workshops/seminars/meetings/symposia Duration Venue K. Sammi Reddy Chaired the Thematic Session-5 on Climate Resilient Agriculture in the 3rd World Congress on Disaster Management Nov 7, 2017 Visakhapatnam, AP Delivered a lecture in Summer School on "Recent Advances in Abiotic Stress Management in Climate Smart Agriculture" Sep 15, 2017 NIASM, Baramati, Maharashtra Attended World Bank aided Project meeting on Climate Resilient Agriculture (POCRA) and to give inputs regarding the effective dissemination Sep 22-23, 2017 World Trade Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra Attended Interactive Seminar on the foresight – Agrimonde – Terre : 2050 The Indian Perspective Dec 7, 2017 NASC, New Delhi Attended International Groundwater Conference and delivered a keynote address Dec 11, 2017 New Delhi C.A.Ramarao Zonal Review and Progress Workshop for KVKs of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Maharashtra July 13, 2017 ICAR-ATARI, CRIDA, Hyderabad Workshop on 'Green Revolution in Eastern India: Constraints, opportunities and way forward' organized by IFPRI & TCI Oct 9-10, 2017 NASC, New Delhi 77th Annual Conference of the Indian Society of Agricultural Economics. Oct 12–14, 2017 CGPS, CAU, Umiam, Barapani Silver Jubilee Conference of Agricultural Economics Research Association on "Doubling farmers' income : Options & Strategies" Nov 7-9, 2017 ICAR-NAARM, Hyderabad Planning Workshop on Research Impact Assessment Nov 13, 2017 ICAR-NIAP, New Delhi C.A.Ramarao, V.Girija Veni International Seminar on 'Global climatic change : Implication for agriculture and water sectors' organized by VNMKV, Parbhani Dec 14 -16, 2017 WALMI, Aurangabad B.M.K.Raju ICAR, DAC and Dept. of Agriculture, Govt. of Telangana Interaction Meeting on 'Kharif 2017 Agriculture Scenario Assessment and Contingency Plan Preparation for Telangana' Aug 8, 2017. ICAR-CRIDA, Hyderabad R. Nagarjunakumar National conference on "Technological Challenges in Social, Environmental and Agricultural Reforms" Sep 9-10, 2017 ICAR-IIRR, Rajendra-nagar, Hyderabad International Conference on Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Oct 23 -25, 2017 PJTSAU, Hyderabad Er. Ashish S Dhimate Workshop on "Advanced Farm Mechanization: Crop Sector" Sept 25-29, 2017 NIRDPR, Hyderabad CRIDA - Newsletter 14 Awards and Recognition AICRPDA-Ananthapuramu centre received "ICAR-Vasantrao Naik Award for Outstanding Research and Application in Dryland Farming Systems 2016" during ICAR Foundation Day and Award Ceremony on 16th July, 2017 at NASC, New Delhi. Dr. R.Nagarjuna Kumar, Scientist was awarded the best Ph.D. Thesis award and best paper award for the paper "Mobile Applications : Shaping the future of agricultural extension and advisory services" presented during the National conference on "Technological Challenges in Social, Environmental and Agricultural Reforms" organized at ICAR-IIRR, Hyderabad during 9-10, September, 2017. Ms B. Saraswati won 1st Prize in session on "Creativity and Innovation for excellence" and 3rd prize in session on "Effective Media Communication Skills" in training programme on "Enhancing Efficiency and Behavioral Skills for Stenographers Receiving Award at ICAR-IIRR, Hyderabad Grade III, PAs, PSs, & Sr. PPSs" of ICAR organized at ICARNAARM, Hyderabad during 25-31 October, 2017 Dr. Ravi Shankar received the Young Scientist Award-2017 from Indian Society of Extension Education, New Delhi at the ISEE National Seminar on "Doubling Farmers' Income and Farm Production through Skill Development and Technology Application" organized by the Department of Extension Education, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour and Indian Society of Extension Education, New Delhi at Sabour, Bihar during 28-30 November, 2017. Mr. G. Venkatesh, Scientist (Senior Scale) awarded with the Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science and Technology by the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad on 15th July, 2017. Mr. AVM Subba Rao, Sr. Scientist was awarded Doctor of Philosophy on 12th December, 2017. Personnel Information Appointments/Promotions/Transfers/Joining Name and Designation Transferred/Joined/Promoted/Appointed Date w.e.f Dr. S.K. Bal, Principal Scientist (Agrometeorology) Transferred from ICAR - NIASM, Baramati, Pune 01.07. 2017 Dr. T. V. Prasad, Principal Scientist (Entomology) Transferred from ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi 07.07.2017 Mr. Rajkumar Dhakar, Scientist (Agril. Physics) Joined back in ICAR-CRIDA after Ph.D. at ICAR-IARI, New Delhi. 01.08.2017 Shri. Ravi Dudpal, Scientist (Agril.Econ.) Transferred to ICAR-IISWC Research Centre, Bellari 28.09.2017 Ms. Sneha Verghese, Assistant Appointed in ICAR-CRIDA 07.12.2017 Shri. Putta Santosh Appointed in ICAR-CRIDA 06.09.2017 Promotions Dr. T. V. Prasad Sr. Scientist - Principal Scientist 17.06.2015 Shri. D. Sudheer STO - Assistant Chief Technical Officer 16.10.2015 Shri. Sri Krishna STO - Assistant Chief Technical Officer 28.12.2015 Receiving Young Scientist Award at Sabour, Bihar Name and Designation Transferred/Joined/Promoted/Appointed Date w.e.f Shri. I. R. Khandgond STO - Assistant Chief Technical Officer 16.10.2015 Smt. P. Laxmi Narasamma ACTO - Chief Technical Officer 01.07.2014 Shri. S. Srinivas Reddy ACTO - Chief Technical Officer 01.01.2014 Smt. Vidyadhari ACTO - Chief Technical Officer 01.07.2016 Smt. V. L. Savithri STO - Assistant Chief Technical Officer 01.07.2016 Shri. Manish Tomar Tech. Asst. - Sr. Technical Assistant 16.03.2017 Shri. Hemant Sahu Tech. Asst. - Sr. Technical Assistant 21.03.2017 Shri. P. Satish Tech. Asst. - Sr. Technical Assistant 02.03.2017 Shri. P. Ramakrishna Tech. Asst. - Sr. Technical Assistant 08.04.2016 CRIDA - Newsletter 15 Oath taking ceremony on Sadbhavana Diwas Independence Day Celebration The 71st Independence Day was celebrated on 15th August, 2017 with pride, patriotic zeal and gratitude towards the sacrifices of our freedom fighters. The Director hoisted the flag and addressed the staff of CRIDA. On this occasion Director distributed cash awards (CCS&CCRC) to the X class toppers of CRIDA staff children and motivated the staff with his message to work with dedication and boost institute's growth. Cultural and Welfare Activities Independence Day Celebration Name and Designation Transferred/Joined/Promoted/Appointed Date w.e.f Shri. Prem Kumar STO - Asst. Chief Technical Officer (Retired) 01.01.2011 Smt. D. Kalpana Assistant - Assistant Administrative Officer 30.12.2017 Shri. J. Mallesh & Shri. Ch. Balaiah Granted MACP from level 3 to level 4 28.07.2017 Smt. Avula Lalitha Granted MACP from level 2 to level 3 11.07.2014 Our hearty congratulations to all of them Sadbhavana Diwas "Sadbhavana Diwas" was observed on 18th August, 2017. Accordingly, a pledge taking ceremony was held on 18th August, 2017. Swachhta Hi Seva "Swachhta Hi Seva" was organized at ICAR-CRIDA during 14th September to 2nd October, 2017. The inaugural day started with oath by all the staff and various activities were carried out under "Swachhta Hi Seva". All the staff participated in the event for Retirements Name Designation Date of superannuation Mr. E. Ravindranath STO 31.11.2017 Shri. Bandari Sathaiah SSS 31.08.2017 Shri. Sama Sathi Reddy SSS 31.07.2017 Shri. P.Srinivasa Rao Assistant 31.07.2017 Our best wishes for happy and peaceful retired life to all of them Glimpses of Swachhta Hi Seva South Zone Sports Meet ICAR-CRIDA contingent participated in ICAR South Zone Sports Meet held at ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu from 9-13 October, 2017. Mr. Mukund, Technical Assistant secured 2nd place in 1500 meters cycle race. Vanamahostavam CRIDA Cultural and Recreation Club organized Vana Mahostavam at Hayathnagar Research Farm of the Institute on 28th October, 2017. All the CRIDA staff members actively participated in the cultural activities. The events generated great enthusiasm and unity among staff. Vigilance Awareness Week "Vigilance Awareness Week" was observed from 30th October to 4th November, 2017. Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting) in his address emphasized the importance of vigilance week and suggested all the staff to be vigilant in day to day office activities. As part of vigilance awareness week Shri. B. Viswanath, Deputy Chief Vigilance Officer, South Central Railway delivered the lecture on "My Vision : Corruption Free India" on 2nd November, 2017. cleanliness in office premises and residential quarters. Trees were planted in KVK adopted village, HRF, GRF, CRIDA main office and residential complex. Samagra Swachhata Diwas Sharamadann was celebrated in KVK adopted village. CRIDA - Newsletter BOOK-POST To _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Published by : Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting), CRIDA Editorial Board Chairman : Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, Director(Acting), CRIDA Editors : Dr. (Mrs.) K. Nagasree, Pr. Scientist, TOT Dr. P. K. Pankaj, Senior Scientist, TOT Dr. R. Nagarjuna Kumar, Scientist, SDA Dr. Jagriti Rohit, Scientist, TOT Dr. Anshida Beevi CN, Scientist, TOT Hindi Translation : Dr. P.K. Pankaj, Senior Scientist, TOT Dr. S.R. Yadav, Asstt. Director (OL) Shri. G. Prabhakar, STO Photo credits : Mr. K. Surender Rao, CTO, TOT देश के वर्षा आधारित क्षेत्र में कृ ों षक आय को दगुनु ा करने की नीतियां भारत में वराषा आधारित कृ षि क्षेत्रफल लगभग 53 प्रतिशत है, जो कि देश के कु ल खाद्यान्न उत्पादन में लगभग 40 प्रतिशत का योगदान देता है। दलहन का लगभग 83 प्रतिशत, मोटे अनाज का लगभग 85 प्रतिशत, तिलहनो का लगभग 70 ं प्रतिशत एवं चावल का लगभग 42 प्रतिशत क्षेत्र वराषा आधारित कृ षि क्षेत्रफल के अंतर्गत आता है। वराषा आधारित क्षेत्रों में लगभग 40 प्र त्रों तिशत मानव एवं 60 प्रतिशत पशु निवास करते हैं। वराषा आधारित कृ षि में अधिक उत्‍पादन को निरंतर बनाए रखना तथा आय एवं जीविकोपार्जन को प्राप्‍त करना बड़ा ही जटिल कार्य है। कई वराषा आधारित फसलो की उत ं ्‍पादकता लगभग 1 टन प्रति हके ्‍टेयर है। हालांकि, किसानो में प्रमुख वर ं ाषा आधारित प्रौद्योगिकियो को अपनान ं े की प्रक्रिया एवं प्रसार अभी भी काफी धीमा है जिसके परिणामस्‍वरूप किसानो कं े खेतो एवं ं अनुसं धान कें द्रों क्रों े बीच के उत्‍पादन में काफी अंतर है। दिन-प्रतिदिन कृषको हं तु े घटता कृ षि क्षेत्रफल निरंतर एवं अक्ण्ण भू षु मि निम्‍नीकरण, पोषक तत्‍वों में काफी ्‍वों अंतर, बढ़ती जलवायु विविधता एवं जलवायु परिवर्तन ने वराषा की कमी, सूखा एवं बाढ़ के रूप में नई चुनौतियां पैदा की हैं, जो उत्‍पादकता एवं लाभ को प्रभावित करती हैं। इसके अलावा, वराषा आधारित क्षेत्रों में पशुओ त्रों की आबादी अध ं िक होने के कारण पोषकतायुक्त चारे की आवश्‍यकता होती है लेकिन चारे की मांग एवं आपूर्ति में अंतर बढ़ता ही जा रहा है। अनुमानत: वर्ष 2025 तक, हरे चारे की कमी 65 प्रतिशत एवं सूखे चारे की कमी 25 प्रतिशत तक होने की सं भावना है। मजदूरी एवं निवेश लागतो में वृ ं द्धि के कारण किसानो की वास् ं ‍तविक आय घटती जा रही है। कृिष से आय को दगुना करन ु े के लिए, बढ़ती आबादी की खाद्य एवं पोषक सुरक्षा की मांग को पूरा करने के अलावा, फसलो की उत ं ्‍पादकता में वृद्धि के साथ-साथ वराषा आधारित क्षेत्रों कत्रों े उप क्षेत्रों में पशु-पालन, मछली पालन एवं बागवानी को त्रों बढ़ावा देने की आवश्‍यकता है। लघु अवधि की नीति के रूप में उत्‍पादन अंतर को कम करने के लिए स्‍थान विशेष के लिए तैयार की गई वराषा आधारित प्रौद्योगिकियों पर आधारित सं साधन सं पन्‍न प्रक्रिया अपनानी होगी। उपयुक्‍त जल सं ग्रहण एवं जल के बहतर उपयोग स े े अधिक वराषा वाले क्षेत्रों सत्रों े मध्‍यम वराषा वाले क्षेत्रों में फसल त्रों सघनता एवं कृ षि विविधता को फार्म स्‍तर पर पहुंचाने हेतु समन्वयन करना होगा। कृ षि आय बढ़ाने के लिए कृ षि प्रणाली की मजबूती पर ध्‍यान देना, पशुपालन से आय बढ़ाना, बाजार की मुख्‍य सूचना का ज्ञान एवं प्रसार करना प्रमुख हैं। विशेषकर छोटे एवं सीमांत किसानो को अध ं िक आय प्राप्‍त करने में सक्षम करने हेतु विभिन्न उद्यमो कं े साथ िमलकर जलवायु समुत्‍थान समेकित कृ षि प्रणाली का उन्‍नयन करना अत्यावश्यक है। ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture Santoshnagar, Saidabad PO, Hyderabad - 500 059 Ph: 040-24530157/161/163 Fax: 040-24531802 E-mail: news.crida@icar.gov.in Website: www.crida.in बागवानी, अधिक मूल्‍य वाली फसलों की संरक्षित कृ षि, वराषा आधारित फसलों के लिए मूल्‍य श्रंृखला का विकास, बाजार ज्ञान पर समुदायो की ं क्षमता का निर्माण, मूल्‍य सं वर्धन की दिशा में कौशल विकास, किसान उत्‍पादक दलो की ं स्‍थापना करतेहुए लागत में कमी लाना एवं जल तथा फसल बीमा प्रदान करने से जोखिम में कमी लाना आदि को शामिल करके अधिक मूल्‍य वाली फसलो एवं उत ं ्‍पादो पर मध् ं ‍यम अवधि की नीति अपनाई जानी चाहिए। लंबी अवधि की टिकाऊ कृ षि के लिए मृदा जैविक कार्बन का निर्माण तथा मृदा स्वास्थ्य सुधार के लिए जैविक खाद के प्रयोग को बढ़ावा देना एवं कम कर्षण सहित फसलावशेषो कं े प्रयोग की नितांत आवश्‍यकता है। इन नीतियो को सभी सं बं ध ं ित पणधारियो कं े सहयोग से प्रणाली के रूप में कार्यान्वित किया जाना चाहिए ताकि देश में विभिन्‍न वराषा आधारित कृ षि पारिस्थितिक प्रणालियो में कृ ष ं ि आय को दगुना करन ु े के लिए मांपने योग्‍य एवं प्रमाणयुक्‍त मॉडलो की ं स्‍थापना की जा सके। केंद्र स्तर पर (पीएमकेएसवाई, पीएमपीकेवीवाई, एमजीएनआरईजीए, आरकेवीवाई, पीएमएफबीवाई आदि) एवं राज्‍य स्तर पर (कर्नाटक की कृ षि भाग्‍या, आंध्र प्रदेश की पंटसं जीवनी, महाराष्‍ट्र का पीओसीआरए, ओडिशा का सूखा प्रबं धन कार्यक्रम, तेलंगाना का टीएसएमआईपी आदि) चलाए जा रह का े र्यक्रमो की समाभ ं िरूपता से डीएसी और एफडब्‍ल्‍यू एवं राज्‍य सरकार के सं बं धित विभागो द्ं वारा मिशन मोड पद्धति में कार्य योजना को कार्यान्वित करने की नितांत आवश्‍यकता है। भाकृ अनुपक्रीडा अपने नेटवर्क भागीदार के रूप में एक्रीपडा, एक्रीपाम, निक्रा एवं राज्‍य कृ षि विश्‍वविद्यालयो कं े साथ मिलकर तकनीकी सहयोग द्वारा मिशन मोड कार्यक्रम के कार्यान्‍वयन के लिए सहयोग देगा। इसके लिए पर्याप्‍त निधि आबं टन एवं श्रम शक्ति की आवश्‍यकता हो सकती है। विभिन्‍न स्‍तरो पर सभी सं बं ध ं ित पणधारियों केक्षमता निर्माण/कौशल विकास पर भी ध्‍यान देने की आवश्‍यकता है। के . सम्मी रेड्डी निदेशक (कार्यकारी), क्रीडा डॉ.के . सम्मी रेड्डी निदेशक की कलम से.

The analysis of articles and normative documents for quality control and regional origin of wines was carried out. Chemical composition of the grapes and the wine has been considered, qualitative and quantitative changes during vinification, maturation and aging of wine were shown. The basic group of compounds contents and ratios which determine the qualitative characteristics of wines, as well as have an important role in the formation of aroma and taste of the drink was found. The prerequisites for the development of the market of counterfeit products and wine falsification methods were discussed. The analysis of scientific literature and regulatory framework governing the quality of the wines on the territory of Russia and the European Union and the existing approaches to determine their authenticity was conducted, the advantages and disadvantages are shown. The examples of using different criteria for the establishment of natural and adulterated wines have been discussed, as well as their approaches to identify and create a comprehensive system of wine production quality evaluation using methods of physicochemical analysis. The main methodological approaches to establish a wine regional origin, combining the capabilities of modern methods of analysis, mathematical modeling and statistics are analyzed, examples of their use in practice are shown.Keywords: wine, methods of analysis, quality, authenticity, regional origin, falsification, mathematical modeling (Russian)DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2014.18.4.001 Yu.F. Yakuba1, A.A. Kaunova2, Z.A. Temerdashev2, V.O. Titarenko2, A.A. Halafjan2 1North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Krasnodar, Russian Federation2 Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Russian FederationREFERENCES1. 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Установлены основные группы соединений, содержания и соотношения которых определяют качественные характеристики вин, а также играют важную роль в формировании аромата и вкуса напитка. Обсуждены предпосылки развития рынка поддельной продукции и способы фальсификации вин. Проведен анализ научной литературы и нормативной базы, регламентирующей качество вин на территории России и стран Европейского союза, существующих подходов к определению их подлинности, указаны достоинства и недостатки. Обсуждены примеры использования различных критериев для установления натуральных и фальсифицированных вин, а также подходов их комплексной идентификации и создания системы оценки качества винодельческой продукции с помощью методов физико-химического анализа. Проанализированы основные методические подходы к установлению региональной принадлежности вин, сочетающие возможности современных методов анализа, математического моделирования и статистики, продемонстрированы примеры их использования на практике.Ключевые слова: вина, методы анализа, качество, подлинность, региональная принадлежность, фальсификация, математическое моделированиеDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2014.18.4.001