Suchergebnisse

Цель: исследовать морфологические и морфометрические изменения миокарда на фоне клеточной кардиомиопластики при экспериментальном инфаркте миокарда.Материалы и методы: Эксперимент выполнялся на 142 крысах линии Вистар-Кайота, весом 200-220 г, которые содержались в условиях вивария отдела экспериментальной хирургии ГУ «Институт неотложной и восстановительной хирургии им. В.К. Гусака НАМН Украины» в период с 2012 по 2013 гг. Породу Вистар-Кайота использовали потому, что она является инбредной, что минимизирует реакцию отторжения, благодаря её генетической однородности. Животные содержались в виварии в условиях 12-часового светового дня, комнатной температуры и доступа к воде и пище at libitum при температуре воздуха +20 - + 22 ° С, влажности не более 50 %, в световом режиме - день-ночь. Использование животных в эксперименте проводилось в соответствии с правилами, регламентированными «Европейской конвенцией по надзору и защите позвоночных животных, используемых в экспериментальных и других научных целях» (Страсбург, 1986), Директивы Совета Европейского Союза от 24.11.86 г. и распоряжения МОЗ Украины № 32 от 22.02.88 г. Индукцию инфаркта миокарда (ИМ) осуществляли по разработанной нами методике в условиях общего обезболивания. Отдельную группу составляли 20 самцов, которых мы использовали в качестве доноров мезенхимальных стволовых клеток (МСК) для дальнейшего исследования по Y-хромосоме хоуминга клеток в организме. Культивирования МСК проводили в смеси питательных сред DMEM / F12, 1:1, (Sigma, США). Материалом для морфологических исследований были участки миокарда лабораторных животных. Для оценки морфометрических показателей выполняли гистохимические методики по прописям, которые приведены в указаниях по гистохимии. Иммуногистохимическое исследование проводили на парафиновых срезах толщиной 5-6 мкм непрямым методом Кунса по методике Brosman (1979 г.).Результаты. Было установлено, что клеточная кардиомиопластика значительно улучшает структуру постинфарктного сердца, проявляется в уменьшении зоны рубца и соединительной ткани соответственно, увеличении количества сосудов и процента сохранившихся мышечных волокон. Наилучшие результаты были достигнуты при интрамиокардиальном введении, что требует подтверждения данного факта при клиническом исследовании.Выводы. Клеточная кардиомиопластика при любом способе введения клеточного трансплантата положительно влияет как на морфологический субстрат сердца в виде уменьшения размеров рубца при постинфарктном ремоделировании, увеличение количества новообразованных сосудов и увеличение процента сохранившихся кардиомиоцитов. Это происходит за счет хоуминга МСК в зону ишемии и общности двух механизмах – непосредственного дифференцирования в клетки эндотелия сосудов сердца, а также за счет паракринного эффекта ; Мета: дослідити морфологічні і морфометричні зміни міокарда на тлі клітинної кардіоміопластики при експериментальному інфаркті міокарда.Матеріали та методи: Експеримент виконувався на 142 щурах лінії Вістар-Кайота, вагою 200-220 г, які містилися в умовах віварію відділу експериментальної хірургії ДУ «Інститут невідкладної і відновної хірургії ім. В.К. Гусака НАМН України» в період з 2012 по 2013 рр. Породу Вістар-Кайота використовували тому, що вона є інбредною, що мінімізує реакцію відторгнення, завдяки її генетичної однорідності. Тварини утримувались у віварії в умовах 12-годинного світлового дня, кімнатної температури і доступу до води та їжі at libitum при температурі повітря +20 - +22°С, вологості не більше 50 %, в світловому режимі – день-нічь. Використання тварин в експерименті проводилось відповідно з правилами, регламентованими «Європейською конвенцією по нагляду і захисту хребетних тварин, які використовуються в експериментальних та інших наукових цілях» (Страсбург, 1986), Директиви Ради Європейської Співдружності від 24.11.86 г. та розпорядження МОЗ України №32 від 22.02.88 р. Індукцію інфаркту міокарда (ІМ) здійснювали за розробленою нами методикою в умовах загального знеболення. Окрему групу становили 20 самців, яких ми використовували в якості донорів мезенхімальних стовбурових клітин (МСК) задля подальшого дослідження по Y-хромосомі хоумінга клітин в організмі. Культивування МСК проводили в суміші живильних середовищ DMEM / F12, 1:1, (Sigma, США). Матеріалом для морфологічних досліджень були ділянки міокарда лабораторних тварин. Для оцінки морфометричних показників виконували гістохімічні методики за прописами, які наведені у вказівках з гістохімії. Імуногістохімічне дослідження проводили на парафінових зрізах, товщиною 5–6 мкм непрямим методом Кунса за методикою Brosman (1979 р.).Результати. Було встановлено, що клітинна кардіоміопластіка значно покращує структуру постінфарктного серця, що проявляється в зменшенні зони рубця і сполучної тканини відповідно, збільшенні кількості судин і відсотка збережених м'язових волокон. Найкращі результати були досягнуті при інтраміокардіальному введенні, що вимагає підтвердження даного факту при клінічному дослідженні.Висновки. Клітинна кардіоміопластіка при будь-якому способі введення клітинного трансплантата позитивно впливає як на морфологічний субстрат серця у вигляді зменшення розмірів рубця при постінфарктному ремоделюванні, збільшення кількості новостворених судин і збільшення відсотка збережених кардіоміоцитів. Це відбувається за рахунок хоумінга МСК в зону ішемії та спільності двох механізмах - безпосереднього диференціювання в клітини ендотелію судин серця, а також за рахунок паракринного ефекту ; The aim: to study the morphological and morphometric changes in the myocardium against the background of cellular cardiomyoplasty in experimental myocardial infarction.Materials and methods: the experiment was carried out on 142 Wistar-Kyoto rats weighing 200-220 g, which were kept in the vivarium of the Department of Experimental Surgery of the State Institution "Institute of Emergency and Reconstructive Surgery named after V. K. Gusak of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine" in the period from 2012 to 2013. The Wistar-Kyoto breed was used because it is inbred, which minimizes the rejection reaction, due to its genetic homogeneity. The animals were kept in a vivarium under conditions of 12-hour daylight hours, room temperature and access to water and food at libitum at an air temperature of +20 – + 22 °C, humidity no more than 50 %, in a light mode - day-night. The use of animals in the experiment was carried out in accordance with the rules regulated by the "European Convention for the Supervision and Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes" (Strasbourg, 1986), Directives of the Council of the European Union of November 24, 1986 and the order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine No. 32 dated 02.22.88. The induction of myocardial infarction (MI) was carried out according to the technique developed by us under general anesthesia. A separate group consisted of 20 males, whom we used as donors of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) for further research on the Y chromosome of cell homing in the body. Cultivation of MSCs was carried out in a mixture of nutrient media DMEM / F12, 1:1, (Sigma, USA). The material for morphological studies was the sections of the myocardium of laboratory animals. To assess the morphometric parameters, histochemical methods were performed according to the recipes, which are given in the instructions for histochemistry. Immunohistochemical study was performed on paraffin sections with a thickness of 5-6 μm by the indirect Koons method according to the Brosman method (1979).Results: it was found that cellular cardiomyoplasty significantly improves the structure of the postinfarction heart, manifests itself in a decrease in the scar area and connective tissue, respectively, in an increase in the number of vessels and the percentage of preserved muscle fibers. The best results were achieved with intramyocardial injection, which requires confirmation of this fact in a clinical study.Conclusions: cellular cardiomyoplasty with any method of introducing a cell graft has a positive effect both on the morphological substrate of the heart in the form of a decrease in the size of the scar during postinfarction remodeling, an increase in the number of newly formed vessels and an increase in the percentage of preserved cardiomyocytes. This occurs due to the homing of MSCs into the ischemic zone and the commonality of two mechanisms – direct differentiation into endothelial cells of the heart vessels, as well as due to the paracrine effect

This paper quantifies the effect of the government-controlled appreciation of the Chinese renminbi (RMB) vis-à-vis the USD from 2005 to 2008 on the prices charged by US producers. As the RMB during that time was pegged to a basket of currencies, the empirical strategy must account for the fact that the currencies included in the basket may have directly affected US prices. Thus, the pre-2005 period is used to filter out the effects of other exchange rates on import and producer prices. Additionally, utilizing the remainder of the sample, the pure effect of an RMB appreciation on US import prices and, in turn, the effect of RMB-induced US import price fluctuations on US producer prices is established. In a panel spanning the period from 1994 to 2010 and including 417 manufacturing sectors, the main finding emerging from this empirical strategy is that import prices pass into producer prices at an average rate of 0.7. This finding supports the view that the markets for domestic and imported manufactured goods are well integrated. Consequently, even if the exchange rate affects import prices only to a small extent, it may have a substantial impact on inflation, as it exerts a sizeable impact on the competitive environment of domestic producers and the prices that they charge.

In the economics profession there is a fierce debate whether industrial and innovation policy should be targeted to specific sectors or firms. This paper discusses the welfare effects of such targeted policies from the perspective of strategic game theory of the firm. A theoretical case for picking winners through a preferential innovative policy is discussed in a third-market international trade model, which is shown to hold without evoking retaliation from foreign competitors. However, in practice information uncertainties remain a concern. The question whether in this case 'backing winners' is a wise policy option depends on the characteristics of the information asymmetries and on the extent the government is able to design selection procedures which minimize the transaction costs that may be caused from the market participants' opportunistic behavior.

We consider two channels via which foreign inputs into industrial production may lead to productivity effects. The first one concerns dynamic externalities between firms which share technical and organizational knowledge which is vital for the productivity growth of a particular industry. We show by which institutional mechanism firms are able to share proprietary knowledge which is of economic value for the competitor. An increase of the number of cooperating firms due to foreign direct investments leads to growth effects. The second channel of growth effects resulting from openness is derived from an increase of the imports of physical inputs due to a greater variety of inputs for final goods production.

Background: Karo District is one of the districts in North Sumatera province where from 2016 to 2018 the number of HIV sufferers increased dramatically to 384 people and then it increased to 775 people up to September 2020. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of people with HIV/AIDS and the experiences of the church members regarding people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).Design and Methods: Qualitative research design with descriptive phenomenology approach. Data collection was carried out by interviewing 34 participants in Karo District. The data analysis in this study used the Collaizi technique.Results: Five themes were obtained from the results of the study, namely the responses of the participants diagnosed with HIV/AIDS, health problems faced by PLWHA, stigma and discrimination, the support of family and church members given to PWLHA, and family/church members' expectations toward PLWHA.Conclusions: Based on the findings of the themes, the role of the National AIDS Commission of Moderamen Karo Batak Protestant Church (GBKP) in responding to HIV and AIDS cannot be optimally implemented because of some obstacles namely, localization which is a determinant of the spread of cases, the unavailability of service and ARV in all health centers, lack of sectoral cross-cooperation, very insufficient financial support from the government, the role of nurses played only in the hospitals and the stigmatism to those people with HIV/AIDS due to lack of knowledge of HIV and AIDS.

The EU-Russia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, which entered into force in 1997 foresees the possible establishment of a free trade area (FTA) between the parties. The aim of our study is to evaluate the possible economic, social and environmental impact of such a free trade agreement between the European Union and Russia. The results of the analysis indicate that an EU-Russia FTA will be beneficial to the Russian Federation and the EU27. Some sectors are expected to contract in the medium term, but their importance in total output is small. Over the long run, the majority of sectors in Russia are expected to expand, while only a few sectors in the EU27 are expected to register negligible decreases in output. We estimate that welfare losses from the environmental damages would be very small for Russia (possibly even smaller due to the implementation of greener technologies), and negligible for the EU. Despite some significant negative medium-term social implications in selected sectors in Russia, the overall increase in economic activity and wages, coupled with likely domestic policies aiming at easing the impact of transitional unemployment, are expected to allow for the overall reduction in poverty rates. Overall, the results show that significant welfare gains (2.24% of GDP for Russia) would accrue from the deep FTA scenario involving a significant reduction of NTBs along with additional flanking measures, particularly on competition, IPR protection and corruption, which would help re-branding of Russia as a safe and attractive investment location. Also a number of countries such as Finland, Ireland, Netherlands, Denmark, Estonia, Slovakia, Slovenia and Sweden are expected to see their welfare increase by around 0.5% of GDP.

The global welfare implications of home market effects in trade models with imperfect competition are little understood. This paper proposes a simple model in which such implications can be easily analyzed. It shows an overall tendency of imperfectly competitive sectors to inefficiently cluster in locations that offer market access advantages. The more so the stronger the market power of firms as well as the intensity of increasing returns to scale and the lower the trade costs. As such features are likely to differ widely across sectors, those results provide theoretical ground to the promotion of regional policies that are also sectorspecific and not only region-specific as currently in the EU.

There is an ongoing debate in the literature about the quality content of Chinese exports and to what extent China imposes a threat to the market positions of advanced economies. While China's export structure is very similar to that of the advanced world, its export unit values are well below the level of developed economies. Building on the assumption that unit values reflect quality the prevailing view of the literature is that China exports low quality varieties of the same products than its advanced competitors. This paper challenges this view by relaxing the assumption that unit values reflect quality. We derive the quality of Chinese exports to the European Union by estimating disaggregated demand functions from a discrete choice model. The paper has two major findings. First, China's share on the European Union market is larger than would be justified by its relatively low average prices, implying that the quality of Chinese export products is relatively high compared to many competitors. Second, China has gained quality relative to other competitors since 1995, indicating that China is climbing up the quality ladder. The relatively high and improving quality of China's exports may be explained by the increasing role of global production networks in China.

Nigeria's comparative advantage for the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), has been investigated by this work. The specific objectives of this study are calculating the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) of Nigeria, and computing and comparing the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) of Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa. Time series data of Nigeria's, Ghana's and South Africa's export products namely raw materials, intermediate goods, consumer goods and capital goods were obtained from the World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS). The RCA and RSCA of raw materials, intermediate goods, consumer goods and capital goods were computed using the Balassa index, and it was found that Nigeria has comparative advantage in the export of raw materials but has comparative disadvantage in the export of intermediate goods, consumer goods and capital goods. Compared to Ghana and South Africa, Nigeria can profitably export raw materials to AfCFTA trade partners because, though Ghana and South Africa also have comparative advantage in the export of raw materials, theirs is lesser than Nigeria's. Unlike Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa have relative advantage in intermediate goods export trade. In the export of consumer goods, Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa all have comparative disadvantage, but the position of South Africa is better than that of Nigeria and Ghana. Similarly, Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa have comparative disadvantage in the export of capital goods, however, the position of South Africa is better than those of Nigeria and Ghana. Based on the findings, this study recommends that Nigeria should continue to strengthen its raw materials exports and at the same time, pursue policies and programmes that would improve the comparative advantage positions of its intermediate goods, consumer goods and capital goods export trade. In the area of trade negotiations, the findings of this study has been recommended to the Nigerian Office for Trade Negotiations (NOTN) for adoption in its preparations of guidelines on the rules of origin for stakeholders' negotiations under AfCFTA Key words: Revealed Comparative Advantage, Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage, Goods, Free Trade Area, Nigeria. JEL Classification Codes: F10, F11, F12, F14.

The wide and in-depth adoption of advanced information technologies within the construction industry has led to its revolution of all aspects; the construction site is not an exception. Recently, the notion of a smart construction site (SCS) has drawn the attention of all stakeholders within the industry. While the practice of SCS could be witnessed in various regions and the notion is mentioned frequently, the concept of SCS is still emerging, a sound framework for SCS development is still absent. As a bottom-up phenomenon, a systematic analysis of critical factors would provide all stakeholders with a comprehensive view of SCS development. In this research, previous research and existing practices of SCS are referred to, which helps to identify 17 critical factors for SCS development from the perspective of management, technology, and organization. The DEMATEL-ISM approach is introduced to conduct the factor analysis, and a questionnaire survey is conducted among 10 experts to investigate their attitudes on these factors. Following the proposed method, the 17 factors are classified into seven hierarchies and further categorized into three layers, i.e., effect layer, operational layer, and input layer, which helps to demonstrate the interrelationship among the critical factors for SCS development. The effect layer consists of the first to the third hierarchy, which contains the factors of cost (F2), safety (F4), schedule (F5), environment (F9), and quality (F3) management; these factors belong to the management perspective and reflect the expectations during SCS development. The operational layer consists of the fourth to the sixth hierarchy, which contains seven factors, namely, processing (F8), information (F10), communication and coordination (F15), personnel (F5), material (F6), equipment (F7), and management regulation (F17); these factors are critical in processing the input resources into the final effect of SCS development. The input layer only consists of the seventh hierarchy, which contains hardware and software facility (F11), integrated platform (F12), data sharing center (F13), smart decision system (F14), and technical team (F16); these factors represent the investment of SCS development. The systematic analysis of critical factors provides new insights on SCS development, which could be adopted as references for future SCS development by all stakeholders like government and construction enterprises.

Abstrak Beberapa tahun terakhir, pemenuhan permintaan daging sapi di Indonesia masih bergantung pada impor khususnya dari Australia. Impor daging sapi dapat menstabilkan harga daging sapi domestik, tetapi di lain sisi dapat menekan pendapatan peternak lokal. Implementasi dari IA-CEPA adalah penghapusan tarif impor dan TRQ (Tariff Rate Quota) untuk komoditas sapi hidup. Penghapusan tarif menyebabkan harga sapi yang masuk ke Indonesia menjadi lebih murah dan memperbesar peluang peningkatan volume impor sapi hidup. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis skenario terbaik untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan pelaku ekonomi dengan menggunakan model persamaan simultan 2SLS (two stage least square). Simulasi dilakukan untuk tiga skenario yaitu skenario penghapusan tarif, penetapan kuota, dan TRQ. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa skenario penghapusan tarif memberikan total peningkatan kesejahteraan pelaku ekonomi terbesar yaitu 115 miliar dengan rincian defisit 736 miliar bagi produsen, surplus 936 miliar bagi konsumen, dan defisit 85 miliar untuk penerimaan pemerintah. Oleh karena itu, skenario yang direkomendasikan adalah skenario penghapusan tarif pada impor sapi dari Australia. Kata Kunci: 2SLS, IA-CEPA, Pasar Daging Sapi Abstract Recently, demand fulfillment of beef in Indonesia depended on imports, especially from Australia. import can stabilize the domestic price of beef, but the other hand can suppress the income of local farmers. Implementation of IA-CEPA policies is the elimination of import tariff and TRQ (tariff rate quota) for live cattle commodities. Elimination of import tariff causes the price of cattle to enter Indonesia to be cheaper and increases the opportunity to increase the import volume of live cattle. The study aims to investigate the best scenario that can improve the welfare of economic actors using simultaneous equation model 2SLS (two-stage least squares). Three scenarios that simulated are eliminating tariff, setting quota, and TRQ. The result shows that eliminating tariffs gives the largest total welfare increase of economic actors that is 115 billion, with a 736 billion deficit for producers, 936 billion surplus for consumers, and 85 billion deficit for government revenue. Therefore, the policy recommendation is the scenario of eliminating tariffs on cattle imports from Australia. Keywords: 2SLS, IA-CEPA, Beef Market JEL Classification: C53, F12, F13

This paper sets up a general oligopolistic equilibrium model with two countries that differ in the centralization of union wage setting. Being interested in the consequences of openness, we show that, in the short-run, trade increases welfare and employment in both locations, and it raises income of capital owners as well as workers. In the long run, capital outflows from the country with the more centralized wage setting generate winners and losers and make the two countries more dissimilar in terms of unemployment of welfare. Decentralization of wage setting can successfully prevent capital outflow and the export of jobs.

This paper sets up a general oligopolistic equilibrium model with two countries that differ in the centralization of union wage setting. Being interested in the consequences of openness, we show that, in the short-run, trade increases welfare and employment in both locations, and it raises income of capital owners as well as workers. In the long run, capital out ows from the country with the more centralized wage setting generate winners and losers and make the two countries more dissimilar in terms of unemployment of welfare. Decentralization of wage setting can successfully prevent capital out ow and the export of jobs.

This paper considers the technical aspects and the consequences, in terms of simulation results and policy assessment, of introducing imperfect competition in a CGE model. The modifications to the standard CGE framework needed to model imperfect competition in some industries are briefly discussed. Next, the paper discusses whether, how much and why, those changes may affect the qualitative output of a typical simulation experiment. It is argued that technical choices made in designing the model structure may have a significant impact on the model behavior. This is especially evident when the output of the model, under an imperfect competition closure, is compared with that obtained under a standard closure, assuming perfect competition. As an illustration, a scenario of agricultural trade liberalization under alternative market structures is analyzed.

In this paper the authors develop an innovative 21 sector computable general equilibrium model of Armenia to assess the impact on Armenia of a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA) with the EU, as well as further regional or multilateral trade policy commitments. They find that a DCFTA with the EU will likely result in substantial gains to Armenia, but they show that the gains derive from the deep aspects of the agreement. In order of importance, the sources of the gains are: (i) trade facilitation and reduction in border costs; (ii) services liberalization; and (iii) standards harmonization. A shallow agreement with the EU that focuses only on preferential tariff liberalization in goods will likely lead to small losses to Armenia primarily due to a loss of productivity from lost varieties of technologies from the Rest of the World region in manufactured products. Additional gains can be expected in the long run from an improvement in the investment climate. The authors estimate only small gains from a services agreement with the CIS countries, but significant gains from expanding services liberalization multilaterally.