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Introduction. The formation of responsibility for one's health in the youth environment is one of the tasks of the institution of education that determines the process of socialization. The future of sustainable development of country is determined, among other things, by the formation of negative social attitudes towards drug use. The aim of the publication is to study the specifics of the social orientation among young people on drug use and to justify the need for prevention in the educational environment.Methodology and research methods. Methodological basis of work involves classical theories of social installation; anomies; cultural conflict; subcultures; stigmatizations; social control; social space. The analysis and synthesis of scientific publications and data of the government statistics, including results of a number of social researches of 2010–2015 conducted in the Tyumen region are used. Sociological methods, including poll, questioning and the formalized interviews are applied at an experimental investigation phase. Data processing is carried out in technique of the factorial and classification analysis.Results and scientific novelty. Drug abuse among young people is a result of the contradiction between youth attitudes and social norms. It is shown that the prevention of drug abuse in Russia is institutionally ineffective. The social attitudes and motives connected with drug abuse among young people aged 18–30 years are revealed. It is established that acceptance of drug abuse experience is not defined by a gender, social and/or material status. The main types of the attitude to drug abuse experience are designated: 1) complete negation of a possibility of drug abuse; 2) refusal of drug abuse, but indifference or loyal attitude to drug abuse by others; 3) readiness for periodic drug usage; 4) steady stereotype of regular use of narcotic substances. The necessity of flexible forms of influence on youth for formation of sustainable social barriers is justified.The need of adequate public opinion formation which does not enable exclusion and criminalization among youth having some drug abuse experience is approved. Repressive practices of work with such young people only exacerbate the problem. The recommendations on organization regulation of a drug abuse situation in the country are formulated.Practical significance. The materials of the present article can be used for creation of effective system of drug abuse prevention in the educational environment taking into account age characteristics of pupils. ; Введение. Формирование у молодежи ответственности за свое здоровье, в том числе отрицательного отношения к потреблению наркотиков, – одна из задач института образования. Эта задача тесно переплетается с проблемой социализации молодых людей, а ее решение в определенной мере является условием будущего устойчивого развития страны. Цель представленного в статье исследования – изучить специфику социальных установок молодежи на потребление наркотиков и обосновать необходимость профилактики в образовательной среде. Методология и методики. Методологической основой работы являются классические теории социальной установки; аномии; культурного конфликта; субкультур; стигматизации; социального контроля; социального пространства. Использовались анализ и обобщение научных публикаций и данных государственной статистики, в том числе результаты ряда социологических исследований 2010–2015 гг., проведенных в Тюменском регионе. На экспериментальном этапе исследования применялись социологические методы, в том числе опрос, анкетирование и формализованные интервью. Обработка данных выполнялась в технике факторного и классификационного анализа. Результаты и научная новизна. Потребление наркотиков в молодежной среде – результат деформированных взаимоотношений с социальными нормами и институтами. Показано, что профилактика наркопотребления, практикующаяся в России, институционально неэффективна. Выявлены социальные установки и мотивы, связанные с наркопотреблением среди молодых людей в возрасте 18–30 лет. Установлено, что одобрение наркоопыта не определяется гендером, социальным и/или материальным статусом. Обозначены основные типы отношения к наркоопыту: 1) полное отрицание возможности потребления наркотиков; 2) отказ от их использования, но равнодушие или лояльное отношение к употреблению наркотиков другими; 3) готовность к периодическому потреблению; 4) устойчивый стереотип регулярного использования наркотических веществ. Обоснована необходимость гибких форм воздействия на молодежь для формирования устойчивых социальных барьеров, препятствующих наркотизму и развитию наркомании. Утверждается необходимость формирования адекватного общественного мнения, не допускающего эксклюзии и криминализации молодежи, соприкоснувшейся с наркотиками. Репрессивные практики работы с такой молодежью только усугубляют проблему. Сформулированы рекомендации по организации урегулирования наркоситуации в стране. Практическая значимость. Материалы статьи могут быть использованы при создании эффективной системы профилактики в образовательной среде с учетом возрастных особенностей учащихся. ; The work was supported by the Russian Humanitarian Scientific Foundation, project № 16–03–00500 «Options and restrictive guidelines of a new industrialization, сontradictions of the socio-cultural space: The example of the Tyumen region», Tyumen State University. ; Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского гуманитарного научного фонда, проект № 16–03–00500 «Возможности и ограничения новой индустриализации и противоречия социокультурного пространства: на примере Тюменского региона», Тюменский государственный университет.

Meine Dissertation untersucht die Vielfalt und Uneindeutigkeit urbaner Identitäten in New York City um 1900. Mit einem praxeologischen und transsektionalen Ansatz werden die Praktiken des Schreibens und die damit verbundenen Selbst-Bildungspraktiken von vier Schriftsteller_innen analysiert. Die vier Ausgangsfiguren für meine Analyse sind erstens Ralph Werther, ein Rechtsanwaltsgehilfe, der unter dem Namen Jennie June auch als »Female Impersonator« und »Cross-Dresser« in New York unterwegs war und dies in autoethnographischen Texten im New York Medico-Legal Journal festhielt (1918–1922); zweitens Elizabeth Jane Cochran, die unter ihrem Pseudonym Nellie Bly zu einer der bekanntesten Journalistinnen der vorletzten Jahrhundertwende wurde. Sie imitierte hysterische Frauenkörper, um auf Blackwell Island in das dortige Women's Lunatic Asylum zu gelangen. Ihr Weg durch New York ins Asylum wurde in zwei Artikeln in der New York World veröffentlicht (1887). Drittens James Weldon Johnson, Diplomat, Komponist, Politiker und Schriftsteller. Er beschrieb in einer fiktiven Autobiographie das Leben eines »Ex-Colored Man« (1912) und dadurch auch die Fiktionalität und Realität der so genannten Color Line in den USA. Viertens der »Self-Government« Reformer und Politiker Richard Ward Greene Welling, der sich nach extensiver Vorbereitung – festgehalten in seinem Tagebuch – auf dem Bradley-Martin Ball (1897) als Miantanamoh, Sachem der Narragansett, verkleidete. Diese vier Schriftsteller_innen erschufen reale und imaginierte Territorien von »New Women«, »Ex-Colored Men«, »Native Americans«, »Androgynes« und »Fairies«. Um die Praktik des Schreibens in Bezug auf die Selbst-Bildungsprozesse zu untersuchen, werden Tagebücher, Romane, Autobiographien, Artikel in Tageszeitungen, Aufsätze in Fachzeitschriften, sowie die Korrespondenzen der Schriftsteller_innen herangezogen. Die in diesen Texten beobachtbaren Selbst-Bildungen stehen in einem wechselseitigen Verhältnis zu den insbesondere durch medizinische und juridische Diskursfelder hervorgebrachten Subjektpositionen. Die umfassenden politischen, kulturellen und technologischen Veränderungen in New York City um die vorletzte Jahrhundertwende beeinflussten die Selbstbildungspraktiken – aber determinierten diese nicht. Ein zentrales Ergebnis der Studie ist somit, dass Lesarten der Moderne als stabile, historische Zeitperiode – unter Berücksichtigung der Subjektivierungsprozesse – wenig hilfreich sind. Vielmehr erscheint die Moderne so eher als Feld von Diskontinuitäten denn als ein monolithischer Block – bevölkert von instabilen, zerrissenen und gebrochenen Individuen. Zugleich haben die Schriftsteller_innen in produktiver Art und Weise unterschiedliche Schreibgattungen genutzt und so durch ihre spezifischen Praktiken des Schreibens temporäre Identitäten ausgebildet, verworfen, imitiert, verändert, erfunden und neu justiert. Dadurch wird zugleich eine neue Lesart des Amerikanischen Individualismus um 1900 vorgeschlagen, die literaturwissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzungen – insbesondere in Bezug auf die Verhältnisse zwischen Fiktionalität und Realität, Imitation und Authentizität sowie Fakt und Fiktion von Identitätsbildungen – für eine Geschichte der Selbst-Bildungen nutzbar macht. In einer Verbindung von Mikro- und Makrogeschichte werden so nicht nur die dazwischenliegenden Spannungsverhältnisse und Machtbeziehungen deutlich, die die Praktiken des Schreibens und der Selbstbildungsprozesse beeinflussten, sondern wird darüber hinaus die Relevanz der imaginierten Räume und realen Orte für die Stadtgeschichte deutlich. ; This dissertation analyzes the multiplicity and ambiguity of modern, urban identities in New York City around 1900. For this purpose, I take into account works of four writers who lived in New York City. Close reading their autobiographies, diaries and correspondences – their non-fictional journalistic and scientific, as well as their fictional texts revealed considerable changes in the metropolis, on the one hand, and illuminated the political and economic fights for resources and rights of minorities to create their own identities, on the other hand. With a praxeological and transsectional approach the self-making practices of the writers were analyzed. In the analyzed sources, the writers shaped the focus on the other in an urban society that came to be perceived and portrayed as increasingly frayed and unstable. Ralph Werther was a legal clerk, who was also known under his other alias Jennie June as a female impersonator in New York City. He wrote about his life in a unique combination of text fragments, published in the New York Medico-Legal Journal in 1918 and 1922. Elizabeth Jane Cochran, better known as Nellie Bly, imitated hysterical women's bodies to get into the Women's Lunatic Asylum on Blackwell Island. She wrote about her trip and the unbearable conditions for women in the asylum. The text was published in two pieces in Joseph Pulitzer's New York World in 1887. James Weldon Johnson was a diplomat, composer, activist, lawyer and writer. He wrote about the life of an Ex-Colored Man in a fictitious and anonymously published autobiography in 1912, thereby novelizing the practice of race passing. Self-government reformer and politician Richard Ward Greene Welling masqueraded, following in-depth research outlined in his diary, as Miantanahmoh, chief of the Narragansett for the Bradley-Martin Ball in 1897. Together they invented a real and imagined territory of new women, ex-colored men, Native Americans, androgynes and fairies in turn-of-the-century New York City. This dissertation takes into account sources ranging from diaries, novels, autobiographies, newspaper articles, medical journal articles, and correspondences to analyze the practice of writing, arguing that the development of diverse categories of difference (race, class, age, gender, [dis-]ability) around 1900 was neither inevitable nor as neatly distinct as scholars have previously supposed. On the contrary: The readers, spectators, colleagues, and friends of the four writers were enthusiastic about the ambiguity and the protest against fixed identities and binaries. In short, the writers told stories about and brokered insights into the hybridity of identities in New York City around 1900. In this way modernity appears rather as a field of discontinuities than a monolithic block. The analyzed self-writing practices of the writers produced, imitated, invented, discarded and adjusted temporary identities. Following these results another reading of American Individualism around 1900 is proposed: One that takes into account the relationships and frictions between fiction and reality, imitation and authenticity, as well as fact and fiction of identity formations – for the history of subjectivity and for historical science in general. With a combined micro- and macrohistorical analysis of New York City around 1900 this dissertation furthermore shows how the practice of writing influenced self-makings, and it demonstrates the relevance for a history of imagined spaces and real places in municipal history.

Cilj projekta Razvoja kohortnog longitudinalnog istraživanja (ECDP), financiranog u okviru OBZOR2020 programa Europske Komisije je razviti konkretne modele nove europske istraživačke infrastrukture za koordinaciju budućeg velikog europskog kohortnog 25 godišnjeg longitudinalnog istraživanja o dobrobiti djece i mladih. ECDP projekt usmjeren je na uspostavljanje uspješne istraživačke infrastrukture i budućeg EuroCohort istraživanja kroz: (a) razvijanje podrške među ključnim donositeljima politika te nacionalnim agencijama zaduženima za financiranje istraživačkih infrastruktura i anketnih prikupljanja podataka; (b) razvijanje znanstveno izvrsnog nacrta budućeg longitudinalnog anketnog istraživanja ; te (c) uspostavljanje stabilnog operativnog okvira koji jamči logističku opstojnost budućeg EuroCohort istraživanja. Cilj jedne dionice projekta je oformiti savjetodavnu grupu djece (CYPAG) te kroz fokusne grupe utvrditi dječju perspektivu o dobrobiti, što im znači riječ "dobrobit", što pod tim pojmom podrazumijevaju, kao i njihovo razumijevanje etičkih pitanja u longitudinalnim istraživanjima dobrobiti djece. S dvadesetak djece, starosti od 10 do 15 godina, predstavnicima različitih posebno angažiranih skupina djece u različitim područjima od tehničkih, sportskih do prirodoslovnih i društvenih, odnosno djece uključene u nacionalne i lokalne relevantne organizacije, djece iz vijeća učenika, djece iz dječjeg gradskog vijeća, djece iz relevantnih nevladinih organizacija, te djece uključene u sportske organizacije, održane su tri fokusne grupe. Dio djece pripada skupinama kao što su: djeca iz manjinskih skupina, djeca rastavljenih roditelja, djeca iz jednoroditeljskih obitelji, djeca iz udomiteljskih obitelji, djeca s poteškoćama, djeca s kroničnim bolestima, te djeca koja žive u siromaštvu. Prikazani su rezultati kvalitativnog istraživanja o tome kako djeca doživljavaju različite aspekte dobrobiti i što smatraju najvažnijim čimbenicima koji utječu na njihovu dobrobit, kako bi se prema njihovom mišljenju trebala izvoditi longitudinalna istraživanja dobrobiti djece te kako uključiti djecu u longitudinalna istraživanja dobrobiti, koja ih etička pitanja u provođenju longitudinalnih istraživanja s djecom najviše brinu i kako bi ih oni riješili. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da djeca i mladi svojim razumijevanjem dobrobiti te načinom naglašavanja važnosti vođenja računa o privatnosti i pravima djece i mladih kao sudionika znanstvenih istraživanja mogu značajno doprinijeti kvaliteti istraživanja dobrobiti, stoga ih je iznimno važno i korisno uključiti aktivno u planiranje i provođenje longitudinalnog istraživanja dobrobiti djece i mladih. ; The European Cohort Development Project (ECDP) is financed from the European Union's Horizon 2020 programme to create specific models for a European Research Infrastructure that will provide, over the next 25 years, comparative longitudinal survey data on child and young adult well-being. The infrastructure developed by ECDP will subsequently coordinate the first Europe wide cohort survey, named EuroCohort. This will be achieved through the following three objectives: (a) building support from key political policymakers with a brief which covers child well-being as well as national funding agencies tasked with infrastructural spending on science and survey data collection; (b) developing a scientifically excellent research design; (c) establishing a robust operation al framework that will ensure the logistic integrity of EuroCohort. The aim of one section of the project is to set up a Children and Young People's Advisory Groups (CYPAG) and to identify, through focus groups, a children's perspective on well-being, examine the meaning of the word 'well-being', as well as gather information of their understanding of ethical issues in longitudinal research on child well-being. Three focus group were conducted with about 20 children, in the age between 10 and 15, representatives from various fields of specially engaged groups of children, including technical, sports, science and social field, children involved in national and local relevant organizations, children from student councils, children from children's city council, children from relevant nongovernmental organizations and also children involved in sports organizations. Some of the children belong to groups such as minorities, children of divorced parents, children from single-parent families, children from foster families, children with disabilities, children with chronic illnesses, and children living in poverty. The results of a qualitative study are presented on how children experience different aspects of well-being, what they consider to be the most important factors affecting their well-being, how in their opinion longitudinal studies of child well-being should be conducted, how to include children in longitudinal studies of well-being, what ethical issues are they most concerned with within longitudinal research with children and how they can be addressed. The results show that children and young people, through their understanding of well-being and by emphasizing the importance of taking into account the privacy and rights of children and young people as participants in scientific research, can significantly contribute to the quality of well-being research, so it is extremely important and useful to involve them actively in planning and conducting a longitudinal study of the well-being of children and young people.

Telemedicine uses telecommunication and information technology to provide health care services over spatial distances. In the upcoming demographic changes towards an older average population age, especially rural areas suffer from a decreasing doctor to patient ratio as well as a limited amount of available medical specialists in acceptable distance. These areas could benefit the most from telemedicine applications as they are known to improve access to medical services, medical expertise and can also help to mitigate critical or emergency situations. Although the possibilities of telemedicine applications exist in the entire range of healthcare, current systems focus on one specific disease while using dedicated hardware to connect the patient with the supervising telemedicine center. This thesis describes the development of a telemedical system which follows a new generic design approach. This bridges the gap of existing approaches that only tackle one specific application. The proposed system on the contrary aims at supporting as many diseases and use cases as possible by taking all the stakeholders into account at the same time. To address the usability and acceptance of the system it is designed to use standardized hardware like commercial medical sensors and smartphones for collecting medical data of the patients and transmitting them to the telemedical center. The smartphone can also act as interface to the patient for health questionnaires or feedback. The system can handle the collection and transport of medical data, analysis and visualization of the data as well as providing a real time communication with video and audio between the users. On top of the generic telemedical framework the issue of scalability is addressed by integrating a rule-based analysis tool for the medical data. Rules can be easily created by medical personnel via a visual editor and can be personalized for each patient. The rule-based analysis tool is extended by multiple options for visualization of the data, mechanisms to handle complex rules and options for performing actions like raising alarms or sending automated messages. It is sometimes hard for the medical experts to formulate their knowledge into rules and there may be information in the medical data that is not yet known. This is why a machine learning module was integrated into the system. It uses the incoming medical data of the patients to learn new rules that are then presented to the medical personnel for inspection. This is in line with European legislation where the human still needs to be in charge of such decisions. Overall, we were able to show the benefit of the generic approach by evaluating it in three completely different medical use cases derived from specific application needs: monitoring of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) patients, support of patients performing dialysis at home and councils of intensive-care experts. In addition the system was used for a non-medical use case: monitoring and optimization of industrial machines and robots. In all of the mentioned cases, we were able to prove the robustness of the generic approach with real users of the corresponding domain. This is why we can propose this approach for future development of telemedical systems. ; Telemedizin nutzt Telekommunikation und Informationstechnologie, um medizinische Dienstleistungen über räumliche Distanzen hinweg zu ermöglichen. Durch den demographischen Wandel hin zu einer älteren Bevölkerung, verschlechtert sich vor allem im ländlichen Raum der Betreuungsschlüssel zwischen (Fach-)ärzten und Patienten, während Experten in den jeweiligen medizinischen Spezialgebieten sehr weit verteilt sind und Anfahrtswege immer weiter werden. Gerade der ländliche Raum profitiert von der Telemedizin. Anfahrtswege entfallen, wenn Untersuchungen oder ärztliche Konzile über Telemedizinsysteme abgewickelt werden. Kritische Situationen können entschärft oder vermieden werden, wenn Spezialisten durch Telemedizin frühzeitig eingebunden werden. Aktuelle Telemedizinsysteme sind allerdings generell auf ein bestimmtes Krankheitsbild beschränkt und verwenden dedizierte Hardware, um den Patienten mit dem telemedizinischen Zentrum zu verbinden, obwohl ein breiteres Anwendungsspektrum in der gesamten Gesundheitsversorgung denkbar ist. Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Entwicklung eines Telemedizinsystems, das darauf ausgelegt ist das System so generisch zu planen und zu entwickeln, dass möglichst viele Krankheitsbilder und Anwendungsfälle abgebildet werden können. Dafür werden alle möglichen Beteiligten des Systems mit berücksichtigt und einbezogen. Um das Telemedizinsystem bedienerfreundlich zu gestalten und die Akzeptanz zu erhöhen, wurde auf den Einsatz von Standardhardware, wie kommerzielle medizinische Sensorik oder Smartphones, hoher Wert gelegt. Das Smartphone dient dabei unter anderem als Patientengerät, das die Daten verschiedenster Sensorik auslesen, aggregieren und an das zentrale System weiterleiten kann. Es kann interaktive Fragebögen anzeigen und verwendet werden, um dem Patienten Feedback zu den Daten zu geben. Das Telemedizinsystem unterstützt die komplette Kette der telemedizinischen Datenverarbeitung, von der Aufnahme der Daten über den abgesicherten Transport bis hin zur Analyse und Visualisierung der Daten. Zusätzlich wird eine Kommunikationsmöglichkeit der Beteiligten über Audio- oder Videotelefonie zur Verfügung gestellt. Um die Skalierbarkeit des Systems zu erhöhen, wurde ein regelbasiertes Auswertesystem für die Patientendaten implementiert. Das medizinische Personal kann über ein einfach zu bedienendes grafisches Interface patientenindividuelle Regeln anlegen. Das Regelsystem ist in der Lage die Daten anhand komplexer Regeln zu analysieren, Visualisierungen zu erzeugen oder Aktionen auszulösen, wie beispielsweise einen Alarm zu geben, wenn die Werte des Patienten sich verschlechtern. Es kommt vor, dass die Experten ihr Wissen nicht in konkrete Regeln formulieren können oder dass Wissen in den Daten steckt, das den Experten selbst nicht bekannt ist. Deshalb kommt ein weiteres Modul zum Einsatz, das anhand der eingehenden Daten mittels maschinellem Lernen neue Regeln erzeugt und dem Fachpersonal zur Überprüfung vorschlägt. Die letzte Entscheidung liegt immer bei dem jeweiligen Fachpersonal, so dass das System konform zu aktuellem europäischem Recht arbeitet. Der generische Ansatz des Telemedizinsystems wurde in drei verschiedenen medizinischen Anwendungsszenarien mit den entsprechenden Anwendern getestet: Langzeitmonitoring von COPD (chronisch obstruktive Lungenerkrankung) Patienten, Unterstützung von Heimdialyse Patienten und intensivmedizinische Konsile. Zusätzlich wurde das System im industriellen Anwendungskontext zum Überwachen und Optimieren von Industrieanlagen und Industrierobotern eingesetzt. In allen Anwendungsfällen konnten wir die Machbarkeit des Systems zeigen und mit Anwendern aus dem jeweiligen Fachbereich evaluieren. Das System kann somit als robuste Grundlage für die Entwicklung weiterer Telemedizinsysteme und Anwendungen dienen.

Introduction. Ukraine's choice of the European way of development creates a united educational environment – it leads to the outflow of abroad for the studying of the most trained pre-conscripts youth, who wants to get education in European countries with the prospect of having work and citizenship. The Operation of the united forces in the East of Ukraine, defense of the state requires the provision of human resources, the formation of a military personnel reserve. Providing of the Armed Forces of Ukraine with human resources is becoming an actual problem.Purpose. Analysis of factors and trends affecting the training of pre-conscripts.Methods. Summarization and analysis of information and analytical materials on open and electronic (Internet) sources.Results. Educational institutions become the only center for training young people in the theoretical, practical, physical and moral-psychological terms of future military activity.Detection of the influence of external and internal factors on the preparation of pre-conscripts youth:military confrontation in the East;socio-economic stagnation in the state;large-scale labor and stationary migration;reduction of populationlack of spirituality and morality in society;reduction in the birth rate of the population.To the negative challenges of labor and stationary migration that affect the mobilization of youth, one can note:change in the number, structure of the population as a result of the transition of labor migration into a permanent one;process of aging of the nation, change of age, sexual, family, ethnic composition;weakening of family ties, the instability of marriages, the weakening of social forces, which negatively affects fertility, the development of seven, causes significant economic losses;formation in the youth of a stereotype, mentality, which achieved the achievement of living standards can be through labor travel abroad;formation of the psychology of right nihilism among the population.Finding the best ways to prevent the impact of these challenges and make appropriate decisions requires the creation of a database of informational and sociological support for pre-conscripts youth, the methodology for analyzing sociological information, the procedure and nature of its use are very important for the preparation of a military reserve, not only during the period of military confrontation but also in the future.The analysis of the current state of military reserve preparation (pre-conscription, reckless youth) to protect the state has revealed a number of problems, the presence of potential challenges that require a practical solution:minimizing the social exclusion of young people from the Ukrainian educational space;creation of conditions for equality of educational chances of citizens of the country;optimization of the network of general educational institutions (military-sports direction), which gives an increase in the number of young people ready to fulfill their duty to protect the Motherland;strengthening of professional orientation of youth, popularization and promotion of military profession;development and formation of new standards of military applications that will meet the requirements of time;intensifying the study of the current state of national-patriotic education of children and youth, organization of its systematic, ongoing monitoring.Originality. The identification of contradictions, problems, challenges and their impact on the preparation of pre-conscription youth for the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the long term perspective provides an opportunity to identify priorities, search for the control of the effects of an optimal strategy in the field of mobilizing human potential, and creating a military reserve. Adjustment of managerial decisions should be aimed at achieving the final result – quantitative and qualitative training of military specialists to protect the state.Conclusion. The level of combat readiness and combat capability of the Armed Forces of Ukraine depends on the quality of pre-conscripts training, their education, healthy lifestyle, and the prevention of deviant behavior.Preparation of pre-conscripts youth, military reserve depends on the population size, the quality of education, which determines the development of science, technology, weapons, their use all affects the defense of the state. ; В статье проведен анализ публикаций по вопросам подготовки допризывной молодежи к службе в войсках. Выявлены противоречия, негативные факторы и их влияние на количественные и качественные показатели подготовки допризывной молодежи. Проведена дифференциация существующей модели организации подготовки допризывной молодежи по группам проблемных вопросов. На их основе целесообразно проводить системный мониторинг (социологические исследования) человеческого потенциала с целью корректирования управленческих решений по подготовке допризывной молодежи к выполнению гражданского и конституционного долга, защите суверенитета и территориальной целостности Украины. ; У статті проведено аналіз публікацій з питань підготовки допризовної молоді до служби у військах. Виявлені суперечності, негативні чинники та їх вплив на кількісну та якісну підготовку допризовної молоді. Проведено диференціацію існуючої моделі організації підготовки допризовної молоді за групами проблемних питань. На їх основі визначено впровадження системного моніторингу (соціологічних досліджень) людського потенціалу з метою корегування управлінських рішень щодо підготовки допризовної молоді до виконання громадського і конституційного обов'язку, захисту суверенітету та територіальної цілісності України.

As there are changes in today's needs of the information society, the development of information technologies, the information behavior of scientists, the habits of information processing and its management in modern scientific libraries form their unique, atypical and constantly changing functions. This forces scientific libraries to take on new roles while ensuring the stability of their traditional roles. The vision for the future of the academic library is to become an academic partner from the service provider [1]. Preparation of employees for doing the right job is becoming more and more important and challenging. The combination of individual self-expression, knowledge and skills undoubtedly contributes to the successful implementation of changes, therefore it is important to focus on and distinguish significant employee competencies to ensure organizational goals.In recent decades academic libraries conditioned by the changes happening in information society have fundamentally changed their activities: reorganize structures, carry out reorganization in collections, improve information search systems, organize open access to scientific resources, redistribute budget priorities, expand collaboration with academic community, organize the training and participate in the training process, focus on employee learning, implementation and adaptation of new technologies, conduct scientific research, constantly improve services.The role of today's scientific libraries is not limited to the diversity of book collections and the ways in which they are stored, they play an active role in building technology and knowledge infrastructures. It is now more evident that the functions of libraries' dissemination of information, accessibility, storage and social functions are crucial. "In the age of technology, the availability of information streams and the efficiency of their processing are becoming critical criteria for determining the quality and attractiveness of libraries" [2]. The abundance and variety of exploring scientific research sources are equally important for their availability and presentation. Therefore, the transformation of library staff from a curator of publications to a high-tech specialist or IT consultant in modern scientific libraries is an inevitable phenomenon.Having done the systematic analysis of scientific literature [3-7], the article presents the refined competencies of library employees as a result of changes in library activities and necessary for their successful implementation (see Table). Taking into account that organizational intelligence is one of the main guarantees of the quality of activities, which ensures the possibility to implement organizational changes, such competencies as personal knowledge, skills (abilities) and personal qualities (internal readiness) are necessary for implementing library changes. It can be noted that the greatest success of change implementation is determined by the skills (abilities) and personal qualities of the employees. This demonstrates that the library staff should be flexible, operational, tolerant, able to successfully develop their skills, and effectively apply other personal qualities to prepare for changes in the organization.Table 1. Necessary staff competencies to implement library changesKnowledgeProfessional; Knowledge of technologyManagement of information resourcesOrganized management of information resourcesPractical application of advanced technologiesBudget managementManagement of information and communicationInterest in scientific communication trendsAbilities (skills)Academic perceptivity; Development of activity projectsAnalyzing digital systems; Planning changeAbility to recognize and characterize information environment featuresIntegration into educational and scientific research processesPlanning and coordination of activities· Conducting trainings for student information educationAbility to acquire information and manage its contentCommunicationGuidance on political and legal issuesIntegration of library information into study processesManagement and coordination of electronic resourcesAbility to work in a teamCreating the most acceptable and comfortable conditions for the users working with informationAbility to negotiate; Development of operating methodsIntegration of new planned activitiesUnderstanding and applying digital systemsInformation search engine developmentDeveloping a library training programManagement of organization's knowledgePersonal qualitiesPerssistence; FlexibilityCreativity; PromptnessCuriosity DiscretionSocial networkingAnalytical and logical thinkingTolerance to changeOptimism; Realization of consumer claimsLeadership; EnthusiasmSelf-confidence; Confidentiality Librarians are skillful creators of information and knowledge, users and organizers who can make an effective contribution to science and learning when operating effectively. This can be seen in the library employees' distinguished functional, managerial, organizational, negotiation (communication, cooperation), education, coordination (planning, integration), understanding and analysis of digital systems, development of projects and methodologies, and data analysis and evaluation abilities. The knowledge of the library staff was detailed based on the main knowledge groups, i.e. professional, theoretical, technological, management, scientific communication, digital systems. It is almost certain that in recent decades changes in libraries have created new concepts of librarians' erudition.Knowledge such as technological, digital systems and, to some extent, scientific communication were certainly not on the list of key competencies of the traditional library staff. This proves the fundamental transformation of library staff competence in an inclusive digital environment.In conclusion, it could be stated that changes of activities in academic libraries initiate changes in staff competences - in the context of changes, there is a need for the staff to develop new or existing competences that are attributed to skill and knowledge, and personal qualities groups. It is these competences that need to be strengthened, since only a combination of them will lead to successful implementation of change.

The article explores irony in political discourse as a manifestation of the general attitudes ofpostmodern self-consciousness. It has been found that the phenomenon of irony in political discourse is a model of themodern world-view of political realities as semantically ambiguous, intertextual, culturally-conditioned components of thepostmodern multimedia picture of the world. The approach to irony as a synthesis of the ideological process and a linguistic phenomenon made it possible to describe the mechanism of the functioning of irony in the British political media discourse.Irony can be realized by means of all linguistic levels, provided they are used in contexts that have a semantic ambiguity. Thestylistic devices of creating ironic sense in the British political media discourse are mainly metaphors, paraphrases, paradoxes,bringing to the point of absurdity. A significant feature of modern political discourse is the irony of the allusion and quotationtypes. Different quotations, allusions, reminiscences, which are peculiar "texts in the text", expand the intertextual frameworkof a political article and function as mechanisms for the realization of irony. In the British political media discourse theintensity of ironic mock can be different: its degree varies from mild, friendly and benevolent to evil, caustic, sarcastic. Thedegree of ridicule depends on the emotional intensity of the criticism that the irony conveys. References Antonova, Tatyana. 2014. "Metaforicheskaya interpretatsiya uchastnikov sotsialnogo konflikta vmediadiskurse". Politicheskaya lingvistika 1 (47):131–135.Bahtin, Mihail. 1990. Tvorchestvo Fransua Rable i narodnaya kultura rednevekovya i Renessansa. Moskva:Hudozhestvennaya literatura.Veselova, Natalya. 2003. "Ironiya v politicheskom diskurse". PhD diss., Nizhniy Novgorod.Gornostaeva, Anna. 2013. Ironiya kak komponent angliyskogo stilya kommunikatsii. Moskva: Maska.Ermakova, Olga. 2014. "Yavlyaetsya li ironiya rechevyim zhanrom? (Esche raz o nekotoryih osobennostyahironii)". Zhanryi rechi 1–2 (9–10):74 – 80.Maltseva, Olha. 2018. "Modusy smikhu v sotsiokulturnii dynamitsi". PhD diss., Dnipro.Yanovska, Halyna. 2006. "Freimova reprezentatsiia ironii v presi (na materialakh ukrainskoi, rosiiskoi, polskoita anhlomovnoi presy)". PhD diss., Donetsk.Bell, Allan. 1991. The Language of News Media. Oxford: Blackwell.Craig, Stewart. 2013. "Strategies of Verbal Irony in Visual Satire: Reading The New Yorker's "Politics of Fear"Cover". Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 26(2):197–217.Develotte, Christine and Rechniewski, Elizabeth. 2001. "Discourse Analysis of Newspaper Headlines: AMethodological Framework for Research into National Representations". The Web Journal of French MediaStudies 4(1). [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://wjfms.ncl.ac.uk/enframes.htmLutzker, E. 1999. "Violence and the Sublime in Mass Media". New York Studies in Media and Philosophy 4.[Electronic resource] Access mode: http://www.egs.edu/mediaphi/pdfs/emily_violence_sublime.pdfBehr, Rafael. April 19, 2018. "In This Golden Age of Political Arrogance, David Cameron Is King." TheGuardian. Access mode: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/19/political-arrogance-david-cameron-brexitBehr, Rafael. December 10, 2018. "A No-deal Brexit Would Be the Deranged Action of a Rogue State". TheGuardian. Access mode: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/dec/10/no-deal-brexit-theresa-mayBehr, Rafael. January 29, 2019. "Thinks She's Won. But the Reality of Brexit Will Soon Hit Her Again". TheGuardian. Access mode: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jan/29/may-brexit-brady-amendmentBehr, Rafael. December 14, 2018. "Westminster Has Known the Options Since 2016. Which Brexit Does ItWant?" The Guardian. Access mode: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/dec/14/westminster-2016-brexit-british-politicsBehr, Rafael. December 31, 2018. "Don't Expect Brexit to Give Us a British Alexander Hamilton?" TheGuardian. Access mode: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/dec/31/brexit-british-alexander-hamilton-revolutionariesJenkins, Simon. February 11, 2019. "British 'Lethality'? Gavin Williamson's Brain Has Gone Absent WithoutLeave." The Guardian. Access mode: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/feb/11/gavin-williamson-defence-policy-ukLeir, Ron. April 18, 2018. "Getting at the truth can be dangerous to your health." The Observer. Access mode:http://www.theobserver.com/?s=Getting+at+the+truth+can+be+dangerous+to+your+healthMoore, Suzanne. September 25, 2016. "City Figures Hit Out at May over Lack of Clarity on Brexit Strategy."The Guardian. Access mode: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/sep/25/city-figures-hit-out-theresa-may-over-lack-of-clarity-on-brexit-strategy#comments ; У статті досліджено процес іронізації в політичному дискурсі як прояв загальних установокпостмодерністської самосвідомості. З'ясовано, що феномен іронії в політичному дискурсі є моделлю сучасногосвітосприйняття політичних реалій як семантично неоднозначних, інтертекстуальних, культурно зумовленихкомпонентів постмодерністської мультимедійної картини світу. Погляд на іронію як синтез ідеологічного процесу ілінгвістичного явища дав змогу описати специфіку механізму функціонування іронії в британському політичномумедіа-дискурсі. Іронія може реалізовуватися лінгвістичними засобами всіх мовних рівнів за умови їх вживання вконтекстах, які несуть смислову двозначність. Серед стилістичних засобів створення іронічного смислу вангломовному політичному дискурсі переважно вживаються метафори, перифрази, парадокси, доведення доабсурду. Значущою рисою сучасного політичного дискурсу є іронія цитатного й алюзивного типів. Різного видуцитати, алюзії, ремінісценції, що є своєрідними «текстами в тексті», розширюють інтертекстуальну рамку політичноїстатті й функціонують як механізми реалізації іронії. У британському політичному медіа-дискурсі інтенсивністьіронічної насмішки може бути різною: її ступінь коливається від легкої, дружньої та доброзичливої до злої, уїдливої,саркастичної. Ступінь насмішки залежить від емоційної насиченості критики, яку передає іронія.

El Informe de 2018 de la Comisión al Parlamento Europeo, al Consejo,
al Comité Económico y Social Europeo y al Comité de las Regiones, sobre la
aplicación de la Directiva 94/80/CE por la que se fijan las modalidades de ejercicio
del derecho de sufragio activo y pasivo en las elecciones locales, COM (2018)
44 final, ha puesto de manifiesto como cada vez más los ciudadanos de la Unión
Europea hacen uso de su derecho de libre circulación y residencia en otros estados
miembros, de forma que se calcula que existen 14 millones de ciudadanos
europeos desplazados en edad de votar. Sin embargo, los niveles de inscripción
electoral de estos ciudadanos en las elecciones locales siguen siendo muy poco
significativos y su participación en los comicios locales se mantiene en índices
extremadamente bajos. Estos datos reflejan que un porcentaje muy alto de estos
ciudadanos no pueden ejercer sus derechos electorales, ni en su país de origen, ni
en aquel en el que están desplazados, excluyendo por completo su participación
democrática. Ello resulta especialmente paradójico en un ámbito, la UE, que propugna
la democracia como uno de sus valores y atribuye a los derechos electorales
la condición de derechos fundamentales.
En este trabajo se abordan los límites del estatuto de la ciudadanía para garantizar
la plena participación de los ciudadanos europeos en los asuntos públicos
del país de residencia y los condicionantes jurídicos que influyen en el ejercicio
efectivo de tales derechos en el ámbito interno de los estados, proponiendo una reformulación de los mismos capaz de otorgar un sello distintivo al estatuto de la
ciudadanía en lo que se refiere a los derechos inherentes a la participación política
en el país de residencia.
Toki-hauteskundeetan parte hartzeko sufragio aktiboaren eta
pasiboaren eskubidea egikaritzeko modalitateak finkatzen dituen 94/80/EE Zuzentaraua
aplikatzeari dagokionez, COM (2018) 44 (azkena), Europako Parlamentuarentzat,
Kontseiluarentzat, Europako Ekonomia eta Gizarte Komitearentzat eta Eskualdeetako
Lantaldearentzat Batzordeak 2018an egindako txostenaren arabera,
geroz eta Europar Batasuneko herritar gehiagok baliatzen du zirkulazio librerako
eta estatu kideetan bizitzeko eskubidea. Hala, 14 milioi europar dira bizilekua aldatu
eta bozkatzeko adina dutenak. Hala ere, herritar horietatik gutxi batzuk baino
ez daude oraindik ere toki-hauteskundeetarako erroldatuta eta horien parte-hartzea
toki-hauteskundeetan benetan maila baxuetan dago. Datu horiek adierazten dute
hiritar horien ehuneko altu batek ezin dituela hauteskunde eskubideak baliatu, ez
jatorrizko herrialdean ezta lekualdatutako herrialdean, eta horrenbestez, horien
parte-hartze demokratikoa guztiz baztertzen da. Hori bereziki paradoxikoa da EBen,
demokrazia balore bezala aldarrikatzen baita eta hauteskunde eskubideei oinarrizko
eskubide izaera ematen baitzaie.
Lan honetan herritarren estatutuaren mugak jorratzen dira, europarrek bizileku
duten herrialdeetako gai publikoetan parte hartzen dutela bermatzeko, eta jorratu
egiten dira, halaber, eskubide horiek benetan baliatzeko orduan estatuen barne-esparruan
eragina duten baldintza juridikoak. Eta horiek berriz formulatzea proposatu
da, bizileku den herrialdeetako parte-hartze politikoarekin lotutako eskubideei
dagokienez herritarren estatutuari zigilu bereizgarria eman ahal izateko.
The 2018 Report of the Commission to the European Parliament,
Council, Economic Social Committee of the Regions on the application of Directive
94/80/CE on the right to vote and to stand as a candidate in municipal elections,
COM (2018) 44 final, has shown how an increasing number of citizens from the
European Union make use of their right to free movement and residence in
other member states, so that it is estimated that there are 14 millions of moving
European citizens of voting age. However, the levels of electoral registration in
local elections are quite insignificant and their participation in local polls remain
extremely low. These figures reflect that a very high proportion of these citizens
cannot exercise their electoral rights, neither at their home countries nor at the
country where they moved, so disqualifying them from democratic participation.
That is specially paradoxical in a field, the EU, that has advocated for democracy
as one of its core values and that considers electoral rights fundamental rights.
This work deals with the limits of the citizenship status in order to guarantee the
full involvement of European citizens in public affairs of their country of residence
and the legal constraints that influence on the effective exercise of such rights
within the domestic sphere of states by proposing a reformulation of them that is
able of granting a distinctive status to citizenship as far as those inherent rights to
political participation at the country of residence are concerned.

Jean-Henri Maubert de Gouvest, born in Rouen in 1721, was an Enlightenment adventurer. With his tumultuous career, he is fully in line within the polymorphous and variegated family of fortune knights studied by Suzanne Roth and Alexandre Stroev. In fact, by breaking relationships with his family, Maubert entered the Capuchin order at the age of 17 but when he quit the religious habit, he left the convent. Becoming fugitive, he could not return to his family and his peregrinations carried him all over Europe, like Ange Goudar or Casanova. Throughout his travels, our knight of fortune played the role of tutor in Poland, journalist in the United Provinces or spy for France. Different occupations evoked in André Warzée, Jeroom Vercruysse, Pierre Coquelle or Edmond Dziembowski's works on the press and the Seven Years' War. By developing relationships with some statesmen and many other adventurers over the course of his adventures, Maubert created a real network and thus shaped enough material to write, gradually becoming an "aventurier d'écritoire". His low income placed him in the category of "Rousseau des ruisseaux", analyzed by Robert Darnton. Living precariously, Maubert succeeded in attracting the good graces of a patron : Cobenzl, a plenipotentiary minister in Brussels with whom he maintained a correspondence. Despite the help of his benefactor, Maubert was forced to produce a literature only to survive, offering his readers an original vision of the eighteenth century filtered through his own experience. Polygraphe, he was interested in education, politics, religion and rewrote some of Voltaire's works. Nevertheless, his literary career ended fairly quickly. Forced to leave Brussels for Amsterdam where his creditors caught up with him, he was imprisoned for nearly eighteen months during his endless trial. Leaving prison in a deplorable state of health, Maubert died in 1767, in Altona, in troubling circumstances. His literary work, unknown today, is however rich, including about thirty titles and would benefit being rediscovered by the historians. Thus, by analyzing the specificity of Maubert's network, we are interested in establishing whether and in what way, the different members of this group are representative and vectors of Enlightenment ideas. More than a rehabilitation of the literary artwork or of the author, we focus in this work on the study of the relationships and writings of a man who was both a witness and an actor of the Enlightenment. ; Jean-Henri Maubert de Gouvest, né à Rouen en 1721, est un aventurier des Lumières. Son parcours tumultueux l'inscrit pleinement au sein de la famille polymorphe et bigarrée des chevaliers de fortune étudiée par Suzanne Roth et Alexandre Stroev. De fait, rompant les relations avec sa famille, Maubert entre chez les Capucins dès l'âge de 17 ans mais envoie rapidement son froc aux orties et s'échappe du couvent. Fugitif, il ne peut retourner auprès des siens et ses pérégrinations le portent alors à travers toute l'Europe, à l'instar d'Ange Goudar ou de Casanova. Au gré de ses voyages, notre chevalier de fortune joue le rôle de précepteur en Pologne, de journaliste aux Provinces-Unies ou d'espion pour le compte de la France, différents métiers évoqués par André Warzée, Jeroom Vercruysse, Pierre Coquelle ou Edmond Dziembowski, dans leurs travaux respectifs sur la presse et la guerre de Sept Ans. Développant des relations avec certains hommes d'Etat et de nombreux autres aventuriers au fil de ses péripéties, Maubert se constitue un véritable réseau et concentre entre ses mains de la matière pour écrire, se muant peu à peu en aventurier d'écritoire. Ses faibles revenus et son mode de subsistance le placent alors plutôt dans la catégorie des « Rousseau des ruisseaux » analysée par Robert Darnton. Vivant d'expédients, Maubert réussit à s'attirer les bonnes grâces d'un mécène : Cobenzl, ministre plénipotentiaire à Bruxelles avec lequel il entretient une correspondance. Malgré l'aide de son bienfaiteur, Maubert est contraint de produire une littérature alimentaire offrant à ses lecteurs une vision originale du XVIIIe siècle filtrée par son parcours personnel. Polygraphe, il s'intéresse à l'éducation, à la politique, à la religion et réécrit certains ouvrages de Voltaire. Sa carrière de littérateur s'achève néanmoins assez rapidement. Contraint de quitter Bruxelles pour Amsterdam où ses créanciers le rattrapent, il est emprisonné pendant près de dix-huit mois et se retrouve pris dans la tourmente d'un interminable procès. Sorti de prison dans un état de santé déplorable, Maubert meurt en 1767, à Altona, dans des circonstances troublantes. Son œuvre littéraire, aujourd'hui méconnue, est pourtant riche d'une trentaine de titres et gagnerait à être redécouverte par les historiens. Ainsi, en analysant la spécificité de ce réseau satellisé autour de Maubert, il nous intéresse d'établir si et, le cas échéant, de quelle manière, les différents membres de ce groupe sont représentatifs et vecteurs des idées des Lumières. Plus qu'une simple réhabilitation de l'œuvre ou de l'auteur, nous nous attachons dans ce travail à étudier les relations et les écrits d'un homme qui est à la fois témoin et acteur du siècle.

The META MPE Project "Socioeconomic and Environmental Diagnosis of Small-scale Mining in Brazil," is a comprehensive study of the SSM sector within the Brazilian context. Carried out on request from the Brazilian Ministry of Mining and Energy (MME), the study has as its objective to analyze the socioeconomic and environmental dynamics of SSM universe in Brazil and, from the evaluation of the sector's current conditions, to recommend public policy aiming at its organization and promotion. In this way, the diagnostic made by the Projekt-Consult/RCS Global Consortium has the purpose of providing information for strategic planning. This study was requested by MME from the acknowledgment that the array of existing information on SSM in Brazil had several constraints. Being exclusively based on data related to formalized operations, it does not reflect the practical reality of the sector in the country. Official statistics are incomplete, outdated to some extent, and scattered throughout various institutions within the Brazilian public administration. In order to bridge this gap, a survey was done to include – on top of documentation analysis, case studies in five regions selected to represent the universe of substances extracted by SSM in Brazil, viz. gold (Tapajós mining reserves, in Pará, and in the Peixoto valley, in Mato Grosso), clay (Santa Gertrudes ceramic hub, in São Paulo), gems and precious stones (Jequitinhonha and Mucuri valleys, in the Northeast of Minas Gerais), and construction aggregates (Recife metropolitan area, in Pernambuco). There was also done a comprehensive survey of the literature and documentation on the economic impact at local, regional, and national levels, as well as that related to SSM public policies. Upon overlaidand compared, the bibliographic analyses and the considerations on legislation and public policy for SSM, the case studies revealed the existence of behavioral and organizational standards in the SSM universes that brought up a fresh view of the sector. Qualitative data represents the analysis base for this socioeconomic and environmental report. It covers features that cannot be analyzed exclusively from quantitative data, such as the characteristics of the forms of organization, the social structure of mining communities, environmental impact and the connections between the SSM sector and the economic, governmental, and social sectors. The analysis included issues such as gender, labor relations and other variables, such as age, education level, professional autonomy, and migration. From the analysis of this data, the motivation of social players, in adopting particular lifestyles, and in choosing specific economic and environmental behaviors, become evident, as well as the stance of stakeholders in this area regarding the formalization process. Hence the report characterizes the SSM universe in Brazil in detail, by dealing with social, cultural, economic, political, and environmental issues. The five case study reports found in Volume II of Report 3 provide input for the final analysis of the domestic scenario of SSM. However, Volume I of Product 3 and each case study report making up Volume II can be read independently. There is a great variation in the forms of organization of MPE in Brazil. The role of the MPE sector in each locality is different in social, cultural and economic terms. The degree of inclusion in the economic system, in the legal system, and capital-labor relationships in the extraction process are all important variables. However, the people involved in the activity also share several important characteristics, even if there are differences in terms of the mineral substance extracted and the type of mining. The analysis of public policies shows that these do not always meet the needs of the sector. It can be concluded, for example, that the mineral extensionism initiative did not work as expected due to difficulties in coordination and cooperation between the agents involved. In addition, it is possible to infer that the mineral APL projects also did not materialize as foreseen for a different reason: the lack of capacity to create structures of mutual trust between the agents involved in the activity. Finally, the analysis of the socioeconomic dynamics of the SSM and of the public policies aimed at it, reveals the presence of governance mechanisms inherent to informality intrinsic to the studied universes. The results point to the existence of a self- sustaining cycle of informality, from a history of years of misinformation, conflicting policies and distrust of the players in the sector when it comes to government policies, associated with the complex process of formalization and the punitive approach of agents in charge of overseeing activities. The report presents, in its Chapter 9, some reflections on the challenges and possibilities for a more efficient SSM organization, and Chapter 10 shows the conclusions and proposals for developing public policies for this sector.

Метою дослідження було вивчення динаміки показників загальної смертності хворих із мозковими інсультами із 2013 по 2017 рік, госпіталізованих в ангіоневрологічне відділення та розміщених у відділенні реанімації та інтенсивної терапії клініки нейрохірургії та неврології Військово-медичного клінічного центру Західного регіону. Матеріали та методи. Проаналізовані 57 історій хвороби пацієнтів із фатальним наслідком від мозкового інсульту. Проведена оцінка показників загальної летальності з 2013 по 2017 рік. Результати. Порівняно з 2013 та 2017 роками відмічається зниження смертності від мозкового інсульту на 4,5 %. Найбільша кількість померлих від мозкових інсультів була у 2013 році. Фоном фатальних мозкових інсультів в обох підгрупах хворих була гіпертонічна хвороба в поєднанні з атеросклерозом судин головного мозку, цукровим діабетом, ішемічною хворобою серця, миготливою аритмією. Причиною смерті в даної категорії хворих був набряк-набухання головного мозку з вторинним ішемічним ураженням стовбурових структур внаслідок компресійно-дислокаційного синдрому. У 13 хворих на конкуруюче захворювання, які померли, був інфаркт міокарда. У 9 хворих мозковий інсульт був повторним. У 7 пацієнтів смерть настала упродовж першої доби у зв'язку з тяжкістю перебігу інсульту через декомпенсацію мозкового кровообігу, набряк-набухання головного мозку та наявності тяжкої супутньої соматичної патології. Висновки. Кількість померлих від інсультів — 57, розтинів — 40. Найвища смертність від мозкового інсульту була у віковій групі понад 70 років. Загальна смертність від мозкових інсультів становила 11 %. З пригніченою свідомістю аж до сопору померли 12 (21 %) хворих, з мозковими комами — 45 (79 %). Смертність у чоловіків від мозкових інсультів переважала в 4,7 раза аналогічний показник у жінок. Розбіжність клінічного та патологоанатомічного діагнозів була у 2 випадках. ; Целью исследования было изучение динамики показателей общей смертности больных с мозговыми инсультами с 2013 по 2017 год, госпитализированных в ангионеврологическое отделение и размещенных в отделение реанимации и интенсивной терапии клиники нейрохирургии и неврологии Военно-медицинского клинического центра Западного региона. Материалы и методы. Проанализированы 57 историй болезни пациентов с фатальным следствием от мозгового инсульта. Проведена оценка показателей общей летальности с 2013 по 2017 год. Результаты. По сравнению с 2013 и 2017 годами отмечается снижение смертности от мозгового инсульта на 4,5 %. Наибольшее количество умерших от мозговых инсультов было в 2013 году. Фоном фатальных мозговых инсультов в обеих подгруппах больных была гипертоническая болезнь в сочетании с атеросклерозом сосудов головного мозга, сахарным диабетом, ишемической болезнью сердца, мерцательной аритмией. Причиной смерти у данной категории больных был отек-набухание головного мозга со вторичными ишемическими поражениями стволовых структур в результате компрессионно-дислокационного синдрома. У 13 умерших больных конкурирующим заболеванием был инфаркт миокарда. У 9 больных мозговой инсульт был повторным. У 7 пациентов смерть наступила в течение первых суток в связи с тяжестью течения инсульта из-за декомпенсации мозгового кровообращения, отека-набухания головного мозга и наличия тяжелой сопутствующей соматической патологии. Выводы. Количество умерших от инсультов — 57, вскрытий — 40. Самая высокая смертность от мозгового инсульта была в возрастной группе больше 70 лет. Общая смертность от мозгового инсульта составила 11 %. С подавленным сознанием вплоть до сопора умерли 12 (21 %) больных, с мозговыми комами — 45 (79 %). Смертность у мужчин от мозговых инсультов преобладала в 4,7 раза, чем у женщин. Расхождение клинического и патологоанатомического диагнозов было в 2 случаях. ; Background. The purpose of the investigation was to study the dynamics of the overall mortality rate of patients with cerebral stroke, who were hospitalized in the intensive care unit of the neurosurgery and neurology clinic of the Military Medical Clinical Center of the Western Region from 2013 to 2017. Materials and methods. Fifty seven medical records of patients who died from cerebral stroke were analyzed. The analysis of the indicators of total mortality from 2013 to 2017 years was carried out. Results. Compared to 2013 and 2017, the reduction in mortality from cerebral stroke by 4.5 % was noted. The highest number of deaths from cerebral stroke was in 2013. The underlying disease in both subgroups of patients with fatal brain stroke was hypertension combined with cerebral atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation. The cause of death in this category of patients was cerebral edema with secondary ischemic lesions of the stem structures due to compression-dislocation syndrome. In 13 deceased patients, myocardial infarction was a concomitant disease. Cerebral stroke was recurrent in 9 persons. Seven patients died of severe stroke on the first day, it was due to decompensation of the cerebral circulation, cerebral edema and the presence of severe concomitant somatic pathology. Conclusions. The number of deaths from stroke is 57, autopsies — 40. The highest death rate from cerebral stroke was in the age group more than 70 years. Total mortality from stroke was 11 %. Twelve (21 %) patients died with consciousness depressed to sopor, and 45 (79 %) — with brain coma. Mortality from cerebral stroke among men was 4.7 times higher than among women. Differences in clinical and post-mortem diagnosis were noted in 2 cases.

Целью исследования было изучение динамики показателей общей смертности больных с 2013 по 2017 год с мозговыми инсультами, госпитализированных в ангионеврологическое отделение и размещенных в отделение реанимации и интенсивной терапии клиники нейрохирургии и неврологии Военно-медицинского клинического центра Западного региона. Материалы и методы. Проработаны 57 историй болезни пациентов с фатальным следствием от мозгового инсульта. Проведен анализ показателей общей летальности с 2013 по 2017 год. Результаты. По сравнению с 2013 и 2017 годами отмечается снижение смертности от мозгового инсульта на 4,5 %. Наибольшее количество умерших от мозговых инсультов было в 2013 году. Фоном для обеих подгрупп фатальных мозговых инсультов были гипертоническая болезнь в сочетании с атеросклерозом сосудов головного мозга, сахарным диабетом, ишемической болезнью сердца, мерцательной аритмией. Причиной смерти у данной категории больных были отек-набухание головного мозга со вторичными ишемическими поражениями стволовых структур в результате компрессионно-дислокационного синдрома. У 13 умерших больных конкурирующим заболеванием был инфаркт миокарда. У 9 больных мозговой инсульт был повторным. У 7 пациентов смерть наступила в течение первых суток в связи с тяжестью течения инсульта из-за декомпенсации мозгового кровообращения, отека-набухания головного мозга и наличия тяжелой сопутствующей соматической патологии. Выводы. Количество умерших от инсультов — 57, вскрытий — 40. Самая высокая смертность от мозгового инсульта была в возрастной группе больше 70 лет. Общая смертность от мозгового инсульта составила 11 %. С подавленным сознанием до типа сопора умерли 12 (21 %) больных, с мозговыми комами — 45 (79 %). Смертность у мужчин от мозговых инсультов была больше в 4,7 раза, чем у женщин. Расхождение клинического и патологоанатомического диагнозов было в 2 случаях. ; Background. The purpose of the investigation was to study the dynamics of the overall mortality rate in patients with cerebral stroke, who were hospitalized in the intensive care unit of the neurosurgery and neurology clinic of the Military Medical Clinical Center of the Western Region from 2013 to 2017. Materials and methods. Fifty seven records of patients who died from cerebral stroke have been worked out. The analysis of the indicators of total mortality from 2013 to 2017 years has been carried out. Results. Compared to 2013 and 2017, there is a reduction in mortality from cerebral stroke by 4.5 %. The highest number of deaths from cerebral stroke was in 2013. The background for both subgroups of fatal brain stroke was hypertension combined with cerebral atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, atrial fibrillation. The cause of death in these patients was cerebral edema with secondary ischemic lesions of the stem structures due to compression-dislocation syndrome. In 13 patients who died, myocardial infarction was a concomitant disease. Nine patients had repeated cerebral stroke. In 7 patients, death occurred during the first day due to the stroke severity because of decompensation of cerebral circulation, cerebral edema and the presence of severe concomitant somatic pathology. Conclusions. The number of deaths from stroke is 57, the proportion of autopsies is 40. The highest death rate from cerebral stroke was in the age group more than 70 years. Total mortality from stroke was 11 %. Twelve (21 %) patients died with depressed level of consciousness (sopor) and 45 (79 %) — with brain comas. Mortality from cerebral stroke among men was 4.7 times higher than in women. Differences in clinical and anatomical pathology diagnosis were noted in 2 cases. ; Метою дослідження було вивчення динаміки показників загальної смертності хворих із 2013 по 2017 рік із мозковими інсультами, госпіталізованих в ангіоневрологічне відділення та розміщених у відділенні реанімації та інтенсивної терапії клініки нейрохірургії та неврології Військово-медичного клінічного центру Західного регіону. Матеріали та методи. Опрацьовані 57 історій хвороби пацієнтів із фатальним наслідком від мозкового інсульту. Проведений аналіз показників загальної летальності з 2013 по 2017 рік. Результати. Порівняно з 2013 та 2017 роками відмічається зниження смертності від мозкового інсульту на 4,5 %. Найбільша кількість померлих від мозкових інсультів була у 2013 році. Фоном для обох підгруп фатальних мозкових інсультів були гіпертонічна хвороба в поєднанні з атеросклерозом судин головного мозку, цукровим діабетом, ішемічною хворобою серця, миготливою аритмією. Причиною смерті в даної категорії хворих були набряк-набухання головного мозку з вторинним ішемічним ураженням стовбурових структур внаслідок компресійно-дислокаційного синдрому. У 13 хворих, які померли, конкуруючим захворюванням був інфаркт міокарда. У 9 хворих мозковий інсульт був повторним. У 7 пацієнтів смерть настала упродовж першої доби у зв'язку з тяжкістю перебігу інсульту через декомпенсацію мозкового кровообігу, набряку-набухання головного мозку та наявності тяжкої супутньої соматичної патології. Висновки. Кількість померлих від інсультів — 57, розтинів — 40. Найвища смертність від мозкового інсульту була у віковій групі понад 70 років. Загальна смертність від мозкових інсультів становила 11 %. З пригніченою свідомістю до сопору померли 12 (21 %) хворих, з мозковими комами — 45 (79 %). Смертність у чоловіків від мозкових інсультів була більшою в 4,7 раза, ніж у жінок. Розбіжність клінічного та патологоанатомічного діагнозів була у 2 випадках.

U radu se na temelju empirijskog istraživanja (intervjui), provedenog u Bjelovaru 2017. g., analiziraju stavovi Albanaca u Bjelovarsko-bilogorskoj županiji o njihovom dolasku te integraciji u lokalne zajednice i u hrvatsko društvo, kao i o oblicima i uspješnosti te integracije. U Bjelovarsko-bilogorskoj županiji, u zadnja tri popisa stanovništva (1991., 2001., 2011.), udio Albanaca kreće se od 0,4% do 0,6% u ukupnoj populaciji županije, a njihov broj iznosi 608 (1991.), 755 (2001.) i 743 (2011.). U novom i drugačijem sociopolitičkom i kulturnom ambijentu, migranti uglavnom čine manjinsku populaciju, a njihov nacionalni identitet dolazi pritom u različita iskušenja. U slučaju Albanaca, postoje neke specifičnosti koje otežavaju integraciju u lokalne zajednice, ali doprinose unutargrupnoj koheziji i očuvanju nacionalnog identiteta. Najveća brana asimilaciji u njihovom slučaju je jezična različitost, a zatim set tradicionalnih vrijednosti i patrijarhalnih obrazaca, koji u sinergiji ovu nacionalnu zajednicu čine zatvorenijom u odnosu na većinu drugih takvih kolektiviteta. Provedeno empirijsko istraživanje (polustrukturirani intervjui), kao svoje ciljeve imalo je spoznaju stavova pripadnika albanske nacionalne manjine u županiji, te spoznaju o njihovom nacionalnom identitetu, problemima integracije u lokalno društvo (i šire, hrvatsko), te njihovu organiziranost u cilju sprječavanja asimilacije i očuvanja nacionalne posebnosti. Intervjuirano je ukupno osam ispitanika, pripadnika muške populacije, u dobi od 34 godine do 68 godine. Intervjuirani su rođeni u sljedećim naseljima: Prizren, Đakovica, Bobovac (Kosovo), Pakrac (Hrvatska), dok su njihova mjesta življenja: Drljanovac, Bjelovar, Velika Pisanica, Predavac (Bjelovarsko-bilogorska županija). Odgovori ispitanika pokazuju da su Albanci uglavnom uspješno integrirani u naselja i gospodarski segment Bjelovarsko-bilogorske županije. U Hrvatsku dolaze najviše iz socioekonomskih razloga, rješavanja posla i poboljšanja vlastite egzistencije u odnosu na mjesta i kraj iz kojeg su stigli u županiju. Načini dolaska su najčešće individualni i porodični, koji rezultiraju u konačnici lančanom migracijom, postupnim dolaskom članova uže i šire porodice. Integraciju u društvo su im olakšala i neka specifična zanimanja u kojima su Albanci vrlo umješni, kao što su pekari, slastičari i zlatari. Albanci su organizirani u Bjelovarsko-bilogorskoj županiji, u kulturnoj i političkoj sferi, a važan činilac očuvanja njihovog nacionalnog identiteta je i obrazovanje, što se na prostoru županije manifestira kao korištenje C modela u obrazovanju učenika njihove nacionalne manjine. ; Based on the empirical research (interviews) conducted in Bjelovar in 2017, the paper analyzes the standpoints of the Albanians in the Bjelovar-Bilogora County on their settlement and integration in both local community and Croatian society, as well as on the forms and success thereof. In the last three censuses conducted in the Bjelovar-Bilogora County (in 1991, 2001, and 2011), the share of the Albanians ranged between 0.4% and 0.6% in the total county population, their number having amounted to 608 (in 1991), 755 (in 2001), and 743 (in 2011). In the new and different socio-political and cultural environment, migrants mainly form minority populations, whereby their national identity is tested in various ways. As the Albanians are concerned, there exist certain specificities, which, despite making the integration in local communities complicated, have contributed to the cohesion within the group and the preservation of national identity. The strongest hinderances to assimilation are – in their case – primarily linguistic diversity, and secondly a set of traditional values and patriarchal patterns; together, they have led to a larger-scale closeness of this national community in relation to the majority of other communities of this kind. The objective of the conducted empirical research (semi-structured interviews) was to determine the standpoints of the members of Albanian national minority in the county, awareness of their national identity, problems of integration in the local community (and Croatian society), and their high level of organization with the aim of preventing assimilation and preserving their national specificities. Eight respondents – members of male population between 34 and 68 years of age – have been interviewed. The respondents were born in the following towns/settlements: Prizren, Đakovica, and Bobovac (Kosovo), and Pakrac (Croatia); whereas their places of residence are as follows: Drljanovac, Bjelovar, Velika Pisanica, and Predavac (in the Bjelovar-Bilogora County). The responds have shown that the Albanians have to the most part been successfully integrated in their places of residence and the economic segment of the Bjelovar-Bilogora County. Their settlement in Croatia has mostly been due to socio-economic reasons, with the aim of finding employment and advancing their own existence in comparison with the life they had had in their previous places of residence. The Albanians usually arrive in Croatia individually or as close families; this eventually results in chain migration – i.e. gradual arrival of members of wider families. The integration of the Albanians in the society has been made easier thanks to several specific professions they have mastered, such as bakers, pastry cooks and goldsmiths. The Albanians are in the Bjelovar-Bilogora County involved in both the cultural and the political spheres; a further major factor in preserving their national identity is education, manifested in this county by using the C model in the education of students – members of their national minority.

According to the World Tourism Organization, tourism is becoming increasingly popular around the world and Portugal is one of those popular countries, where 3.7 million of tourists visited in 2016 and it is 3.9% more than in 2015. There is no doubt that tourism has significant economic benefits and usually it is the main economic driver of regions. Algarve region is precisely the place, where abandonment of tourism would make the majority of population unemployed and the region would suffer from an economic downturn, and therefore maintaining and developing tourism is vitally important. Despite economic benefits of tourism, researchers have found that large tourist flows strongly affect ecosystems, destroy natural landscape, cause habitat fragmentation and also have a negative social and cultural impact. The question of the conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities is of increasing concern. Conservation of natural resources, human well-being and the long-term economic viability of communities are the questions which are of great concern. Unfortunately, tourism growth has not been sufficiently organized, accurately planned and predicted long-term future forecasts. In addition, climate change has a major impact on the coast, and also on tourism and one of the most aggressive consequences is sea level rising, resulting in reduction of sandy beach carrying capacity and intensified coastal erosion. More and more legislation is being issued globally and at European level with countries committing to develop sustainable coastal management aimed at preserving ecosystems and reducing climate change. However, researches have found that there are many barriers to meeting those targets. Portugal is one of those countries where integrated coastal management is not fully implemented due to certain obstacles. In face of negative effects of tourism and the threats of climate change, it is necessary to assess the present quality of the beaches and to identify priorities for sustainable beach management. Objective – to assess the quality of coastal zones and tourism and to identify priorities and measures to improve sustainable tourism management. Object – four different types of beaches in Algarve region, Portugal: urban beach "Praia dos Pescadores", resort "Praia de Santa Eulalia", rural "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" beach and remote "Praia de Falesia" beach. The methodology for assessing beach quality and management priorities has been compiled and comprised of three methods: initial SWOT analysis, which evaluates the internal strengths, weaknesses and external opportunities, threats. Following BARE (Bath Area Registration and Evalaution) analysis, which evaluates five parameters of each beach (safety, water quality, litter, landscape and facilities). For obtaining quantitive data, 50 questionnaires at each beach are conducted in order to get objective opinion of beach users. A detailed analysis of the scientific literature was carried out, which assessed: the current coastal situation on coasts of Algarve region; an overview of the implementation of sustainable coastal development strategies in Portugal, as well as an overview of the legal acts applicable to coastal protection and the implementation of sustainable development strategies; researches and the most commonly used methodologies for assessing beach quality. SWOT analysis was performed, where overcrowding, increasingly coastal urbanization, ecosystem and dunes degradation, coastal erosion and reduced beach carrying capacity due to sea level rising emerged as main future threats. After followed the evaluation of the beach quality by using Bathing Area Registration and Evaluation framework (BARE), where "Praia dos Pescadores", "Praia de Santa Eulalia" and "Praia dos Olhos d'Agua" obtained three-star ratings and Praia de Falesia site obtained four-star rating. The quantitative research data obtained through administration of 50 questionnaires per beach and respondents expressed the need for public toilets, showers, trails and broadwalks, garbage facilities, renewable energy, clean sand and vegetation health. The average age of respondents was 47,7 years and the majority (85%) were international tourists. After conducting SWOT, BARE and beach user questionnaires, one of conclusions was done that solar panel system need to be installed on beach objects. It was calculated that solar panel system on restaurant in urban beach (with government support (50%)) would cost 11 361 Eur and would pay off within 5 years, while calculations for the restaurant in resort showed that price of solar panel system would be 13 773 Eur and would pay off within 6 years. The paper presents recommendations for beach managers and municipalities: pay more attention to raising public education and awareness, combine beach nourishment with maritime structures, control urbanization on the coast by releasing a minimum distance law, set up wooden stairs and paths for tourists to walk, use solar energy in ships / restaurants, restrict light use during the night, integrate biofilic design into the interior and exterior of buildings, enter beach entry fees and fees for toilets and showers usage, use advertisements for waste prevention, recruite officers of dog control, plant shrubs and trees on beaches / slopes, increase cooperation with stakeholders.

The article is devoted to the investigation of the essence and expediency of the use of early warning systems for emergencies, based on the analysis of the received acoustic signals. Effective management of emergencies contributes to the stable development of the overall security of the state and the sustainable development of the state's economy. Actions or omissions in this area directly affect the health of the population of Ukraine and are one of the priority issues of national security. Many emergencies cause an immediate danger to the life of people involved. Most developed countries have a number of emergency services operating within them, whose purpose is to provide assistance in dealing with any emergency. Preventive measures are most effective when they involve participation at all levels, from the local community through the national government to the regional and international level. A critical challenge in emergency management is the lack of real-time coordinated reaction capabilities driven by integrated decision making facilities based on the information obtained by first responders acting on the crisis site. Therefore this work aims at supporting coordinated emergency management in the event of an emergency, major accident hazard, or unplanned event, including a series of necessary measures to protect public life and property safety. The article presents a technique for identifying sounds of danger in urban noise conditions. The variety of sounds of vital activity of the population is huge and includes sounds created indoors and outdoors conveying information about human and social activities or about the threat of an emergency. Modern software development methodologies reduce the risk of emergencies, by identifying and early detection of the epicentre location of an emergency. The review presents an analysis of the management methods of information resources and information storage resources that are needed to manage activities in emergency scenarios, supplemented by the emergency localization service, which relies on location determination. The methods combine the strength of signals received from landmarks located by respondents in the pre-crisis system, based on the information of the received acoustic signals. Audio triangulation indicates the location of the danger zone, and machine learning algorithms analyze the received audio signals. Thus, for people and society as a whole, potential emergencies and catastrophes impose severe psychological and economic consequences. The need for further development of preventive measures of prevention and effective response is of current importance in measures to prevent emergencies, eliminate, and reduce possible losses, covering all age groups of the population, and also promote the effective and integrated use of existing forces and methods that are designed to prevent emergencies and positively influence the prevention of the crisis in the early stages of its development. ; Досліджено сутність та доцільність застосування систем раннього попередження надзвичайних ситуацій, на основі аналізу отриманих акустичних сигналів. Ефективне управління надзвичайними ситуаціями сприяє стабільному розвитку загальної безпеки держави і сталому розвитку економіки країни. Дії або бездіяльність у цій сфері безпосередньо впливають на здоров'я населення України та є одним з пріоритетних питань національної безпеки. Важливою проблемою в управлінні надзвичайними ситуаціями є відсутність у режимі реального часу узгоджених можливостей реагування, керованих інтегрованими засобами прийняття рішень на основі інформації, отриманої від перших сигналів реакції на докризовий стан. Представлена робота спрямована на підтримку узгодженого управління надзвичайними ситуаціями в разі виникнення та розвитку надзвичайної ситуації, небезпеки великих аварій і незапланованих заходів, включаючи серію необхідних заходів для захисту суспільного життя і безпеки власності. Наведено методику виявлення звуків небезпеки в умовах міського шуму. Різноманітність звуків життєдіяльності населення величезна й охоплює звуки, створювані в приміщенні і на відкритому повітрі, так і в навколишніх будинках і спорудах. Ці звуки передають інформацію про людську і соціальну діяльність, або про загрозу виникнення надзвичайної ситуації. Сучасні методології розроблення програмного забезпечення зменшують ризик розвитку надзвичайних ситуацій, шляхом визначення та раннього виявлення епіцентру місця розташування надзвичайної ситуації. В огляді проаналізовано методи управління інформаційними ресурсами і ресурсами зберігання інформації, які потрібні для управління діяльністю в аварійних сценаріях, доповнені службою локалізації НС, яка спирається на визначення місця розташування. Методи поєднують у собі рівень сили сигналів, отриманих від орієнтирів, розташованих респондентами в докризовій системі, на основі інформації отриманих акустичних сигналів. Аудіо тріангуляція вказує на розташування небезпечної зони й алгоритми машинного навчання аналізують отримані аудіо-сигнали. Для людей і суспільства загалом потенційні надзвичайні ситуації та катастрофи накладають важкі психологічні та економічні наслідки. Потреба подальших розробок превентивних заходів профілактики й ефективного реагування мають актуальне значення в заходах щодо запобігання надзвичайним ситуаціям, ліквідації, зменшення можливих втрат і збитків, які охоплюють всі вікові групи населення. Сприяють ефективному і комплексному використанню наявних сил і методів, які призначені для запобігання НС та позитивно впливають на попередження кризи на ранніх стадіях його розвитку.