Suchergebnisse

This paper deals with an analysis of technological heterogeneity and technical efficiency in individual sectors of Czech agriculture after the EU enlargement in 2004. A parametric approach was used – Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) to address the research questions. Specifically, it is employed the Random Parameter Model specification, in which sector dummies are used to capture the intersectoral as well as intrasectoral differences in technology. The results show there is significant heterogeneity among the studied sectors (i.e., combined, plant, animal and other production). The analysis showed that Capital and Material are being substituted more and more for Labour in all sectors, especially in animal production. This result is to be expected, as the technology in this sector is labour-saving. However, it was found out that land elasticity is quite low in plant production and combined production; since Land is a production factor that significantly determines the level of final output, this result is quite strange. One possible explanation may be the policy of distributing subsidies among farmers, when the land is kept but used in a more extensive way. The intrasectoral differences in technology are statistically significant for all inputs. Average technical efficiency is highest in other production and lowest in animal production, while it is approximately at the same level in plant production and combined production. It was discovered that diversification (combined production) of activities lowers the level of technical efficiency compared to specialisation (plant production), but on the other hand it does allow for alleviation of the negative impacts of specialization (animal production) by optimizing the production program. Finally, the analysis did confirm a statistically significant positive relationship between SAPS subsidies and technical efficiency. Organic farming has a negative impact on technical efficiency and the influence of labour force quality is positive. The statistical significance of TOP UP subsidies as well as the localization of the company to LFA have not been proved. ; Článek se zabývá analýzou technolocké heterogenity a technické efektivnosti jednotlivých sektorů českého zemědělství po vstupu České republiky do Evropské unie v roce 2004. Odpovědi na výzkumné otázky jsou hledány s využitím parametrického přístupu – analýzy stochatické hranice (SFA). Ve výzkumu byla aplikována specifikace modelu náhodných parametrů, do kterého jsou sektorové dummy proměnné zařazeny pro zohlednění intersektorových rozdílů v použité technologii. Výsledky ukazují na statisticky významnou heterogenitu mezi sledovanými sektory (tj. kombinovaná, rostlinná, živočišná a jiná produkce). Analýza prokázala, že práce je stále více nahrazována kapitálem a materiálem, a to ve všech sektorech – nejsignifikantněji pak v odvětví živočišné produkce. Tento výsledek je však očekávaný, jelikož technologie využívaná v daném sektoru je na práci úsporná. Dále bylo zjištěno, že v odvětví rostlinné a kombinované produkce je hodnota elasticity půdy oproti očekávání nízká – tento výsledek je zarážející, jelikož půda je produkční faktor významně determinující úroveň finální produkce. Jedním z možných vysvětlení je politika rozdělení podpor mezi farmáři, kdy půda je pak držena, avšak využívána spíše extensivním způsobem. Intrasektorové diference v technologii jsou statisticky významné ve všech sektorech pro všechny vstupy. Průměrná technická efektivnost dosahuje nejvyšší úrovně v odvětví ostatní produkce, zatímco nejnižší v odvětví živočišné produkce. Technická efektivnost odvětví rostlinné a kombinované produkce je na přibližně stejné úrovni. V rámci výzkumu bylo dále zjištěno, že diverzifikace aktivit (kombinovaná produkce) snižuje v porovnání se specializací (rostlinná produkce) úroveň technické efektivnosti. Na druhou stranu však umožňuje zmírnit negativní vliv specializace (živočišná produkce), a to optimalizací výrobního programu. V neposlední řadě analýza potvrdila statistickou významnost pozitivního vztahu mezi přímými platbami SAPS a technickou efektivností. Ekologické zemědělství má negativní vliv na technickou efektivnost a vliv motivace lidské práce je pozitivní. Statistická významnost přímých plateb TOP UP stejně tak jako lokalizace farmy v méně příznivých oblastech nebyla prokázána.

The legality of the use of force in international law is dictated by the principle of Article 2 (4) of the Charter of the United Nations and the exceptions which it accepts. However, States increasingly use the legitimacy argument to justify their military interventions. This is particularly apparent in the case of France, whether it intervenes with the authorisation of the Security Council or with the consent of a State. ; International audience The lawfullness of the use of force in international law is directed by UN Charter article 2§4 and the exceptions. States use more and more legitimacy argument to justify military interventions. Thats's specially true if we consider France's practice, as well as intervention is based on Security Council authorization and on consent of a state ; The legality of the use of force in international law is dictated by the principle of Article 2 (4) of the Charter of the United Nations and the exceptions which it accepts. However, States increasingly use the legitimacy argument to justify their military interventions. This is particularly apparent in the case of France, whether it intervenes with the authorisation of the Security Council or with the consent of a State. ; La légalité de l'emploi de la force en droit international est commandée par le principe de l'article 2§4 de la Charte des Nations Unies et les exceptions qu'il admet. Les Etats utilisent toutefois de plus en plus souvent l'argument de la légitimité pour justifier leurs interventions militaires. Cela apparaît notamment si l'on considère le cas de la France, qu'elle intervienne sur autorisation du Conseil de sécurité ou avec le consentement d'un Etat

International audience During the period 1820-1835, the Anglo-American legal world was set ablaze. Like the reforms taking place in the United Kingdom, Louisiana, South Carolina and New York State, this was about finding the right moment to abolish common law and replace it with codes. Although the two Anglo-American controversies were originally independent of each other, they very soon became intertwined, in particular because the reviews were the cause of a transatlantic confrontation. This was an editorial phenomenon that can be analysed by examining the way in which the art of controversy is organised in the literary and legal reviews, then by following the particular battle between two British reviews founded in 1827 and 1828 respectively, one in defence of common law, the other to eliminate the vague hopes of codification. ; Durant les années 1820-1835, le monde des juristes anglo-américains s'est embrasé. En lien avec les chantiers de réforme au Royaume-Uni, en Louisiane, en Caroline du Sud ou dans l'État de New-York, il s'agit de savoir s'il serait opportun d'abolir le common law afin de lui substituer des codes. A l'origine, les deux controverses anglo-américaines étaient indépendantes l'une de l'autre, mais, très vite, elles vont s'entremêler notamment parce que les revues vont devenir un lieu d'affrontement transatlantique. Il s'agit d'un phénomène éditorial que l'on peut analyser en examinant la façon dont s'organise l'art de la controverse dans les revues littéraires ou juridiques, puis en suivant la lutte particulière que se livrent deux revues britanniques fondées respectivement en 1827 et en 1828, l'une pour prendre la défense du common law, l'autre pour écraser les velléités codificatrices. ; Durante los años 1820-1835, el mundo de los juristas anglo-americanos había estallado. Ligado a los cantos de reforma en el Reino Unido, en Luisiana, en Carolina del Sur o en los Estados de Nueva York, trataban de saber si era oportuno abolir el common law con el fin de sustituirlo por los códigos. Desde ...

Activities of the Study Days on "Security, Law and Humanitarian Action", colloquium organised by the Faculty of Law and Economy of La Réunion and Hotel of the Region, 13-14 April 2007 ; International audience ; Activities of the Study Days on "Security, Law and Humanitarian Action", colloquium organised by the Faculty of Law and Economy of La Réunion and Hotel of the Region, 13-14 April 2007 ; Actes des journées d'étude sur le thème « Sécurité, droit et action humanitaires », colloque organisé par la Faculté de Droit et d'Economie de La Réunion et Hôtel de la Région, 13 et 14 avril 2007

The terms 'mercenary' and 'contractor' are most often used by academic writers as synonyms. That article seeks to show that, in addition to that similarity, which has not been proved, factors of convergence and, above all, differences distinguish mercenaries from contractors, defined as employees of private military and security undertakings. The law in force makes it possible to establish similarities as to their legal category and differences in their legal status. However, in order to restore the synchronisation between facts and law, while making the relevant legal rules more consistent and effective, it is argued that applicable national, regional and international law must achieve an equivalent, and thus unitary, legal regime for both types of natural persons. ; International audience The terms "mercenary" and "contractor" are used most often by doctrine as synonyms. This article aims to demonstrate that beyond this equivalence, which has not been proven to surplus, convergence of factors, especially differences characterize mercenary compared to contractors, employees defined as military and security companies private. The current law allows, in fact, establish similarities in their legal category of belonging and differences, in terms of their legal status of attachment. But to restore synchrony between the facts and the law, while giving greater coherence and efficiency to the relevant legal rules, it is argued that the law on the national, regional and international levels must achieve an equivalent legal regime and therefore unitary, for these two types of individuals. ; The terms 'mercenary' and 'contractor' are most often used by academic writers as synonyms. That article seeks to show that, in addition to that similarity, which has not been proved, factors of convergence and, above all, differences distinguish mercenaries from contractors, defined as employees of private military and security undertakings. The law in force makes it possible to establish similarities as to their legal category and ...