Suchergebnisse

Part 1. Challenges of the Modern Economy as Barriers to Sustainable Development -- 1. Statistic Indicators for Assessing the Measuring Efficiency to Counter Economic Sanctions -- 2. The Innovative and Sustainable Development of Energetics Under the Conditions of the Post-pandemic Recovery of the Economy -- 3. Scenario Analysis of the Development of the Russian Digital Economy Until 2025 -- 4. The Post-pandemic Analysis of the Specifics of Industrial Economies' Development from the Positions of Innovativeness and Sustainability -- 5. The Post-Pandemic Model of the Sectoral Development of Emerging Economies' Industry -- 6. Perspective Role of Digitalization in the Well-Balanced Development of the Global Economic System of the Future -- 7. The Role of Digital Security for the Stable Development of the Global Economic System of the Future -- 8. Sustainable Development of the World Economy of the Future on the Basis of Digitalization: the 2030 Perspective -- 9. Dialectics of Systems Development -- 10. Problems of Consideration of Environmental Factors in Urban Planning as a Mechanism for Sustainable Development -- 11. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Agri-Food Policy as a Component of the Economic Security of the Region -- 12. Employment of Workers in Green Jobs: Industry, Product and Skill Approaches -- 13. Problems and Implementation Prospects of Experimental Legal Regimes in Russia -- 14. Globalization as a Factor of Influence on Russian Federation's Foreign Economic Activity: Engineering Exports -- 15. Import Substitution: the Main Directions of Import Substitution, the Pros and Cons of the Implemented State Program, Some Success Stories of Import Substitution and its Prospects -- 16. Problems and Prospects for the Development of Import Substitution in the Agro-Industrial Complex of the Russian Federation -- 17. Cooperation, Humanism, Tolerance: Realities of History and Modernity -- 18. Features of the Sustainable Development of the Tourism Economy in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic -- 19. Development of the Cooperative Movement in the Republic of Bashkortostan: Problems and Prospects -- 20. Supervision and Control over the Investigation of Crimes in the Field of Entrepreneurial Activity -- 21. Countering Aggressive Tax Planning -- 22. Problems of Economic Security of Special Economic Zones -- 23. Conceptual Approach to the System of Controlling in the Public Sector -- 24. Sustainable Development Based on Knowledge Sharing: An International Aspect (a review of the problem) -- 25. New Functional Product as a Result of International Interaction -- 26. Anti-Corruption Strategies: Forms and Mechanisms of Participation of Civil Society Institutions -- 27. Methods of Acquisition and Termination of Subjective Rights to Immovable Property as an Element of Social Security of Citizens -- 28. Problems of Practical Application of Legal Norms Containing Accessory Obligations in the Legislation of the Russian Federation in the Conditions of the COVID-19 Pandemic -- 29. Uncertainty and Risk as Factors in the Development of Insurance -- 30. School and University Cooperation in the Aspect of Studying Linguistic and Cultural Literacy of Migrant Children -- Part 2. Economic and Legal Foundations and Cooperative Mechanisms for Sustainable Development -- 31. Program-Targeted Approach to the Innovative Development of Industrial Economies under the Modern Post-COVID Conditions -- 32. State and Corporate Management of Industrial Economies for Their Sustainable Development and Recovery after the Pandemic -- 33. Credit Cooperation in Russia: Problems and Possible Solutions -- 34. Leasing as an Effective Tool for the Implementation of Investment Projects in Different Countries -- 35. Optimization of the Use of the Potential of Specially Protected Natural Areas within the Framework of the Sustainable Development of Domestic Tourism in the Russian Federation -- 36. Changes in Cooperative Legislation in the Context of Solving Socio-economic Problems -- 37. Development of Legislation on Cooperation in Ukraine in 1992-2014 -- 38. Assessment of the Socio-economic Sphere of the Countries of the European Union in the Context of the Implementation of Joint Strategies and Programs -- 39. Role of Consumer Cooperatives in Overcoming Unemployment in Contemporary Russian Society -- 40. Development of Cooperation Legislation in Germany -- 41. Agricultural Cooperatives in France: Toward Environmental Neutrality and Sustainability -- 42. A National Model of Cooperation as a Track of Sustainable Development of New Zealand -- 43. Development of the Cooperative Sector in Canada: Features of the National Model -- 44. Infrastructural Factors of the Digital Economy Development and Their Management in the Interests of Accelerating Its Growth -- 45. New Opportunities for Human Potential Development in the Digital Economy and Their Implementation in Developed and Developing Countries -- 46. Integration Mechanisms of Development of the Digital Economy and the Prospects for Their Activation in Russia -- 47. Designed Innovative and Investment Development of the Region in the Conditions of Digital Economy to Ensure Economic Security -- 48. State Regulation of the Development of Cooperative Formations in Agriculture of the Republic of Bashkortostan -- 49. Regional Features of Digital Transformation During the Pandemic -- 50. Formation of a Conceptual Tourist Product for the Effective Development of Territories Without a Pronounced Tourist and Recreational Potential -- 51. Sustainable and Advanced Development of Region's Economy Based on Digital Competitiveness -- 52. Regional Aspects of the Development of the Consumer Lending Sector in Russia during the Pandemic -- 53. Methodological Aspects for Assessing the Financial Stability of Regions in the Context of the Coronavirus COVID-19 in 2021 -- 54. Development of the Nuclear Icebreaker Fleet as a Strategic Priority of the Arctic Region -- 55. Sustainable Development Capital of Rural Territories: The Role and Significance of Cooperation -- 56. Methods for Quality Control of Products of the Kamchatka Territory -- 57. Improving the Competitiveness of the Regional Fishery Complex by Strengthening Foreign Economic Relations of the Region -- Part 3. Advanced Digital Technologies and Their Contribution to Sustainable Development -- 58. Current Vectors of Investment Security of the Krasnodar Territory -- 59. Social Orientation of the Regional Economic Cluster of Consumer Cooperation -- 60. Prospects for the Development of the Cooperative Movement in Public Catering Enterprises of Almetyevsky District of the Republic of Tatarstan -- 61. Cluster Cooperation as a Factor in Ensuring Sustainable Development of the Region -- 62. Development of Agricultural Cooperation in the Republic of Tatarstan -- 63. Industrial Cooperation in Chuvashia in the Post-war Years: Historical and Legal Aspect -- 64. Role of Agricultural Cooperation in the Development of Regional Food Markets -- 65. Formation of the Model of the Social-Oriented Cluster as Method of Cooperation of the Subjects of SMEs of the Smolensk Region -- 66. Methods of Organizing the Design of Construction Works -- 67. Corporate Social Responsibility in Industrial Economies as the Basis of their Innovative and Sustainable Development in the Post-COVID Period -- 68. Digital Mechanisms of the Future Development of Social Entrepreneurship and Humanisation of Economic Growth -- 69. Formation of Experimentation Skills in Children 5–6 Years Old through Visual Modeling -- 70. Project Technology in Education as a Promising Form of University and Business Cooperation -- 71. Innovative Corporate Strategies as Sources of Sustainable Development -- 72. Strategic Guidelines for the Development of Non-profit Corporate Structures in the Context of the Transformation of the Regional Information -- 73. Standard for the Development of Competition in the Subjects of the Russian Federation as a Tool for the Development of Entrepreneurship in Regional Commodity Markets -- 74. Innovations in Corporate Relations and their Contribution to the Development of Cooperation -- 75. Cooperative Strategy in Sociosystems -- 76. Strategic Management, Analysis, and Control: General Provisions -- 77. Development of Professional and Qualification Potential of an Employee -- 78. Efficiency of the Organization's Performance as a Factor of Sustainable Development and Economic Security -- 79. Controlling as an Accounting and Analytical System of Personnel Management -- 80. Foreign Language Training of Specialists in the Economic Sphere as a Factor of Sustainable Development: Historical and Pedagogical Aspect -- 81. Entrepreneurship Development as the Basis for a Competitive Environment After the Pandemic -- 82. Service System and Service Targeting as a Key Aspect of the Company's Competitiveness -- Part 4. Prospects for the Sustainable Development of Countries: Review of International Experience -- 83. Formation of Responsible Cooperative Entrepreneurship Based on Socially-Oriented Cluster -- 84. Efficiency of Biopreparation Treatment of Wheat Grain; Baking Properties of Flour and Quality of Baked Bread in Consumer Cooperative Enterprises -- 85. Experience of Cooperation of All Levels of Education in the Process of Project Development -- 86. Problems of Liability for Illegal Entrepreneurship Committed within the Framework of Cooperative Legal Relations -- 87. Business Support During the Pandemic: View of the Representatives of the European Cooperative Movement -- 88. Biosocial Essence of Person and Crime -- 89. Assessing the Institutional Framework for Russia's Foreign Trade Cooperation with North African Countries: Foreign Trade and Customs Aspects -- 90. Modern Marketing Technologies in Promoting Consumer Cooperation Organizations -- 91. Actual Issues of the Development of Consumer Cooperation Legislation in Addressing Social Questions -- 92. Development of Cooperation between the Europea.

The anti-Soviet and anti-communist hysteria that typified the Cold War period is to a certain extent alive and well today with the rise of China. This is particularly true regarding prevalent sentiment among the U.S. strategic class about Latin America.Take for example U.S. Southern Command head Laura Richardson's testimony to the House and Senate Armed Services Committee in March, which invoked the word "malign" no less than 24 times: "malign actor," "malign influence," "malign effort," "malign activities," "malign intent," "malign narratives," "malign conduct," "malign action," and "malign agenda." Often, she was referring to suspected Chinese actors, and in some cases Russian ones. This echo of the Cold War brings to mind University of California San Diego scholar Peter Smith's argument about the core of the relations between the United States and Latin America: the crucial, historical factor of U.S.-Latin America politics has been the role and activity of extra-continental actors.According to a 2022 study by the RAND Corporation, "competition with China is qualitatively and quantitively different from competition with Russia and Iran in Latin America and the Caribbean." Moscow and Tehran may be opportunistic and provocative, but they lack the attributes to ensure an effective power projection in the area. China, however, has the resources, will, and opportunity to extend and sustain its influence. Hence, it is logical for Washington to be attentive to Beijing's messages, measures, and maneuvers.Still, the massive size of the U.S.'s own security presence in the region — and how small China's is in comparison — is often undiscussed in Washington. A look at the numbers suggests the idea of an imminent Chinese military threat is both exaggerated and misguided.We could start by examining what some have called the "iron river" of arms flowing into the region. According to the latest report from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) on arms transfers, the ranking of the largest arms suppliers to South America between 2019 and 2023 was: France (23%), the United States (14%), and the United Kingdom (12%). During those years, Russia did not supply arms to South America.An analysis of SIPRI data for 2000-2022 by Ryan Berg and Rubi Bledsoe of the Center for Strategic and International Studies shows that the United States is the source of 94.9% of Argentina's arms acquisitions, 93.4% of those acquired by Colombia, 90.7% of those acquired by Mexico, and 82.7% of those acquired by Brazil. This means that the four largest economies in Latin America have the United States as their main arms supplier.During that same timeframe, Russia was by far the largest arms supplier to Venezuela: Caracas's purchases amounted to $4.5 billion. China was the largest supplier (66.2%) of the $77 million in arms purchased by Bolivia. Just last month, President Javier Milei confirmed Argentina's commitment to buy 24 F-16s from Denmark with authorization from Washington.When it comes to geographic presence, the United States maintains a large military footprint in the region through the Guantanamo Naval Base in Cuba and the Soto Cano Base in Honduras. U.S. Southern Command is responsible for three "cooperative security locations" in El Salvador, Aruba, and Curacao. For decades, SOUTHCOM has regularly conducted various types of multi-nation (such as UNITAS, Tradewinds, PANAMAX, and Southern Cross) and bilateral military (for example, Southern Vanguard with Brazil and Relámpago with Colombia) exercises on land, sea, and air. Russia has occasionally conducted military exercises with Venezuela and Nicaragua. China participated in a sniper test in Venezuela in 2022, and Beijing has increased its offering of courses and educational programs for military officials from Latin America.The United States, for its part, maintains its Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation, which replaced the controversial School of the Americas that trained anti-communist military forces during the Cold War. According to a Congressional Research Service report, Security Force Assistance Brigades were established in 2018 and distributed across six commands, including the U.S. Southern Command: "the first SFAB maintains a persistent presence in Colombia, Honduras, and Panama, while also expanding episodically to Peru, Ecuador, and Uruguay." Also, the National Guards of 18 states plus Puerto Rico and Washington D.C. have agreements with 24 nations in Latin America. Meanwhile, Washington has designated Argentina (1998), Brazil (2019), and Colombia (2022) as non-NATO allies. Nothing similar occurs with China or Russia in Latin America.China agreed with Argentina during the center left government of Cristina Fernández (2007-2015) to establish a Deep Space Station in the province of Neuquén. The arrangement meant the construction of a facility for tracking, command, and data acquisition, facilitated by a deep space antenna. The next government of the center right Mauricio Macri completed its construction by 2017 and in 2018 it swung security relations back toward the United States, securing Southern Command financing for an Emergency Operations and Coordination Center in Neuquén. This is part of SOUTHCOM's humanitarian assistance programs and exercises. In fact, several radar stations throughout Latin America are operated by SOUTHCOM.Another data point is security ties through their total dollar flows. The latest Congressional Research Service report on U.S. aid to the region reveals the extent of Washington's support for anti-drug efforts in the area over the years. Between 2000 and 2022, U.S. assistance to Plan Colombia exceeded $13 billion, while for the 2008-2021 period, aid for Mexico's Mérida Initiative amounted to $3.5 billion. From 2010 to 2022, funding for the Caribbean initiative totaled $832 million, while from 2008-2020, the Central American initiative received $2.9 billion. While not all of that assistance has been military in nature, out of the total U.S. assistance to Latin America for 2024, security-related funding amounts to 26.6% or $658.3 million. In no way has China shown the willingness to provide such extensive assistance on security issues, nor get involved in aiding anti-narcotics initiatives in the region.We can also view the U.S. regional footprint through its influence on the high seas. In 2020, the U.S. Navy announced that the U.S. Fleet Forces Command would be renamed the Atlantic Fleet to focus on closer regional threats. And in 2008, the Navy re-established the 4th Fleet with a purview over the Caribbean and Central and South America. Moreover, three of the last six commanders of Southern Command have been from the Navy.Meanwhile, since 2020, the U.S. Coast Guard has expanded its activities in Central and South America. Washington has turbocharged its naval deployment as part of efforts to combat Chinese illegal fishing. While Beijing aims to be a naval power with global reach, its presence in Latin America is limited. The U.S. strategy of denial of space and anti-access in the maritime domain shows clear signs of strength. If understood as a design to limit (denial) or prevent (anti-access) an enemy force from advancing in its operational area, the United States has boosted its position.The total U.S. military footprint in the region is much broader and includes cooperation deals surrounding ports, aerospace, and inland rivers. No Chinese analogues to these agreements exist. What becomes clear, when looking at this portrait, is that it appears that China is highly cautious about extending its military reach in Latin America likely because it knows that could cause tensions with Washington. Instead, it has focused, to considerable success, on economic engagement in the area, with trade, investment, and finance.Beijing's regional economic engagement has not stopped Washington from sounding the alarm about supposed Chinese malefic military projection. It is no secret that doing so bolsters the justification for Washington's own military spending. Indeed, SOUTHCOM has requested a near 50% budget increase for 2025. In a Latin America awash with sky-high homicide rates and firearms among the leading causes of death, rightsizing the Chinese military presence leaves us with a provocative question: what good is U.S. arms racing with a nowhere-near-peer competitor doing for the region?In short, the military preeminence of the United States in Latin America is undeniable. In practice, in defense and security matters, Washington has been reaffirming and strengthening its presence in the area. China's pragmatic projection of economic power has made undeniable progress. But the preponderance of the United States in the military realm has not weakened nor is it close to being replaced. What is evident is that the notion of an imminent Chinese military threat is exaggerated and misguided, especially when the material projection of the United States in the region is less significant and more rhetorical. By now it is obvious that the U.S has militarily outcompeted China in Latin America and Beijing is very far from displacing Washington on regional defense and security matters.

The city has been the political unit of organization in the international system for long periods of history. As actors in international society, cities have left irreplaceable classics: Athens, Imperial Rome, the Hanseatic League or Machiavelli's Florence. However, the dominant school of thought has diminished the role of the city on the international scene. The Westphalian model consolidated the nation-state as the axis and macro-political unit object and subject of study. Following this logic, cities' capacity for international action was limited and, as a field of study, was reduced to cultural activities or of little diplomatic relevance (e.g. twin cities). This state-centered approach, both in theory and practice, finds its place in the legal approach over the political one in the development of international society and international relations theories. However, the global dynamic has changed substantially, and it opens the door to new structures or vectors of transnational analysis. The Westphalian system loses weight in the face of the concatenation of phenomena and transformations of international society. Taking this to be the case, the current international structure opens avenues of research in the international political activity of the city, diplomatic practice, global and economic hub relations, or the rise of city brands as a marketing strategy. Of course, the nation-state will not disappear in the short term, but it does seem that new actors and dynamics are emerging in the construction of the post-liberal order. Above all, the city emerges as a new point of reference for solving globalization problems: climate change, migrations, diversity, or identity. The effect is relevant to the epistemological bases of a transversal discipline: the city is incorporated as a reference subject in the reformulation of the general theory of International Relations. The consensus around the liberal order, born after 1945, has been broken. The current theoretical doctrine only agrees on one element: there is no new consensus on the foundations of the international system. The global architecture of institutions, the effective capacities for the exercise of power, the decline of multilateral practices, or the difficulty in establishing a common economic agenda are symptoms of a change in global power structures. With or without legitimacy, cities act in the international sphere with the aim of influencing, modifying knowledge, behavior, or judgment. In this context, the institutionalization of the city as an actor in international relations is one of the most relevant fields for studying the new organizing principle of international society. The city lacks the normative and institutional instruments, but it does promote principles that later become public policy practices that affect the international order. The theoretical approach emphasizes the economic aspects of the global city, since the economic and industrial capacity has reinforced the ability to influence the transformation of the international system. From a methodological point of view, urban cosmopolitanism is not a theory closed by the very diversity of global cities. Therefore, the areas of interest of each city can vary from one to the other, as well as the global action repertoire. Working in collaborative networks and alliances of a political and economic nature is facilitated. In its relationship with the State, the global city poses agency problems that are relevant to the future of theory: will they be cooperative or competitive? In what disciplines? The asymmetry of interests can deepen dissonances and accelerate the theoretical basis of development. The proposed methodology affects the impact of climate change on the reformulation of the theoretical bases of international studies. It is theorized from practice. The institutionalization of urban diplomacy refers to the search for practical solutions of a collective nature. There are networks such as C40, the Clean Air Coalition or We are Still In that are led and organized from urban practice. The climate issue gives moral strength to the city as an international actor insofar as it does not deal with political borders, but with the consequences of climate change on the lives of residents. It fits in with the cosmopolitan tradition insofar as it affects all individuals, without discrimination of origin, gender, or nationality; and it is a matter of universal status, because it impacts all territories and human life conditions. There is no arbitrariness in Anthropocene reason. The article studies the succession of changes in the international political structure before the reconfiguration of the sources of power. It establishes three aspects in the theoretical bases of urban cosmopolitanism. The first indicates what the foundations of a theoretical elaboration should be. The international city contributes to the reconfiguration of the structure and the exercise of interstate power by occupying or creating new spaces that contribute to the plurality of international relations. The second aspect analyzed is the growth of the city as a unit of measurement in the global economy. Capital flows circulate and operate on a local basis with global destinations. It is the cities and their metropolitan areas that benefit from the economic system. Large pockets of internal inequality appear and, above all, with a rupture between cities within and outside the economic order, including the relational inequality that is generated in the least populated territories. Finally, anthropogenic reason is stressed, that is, the impact of human action on natural conditions and its consequences on the world order. Climate change changes the main substrate of international relations, which is the physical environment and geography. On these two tangible dimensions, the bases of power and the basic theory of international studies are ordered. By changing the strategic board, the city conquers positions of non-coercive power, facilitating collaboration through networks and structures. The military and security aspect are not relevant to urban diplomacy, which focuses on aspects of economic and social power. The results indicate that the new cosmopolitanism has urban bases and offers a framework for interpreting the tensions between the center and the periphery of foreign action, economic globalization, and new public policies in the fight against climate change. Urban cosmopolitanism emerges as a theoretical reference in the post-liberal order. The present work seeks to establish the foundations of urban cosmopolitanism, a theoretical approach to the current world organized around urban areas, be they cities, megacities, or metropolitan regions. Cities have become structural axes of international society with consequences in the political, economic, and social spheres. There is no closed conclusion, a kind of theory that replaces the previous ones. On the contrary, urban cosmopolitanism aspires to reflect a change in the paradigm of international relations. Thus, climate change is a transforming element of the global scene and opens new avenues for international politics, which can end with a substantial change in the modes of government, representation, and citizen participation. Be that as it may, this first paper addresses difficulties, raises research questions, and supports elements for change. ; El artículo estudia la sucesión de cambios en la estructura política internacional ante la reconfiguración de las fuentes de poder. Establece tres vertientes en las bases teóricas del cosmopolitismo urbano. La primera indica cuáles deberían ser los fundamentos de una elaboración teórica. La ciudad internacional contribuye a la reconfiguración de la estructura y el ejercicio del poder interestatal ocupando o creando nuevos espacios que contribuyen a la pluralidad de las Relaciones Internacionales. El segundo aspecto que se analiza es el crecimiento de la ciudad como unidad de medida en la economía global. Los flujos de capital circulan y operan sobre una base local con destinos globales. Son las ciudades y sus extensiones metropolitanas quienes se benefician del sistema económico. Aparecen grandes bolsas de desigualdad interna y, sobre todo, con una ruptura entre ciudades dentro y fuera del orden económico, incluyendo aquí la desigualdad relacional que se genera en los territorios menos poblados. Por último, se incide en la razón antropocénica, esto es, el impacto de la acción humana en las condiciones naturales y sus consecuencias en el orden mundial. El cambio climático cambia el sustrato principal de las Relaciones Internacionales, que es el medio físico y la geografía. Sobre estas dos dimensiones tangibles, se ordenan las bases del poder y la teoría básica de los estudios internacionales. Al cambiar el tablero estratégico, la ciudad conquista posiciones de poder no coercitivo, lo que facilita la colaboración mediante redes y estructuras. El aspecto militar y de seguridad no es relevante para la diplomacia urbana, que se centra en aspectos de poder económico y social. Los resultados indican que el nuevo cosmopolitismo tiene bases urbanas y ofrece un marco de interpretación de las tensiones entre centro y periferia de la acción exterior, la globalización económica y las nuevas políticas públicas en la lucha contra el cambio climático. El cosmopolitismo urbano emerge como referencia teórica en el orden postliberal.

Childhood and adolescence are important stages of life with long-lasting implications for both the health and well-being of individuals and society as a whole. Accordingly, health-promoting efforts aimed at supporting the everyday lives of children and adolescents represent a key priority for public health. In Norway, there has been increased attention paid to neighborhoods and local communities as crucial settings for such efforts, and health-promoting changes to the built environment are deemed a promising strategy. This doctoral thesis has examined neighborhood and local community built environment determinants and their potential to support participation in activities and strengthening the well-being of children and adolescents. Such knowledge can contribute to provide inputs for policy making, development and planning to achieve good health and well-being in the younger population. This thesis has brought together data from different sources using a pragmatic multi-methodology research strategy based on quantitatively driven approaches and geographic information systems (GIS) technology. Through a step-based research process, review designs were utilized together with a cross-sectional epidemiological design. The first review focused on methodological issues and involved identifying, systematizing and evaluating previously applied GIS-derived measures and operational definitions of the built environment characteristics and the spatial units of analysis. The second systematic review addressed the health-promoting potential of the built environment by synthesizing the existing empirical evidence of relations between the built environment and the participation in activities and well-being of children and adolescents. The cross-sectional studies were conducted within the Norwegian context. Data from 23 043 eight-year-olds in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study were linked to GIS-derived measures of population density, green spaces and facilities around the residential addresses of the study participants. Associations between these built characteristics and children's participation in leisure-time physical activity (PA), organized activities and social activity with friends were investigated. Further, mediation analysis techniques were applied to examine whether these built environment characteristics were related to children's subjective well-being and if participating in different leisure activities mediated any such associations. The methodological findings show numerous GIS-derived measures of diverse built environment characteristics for which consistency in operational definitions is very much needed. The empirical results suggested that the multifarious characteristics of built environments act as resources for participation in different activities, and could thereby contribute to strengthening well-being in childhood and adolescence. In particular, the synthesis of existing evidence showed that living in neighborhoods characterized by low traffic, proximate facilities, high walkability, more safety features and well-established infrastructure for walking and cycling likely promotes active travel and, to some extent, physical activity. Findings from the cross-sectional studies revealed that neighborhood green space was associated with more leisure-time PA among Norwegian 8-year-olds in both the summer and winter. The results also showed that more densely populated areas and more facilities, such as playgrounds/sports fields and schools, were associated with greater participation in organized and social activities. Further, positive indirect relations between the built environment characteristics and children's moods and feelings, through greater participation in leisure activities, counteracted some of the negative direct associations observed between children's emotional state and the determinants higher population density, access to a park, more playgrounds/sports fields. These findings from the Norwegian context underscore the role that the built environment may have in terms of enabling participation in a variety of leisure activities for children's subjective well-being. This thesis concludes that although many methodological issues and knowledge gaps remain, planning for public health cannot wait. The best available evidence at this very moment suggests that children and adolescents who live in neighborhoods with versatile built resources and activity venues likely engage more in leisure activities that in the long run might contribute to strengthening their health and well-being. Accordingly, holistic approaches to public health within these everyday settings are essential. Different stakeholders, including policy makers, public health professionals and planners should acknowledge the multifaceted nature of determinants and appreciate that a variety of resources for health and well-being can be found within built environments. ; Barndom og ungdomsårene er viktige stadier i livet som har langsiktige innvirkninger på både individets helse og livskvalitet og på samfunnet i sin helhet. Helsefremmende tiltak som tar sikte på å støtte barn og unge i deres hverdag er derfor en sentral prioritering innen folkehelsearbeidet. I Norge er det viet økt oppmerksomhet til nabolag og lokalsamfunn som avgjørende arenaer for slik innsats, og tilpasninger av våre fysiske omgivelser betraktes som en potensiell strategi. Det er derfor avgjørende å ha en god forståelse av hva som kjennetegner et helsefremmende nærmiljø. Denne doktorgradsavhandlingen har undersøkt de fysiske nærmiljøkvalitetene i nabolag og lokalsamfunn og deres potensiale for å fremme deltakelse i aktiviteter og styrke trivsel blant barn og unge. Slik kunnskap kan bidra med viktige innspill til politikkutforming samt samfunns- og arealplanlegging for å sikre god helse og trivsel blant de yngste i vår befolkning. Med utgangspunkt i en pragmatisk multimetodisk forskningsstrategi, ble data fra flere ulike kilder innhentet gjennom kvantitative tilnærminger og bruk av geografiske informasjonssystemer (GIS). Avhandlingen bygger på en trinnvis forskningsprosess der ble det benyttet ulike review design og et epidemiologisk tverrsnittdesign. Den første kunnskapsoversikten belyste metodologiske problemstillinger og involverte å identifisere, systematisere og vurdere eksisterende GIS-avledete mål og operasjonelle definisjoner av fysiske nærmiljøkvaliteter samt de romlige analyseenhetene. Den andre systematiske kunnskapsoppsummeringen fokuserte på nærmiljøets helsefremmende potensiale ved å sammenstille eksisterende forskning om sammenhenger mellom fysiske nærmiljøkvaliteter, deltakelse i aktiviteter og trivsel blant barn og ungdom. De epidemiologiske tverrsnittstudiene tar utgangspunkt i den norske konteksten. Data fra 23 043 åtte-åringer i Den Norske Mor-Barn Undersøkelsen ble koblet til GIS-avledede mål på befolkningstetthet, tilgang til grøntarealer og fasiliteter rundt barnas bostedsadresser. Sammenhenger mellom disse fysiske nærmiljøkvalitetene og barnas deltakelse i fysisk aktivitet, organiserte aktiviteter og sosial aktivitet med venner ble studert. Videre ble medieringsanalyser benyttet for å undersøke om de ulike nærmiljøkvalitetene var forbundet med barnas trivsel, samt hvorvidt deltakelse i fritidsaktiviteter fungerte som en potensiell mediator i slike eventuelle sammenhenger. Avhandlingens metodologiske funn avdekker at en rekke GIS mål og operasjonelle definisjoner av de fysiske nærmiljøkvalitetene finnes og benyttes i forskningen, og det er et stort behov for mer konsistent bruk av både mål og definisjoner. De empiriske resultatene tyder på at mangfoldige fysiske nærmiljøkvaliteter kan være viktige ressurser for aktivitetsdeltakelse og derigjennom bidra til å fremme trivsel blant barn og unge. Den systematiske kunnskapsoppsummeringen viste spesielt at nabolag kjennetegnet ved lite trafikkeksponering, flere sikkerhetselementer, fotgjengervennlige områder, nærhet til fasiliteter og veletablert infrastruktur for gående og syklister med stor sannsynlighet kan fremme aktiv transport, og til en viss grad, fysisk aktivitet. Resultater fra tverssnittstudiene viste at tilgang til grøntarealer var forbundet med mer fysisk aktivitet blant norske 8-åringer. Videre ble det funnet positive sammenhenger mellom høyere befolkningstetthet og tilgang til flere fasiliteter, slik som lekeplasser/aktivitetsanlegg og skoler, og økt deltakelse i organisert aktiviteter og sosial aktivitet med venner. Positive indirekte sammenhenger mellom fysiske nærmiljøkvaliteter og barnas humør og følelser, via økt deltakelse i fritidsaktiviteter, bidro til å motvirke noen av de negative sammenhenger observert mellom barnas emosjonelle tilstand og determinantene høyere befolkningstetthet, tilgang til park, flere lekeplasser/aktivitetsanlegg. Funnene fra den norske konteksten understreker hvilken rolle våre fysiske omgivelser kan ha med tanke på å fremme deltakelse i aktiviteter for barns trivsel. Avhandlingen konkluderer med at selv om mange metodologiske problemer og kunnskapshull fortsatt eksisterer så kan ikke planlegging for å sikre god helse og livskvalitet i befolkningen vente. Den beste tilgjengelige kunnskapen vi har på nåværende tidspunkt peker i retning av at barn og unge som bor i nabolag med ulike fysiske nærmiljøkvaliteter og arenaer for aktivitet trolig deltar mer i helsefremmende fritidsaktiviteter, noe som i det lange løp kan bidra til å styrke deres helse og trivsel. Derav er helhetlige tilnærminger til folkehelse på disse arenaene viktig. Både politikere, samfunns- og arealplanleggere bør anerkjenne de mangfoldige helsedeterminantene i nærmiljøet og sette pris på at en rekke ressurser for helse og livskvalitet finnes, og kan gjøres tilgjengelig, i våre fysiske omgivelser.

Розглянуто особливості композиційної побудови та інтонаційної драматургії Великої симфонії до мажор Франсуа-Жозефа Госсека, вплив соціокультурних умов на творчий процес композитора. Нові умови в часи Французької революції вплинули й на жанрову систему музичного мистецтва. Ідеологічна парадигма актуалізувала найпопулярніші жанри масової культури, зокрема пісні і марші, загальні соціокультурні процеси коригували розвиток академічної культури. Прикладом такого впливу є Велика симфонія до мажор Ф.-Ж. Госсека, у якій типовий склад симфонічного оркестру замінено військовим. Особливий інструментарій значно вплинув на характер звучання симфонії та на тематизм, який «мілітаризується» і додатково підкреслює маршову природу багатьох елементів симфонії. Замість типового зіставлення героїки й лірики у головній та побічній партіях відповідно та з легким згладжуванням контрасту, завдяки тональній драматургії, композитор намагається розмити цей розподіл, надаючи твору нетипового драматургічного вирішення. У головній і побічній партіях утворюються теми нового порядку, у яких діалектично поєднуються протилежні начала як унікальний зразок інтерпретації сонатно-симфонічного жанру. Ф.-Ж. Госсек вибудовує твір, спираючись на сонатну форму, проте надає йому іншого тематичного наповнення. Незвичне поєднання інтонаційних комплексів, їх взаємодія в партитурі замість утвердження впевненої маршовості й урочистості, характерних для опусів революційної епохи, виявляють ставлення композитора до подій, під час яких створювалась симфонія. ; Relevance of the study. Although the axiom of modern scientific ideas about the musical art of the Enlightenment is the existence of three major music schools in the Western Europe (Italian, German, French), however, one of the problems of historical science remains uneven research on the dynamics of individual national genre varieties. Among the issues that still require a detailed study, is the question of the formation and development of the French model of the symphonic cycle – processes that are primarily related to the founder of the national version of the genre François-Joseph Gossec. His symphonic legacy remains as a "white spot" of contemporary musicology, therefore, the study of the characteristics of each symphony of the master and adding analytical information about them to scientific circulation becomes urgent.Main objectives of the article are to identify the features of the composition and intonational drama of the François-Joseph Gossec's Grande Symphonie in C, the definition of unique features of the composer's creative method, as well as the significance of sociocultural conditions in the composer's creative process.Methodology. The study used a comparative-historical method, which allows to reveal the common processes in Western European music art in general and in French in particular. The tasks required the application of the methodology existing in modern historical and theoretical musicology, the use of genre-style methods, comparative-typological, structural, hermeneutic, semantic and cultural analysis.Findings and conclusions. The Grande Symphonie in C was written in one of the climax periods of the French Revolution. The new sociocultural conditions that emerged at that time influenced the genre system of musical art. The new ideological paradigm highlights the most popular genres of mass culture, first of all, songs and marches. The development of academic culture at this time was corrected by the general sociocultural processes.An example of such influence is The Grande Symphonie in C by François-Joseph Gossec. It has special significance for the symphonic heritage of the French master, since it is the penultimate score in this genre. Only after 15 years – in 1809 – he will write his next and at the same time the ultimo symphony.First of all, composer switched the typical symphony orchestra to the military one. The main carriers of the themes are wooden winds due to the lack of a string group. In general, this change significantly affects both the character of the symphony's sound and the themes that are thus "militarized" and further emphasizes the march nature of many elements of the symphony.The composition of the symphony is changing due to its transformation into a one section piece. This is due to the tendency toward conciseness, and probably to the desire for greater availability of a work that could be performed in open space for the broad masses. It is built on the basis of a sonata form, which by that time was finally formed in European practice, and in the work of F.-J. Gossec received an original author's interpretation. Symphony themes is divided into three figurative spheres. The first is a typical active heroic of sonata allegro, which is often based on a complex of march intonation. In this spehere, the composer often uses ascending tiratas, marching dashed lines, emphasis on first beat of the bar, confident rising fanfare moving in the sounds of tonic chord, ascending movement in gamma, and tutti. The themes that tend to the heroic sphere are often carried out by brass instruments, or emphasized by them in the first beat. Another sign that emphasizes the marchiness of the symphony is its quadrupole.The second sphere is lyrical. The complex of expressiveness of its themes or phrases is distinguished by the timbre of wooden wind (holding either a full group or several instruments), a quiet dynamics, a soft syncopation that shifts accents from a strong beat forward to the eighth note, downward motion and "sigh" intonations, which violates the marchery rhythm, entering into confrontation with it.The third sphere, which is less noticeable, is dance. Appearance of this type is characterized by a specific rhythm, "gallant turns" and ornamented melody. This material is close to lyrical themes and shades it in some fragments of the symphony.Generally, these areas are typical for sonatas symphonic cycles. However, the feature of the Grande Symphonie in C is rethinking the role of each and their interaction, which makes the composer build a unique sample of dramatic plot even for his symphonic heritage.Elements of the lyrical sphere penetrate the first theme from the very first stages, destroying it heroic character and the typical square structure of the period. As a result, the sphere of the first theme, despite the apparent emphasis on the intonational complex of march origin, thanks to the active involvement of the intonations of the lyrical complex, acquires another content. Instead, a combination of elements of a heroic topic with a lyrical complex occurs in the second theme. The development begins with the lyrical sphere, gradually reaching the dramatic climax, which suddenly goes on a grand march. In recapitulation, there is a reduction of the first theme, therefore, the balance is eventually shifted towards march through the expansion of the final section.Instead of a typical comparison of the sphere of heroism and lyrics in the first and second themes, respectively, and with a slight smoothing of contrast due to tonal drama, the composer tries to erase this distribution, which gives the product a non-typical dramatic solution. The first and the second themes form the new order in which there is a dialectical combination of opposite principles, representing a unique example of the interpretation of the sonata symphonic genre of the composer. F.-J. Gossec builds a work based on a sonata form, but with different thematic content. Such an unusual combination of intonational complexes, as well as their interaction during the score, instead of a simple march and celebration, which would be expected for the opus of the revolutionary era, may indicate the position of the composer himself to the events of the era during which the symphony was created. ; Рассмотрены особенности композиционного построения и интонационной драматургии Большой симфонии до мажор Ф.-Ж. Госсека, раскрыто влияние социокультурных условий на творческий процесс композитора. Новые условия, сложившиеся в период Французской революции, оказали влияние на жанровую систему музыкального искусства. Идеологическая парадигма выдвинула на первый план популярные жанры массовой культуры, прежде всего, песни и марши. Развитие академической культуры в это время корректировалось общими социокультурными процессами. Примером такого влияния является Большая симфония до мажор Ф.-Ж. Госсека. В произведении состоялась замена типичного состава симфонического оркестра на военный. Особый инструментарий значительно повлиял на характер звучания симфонии, на тематизм, который таким образом «милитаризуется» и дополнительно подчёркивает маршевую природу многих элементов симфонии. Вместо типичного сопоставления сферы героики и лирики в главной и побочной партиях соответственно и с лёгким сглаживанием контраста благодаря тональной драматургии, композитор пытается размыть это распределение, что приводит к нетипичному драматургическому решению. В главной и побочной партиях образуются темы нового порядка, в которых диалектически сочетаются противоположные начала – как уникальный пример интерпретации композитором сонатно-симфонического жанра. Ф.-Ж. Госсек выстраивает произведение, опираясь на сонатную форму, однако с иным тематическим наполнением. Такое необычное сочетание интонационных комплексов, их взаимодействие в партитуре, вместо маршевости и торжества, характерных для опусов революционной эпохи, выявляет отношение композитора к событиям эпохи создания симфонии.

The Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo observatories recently discovered gravitational waves from a binary neutron star inspiral. A short gamma-ray burst (GRB) that followed the merger of this binary was also recorded by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (Fermi-GBM), and the Anti-Coincidence Shield for the Spectrometer for the International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL), indicating particle acceleration by the source. The precise location of the event was determined by optical detections of emission following the merger. We searched for high-energy neutrinos from the merger in the GeV–EeV energy range using the ANTARES, IceCube, and Pierre Auger Observatories. No neutrinos directionally coincident with the source were detected within ±500 s around the merger time. Additionally, no MeV neutrino burst signal was detected coincident with the merger. We further carried out an extended search in the direction of the source for high-energy neutrinos within the 14 day period following the merger, but found no evidence of emission. We used these results to probe dissipation mechanisms in relativistic outflows driven by the binary neutron star merger. The non-detection is consistent with model predictions of short GRBs observed at a large off-axis angle. ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; French Atomic Energy Commission ; Commission Europeenne (FEDER fund) ; European Union (EU) ; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) ; IdEx program ; UnivEarthS Labex program at Sorbonne Paris Cite ANR-10-LABX-0023 ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02 ; Labex OCEVU ANR-11-LABX-0060 ; French National Research Agency (ANR) ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02 ; Region Ile-de-France ; Region Grand-Est ; Region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur ; Region Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur ; Ville de La Seyne-sur-Mer, France ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Government ; Council of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists and leading scientific schools supporting grants, Russia ; National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS), Romania ; Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO): Plan Estatal de Investigacion FPA2015-65150-C3-1-P FPA2015-65150-C3-2-P FPA2015-65150-C3-3-P ; Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence and MultiDark Consolider (MINECO), Spain ; Prometeo program (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain ; Grisolia program (Generalitat Valenciana), Spain ; Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Professional Training, Morocco ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; University of Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation ; Grid Laboratory Of Wisconsin (GLOW) grid infrastructure at the University of Wisconsin-Madison ; Open Science Grid (OSG) grid infrastructure ; United States Department of Energy (DOE) ; National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada CGIAR ; WestGrid and Compute/Calcul Canada ; Swedish Research Council ; Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Sweden ; Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), Sweden ; Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Germany ; Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association, Germany ; Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS ; FWO Odysseus programme (Belspo) ; Flanders Institute to encourage scientific and technological research in industry (IWT) (Belspo) ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Fund (NZ) ; Australian Research Council ; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; National Research Foundation of Korea ; Villum Fonden, Denmark ; Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark ; Argentina-Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica ; ANPCyT ; Argentina-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) ; Argentina-Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza ; Argentina-Municipalidad de Malargue ; Argentina-NDM Holdings and Valle Las Lenas ; Australian Research Council ; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) ; Brazil-Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP) ; Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Brazil-Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) 2010/07359-6 1999/05404-3 ; Brazil-Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia, Inovacoes e Comunicacoes (MCTIC) ; Czech Republic Government MSMT CR LG15014 LO1305 LM2015038 CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001402 ; France-Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; France-Conseil Regional Ile-de-France ; France-Departement Physique Nucleaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS) ; France-Departement Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS) ; French National Research Agency (ANR) LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63 ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02 ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Germany-Finanzministerium Baden-Wurttemberg ; Germany-Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP) ; Germany-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF) ; Germany-Ministerium fur Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen ; Germany-Ministerium fur Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst des Landes Baden-Wurttemberg ; Italy-Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) ; Italy-Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) ; Italy-Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universita e della Ricerca (MIUR) ; Italy-CETEMPS Center of Excellence ; Italy-Ministero degli Affari Esteri (MAE) ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) 167733 ; Mexico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM) ; Mexico-PAPIIT DGAPA-UNAM ; The Netherlands-Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap ; The Netherlands-Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) ; The Netherlands-Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM) ; Poland-National Centre for Research and Development ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/11 ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11 ; Poland-National Science Centre 2013/08/M/ST9/00322 2013/08/M/ST9/00728 HARMONIA 5-2013/10/M/ST9/00062 UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00198 ; Portugal-Portuguese national funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE) ; Portugal-FEDER funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE) ; Romania-Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS ; Romania-CNDI-UEFISCDI partnership projects 20/2012 194/2012 PN 16 42 01 02 ; Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia ; Spain-Comunidad de Madrid ; Spain-Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) funds ; Spain-Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad ; Spain-Xunta de Galicia ; European Union (EU) FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826 ; Spain-USA-Department of Energy DE-AC02-07CH11359 DE-FR02-04ER41300 DE-FG02-99ER41107 DE-SC0011689 ; Spain-National Science Foundation 0450696 ; Spain-The Grainger Foundation ; Spain-Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET ; Spain-European Particle Physics Latin American Network ; Spain-European Union 7th Framework Program PIRSES-2009-GA-246806 ; Spain-European Union's Horizon research and innovation programme 646623 ; Spain-UNESCO ; EGO consortium ; Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India ; Department of Science & Technology (India) ; Science AMP; Engineering Research Board (SERB), India ; Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MHESR) ; Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación ; Vicepresidencia i Conselleria d'Innovacio Recerca i Turisme ; Conselleria d'Educacio i Universitat del Govern de les Illes Balears ; Conselleria d'Educacio Investigacio Cultura i Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana ; National Science Centre, Poland ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) ; Russian Science Foundation (RSF) ; European Commission European Commission Joint Research Centre ; European Union (EU) ; Royal Society of London ; Scottish Funding Council ; Scottish Universities Physics Alliance ; Scottish Universities Physics Alliance ; Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO) ; National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFI) ; National Research Foundation of Korea ; Industry Canada ; Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation ; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada ; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) ; Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations, and Communications ; International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR) ; Hong Kong Research Grants Council ; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) ; Leverhulme Trust ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan ; Kavli Foundation ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Computer & Information Science & Engineering (CISE) 1626251 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF- Directorate for Education & Human Resources (EHR) 1242090 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS) 1153335 1505230 1403586 1455090 1104371 1607709 1607336 1607520 1404139 1506486 1607199 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS) 1455090 1153335 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS) 1506232 1607585 1403586 1505296 1607336 1404139 1104371 1607520 1505230 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Computer & Information Science & Engineering (CISE) 1626251 ; National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Computer & Information Science & Engineering (CISE) 1626251 ; Villum Fonden 00013161

In Kiribati, as in all PICs, a robust and high-quality nursing workforce constitutes the backbone to the country's health service. Nurses require broad skills and abilities, as autonomous practitioners serving on the front lines of health provision, and as members of a multi-disciplinary team. Nurse education is provided by the School of Nursing and Health (SONH) at the Kiribati Institute of Technology (KIT), mainly under its core Kiribati Diploma of Nursing program. Midwifery education is also provided by SONH and undertaken by Registered Nurses as an 18 month, postgraduate qualification. The curriculum for the Diploma program currently being taught in Kiribati was imported many years ago from New Zealand, and there is recognition that it needs to be updated and contexualised for unique Kiribati needs. The Government of Kiribati receives assistance from New Zealand to examine the relevance and quality of the Diploma of Nursing curriculum in relation to the specific health challenges, needs, plans, identified gaps and workforce requirements in Kiribati. The vision, health goals and targets for Kiribati's health service delivery are outlined in the Kiribati Ministry of Health Strategic Plan 2016-2019, the Kiribati Development Plan 2016-2019 (KDP) and the Kiribati 20-Year Vision 2020-36 (KV20). This review fits with the Kiribati strategic objective to address gaps in health service delivery and strengthen the pillars of the health system. It also considers opportunities and pathways for Kiribati nurses under the strategic aim of promoting the employability of Kiribati nursing graduates nationally and providing a standard of training that prepares students to enter the international workforce. Wintec was contracted by New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) to carry out the review in 2017. Appropriate supporting documents were made available to provide important contextual information on the special character of Kiribati's situation as a nation, its current health challenges and goals, the healthcare system, the nursing workforce and the current nursing program. During September 2017, a team of three experts from New Zealand and Australia undertook a series of consultative and participatory meetings with relevant people in Kiribati, including from SONH, KIT, Government Ministries, Nursing Council and health sector service providers. A draft report describing their analysis and findings from those meetings was presented to involved stakeholders in Kiribati in November (see Appendix 2 for schedule of meetings), and feedback from those stakeholder meetings has been incorporated into this final version of the report. The reviewers took a holistic approach to the Terms of Reference that went beyond a narrow focus on only the existing Diploma program curriculum to adequately address wider priorities of concern. They identified 28 specific recommendations that are fully detailed in this report; only the most significant findings are outlined in this summary. There is good evidence that the current curriculum prepares graduates with an adequate level of basic nursing skills. However, there are content and teaching and learning process gaps evident, for example in the areas of aged and disability care, critical reflection, legal and ethical reasoning, and evidence informed clinical decision-making. There is evidence of some alignment to the Kiribati Nursing Council (KNC) Competencies for Registered Nursing (RN) Practice within the eleven Clinical Units within the programme. Students currently undertake substantial amounts of clinical placement across a range of clinical settings over the 3 years of the program. These settings include primary health care and community settings, medical, surgical, pediatric and obstetric wards within hospitals, and outer island health centres. Clinical facilitators are used to supervised students and there appear to be links made between student capability across the 3 years and the Standards for nursing practice. Review - KIT Diploma in Nursing Final Report 1 December 2017 4 The KNC has legislative power to set and govern standards of competency for Registered and Enrolled Nurses and to set standards of education for nursing programs and approve education institutions and the nursing curricula they deliver. A necessary and important first step therefore is a review and agreed update of the KNC Competencies for RN Practice. Following on from this a set of education program accreditation standards must be developed, which draw upon relevant available standards for nurse education. These steps need to be undertaken before developing a new curriculum that reflects a contextualized and contemporary graduate profile. Course and subject learning outcomes will be developed throughout the curriculum development process, which would be tightly aligned with a variety of assessment processes to ensure learning outcomes are achieved. A process of external benchmarking of new subjects would enable important feedback to be obtained, and strengthen links with the international and Pacific nurse education communities. The overall aim of the new Diploma curriculum should be to provide a course of study that leads to registration with the KNC and to enable novice nurses to capably function in a broad range of clinical contexts specific to Kiribati needs and priorities. It is important the curriculum incorporates the specific local geographic and demographic elements and reflects the unique i-Kiribati cultural values pertinent to effective local health service delivery. Career extension pathways for specific local health needs, such as midwifery, Public Health and specialized care can be provided as additional local courses, where feasible, or internationally where more appropriate due to budgetary and capability constraints. A stronger focus on Primary Health Care and health promotion is required, which will help address serious concerns over the increasing prevalence of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes, cardiovascular and respiratory deseases. To produce a contemporary, locally appropriate curriculum the development must be owned 'in country' and involve all key stakeholders, a process that can be informed and guided by external technical experts and internationally available standards, curricula and resources (such as the WHO global standards for the initial education of professional nurses and midwives). A curriculum review working group with representatives from key stakeholders would lead this process. The international support integrated into this locally owned process would assist program articulation to quality frameworks, such as the Pacific Qualifications Framework (PQF), and ensure any Kiribati Quality or Competency Framework is underpinned by a robust quality assurance system that informs institutional internal quality management systems, accreditation and audits. Doing this will also enhance transfer of credit opportunities to facilitate international opportunities in nursing-related roles elsewhere. This report contains some analysis of nursing workforce trends and potential migrant work opportunities in Fiji, New Zealand and Australia. A refreshed, contemporary curriculum would include maximizing the use of available IT infrastructure to promote blended learning approaches, increase student engagement and improve the student experience. Utilizing practicing RNs as sessional or guest tutors and lecturers would further enhance the relationship between SONH and its clinical partners, provide opportunities for clinicians to share their knowledge and expertise with students, and augment the teaching role of Registered Nurses. The provision by KIT of English language training courses, and re-location of the SONH from its current site to the KIT facility at Betio will realise cost savings through increased usage and consolidation of teaching spaces, administration, IT infrastructure and teaching personnel. Sharing facilities with other KIT programs, developing affordable and sustainable clinical simulation and library facilities and ensuring adequate workforce planning and underpinning support systems are all important processes to consider in association with the Review - KIT Diploma in Nursing Final Report 1 December 2017 5 curriculum review. It is important to note that in 2017, KIT received provisional accreditation from the Educational Quality and Assessment Programme (EQAP) of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) and KIT-SONH facility improvement and consolidation will be vital in securing full accreditation with this body. A coordinated approach to achieving these aims is essential, driven by local Kiribati leaders and supported by ongoing technical assistance from donor partners. Improving the quality of health services and the care provided to Kiribati people is at the heart of this review process. The team have listened carefully and sought to accurately capture the voices of the many individuals and groups with whom we have engaged and we trust that this is reflected within this report. We commend this report to you and thank you for the support provided in its development.

Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods: We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors—the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings: Between 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25%. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25% over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accounted for 57·8% (95% CI 56·6–58·8) of global deaths and 41·2% (39·8–42·8) of DALYs. In 2015, the ten largest contributors to global DALYs among Level 3 risks were high systolic blood pressure (211·8 million [192·7 million to 231·1 million] global DALYs), smoking (148·6 million [134·2 million to 163·1 million]), high fasting plasma glucose (143·1 million [125·1 million to 163·5 million]), high BMI (120·1 million [83·8 million to 158·4 million]), childhood undernutrition (113·3 million [103·9 million to 123·4 million]), ambient particulate matter (103·1 million [90·8 million to 115·1 million]), high total cholesterol (88·7 million [74·6 million to 105·7 million]), household air pollution (85·6 million [66·7 million to 106·1 million]), alcohol use (85·0 million [77·2 million to 93·0 million]), and diets high in sodium (83·0 million [49·3 million to 127·5 million]). From 1990 to 2015, attributable DALYs declined for micronutrient deficiencies, childhood undernutrition, unsafe sanitation and water, and household air pollution; reductions in risk-deleted DALY rates rather than reductions in exposure drove these declines. Rising exposure contributed to notable increases in attributable DALYs from high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, occupational carcinogens, and drug use. Environmental risks and childhood undernutrition declined steadily with SDI; low physical activity, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose increased with SDI. In 119 countries, metabolic risks, such as high BMI and fasting plasma glucose, contributed the most attributable DALYs in 2015. Regionally, smoking still ranked among the leading five risk factors for attributable DALYs in 109 countries; childhood underweight and unsafe sex remained primary drivers of early death and disability in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Interpretation: Declines in some key environmental risks have contributed to declines in critical infectious diseases. Some risks appear to be invariant to SDI. Increasing risks, including high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, drug use, and some occupational exposures, contribute to rising burden from some conditions, but also provide opportunities for intervention. Some highly preventable risks, such as smoking, remain major causes of attributable DALYs, even as exposure is declining. Public policy makers need to pay attention to the risks that are increasingly major contributors to global burden. ; Bruce Bartholow Duncan and Maria Inês Schmidt have received additional funding from the Brazilian Ministry of Health (Process No 25000192049/2014-14). Benjamin O Anderson is supported by the Susan G Komen Leadership Grant Research Project, award number SAC160001. Itamar S Santos reports grants from FAPESP (Brazilian public agency), outside the submitted work. Carl Abelardo T Antonio reports grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Johnson & Johnson (Philippines), Inc, outside the submitted work. Kunihiro Matsushita reports personal fees from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, and MSD outside of the submitted work. Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos and Ferrán Catalá-López are supported in part by grant PROMETEOII/2015/021 from Generalitat Valenciana, and Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos is supported by the national grant PI14/00894 from ISCIII-FEDER. Walter Mendoza is currently employed by the Peru Country Office of the United Nations Population Fund, an institution which does not necessarily endorse this study. Bradford D Gessner reports grants from Crucell, GSK, Hilleman Labs, Novartis, Pfizer, Merck, and Sanofi Pasteur, outside the submitted work. Ai Koyanagi's work is supported by the Miguel Servet contract financed by the CP13/00150 and PI15/00862 projects, integrated into the National R + D + I and funded by the ISCIII—General Branch Evaluation and Promotion of Health Research—and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF-FEDER). Aletta E Schutte is funded by the Medical Research Council of South Africa, and the South African Research Chair Initiative by the National Research Foundation. Dariush Mozaffarian reports ad-hoc honoraria or consulting from Boston Heart Diagnostics, Haas Avocado Board, AstraZeneca, GOED, DSM, and Life Sciences Research Organization; and chapter royalties from UpToDate. Amador Goodridge would like to acknowledge funding for me from Sistema Nacional de Investigadores de Panamá-SNI. Donal Bisanzio is supported by Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (#OPP1068048). Jost B Jonas reports personal fees from Consultant for Mundipharma Co (Cambridge, UK); from patent holder with Biocompatibles UK Ltd (Franham, Surrey, UK) (Title: Treatment of eye diseases using encapsulated cells encoding and secreting neuroprotective factor and / or anti-angiogenic factor; patent number: 20120263794), from patent application with University of Heidelberg (Heidelberg, Germany) (Title: Agents for use in the therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of myopia or hyperopia; Europäische Patentanmeldung 15 000 771.4), outside the submitted work. Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez receives institutional support from Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, UDCA, Bogotá Colombia. Juan A Rivera reports personal fees from Tres Montes Lucchetti, outside the submitted work. Stefanos Tyrovolas's work is supported by the Foundation for Education and European Culture (IPEP), the Sara Borrell postdoctoral programme (reference no CD15/00019 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII - Spain) and the Fondos Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla would like to acknowledge the institutional support of PRONABEC (National Program of Scholarship and Educational Loan), provided by the Peruvian Government, while studying for her doctoral course at the Judith Lumley Centre of La Trobe University funded by PRONABEC. Manami Inoue is the beneficiary of a financial contribution from the AXA Research fund as chair holder of the AXA Department of Health and Human Security, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo from Nov 1, 2012; the AXA Research Fund has no role in this work. Sarah C Darby would like to acknowledge Cancer Research UK (grant no C8225/A21133). Yogeshwar Kalkonde is a Wellcome Trust/ DBT India Alliance Intermediate Fellow in Public Health. Heidi Stöckl is funded by a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellowship. Tea Lallukka reports funding from The Academy of Finland, grant #287488. Charles D A Wolfe's research was funded/supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. Simon I Hay is funded by a Senior Research Fellowship from the Wellcome Trust (#095066), and grants from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1119467, OPP1093011, OPP1106023, and OPP1132415). ; Peer-reviewed ; Publisher Version

Несмотря на проведение ряда реформ, сложившаяся в России многоуровневая бюджетная система не в полной мере отвечает стратегии развития страны и её регионов. До сих пор Правительство РФ не приняло никаких действенных мер по устранению основного структурного противоречия бюджетной системы, имеющего в своей основе неадекватное распределение доходных и расходных полномочий, что проявилось в резком сжатии доходной базы территориальных бюджетов в период мирового финансового кризиса 2009 г. Однако кризисные последствия не были проанализированы, соответствующие выводы не сделаны. Министерство финансов РФ решало проблему разбалансировки территориальных бюджетов не пересмотром действующих механизмов распределения доходов на региональный уровень, а масштабной выдачей кредитов, возврат которых планировался после 2012 г. Вопреки этому в результате резкого роста социальной нагрузки произошло разрастание дефицита и закредитованности, вызвавшее бюджетный кризис целого ряда регионов. Эксперты Высшей школы экономики констатировали, что по итогам 2014 года двадцать субъектов РФ, имеющих уровень государственного долга более 80%, фактически находятся в дефолте. Вместо поиска путей выхода из бюджетного кризиса регионов российские власти постепенно в целом утрачивают контроль над процессами регионального развития. Механизмы федеральных целевых программ работают слабо, а финансовое обеспечение программных мероприятий всё в большей степени перекладывается на субъекты РФ. По сути, управление территориальным развитием сводится к перекачке финансовых ресурсов из федерального бюджета в регионы, а Министерство финансов РФ, регулирующее межбюджетные отношения, фактически превратилось в единственный реальный институт региональной политики. Но и межбюджетная политика Минфина не даёт видимой экономической отдачи: с 2006 по 2014 год объём безвозмездной финансовой помощи в бюджеты регионов увеличился с 0,6 до 1,5 трлн. руб., а количество самодостаточных территорий уменьшилось с 20 до 11. Обострение внутренних социально-экономических проблем сопровождается сложной международной обстановкой, негативными последствиями внешних санкций, предпринятых против России, и падением цен на нефть. Уже в 2014 г. потери от санкций составили 40 млрд. долл., от снижения нефтяных цен 100 млрд. долларов, однако федеральный бюджет на 2015 г. был сформирован без учёта этих факторов, что продемонстрировало неспособность Правительства РФ реально оценивать ситуацию и прогнозировать её даже в краткосрочной перспективе. В результате вынужденной существенной корректировки федерального бюджета, проведённой в апреле 2015 г., его дефицит был увеличен в семь раз с 0,4 до 2,7 трлн. руб. Безусловно, такая разбалансировка главного бюджета страны серьёзно осложнит исполнение территориальных бюджетов. В новом варианте федерального бюджета трансферты субъектам РФ урезаны на 72 млрд. руб., или на 10,5%. При этом антикризисный план Правительства РФ, нацеленный на общий секвестр всех бюджетных расходов, предусматривает не оказание безвозмездной финансовой поддержки регионам, а выделение бюджетных кредитов в объёме 160 млрд. руб., которые вернутся в федеральную казну. Этих средств хватит на погашение всего 15% накопленной коммерческой задолженности региональных бюджетов. Столь недальновидная бюджетная политика центральных властей лишает регионы всякой надежды на решение проблемы растущего государственного долга. Кризисные процессы, в значительной степени затронувшие регионы с металлургической специализацией, выявили ограниченность контрциклического потенциала бюджетной политики. Отсутствие системы управления бюджетными рисками повлекло глубокое падение конъюнктурных налоговых доходов, являющихся важнейшим доходным источником бюджетов этих регионов. Ещё одним негативным следствием стала потеря статуса регионов-доноров Вологодской, Липецкой, Челябинской, Кемеровской областями. В статье представлены результаты продолжающегося в ИСЭРТ РАН исследования проблем бюджетной обеспеченности Вологодской, Липецкой и Челябинской областей, на территории которых расположены базовые активы ведущих отечественных корпораций чёрной металлургии. Дана оценка состояния региональных бюджетов, долговой политики, взаимодействия с федеральным бюджетом по итогам 2014 г. Основной акцент сделан на анализе взаимоотношений металлургических корпораций с бюджетами территорий. Несмотря на то, что регионы-металлурги характеризуются существенными, объединяющими их структурными особенностями, в территориальном разрезе полученные оценки неоднозначны. Вместе с тем итоги исследования позволили сделать обобщающий вывод о том, что в этих регионах сохраняется наблюдаемое с 2009 года нарастание проблем с поступлением налоговых платежей от ключевой бюджетообразующей отрасли, влекущее за собой целый ряд других негативных факторов функционирования региональных бюджетных систем. При этом в результате крайне неэффективной экономической политики, проводимой центральным правительством в отношении крупнейших налогоплательщиков, региональные власти полностью утратили возможность регулирования их экономической деятельности. ; Despite a number of reforms, the current multi-level budgetary system does not fully correspond to the development strategy of the country and its regions. Still the Russian Government has not taken effective measures to address the main structural contradiction of the budgetary system, based on the non-adequate distribution of revenue and expenditure responsibilities, manifested in the sharp decline in the revenue base of territorial budgets during the 2009 global financial crisis. However, the crisis effects have not been analyzed and the conclusions have not been made. The Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation tried to solve the problem of territorial budgets imbalance not by enhancing existing mechanisms of revenue distribution at the regional level, but by granting large-scale loans to be repaid after 2012. Despite it, due to the sharp rise in the social burden, the deficit and the debt load enlarged and resulted in the budget crisis in the regions. The experts of the Higher School of Economics state that 20 RF subjects, having the level of public debt above 80%, had been actually in default by the end of 2014. Instead of finding ways out of the fiscal crisis, the Russian authorities gradually lose overall control over the processes of regional development. The mechanisms of federal target programs work poorly and the RF subjects have to finance program activities. In fact, the management of territorial development is reduced to the transfer of financial resources from the federal budget to the regions and the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation regulating interbudgetary relations has, in fact, become the only real institute of regional policy. But the interbudgetary policy of the Ministry of Finance does not gain visible economic returns: in 2006-2014 the amount of repayable financial assistance to the regional budgets increased from 0.6 to 1.5 trillion rubles, and the number of self-sufficient territories decreased from 20 to 11. The worsening of socio-economic problems is accompanied by a difficult international environment, adverse effects of external sanctions against Russia and falling oil prices. Already in 2014 the losses from the sanctions amounted to 40 billion U.S. dollars, from the decline in oil prices 100 billion U.S. dollars. However, the federal budget for 2015 was approved without taking into account these factors. It demonstrates the inability of the Russian Government to accurately assess the situation and forecast events even in the short term. Due to forced significant amendments to the federal budget in April 2015, its deficit was increased seven-fold, from 0.4 to 2.7 trillion rubles. Surely, this imbalance of the country's budget will seriously complicate the implementation of local budgets. In the new version of the federal budget transfers to regions cut by 72 billion rubles, or by 10.5%. The anti-crisis plan of the Russian Federation Government aimed at cutting budget spending provides not grant financial support to the regions, but allocation of budgetary loans in the amount of 160 billion rubles, which will be returned to the Federal Treasury. These funds will be enough to repay only 15% of the accumulated commercial debt of regional budgets. Such a short-sighted budgetary policy of the central authorities deprives the regions of any hope of solving the problem of rising public debt. The crisis, greatly affecting the regions with metallurgical specialization, has highlighted the limits of countercyclical potential of fiscal policy. The lack of budget risk management involves deep drop in tax revenues, a major revenue source of regional budgets. Another negative consequence is that the Vologda Oblast, the Lipetsk Oblast, the Chelyabinsk Oblast and the Kemerovo Oblast have lost the status of donor regions. The article presents the results of the research in the problems of budgetary provision of the Vologda Oblast, the Lipetsk Oblast and the Chelyabinsk Oblast, carried out by ISEDT RAS. The leading domestic corporations of ferrous metallurgy are located in these areas. The work evaluates the state of regional budgets, debt policy and interaction with the federal budget as of year-end 2014. The main accent is made on the analysis of relations between metallurgical corporations and territorial budgets. Despite the fact that the metallurgy-oriented regions are characterized by significant structural features, the estimates vary greatly in the territorial context. However, we can make a general conclusion that in these regions one can observe the growing problems connected with the receipt of tax payments from the key revenue generating industry since 2009. It entails a number of other negative factors of the regional budget systems functioning. Due to highly inefficient economic policies pursued by the central government in respect of the largest taxpayers, the regional authorities have completely lost the ability to regulate their economic activities.

Since Joe Biden described Israel as "starting to lose support" due to "indiscriminate bombing" in Gaza, news media around the world have described the United States as pushing, unsuccessfully, for Israel to change both its tactics in Gaza and its preferred political arrangements for when the fighting ends. To date, that supposed pressure does not appear to have had much effect, which has led to "tail wags dog" arguments about how the U.S. is either unable, or unwilling, to force a shift in Israeli policy.Of course, it is impossible to know what, if any, threats are being made behind the scenes by the parade of U.S. officials who have been shuttling to Jerusalem over the past few weeks. However, given the nature of Prime Minister Netanyahu's governing coalition, one might imagine that any such threats might have been leaked to the media. Moreover, if one looks at what the two sides are disagreeing over — when precisely the bombing campaign should end, or how, down the road, some hypothetical third party would temporarily administer Gaza — there is, as a practical matter, precious little daylight between the U.S. and Israel. This is abundantly clear from the various news conferences given in recent days at the White House, the State Department, and the U.S. embassy in Jerusalem, notably on the issue of how a Security Council resolution had to be worded to avoid yet another American veto.But the strongest reason to doubt that very much pressure is being applied is the Holmesian dog that did not bark: Put simply, the people who run U.S. foreign policy show no indication of viewing a shift in Israeli policy as a matter of national interest for the United States. For the fact of the matter is that when U.S. officials perceive the national interest as being at stake, they are more than willing to change policy, including overriding close allies. The classic example is the 1956 Suez crisis when President Eisenhower threatened the United Kingdom financially and humiliated his old companion in arms, Anthony Eden. Other examples include President Kennedy's withdrawal of Jupiter missiles from its NATO allies Turkey and Italy as part of the Cuban Missile Crisis deal; President Nixon's squeezing of South Vietnamese President Thieu over the Paris Peace Accords; President George W. Bush's bypassing of Thatcher and Mitterrand regarding German reunification; and, most recently, President Trump's sanctioning of Turkey over its offensive in northern Syria.If, therefore, there are no signs of the U.S. threatening Israel over Gaza, it is unlikely due to White House qualms about facing down Netanyahu and company; rather, it is because the Administration sees little U.S. cost in slow-walking a modest policy change. Put simply, there is just not enough at stake to warrant the use of pressure. Both in terms of international relations and of domestic politics, the status quo is not significantly unsatisfactory. To see this, consider each of these factors.The "humanitarian situation" in Gaza, as a so-called "senior administration official" put it, is not perceived by Biden and his advisers as putting the United States in a position that requires a notable change in policy. I refer here not to the private views of these individuals, but to how they see the international status of the U.S. as affected by its support of what Israel is doing in Gaza. The answer is, not much. For example, Secretary of State Antony Blinken, after characterizing the plight of the people in Gaza as "gut-wrenching," added immediately that this was why Israel's "operations" should be seen "through to completion quickly, effectively, and doing everything possible to minimize the harm to those caught in a crossfire of Hamas's making." Another unnamed official described the diplomatic "cost" as "intangible" and making it "harder to win support on issues we care about." And when journalists ask about the U.S. being isolated because of its Gaza policy, the questions are blandly dismissed.One might imagine that this downplaying of discontent from other countries' governments or public opinion is due to a realpolitik sense that human rights and humanitarian concerns, even during genocides, are secondary. Evidence for this claim would cite President Clinton's maneuvers to prevent UN intervention in Rwanda, continue with President Reagan's support of Gen. Rios Montt in Guatemala and Presidents Ford and Carter's de facto backing of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, and stretch back as far as President Roosevelt's refusal to bomb the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. However, the point has to do with perceived pressure from outside the U.S.: Viewed from Washington, neither massive killings nor most other situations give rise to pressure significant enough to change U.S. policy. In part, this is because the United States is in a unique position: Most of its adversaries are economically too weak to threaten the U.S., whereas those with economic weight are for the most part its allies or clients.But it is also due to a more fundamental feature of American foreign policy. When policy makers choose a course of action, they tend to discount longer-term negative consequences. A classic case in point is the July 1965 decision to send 200,000 ground troops to South Vietnam. When Under Secretary of State George Ball argued that the U.S. would end up like the French, his points were dismissed with Micawber-like platitudes. So too it was with Truman's decision to send troops north of the 38th parallel, and with Bush's decisions to invade Iraq and dissolve Saddam Hussein's military. Given this tendency, claims about future diplomatic damage for failure to crack down hard enough on Israel are no doubt met with reactions akin to Keynes's famous line about the long run.In this regard, it is significant that the cases cited above in which the U.S. cracked down on its allies involved reactions to current events, not a long-term calculation. Thus, U.S. policy over Suez was spurred by a sense of being in a life-or-death battle with the Soviet Union for the favors of countries in Africa and Asia; to side with the colonial powers and Israel who had occupied the canal was an immediate threat to U.S. interests (this is also why the Eisenhower White House supported civil rights at home). Similarly, the pressure on Thieu to go along with the Paris accords was, as Henry Kissinger infamously put it, in pursuit of a "decent interval." For U.S. policy makers, the response to discontent from abroad over their Gaza policy is akin to Scarlett O'Hara's views in "Gone With the Wind:" Tomorrow is another day.What of domestic U.S. politics? Here, multiple strands of argument lead to the same conclusion: For Biden and his advisers, there are no clear political reasons to switch U.S. policy on Gaza. To start with, it is very likely that within the policy-making group, there are strong norms against bringing up domestic politics, the assumption being that Biden, as a long-time professional, is capable of making such judgments on his own. Those judgments, second, are likely to be that current policy already is triangulated correctly between hawks and doves; that the latter, if faced in the end with a choice between Trump and Biden, will swallow hard and vote Democratic; and that in any case, elections are almost never won or lost on foreign policy issues. These calculations, of course, leave little room for error: Even a small increase in abstention rates among core Democratic constituencies could prove fatal in various swing states. For that reason, a non-veto in the Security Council, repeated emphasis on "targeted operations," humanitarian issues, and a two-state solution, and, most importantly, well-publicized criticisms of Netanyahu by close Biden allies are attempts to reframe U.S. policy as less anti-Palestinian. As the war drags on, it is possible that the White House will agree to modest conditions on the use of military aid, albeit with waiver language included so that push never comes to shove.These kabuki-like moves show clearly that U.S. policy makers feel little pressure, whether domestic or foreign, to change their policy on Gaza. Absent additional, immediate moves, such as organized abstention in presidential primaries, the most likely scenario is continued death for thousands and despair for millions.

In July 2023, a mother of two children was killed in a district courtroom in East Hararge zone, Oromia region. The hearing was held to render a decision on the victim's and her ex-husband's property division following their divorce. During the trial, the accused unexpectedly and repeatedly stabbed the victim in the chest and back, causing her death. As indicated in a report by the Ethiopian Media Services, the victim had been receiving death threats and intimidation, which she often reported to the police. The family told the reporters that the murder showed how much the criminal justice system failed to protect victims of gender-based violence (GBV).One month later, a young lady who had just left her home in Mekelle City, Tigray region, to celebrate her friend's birthday was murdered by unknown people. The incident has been a hot topic of discussion on social media since nothing is officially clear as to who committed the crime and why. An eyewitness told the BBC that he initially saw a pickup truck fly by with its headlights on, and the moment he reached the place where the screams of people were heard, he saw a dead body.The week following, a horrific femicide and gang rape was committed in Jigjiga city, Somali region. The victim was an 11-year-old girl, and the femicide was committed in her own home. The victim's father informed the BBC that it was his employees who killed his daughter. The report from Karamara General Hospital, where the victim's body was taken for examination, confirmed that she was strangled. The Somali Regional Police Commission has announced that four suspects have been detained for allegedly gang-raping and murdering the teenager. The Commissioner told the BBC that those who committed the crime will be prosecuted and the family will get justice.These are the threats that Ethiopian women face —in less than 40 days, three women were intentionally killed because of their gender. These incidents happened in Ethiopia, a country with its first female president, that recently undertook massive reforms to bolster women's political empowerment and where almost 42% of seats in parliament. Nevertheless, the Ethiopian government continues to fail to protect its women and chooses to ignore the obvious and everyday phenomenon of GBV. Indeed, the country has yet to legally distinguished femicide from homicide, and the application of a gender-based lens when investigating homicides of women remains the "Feminist's Wish".Ethiopia hides too many perpetrators of femicide, and many femicide cases still go uncounted and perpetrators go unpunished. It is no longer surprising to see the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) government's damaging, if not dormant, attitude towards protecting women's rights in general and killings targeting women and girls in particular. How the Prime Minister of Ethiopia, Abiy Ahmed, brushed off the flaring issue of rape in his public statements is an example of the government's apathy. On March 21, 2020, during a parliamentary session in which he was questioned on sexual violence in Tigray, the PM replied, "The women in Tigray? These women have only been penetrated by men, whereas our soldiers were penetrated by a knife". After such a dangerous public speech, the PM neither publicly apologized nor polished his depraved statement.What is femicide? Simply put: femicide is the killing of a woman or girl because of her gender. The UN Economic and Social Council Vienna Declaration on Femicide (2012), recognized different forms of femicide, including the murder of women because of intimate partner violence; targeted killing of women and girls in the context of armed conflict; female infanticide and gender-based sex selection feticide; genital mutilation related deaths and many more. Like all forms of GBV against women and girls, femicide is a problem that affects every country and territory across the globe. According to a report in 2021, Africa recorded the second-largest number of female intimate partner and family-related killings, with an estimated number of 17,200. Ethiopia is no different; according to the country's Demographic and Health Survey 2016, the national prevalence of lifetime physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence was 28%. In 2021, Ethiopia ranked 113 as the most dangerous country for women, with a Women, Peace, and Security Index score of 0.668. African countries like Mauritius (64) Rwanda (66) and South Africa (66) ranked as the top three African countries with a higher index score. Nevertheless, there is no structured available data whatsoever when it comes to the homicide rate, both intimate and non-intimate partner homicide.What Should Be Done Then? "Stop sitting and crying with us, do something with your power"It is time to stop considering these cases against women as only murder—it differs in a significant way. By simply scanning the most recent cases, it's easy to realize that they are either committed by partners or ex-partners or involve some sort of domestic abuse, sexual violence, or situations where the killing was intentional, and the victim was targeted because of her gender. The criminal code of Ethiopia, particularly the sexual violence and homicide sections, needs reforming in a way that clearly identifies violence against women and incorporates the different types and elements of sex crimes and their respective rationalized punishments. Studies suggest that substantive and sustained decreases in GBV can be achieved through comprehensive laws and policies.Even though ending femicide requires the commitment of society, the government has a primary responsibility to protect the safety and well-being of women in Ethiopia. Despite widespread cases of femicide, the killing of women and girls is not accurately tracked. The systematic collection and availability of comprehensive disaggregated data is important to designing well-informed prevention, protection, and response mechanisms. An article written in Policy Options magazine argues that failure to collect data should not be a defense against femicide. It is true that in developing countries like Ethiopia, data remains difficult to access and collect, yet the lack of such data is putting the lives of women and girls at risk, deemphasizing the prevalence of the problem, and underscoring the need for urgent action. Ethiopia hides too many perpetrators of femicide, and many femicide cases still go uncounted and perpetrators go unpunished. The little we do know is limited to cases related to killings perpetrated by an intimate/former partner or people somehow affiliated. Other contexts beyond the private sphere, such as femicide linked to harmful traditional practices and armed conflict require further in-depth coverage. However, what we have been learning from social media and independent news outlets in Ethiopia is just the tip of the iceberg.Why is continued activism important? In many cases, prevention initiatives engaging community members at all levels are the best approaches to addressing sexual violence and, in particular, femicide cases. Studies propose the activism of women's rights and community-based groups as a means to deal with the prevention, mitigation, and response aspects of femicide. The up-to-date role of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) and women-based organizations such as the Ethiopian Women Lawyers Association (EWLA), Network for Ethiopian Women Association (NEWA), the Ethiopian Women Human Rights Defenders Network, as well as emerging feminist movements exemplify the commitments such institutions are undertaking and their potential to drive policy change, hold governments accountable, and lead movements to end femicide. Even though ending femicide requires the commitment of society, the government has a primary responsibility to protect the safety and well-being of women in Ethiopia. The government should enact and enforce laws that explicitly criminalize femicide and other forms of legally unrecognized gender-based violence. The government should also collect and analyze data on femicide and related violence against women. For instance, the only publicly available country's demographic and health survey dates back to 2016, yet such data is crucial for understanding the scope of the problem, identifying trends, and evaluating the effectiveness of policies and programs. Furthermore, efforts to prevent and address femicide should include comprehensive data collection, analysis, and reporting to understand the extent of the problem, identify trends, and develop effective policies and interventions. More evidence-based and focused research is required to better understand the ever-increasing femicide rate in Ethiopia and propose systematic solutions to better address the very simple plea: "Please do not kill us." Wubrest F. Adamu is an LL.M. student at Georgetown University Law and a Leadership and Advocacy for Women in Africa (LAWA) program fellow from Ethiopia. Wubrest is a human rights lawyer and has worked with UNHCR, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, and the Ethiopian Human Rights Council.The opinions expressed on this blog are solely those of the authors. They do not reflect the views of the Wilson Center or those of Carnegie Corporation of New York. The Wilson Center's Africa Program provides a safe space for various perspectives to be shared and discussed on critical issues of importance to both Africa and the United States.

Abstract. The purpose of the article is to highlight the problems of providing regional labor markets with qualified personnel and identify ways of effective interaction between educational institutions and enterprises. The theoretical significance of the article is that it, based on an experimental study conducted in the Donetsk region, analyzed the reasons for dissatisfaction of enterprises with the quality of professional training; the existing experience of cooperation between educational institutions and enterprises of the region is analyzed; barriers have been identified that prevent the establishment of an effective partnership between educational institutions and enterprises aimed at meeting the existing and future needs of the labor market in qualified personnel; the level of readiness of enterprises of the region to cooperate with institutions in the direction of modernization of material and technical base, internship of teachers, joint preparation of educational programs, advanced training of personnel is analyzed; on the basis of the analysis of results of survey it was identified professions for which it is advisable to start professional traininin in vocational institutions in Donetsk region; the model of competencies of the future skilled worker elaborated by employers is presented (on the example of the profession «Locksmith for repair of wheeled vehicles. Driver of motor vehicles (category «C»). Machinist of a truck crane»). The practical significance of the article is that based on the opinion of employers of Donetsk region, the authors offer recommendations to improve the interaction between educational institutions and enterprises of Donetsk region to solve the problem of professional training for current and future needs of the region's economy. The presented recommendations and research model can be extrapolated to the effective development of labor markets in other regions of the country. It was revealed that the modern labor market in particular in Donetsk region is characterized by significant disparities between demand and supply of personnel (almost all vacancies in terms of occupations have a deficit, i.e. supply (number of unemployed) exceeds demand). There is a great lack of vacancies in the professions of auxiliary worker, driver of vehicles, seller of food products, seller of non-food products, cook. Instead, the scarce professions that are in demand in the labor market are a machinist bypassing turbine equipment, a locksmith repairing steam and gas turbine equipment, a machinist bypassing boiler equipment, an electrician servicing electrical installations, a kneading machine operator, a plumber, a nanny, an electrician for repair and installation of cable lines, a pipe and billet cutter, an extruder of refractory products. It is determined that the system of training of future skilled workers in educational institutions of the region needs significant modernization, as there are currently significant discrepancies between the level of preparation of graduates for professional activities and the requirements of employers. The difficulty of adaptation of graduates in the workplace is associated with the lack of certain professional competencies and personal qualities, the development of which should be paid attention to in the process of initial professional training in educational institutions — practical training, experience, practical knowlwdge), motivation to work. Deficits are also responsibility, independence, purposefulness, level of qualification. It was found that cooperation between educational institutions and employers is still carried out in traditional forms — the internships of students of educational institutions on the basis of enterprises, the participation of employees in assessing the quality of training. The prevalence of formal interaction significantly determines the quality of training for the needs of regional labor markets. The directions of personnel professional training for actual and perspective needs of the region labour market are singled out: excavator driver, car mechanic, electric gas welder, locksmith-repairman, electrician, turner, crane driver, confectioner cooker. The structure of the competency model of future skilled workers was identified — basic and professional competencies — that will ensure rapid adaptation and effective work of graduates at enterprises of the region. It is determined that for the effective development of regional labor markets and effective training for them the key is to implement the idea of public-private partnership of educational institutions and employers, the most effective forms of which should be cooperation in curricula development, advising on their content, methods and technologies of the educational process, providing recommendations for updating equipment, providing teaching materials, assistance in updating the library fund, databases, to ensure the educational process in the institution (invitation of so-called guest speakers), professional development of teachers and masters of industrial training, joint project activities, implementation of career guidance activities, organization of excursions of students and entrants to enterprises, informing about employment opportunities at enterprises, lobbying the interests of the institution at the level of local governments, participation in determining the development strategy of the institution, assistance in the process of attraction of additional sources of financing, creation of advisory bodies of the educational institution (advisory committee in the specialty, supervisory boards, etc.). Keywords: regional labor markets, professional training, educational institutions, institutions of professional (vocational) education, efficiency, professional training. JEL Classification I21, L33 Formulas: 0; fig.: 0; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 9 ; Анотація. Метою статті є виокремлення проблем забезпечення регіональних ринків праці кваліфікованими кадрами і визначення шляхів ефективної взаємодії між закладами освіти та підприємствами. Теоретичне значення статті полягає в тому, що в ній на основі експериментального дослідження, яке проводилось у Донецькій області, було проаналізовано причини незадоволеності підприємств якістю підготовки робітничих кадрів; проаналізовано досвід співпраці закладів освіти і підприємств регіону; виокремлено бар'єри, які перешкоджують налагодженю ефективного партнерства між закладами освіти і підприємствами, спрямованого на забезпечення наявних і перспективних потреб ринку праці у кваліфікованих кадрах; проаналізовано рівень готовності підприємств регіону до співпраці із закладами у напрямі модернізації матеріально-технічної бази, стажування викладачів, спільної підготовки освітніх програм, підвищення кваліфікації персоналу; на основі аналізу результатів опитування роботодавців виокремлено професії, підготовку за якими доцільно започаткувати у закладах професійної освіти Донецької області; змодельовано модель компетенцій майбутнього кваліфікованого робітника (на прикладі професії «Слюсар з ремонту колісних транспортних засобів. Водій автотранспортних засобів (категорія «С»). Машиніст крана автомобільного»). Практичне значення статті полягає у тому, що на основі вивчення думки роботодавців Донецької області запропоновано рекомендації щодо підвищення ефективності взаємодії між закладами освіти і підприємствами Донецької області задля розв'язання проблеми підготовки кадрів для актуальних і перспективних потреб економіки регіону. Представлені рекомендації та модель дослідження можуть бути екстрапольовані на ефективний розвиток ринків праці інших регіонів країни. З'ясовано, що сучасний ринок праці, зокрема Донецької області, характеризується значнимями диспропорціями між попитом та пропозицією кадрів [практично за всіма вакансіями в розрізі професій зафіксований дефіцит, тобто пропозиція (чисельність безробітних) перевищує попит]. Найбільше не вистачає вакансій за професіями підсобного робітника, водія автотранспортних засобів, продавця продовольчих товарів, продавця непродовольчих товарів, кухаря. Натомість, дефіцитними професіями, які мають попит на ринку праці, є машиніст-обхідник з турбінного устаткування, слюсар з ремонту парогазотурбінного устаткування, машиніст-обхідник з котельного устаткування, електромонтер з обслуговування електроустновок, машиніст тістомісильних машин, монтажник санітарно-технічного устаткування, флорист, няня, електромонтер з ремонту та монтажу кабельних ліній, різальник труб і заготовок, пресувальник вогнетривких виробів. Визначено, що система підготовки майбутніх кваліфікованих робітників у закладах освіти регіону потребує суттєвої модернізації, оскільки наразі існують суттєві невідповідності між рівнем підготовленості випускників до професійної діяльності та вимогами роботодавців. Складність адаптації випускників на робочих місцях пов'язується з браком у них певних професійних компетентностей та особистісних якостей, розвиткові яких мали б приділяти увагу у процесі первинної професійної підготовки в закладах, — практичної підготовки, досвіду, фахової підготовки, умотивованості до роботи. Дефіцитами також є відповідальність, самостійність, цілеспрямованість, низький рівень кваліфікації. З'ясовано, що співпраця між закладами освіти і роботодавцями й досі здійснюється у традиційних формах — проходження виробничої практики учнів закладів на базі підприємств, участь працівників підприємств в оцінюванні якості підготовки кадрів. Превалювання формальної взаємодії суттєво знажує якість підготовки кадрів для потреб регіональних ринків праці. Виокремлено напрями підготовки кадрів для актуальних і перспективних потреб регіону: машиніст екскаватора, автомеханік, електрогазозварник, слюсар-ремонтник, електромонтер, токар, машиніст крану, кухар-кондитер. У структурі моделі компетентностей майбутніх кваліфікованих робітників виокремлено базові та професійні компетентності, які забезпечуватимуть швидку адаптацію та ефективну роботу випускників на підприємтсвах регіону. Визначено, що для ефективного розвитку регіональних ринків праці та ефективної підготовки кадрів для них ключовим є реалізація ідеї публічно-приватного партнерства закладів освіти і підприємств-роботодавців, найбільш ефективними формами якої має бути співпраця в аспекті перегляду освітніх програм, консультування з питань їхнього змісту, методів і технологій освітнього процесу, надання рекомендацій щодо оновлення обладнання, надання навчально-методичних матеріалів, допомоги в оновленні бібліотечного фонду, баз даних, до забезпечення освітнього процесу в закладі (запрошення так званих гостьових спікерів), підвищення кваліфікації викладачів і майстрів виробничого навчання, спільної проєктної діяльності, здійснення профорієнтаційних заходів, організації екскурсій учнів та абітурієнтів на підприємства, інформування про можливості працевлаштування на підприємствах, лобіювання інтересів закладу на рівні органів місцевого самоврядування, участі у визначенні стратегії розвитку закладу, сприяння залученню додаткових джерел фінансування, створення дорадчо-консультативних органів управління закладом (консультативних рад зі спеціальності, наглядових рад тощо). Ключові слова: регіональні ринки праці, підготовка кадрів, заклади освіти, заклади професійної (професійно-технічної) освіти, ефективність, професійна підготовка. Формул: 0; рис.: 0; табл.: 0; бібл.: 9.

Abstract. The purpose of the article is to highlight the problems of providing regional labor markets with qualified personnel and identify ways of effective interaction between educational institutions and enterprises. The theoretical significance of the article is that it, based on an experimental study conducted in the Donetsk region, analyzed the reasons for dissatisfaction of enterprises with the quality of professional training; the existing experience of cooperation between educational institutions and enterprises of the region is analyzed; barriers have been identified that prevent the establishment of an effective partnership between educational institutions and enterprises aimed at meeting the existing and future needs of the labor market in qualified personnel; the level of readiness of enterprises of the region to cooperate with institutions in the direction of modernization of material and technical base, internship of teachers, joint preparation of educational programs, advanced training of personnel is analyzed; on the basis of the analysis of results of survey it was identified professions for which it is advisable to start professional traininin in vocational institutions in Donetsk region; the model of competencies of the future skilled worker elaborated by employers is presented (on the example of the profession «Locksmith for repair of wheeled vehicles. Driver of motor vehicles (category «C»). Machinist of a truck crane»). The practical significance of the article is that based on the opinion of employers of Donetsk region, the authors offer recommendations to improve the interaction between educational institutions and enterprises of Donetsk region to solve the problem of professional training for current and future needs of the region's economy. The presented recommendations and research model can be extrapolated to the effective development of labor markets in other regions of the country. It was revealed that the modern labor market in particular in Donetsk region is characterized by significant disparities between demand and supply of personnel (almost all vacancies in terms of occupations have a deficit, i.e. supply (number of unemployed) exceeds demand). There is a great lack of vacancies in the professions of auxiliary worker, driver of vehicles, seller of food products, seller of non-food products, cook. Instead, the scarce professions that are in demand in the labor market are a machinist bypassing turbine equipment, a locksmith repairing steam and gas turbine equipment, a machinist bypassing boiler equipment, an electrician servicing electrical installations, a kneading machine operator, a plumber, a nanny, an electrician for repair and installation of cable lines, a pipe and billet cutter, an extruder of refractory products. It is determined that the system of training of future skilled workers in educational institutions of the region needs significant modernization, as there are currently significant discrepancies between the level of preparation of graduates for professional activities and the requirements of employers. The difficulty of adaptation of graduates in the workplace is associated with the lack of certain professional competencies and personal qualities, the development of which should be paid attention to in the process of initial professional training in educational institutions — practical training, experience, practical knowlwdge), motivation to work. Deficits are also responsibility, independence, purposefulness, level of qualification. It was found that cooperation between educational institutions and employers is still carried out in traditional forms — the internships of students of educational institutions on the basis of enterprises, the participation of employees in assessing the quality of training. The prevalence of formal interaction significantly determines the quality of training for the needs of regional labor markets. The directions of personnel professional training for actual and perspective needs of the region labour market are singled out: excavator driver, car mechanic, electric gas welder, locksmith-repairman, electrician, turner, crane driver, confectioner cooker. The structure of the competency model of future skilled workers was identified — basic and professional competencies — that will ensure rapid adaptation and effective work of graduates at enterprises of the region. It is determined that for the effective development of regional labor markets and effective training for them the key is to implement the idea of public-private partnership of educational institutions and employers, the most effective forms of which should be cooperation in curricula development, advising on their content, methods and technologies of the educational process, providing recommendations for updating equipment, providing teaching materials, assistance in updating the library fund, databases, to ensure the educational process in the institution (invitation of so-called guest speakers), professional development of teachers and masters of industrial training, joint project activities, implementation of career guidance activities, organization of excursions of students and entrants to enterprises, informing about employment opportunities at enterprises, lobbying the interests of the institution at the level of local governments, participation in determining the development strategy of the institution, assistance in the process of attraction of additional sources of financing, creation of advisory bodies of the educational institution (advisory committee in the specialty, supervisory boards, etc.). Keywords: regional labor markets, professional training, educational institutions, institutions of professional (vocational) education, efficiency, professional training. JEL Classification I21, L33 Formulas: 0; fig.: 0; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 9 ; Анотація. Метою статті є виокремлення проблем забезпечення регіональних ринків праці кваліфікованими кадрами і визначення шляхів ефективної взаємодії між закладами освіти та підприємствами. Теоретичне значення статті полягає в тому, що в ній на основі експериментального дослідження, яке проводилось у Донецькій області, було проаналізовано причини незадоволеності підприємств якістю підготовки робітничих кадрів; проаналізовано досвід співпраці закладів освіти і підприємств регіону; виокремлено бар'єри, які перешкоджують налагодженю ефективного партнерства між закладами освіти і підприємствами, спрямованого на забезпечення наявних і перспективних потреб ринку праці у кваліфікованих кадрах; проаналізовано рівень готовності підприємств регіону до співпраці із закладами у напрямі модернізації матеріально-технічної бази, стажування викладачів, спільної підготовки освітніх програм, підвищення кваліфікації персоналу; на основі аналізу результатів опитування роботодавців виокремлено професії, підготовку за якими доцільно започаткувати у закладах професійної освіти Донецької області; змодельовано модель компетенцій майбутнього кваліфікованого робітника (на прикладі професії «Слюсар з ремонту колісних транспортних засобів. Водій автотранспортних засобів (категорія «С»). Машиніст крана автомобільного»). Практичне значення статті полягає у тому, що на основі вивчення думки роботодавців Донецької області запропоновано рекомендації щодо підвищення ефективності взаємодії між закладами освіти і підприємствами Донецької області задля розв'язання проблеми підготовки кадрів для актуальних і перспективних потреб економіки регіону. Представлені рекомендації та модель дослідження можуть бути екстрапольовані на ефективний розвиток ринків праці інших регіонів країни. З'ясовано, що сучасний ринок праці, зокрема Донецької області, характеризується значнимями диспропорціями між попитом та пропозицією кадрів [практично за всіма вакансіями в розрізі професій зафіксований дефіцит, тобто пропозиція (чисельність безробітних) перевищує попит]. Найбільше не вистачає вакансій за професіями підсобного робітника, водія автотранспортних засобів, продавця продовольчих товарів, продавця непродовольчих товарів, кухаря. Натомість, дефіцитними професіями, які мають попит на ринку праці, є машиніст-обхідник з турбінного устаткування, слюсар з ремонту парогазотурбінного устаткування, машиніст-обхідник з котельного устаткування, електромонтер з обслуговування електроустновок, машиніст тістомісильних машин, монтажник санітарно-технічного устаткування, флорист, няня, електромонтер з ремонту та монтажу кабельних ліній, різальник труб і заготовок, пресувальник вогнетривких виробів. Визначено, що система підготовки майбутніх кваліфікованих робітників у закладах освіти регіону потребує суттєвої модернізації, оскільки наразі існують суттєві невідповідності між рівнем підготовленості випускників до професійної діяльності та вимогами роботодавців. Складність адаптації випускників на робочих місцях пов'язується з браком у них певних професійних компетентностей та особистісних якостей, розвиткові яких мали б приділяти увагу у процесі первинної професійної підготовки в закладах, — практичної підготовки, досвіду, фахової підготовки, умотивованості до роботи. Дефіцитами також є відповідальність, самостійність, цілеспрямованість, низький рівень кваліфікації. З'ясовано, що співпраця між закладами освіти і роботодавцями й досі здійснюється у традиційних формах — проходження виробничої практики учнів закладів на базі підприємств, участь працівників підприємств в оцінюванні якості підготовки кадрів. Превалювання формальної взаємодії суттєво знажує якість підготовки кадрів для потреб регіональних ринків праці. Виокремлено напрями підготовки кадрів для актуальних і перспективних потреб регіону: машиніст екскаватора, автомеханік, електрогазозварник, слюсар-ремонтник, електромонтер, токар, машиніст крану, кухар-кондитер. У структурі моделі компетентностей майбутніх кваліфікованих робітників виокремлено базові та професійні компетентності, які забезпечуватимуть швидку адаптацію та ефективну роботу випускників на підприємтсвах регіону. Визначено, що для ефективного розвитку регіональних ринків праці та ефективної підготовки кадрів для них ключовим є реалізація ідеї публічно-приватного партнерства закладів освіти і підприємств-роботодавців, найбільш ефективними формами якої має бути співпраця в аспекті перегляду освітніх програм, консультування з питань їхнього змісту, методів і технологій освітнього процесу, надання рекомендацій щодо оновлення обладнання, надання навчально-методичних матеріалів, допомоги в оновленні бібліотечного фонду, баз даних, до забезпечення освітнього процесу в закладі (запрошення так званих гостьових спікерів), підвищення кваліфікації викладачів і майстрів виробничого навчання, спільної проєктної діяльності, здійснення профорієнтаційних заходів, організації екскурсій учнів та абітурієнтів на підприємства, інформування про можливості працевлаштування на підприємствах, лобіювання інтересів закладу на рівні органів місцевого самоврядування, участі у визначенні стратегії розвитку закладу, сприяння залученню додаткових джерел фінансування, створення дорадчо-консультативних органів управління закладом (консультативних рад зі спеціальності, наглядових рад тощо). Ключові слова: регіональні ринки праці, підготовка кадрів, заклади освіти, заклади професійної (професійно-технічної) освіти, ефективність, професійна підготовка. Формул: 0; рис.: 0; табл.: 0; бібл.: 9.

Tese de doutoramento em Direitos Humanos nas Sociedades Contemporâneas, apresentada ao Instituto de Investigação Interdisciplinar da Universidade de Coimbra ; The current democratization of Mozambique has to be described and analyzed in relation to a vast array of existing mechanisms of citizen consultation and participation at local level. This has entailed electoral citizen-centric processes, negotiations, and discourses on development plans, concomitant with budget allocations devised to ensure consensual decision-making. There is strong evidence in the literature to show that participatory governance mechanisms directly contribute to deepening local democracy in cities and municipalities that have adopted it around the world. Consequently, its adoption and implementation became increasingly in many countries and is being taken to sustain administrative and political reforms throughout developing countries. However, whereas there is extensive literature on the topic of local democracy, participatory budgeting concerning the rights to municipal and urban development remains one of the most under-explored aspects of democratic decentralization (Cabannes & Delgado 2015; Chigbu et al. 2017). Yet, it is crucial that if we are to understand how decentralization contributes to the promotion of urban development, two aspects of human rights pertinent to urban development are essential, they are the right to the city and inclusionary rights to urban planning. The main purpose of this doctoral dissertation is to examine the socioeconomic and political role played by citizens and a set of local actors (civil society organizations; local consultative councils; public participation professionals; NGOs; local government; and private sector) through participatory processes that promote urban development and social well-being in Mozambique. It demonstrates how the mechanism of decentralization has contributed to enhancing the protection of right to the city and the promotion of local democracy. The dissertation questions a variety of concepts and methods, from the social and economic perspective to the political relationships among the actors involved. Furthermore, it presents how the citizens' rights to participate in public affairs is granted and promoted through bottom-up democratic innovations, and its interactions with the top-down mechanisms. Its methodological approach is based on transnational models of citizen participation in urban affairs proposed by Sintomer et al., (2012; 2013) and Arnstein (1969)' ladder of citizen participation, to study the degrees of citizen involvement in municipal planning and participatory budgeting. The dissertation explored two case studies: the urban planning in Maxixe in the south and, the Quelimane participatory budgeting in central Mozambique. Due to the aims of this dissertation and its adopted methodology, the practical research is based on data collection from secondary sources; and participatory action research that explored the role played by all stakeholders who operate significant social changes in both Maxixe and Quelimane. The researcher spent eight months observing local dynamics, attending public consultation meetings and addressing questions and issues relevant to the study. To analyse the complex framework of this study, the researcher applied grounded theory and document analysis because it allows departure from the case study to the conception of a theory during data analysis. Based on the analyses made, this dissertation argues that, despite the great emancipatory capacity tied to participatory budgeting process in Mozambique and the actions taken to promote citizens' engagement in urban development, the rights to participate in the conception, management and enjoyment of the city is stratified upon territorial asymmetry and thus is not equally granted to all Mozambican citizens. Consequently, there are social resentment and a potential conflict of interests which may turn into a total distrust of the democratic institutions and its incumbents resulting from the degree of non-participation. Even though the idea of participatory budgeting in Mozambique is usually associated with a mechanism of social and economic development, in practice, the local participatory budgeting process is not necessarily linked to the promotion of urban development or to the citizens' rights to the city. It is oriented to operate inter-institutional innovations and modernization of the public administration procedures in line with the process of decentralization, deconcentration and local power sharing. Therefore, the citizen involvement in the urban affairs is restricted to a symbolic act of consultation (direct or by representation) to legitimating the urban planning and activities. Given this situation, citizens are powerless to influence and change the decisions already taken. In fact, Mozambique is yet to promote and secure full citizenship rights to the city and urban development. ; O atual processo de democratização em Moçambique deve ser visto na sua relação com os inúmeros mecanismos de consulta e participação pública nas deliberações locais, visíveis num processo eleitoral baseado no indivíduo, nas negociações e discussões dos planos de desenvolvimento e os respetivos orçamentos. Há evidências na literatura que comprovam que os mecanismos de governação participativa contribuem diretamente para o aperfeiçoamento da democracia local nas cidades e municípios que os implementam. Consequentemente, a sua adoção e implementação tem sido expressiva em vários países, particularmente naqueles em vias de desenvolvimento. Contrariamente ao que se passa com a democracia local, o orçamento participativo na sua dimensão do direito à cidade, é um aspeto ainda pouco explorado e estudado (Cabannes & Delgado 2015; Chigbu et al. 2017). O orçamento participativo é crucial para a forma como a descentralização contribui para a promoção de duas questões dos direitos humanos pertinentes nesta tese – direito à cidade e os respetivos direitos a planificação e desenvolvimento urbano. O objetivo desta tese de doutoramento é o de examinar, através dos orçamentos participativos, o papel social, económico e político dos cidadãos e dos diversos atores locais, na proteção e promoção do direito à cidade, à democracia local, ao desenvolvimento urbano e ao bem-estar social em Moçambique. As questões aqui discutidas levam-nos a questionar diversos conceitos e modelos, desde a perspetiva social e económica ao relacionamento político dos atores envolvidos. Nestes termos, pretende apurar-se de que modo o direito à participação nas questões locais é promovido e concedido a partir de inovações democráticas ascendentes (dos cidadãos em relação ao estado), e a sua interação com os mecanismos do estado (em relação aos cidadãos). Deste modo, recorre-se à uma abordagem baseada nos modelos transnacionais de participação cidadã concebido por Sintomer et al., (2012; 2013) e a escala de participação de Arnstein (1969), para descrever o grau de envolvimento dos cidadãos nos planos municipais e nos orçamentos participativos. Entretanto, foram conduzidos dois estudos de caso, a saber: a participação cidadã nos planos de desenvolvimento urbano no município da Maxixe no sul, e nos orçamentos participativos em Quelimane, no centro de Moçambique. Para os objetivos desta tese e a metodologia aqui proposta, a pesquisa consistiu em recolha de dados secundários e primários obtidos através da pesquisa-ação participativa, com o objetivo de apurar o papel dos atores locais de desenvolvimento e o grau do seu envolvimento nas questões locais em Maxixe e Quelimane. Para tal, observaram-se as dinâmicas locais através de participação em reuniões de consultas públicas. E, na sua analise, recorreu-se a teoria fundamentada nos dados do estudo de caso. Deste modo, o estudo conclui que, apesar do grande potencial emancipador dos orçamentos participativos em Moçambique e as ações objetivas de promoção do engajamento dos cidadãos no desenvolvimento urbano, o direito à participação na conceção, gestão e ''usufruto'' da vida na cidade não é universalmente garantido a todos os Moçambicanos. Isto ocorre sobretudo porque os mecanismos locais de participação tendem a ser estratificados com base em assimetrias territoriais. Desta forma, como resultado da não participação cidadã, é evidente a existência de descontentamento social e de um potencial conflito de interesses que pode resultar num total descrédito dos cidadãos em relação as instituições democráticas e aos seus incumbentes. Apesar da narrativa criada à volta do orçamento participativo em Moçambique estar ''sempre'' associada ao desenvolvimento económico, social, e político, na prática, apresenta evidências pouco significativas da sua ligação ao desenvolvimento urbano e ao direito à cidade. Por outro lado, constatam-se evidências da sua orientação para a modernização dos procedimentos internos da administração pública, aperfeiçoamento e reforço da partilha de poder pelos atores locais. Por conseguinte, o envolvimento dos cidadãos nas questões locais é restrito ao âmbito de uma consulta pública frágil, que legitima os planos e as atividades dos governos locais. Deste modo, a participação pública em Moçambique está longe de garantir plenos direitos aos cidadãos. ; Tokyo Foundation; The Nippon Foundation; Sylff Scholarship; Governo do Distrito da Massinga (Moçambique); Cáritas de Coimbra

The 2010s have witnessed increasing political and public concern over child and family-related issues in Russia, with child welfare and family policy being elevated to the top of the state's political agenda. The Russian conservative government has prioritised the protection of traditional family values and family as the mainstay of Russian society and thereupon introduced major policy and welfare reform programmes, one of which works towards deinstitutionalising the country's entire child welfare system. Building upon the idea of every child's right to a family, this child welfare reform aims at dismantling the existing system of institutional care for children, replacing placements in institutions with community and home-based, family-like forms of alternative care, including foster care. Service provider responsibilities are hence being transferred from the state to private and third sector stakeholders operating in the field of child and family welfare. Among these agents providing alternative care are the so-called Children's Villages. These Villages, as the name suggests, are largely NGO-run communities of foster families, caring for children left without parental care in a non-institutional setting. This thesis takes a range of Russian Children's Villages as its case study in an attempt to investigate foster parents' perceptions of parenting and thus shed light on the present-day development of the alternative care system in Russia. The aim is to bridge together bottom-up narratives and top-down political ideology via qualitative analysis of micro-level constructions of parenthood and government-promoted ideas on family. The ongoing process of deinstitutionalisation of child welfare in Russia provides the larger political context for our inquiry that fosters a social constructionist approach and, through thematic content analysis, seeks to answer the following research questions: How do foster parents perceive parenthood/parenting in the context of Russian Children's Villages? How do their perceptions intersect with government-promoted ideas on family? The primary data consist of focus group and expert interviews with foster parents and child welfare professionals conducted on site in six Children's Villages in Russia in 2017. The altogether nine interviews, with a total of 58 respondents, have been conducted by two other researchers in the 'A Child's Right to a Family: Deinstitutionalisation of Child Welfare in Putin's Russia' research project that our thesis is also part of. Our findings suggest that parenting takes multiple, concurrent and reciprocal forms, whereby it is largely a cyclical process and a jointly constructed and negotiated experience in the social context of the Children's Villages. The Villages and the individuals therein are not merely care deliverers assuming service provision responsibilities from the public sector, but they carry considerable innovate potential and valuable ideas on family and parenting vis-à-vis the desired development of systems of alternative care in today's Russia. Yet, the political arena in Russia remains ambivalent, enabling and coercive at the same time, introducing policies that are often either contradictory or incompatible. Alongside ambitious liberal tendencies and reformist programmes we may observe illiberal and restrictive political and legislative processes that undermine the sustainable fruition of the more progressive reforms amid structures that hold onto authoritarian traditions. While the traditional value base of the conservative government fails to fully embrace the plurality of family systems in modern Russia, the family structures in the Children's Villages demonstrate that family diversity is very much a contemporary reality in Russian society – and foster families one of its emerging forms. TIIVISTELMÄ Kompetentti vanhempi, rakastava ammattilainen : tapaustutkimus sijaisvanhemmuudesta venäläisissä lapsikylissä Venäjän poliittinen johto ja yleinen mielipide ovat osoittaneet viime vuosina kasvavaa huolta lapsista ja perheistä, minkä kautta lapsi- ja perhepolitiikka on nostettu valtion poliittisen agendan kärkeen. Venäjän konservatiivinen hallitus on priorisoinut perinteisten perhearvojen sekä perheen yhteiskunnan perustana suojelun käynnistäen merkittäviä lasten hyvinvointia koskevia uudistuksia. Yksi valtion suurimmista kärkihankkeista on lastensuojelun deinstitutionalisaatio, jonka keskeisenä ideana on jokaisen lapsen oikeus perheeseen. Lastensuojelureformi pyrkii purkamaan Venäjän massiivisen lastenkotijärjestelmän ja kehittämään sijaishuoltoa korvaten lasten laitossijoituksen perhehoidon eri muodoilla, jolloin palvelujen tuottaminen ulkoistetaan laajalti yksityisille ja kolmannen sektorin toimijoille. Yhtenä kolmannen sektorin tärkeimmistä sijaishuollon tuottajista toimivat niin sanotut lapsikylät. Nämä usein eri kansalaisjärjestöjen pyörittämät kylät ovat nimensä mukaisesti sijaisperheiden muodostamia kylämäisiä yhteisöjä, jotka tarjoavat perhehoitoa huostaanotetuille sekä orvoksi jääneille lapsille. Tämä pro gradu -tutkielma pyrkii kartoittamaan sijaisvanhempien käsityksiä vanhemmuudesta venäläisissä lapsikylissä ja näin ollen valottamaan sijaishuollon kehitystä nyky-Venäjällä. Tapaustutkimuksemme tarkoituksena on myös tutkia missä ja miten alhaalta ylöspäin kumpuavat teemat vanhemmuudesta sekä Venäjän valtion ajamat perhekäsitykset risteävät. Laajemman kontekstin tutkimuksellemme muodostaa Venäjällä käynnissä oleva lastensuojelun deinstitutionalisaatio. Tutkimuksellisena viitekehyksenämme toimii sosiaalinen konstruktionismi, ja teemoittelevan sisällönanalyysin kautta pyrimme vastaamaan seuraaviin tutkimuskysymyksiin: Miten sijaisvanhemmat hahmottavat vanhemmuuttaan venäläisten lapsikylien kontekstissa? Miten heidän perseptionsa risteävät valtion ajamien perhekäsitysten kanssa? Tutkimusaineistomme koostuu sijaisvanhempien ja lastensuojelun ammattilaisen kanssa tehdyistä fokusryhmä- ja asiantuntijahaastatteluista. Haastatteluaineiston ovat keränneet kaksi muuta tutkijaa 'Lapsen oikeus perheeseen: Lastensuojelun deinstitutionalisaatio Putinin Venäjällä' -tutkimushankkeesta, johon tämäkin työ kuuluu, kuudessa eri venäläisessä lapsikylässä vuoden 2017 aikana. Tutkimustuloksemme osoittavat, että vanhemmuudella on useita samanaikaisia ja vuorovaikutuksessa keskenään olevia muotoja, jolloin se on pitkälti syklinen prosessi sekä yhteisöllisesti rakennettu ja neuvoteltu kokemus lapsikylien sosiaalisessa kontekstissa. Lapsikylät ja niissä asuvat yksilöt eivät ole ainoastaan hoidon tuottajia, joiden tarkoituksena on ottaa palvelujen tuotantovastuuta itselleen julkiselta sektorilta, vaan nämä toimijat omaavat myös valtavan potentiaalin sekä arvokkaan ajatuspääoman sijaishuollon kehittäjinä Venäjällä. Tästä huolimatta Venäjän poliittinen kenttä näyttäytyy ambivalenttina, samanaikaisesti mahdollistavana ja rajoittavana, laatien poliittisia ohjelmia ja linjauksia, jotka ovat usein keskenään yhteen sovittamattomia tai ristiriitaisia. Kunnianhimoisten liberaalien tendenssien ja uudistusmielisen politiikan ohella näemme joukon illiberaaleja ja rajoittavia poliittisia sekä oikeudellisia prosesseja, jotka pitäytyvät autoritaarisen vallankäytön traditiossa ja näin ollen vaarantavat edistysmielisempien uudistusten pysyvän toteutumisen. Vaikka Venäjän konservatiivisen hallituksen perinteinen arvopohja ei itsessään vaali nyky-yhteiskunnan monimuotoisia perhesuhteita, lapsikylien edustamat perherakenteet osoittavat, että perheiden monimuotoisuus on osa tämän hetken todellisuutta Venäjällä – ja sijaisperheet yksi tämän todellisuuden kasvavista perhemuodoista. Реферат Компетентный родитель, любящий профессионал: кейс-стади приемного родительства в Детских деревнях Начиная с 2010 г. в фокусе общественного внимания и внимания российского правительства оказались проблемы детей и семьи, при этом вопросы благополучия детей и семейной политики стали приоритетными политическими задачами государства. Правительство России уделяет приоритетное внимание сохранению традиционных семейных ценностей и защиту института семьи как основа российского общества. В связи с этим в сегодняшней России проходит крупномасштабная реформа политики государства по поддержке и защите семьи и детства, включая в себя деинституционализация детей-сирот и детей, оставшихся без попечения родителей. Основной идеей реформы является право каждого ребенка на семью. Таким образом, реформа направлена на перестройку существующей системы институционального ухода за детьми и вместе этого развитие семейных форм альтернативного ухода, включая приемную семью. На фоне этого процесса оказание социальных услуг передается от государства к частному и третьему секторам. К числу учреждений, обеспечивающих альтернативный уход, относятся так называемые Детские деревни. Детская деревня – это сообщество приемных семей. При анализе рассматривается российские Детские деревни в качестве кейс-стади. Цель исследования – провести расследование восприятий родительства приемных родителей, и таким образом, пролить свет на развитие одной из форм альтернативного ухода за детьми в современной России. При анализе сочетается подходы «сверху - вниз» и «снизу - вверх», когда путем качественного анализа конструкции родительства на локальном уровне сравниваются с государственными идеями о семье и политическими идеологами на высшем уровне. Продолжающийся процесс деинституционализации защиты детей в России обеспечивает более широкий политический контекст этого исследования, которое способствует социально-конструктивистский подход и посредством тематического анализа стремится ответить на следующие исследовательские вопросы: Как воспринимают родительство приемные родители в контексте российских Детских деревнях? Как эти восприятия пересекаются с идеями о семье правительственного уровня? Материал данного исследования состоит из интервью с фокусными группами приемных родителей и индивидуальными экспертами по социальной защите детей, проводимых в шести разных Детских деревнях в России в 2017 году. Всего девять интервью были проведены двумя другими исследователями в исследовательском проекте «Право ребенка на семью: деинституционализация системы обеспечения благосостояния детей в путинской России», частью которого является также это исследование. Результаты исследования показывают, что формы родительства множественные, параллельные и взаимодействующие. Следовательно, родительство является циклическим процессом и совместно построенной и согласованной деятельностью в социальном контексте Детских деревень. Эти Деревни и их жители не просто обеспечивают уход и берут на себя ответственность за предоставление услуг, но и имеют и значительный, инновационный потенциал и ценные идеи в отношении желанного развития систем альтернативного ухода за детьми в современной России. Однако, политическая обстановка в России остается двойственной – одновременно стимулирующей и принудительной, так как правительство проводит политику, которая часто является противоречивой и несовместимой. Наряду с амбициозными либеральными программами реформ существуют и нелиберальные, и ограничительные политические и законодательные процессы, которые подрывают устойчивость прогрессивных реформ на фоне структур, придерживающихся авторитарной традиции. В то время как традиционные консервативные ценности правительства не в полностью охватывают множественность семейных форм в нынешней России, семейные структуры в Детских деревнях демонстрируют, что разнообразие семей является современной реальностью в российском обществе, и приемные семьи – одна из его возникающих форм.