Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Tatalageri-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 573 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 444 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 103 ha by forest and about 27 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 62 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm) and 16 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 11 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 66 per cent clayey soils.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 23 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 5 per cent area very low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 34 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in 44 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 269(47) 74(13) Guava - - Maize - 344(60) Sapota - - Bajra - 343(60) Pomegranate - 282(49) Groundnut - 60(10) Musambi 178(31) 104(18) Sunflower 165(29) 116(20) Lime 178(31) 104(18) Redgram - 281(49) Amla - 344(60) Bengal gram 282(49) 62(11) Cashew - - Cotton 176(31) 168(29) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 333(58) Jamun - 282(49) Tomato - 229(40) Custard apple 282(49) 62(11) Brinjal 109(19) 234(41) Tamarind - 282(49) Onion 104(18) 64(11) Mulberry - - Bhendi 111(19) 232(41) Marigold - 344(60) Drumstick - 282(49) Chrysanthemum - 344(60) Mango - 5(1)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 107 (57.84%) men and 78 (42.16%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.3, marginal farmers' was 4.9, small farmers' was 6.5, semi medium farmers' was 5.8 and medium farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 23 (12.43%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 86 (46.49%) were in 16-35 years of age, 55 (29.73%) were in 36-60 years of age and 21 (11.35%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Tatalageri-2 had 64.32 per cent illiterates, 12.43 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.32 per cent of them had middle school education, 10.27 per cent of them had high school education, 3.78 per cent of them had PUC and degree, education and 0.54per cent of them had ITI and masters education.  The results indicate that, 88.24 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 5.88 per cent of the household heads were general laborers and 2.94 per cent were retired and housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 62.16 per cent of the household members, 6.49 per cent were general laborers, 1.62 per cent were government service, 5.41 per cent were private service,0.54 per cent were trade and business and retired, 16.22 per cent were students and 7.03 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions  The results indicate that 8.82 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 55.88 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 35.29 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 85.29 per cent of the households possess TV, 20.59 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 11.76 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 35.29 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.94 per cent of the households possess tempo and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 4,948, mixer/grinder was Rs.680, bicycle was Rs. 1,125, motor cycle was Rs. 51,833, tempo was Rs.150,000 and mobile phone was Rs.2,078.  About 8.82 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 44.12 per cent of them possess plough, 26.47 per cent possess seed/fertilizer drill, 8.82 per cent of them possess tractor, 35.29 per cent of them possess sprayer, 38.24 per cent of them possess weeder and 11.43 per cent of them possess chaff cutter.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 13,666, plough was Rs.2,710, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs.2,966, tractor was Rs. 600,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,691, weeder was Rs.37 and the average value of chaff cutter was was Rs.3,000. 2  The results indicate that, 44.12 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 35.29 per cent of the households possess local cow, 17.65 per cent of the households possess buffalo, 2.95 per cent of the possess sheep, 11.76 per cent of them possess goat and 14.71 per cent of the households possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.97, average own labour (women) available was 1.81, average hired labour (men) available was 9.03 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.47.  The results indicate that, 94.12 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Tatalageri-2 micro-watershed possess 21.42 ha (64.69%) of dry land and 11.69 ha (35.31%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 11.06 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 7.12 ha (75.85%) of dry land and 2.27 ha (24.15%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 3.24 ha (33.09%) of dry land and 6.55 ha (66.91%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.87 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 546,088.44 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 641,447.37. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 736,571.53 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 400,198.98 for dry land and Rs. 1,058,571.42 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 216,125 for dry land and the average land value was Rs 656,427.69 of irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 278,309.86 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 6 functioning bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, 17.65 per cent bore well and 2.94 per cent open well was the major irrigation source in the micro watershed for per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 10.53 meters and depth of the open well was found to be 0.27 meters.  The results indicate that small and semi-medium farmers had an irrigated area of 2.27 ha and 5.34 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (9.75 ha), sorghum (9.57 ha), paddy (6.65 ha), cotton (5.1 ha) and green gram (0.87 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram, cotton, green gram, sunflower and sorghum. Small farmers possess red gram, green gram, paddy, cotton and sorghum. Semi medium farmers have grown red gram, sorghum, cotton and paddy. Medium farmers have grown only paddy.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Tatalageri-2 micro-watershed was found to be 68.21 per cent.  The results indicate that, 67.65 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 67.65 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. 3  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 31131.18. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49674.77. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 18543.59. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.6.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 36909.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 52794.64. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 15884.78. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.43.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 37360.96. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74998.63. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 37637.67. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.01.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 27263.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26815.79. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. - 447.95. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.98.  The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 41351.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 76165.91. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 34814.24. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.84.  The total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 29326.58. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28393.46. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. -933.13. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.97.  The results indicate that, 50 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.94 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 151,666.67 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 108,076.25, for small farmers it was Rs. 151,942.50, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 206,950 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 330,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 18,020.50. For landless households it was Rs. 42,777.78, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,861.15, for small farmers it was Rs. 19,625, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 14,930.72 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 160,001.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 13 mango and 1 coconut trees in their field and 1 coconut tree in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 55 neem and 3 tamarind trees in their field and 2 teak trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,147.06 for land development, Rs.1,264.71 for irrigation facility, Rs. 294.12 for improved crop production, Rs.117.65 for improved livestock management and Rs.58.82 for subsidiary enterprises.  The results indicated that government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.95 per cent for land development and irrigation facility. Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 14.71 per cent for land development, 2.94 per cent for irrigation facility, improved livestock management and subsidiary enterprises and 8.82 per cent for improved crop production. Own funds was the source of additional 4 investment for 2.94 per cent for improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.94 per cent of the households for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 92.78 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 88.46 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 94.93 per cent, red gram to the extent of 92.11 per cent, sorghum to the extent of 25 per cent and sunflower to the extent of 100 per cent. The results indicated that, about 88.24 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 14.71 per cent of them sold in regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 5.88 per cent of the households have used cart and 94.12 per cent have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 94.12 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 91.18 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 79.41 per cent of the households used firewood and 23.53 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 61.76 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 85.29 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, oilseeds were adequate for 23.53 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 76.47 per cent, milk was adequate for 91.18 per cent and eggs were adequate for 14.71 per cent.  The results indicated that oilseeds were inadequate for 76.47 per cent of the households, vegetables were inadequate for 20.59 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 100 per cent, milk was inadequate for 8.82 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 85.29 per cent and meat was inadequate for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 94.12 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field and frequent incidence of pest and diseases (91.18%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.82%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals and high rate of interest on credit (88.24%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.35%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (91.18%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (35.29%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hire Bamanhal-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 276 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 88 per cent is covered by soil, 3 per cent by mining/industrial and 9 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 14 soil series and 29 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  About 2 per cent sandy, 66 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 20 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 21 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 4 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 84 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 15 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 73 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 2 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 38 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 43 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 5 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 9 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 31 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 32(12) 97(35) Sapota 33(12) 91(32) Maize 18(7) 111(40) Pomegranate 33(12) 108(38) Bajra 37(13) 167(61) Musambi 47(17) 94(33) Groundnut 21(8) 177(64) Lime 47(17) 94(33) Sunflower 30(11) 58(21) Amla 64(23) 164(60) Redgram 16(6) 73(25) Cashew 45(16) 79(29) Bengal gram 14(5) 136(49) Jackfruit 33(12) 91(32) Cotton 14(5) 116(41) Jamun 17(6) 122(44) Chilli 33(12) 79(28) Custard apple 85(31) 143(52) Tomato 33(12) 79(28) Tamarind 17(6) 51(19) Brinjal 71(26) 41(15) Mulberry 42(15) 123(44) Onion 47(17) 48(18) Marigold 16(6) 114(41) Bhendi 47(17) 65(24) Chrysanthemum 16(6) 114(41) Drumstick 42(15) 69(26) Jasmine 16(6) 97(35) Mango 17(6) 25(9) Crossandra 16(6) 97(35) Guava 33(12) 91(32)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 116 (56.04%) men and 91 (43.96%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 5.20, marginal farmers' was 4.40, small farmers' was 6.11, semi medium farmers' was 6.44 and medium farmers' was 7.67.  The data indicated that, 64 (30.92%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 86 (41.55%) were in 16-35 years of age, 44 (21.26%) were in 36-60 years of age and 13 (6.28%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hire Bamanhal-3 had 26.57 per cent illiterates, 0.48 per cent functional literate, 31.40 per cent of them had primary school education, 5.31 per cent of them had middle school education, 19.81 per cent of them had high school education, 7.73 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.45 per cent of them had degree education and 0.48 per cent did Masters.  The results indicate that, 14.71 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 82.35 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 2.94 per cent were in private service and 2.94 per cent were students.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 5.31 per cent of the household members, 54.59 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.48 per cent were in private service, 34.30 per cent were students and 4.83 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 29.41 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 50 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 20.59 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 97.06 per cent of the households possess TV, 91.18 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 23.53 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 14.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.94 per cent possess auto and 97.06 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 9,000, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,000, bicycle was Rs. 2,125, motor cycle was Rs. 45,800, auto was Rs. 50,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,157.  About 2.94 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 17.65 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.94 per cent of them possess sprayer and 61.76 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.18,000, the average value of plough was Rs.1,500, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 2,000 and the average value of weeder was Rs.50.  The results indicate that, 23.53 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 26.47 per cent of the households possess local cow. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.93, average own labour (women) available was 1.79, average hired labour (men) available was 7.69 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.24.  The results indicate that, 85.29 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hire Bamanhal-3 micro-watershed possess 40.53 ha (69.91%) of dry land and 17.44 ha (30.09%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.69 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 9.53 ha (78.84%) of dry land and 2.56 ha (21.16%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 11.33 ha (67.34%) of dry land and 5.50 ha (32.66%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 15.98 ha (62.99%) dry land and 9.39 (37.01%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 300,858.63 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 435,545.24. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 866,666.68 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 346,114.65 for dry land and was Rs. 859,810.14 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 273,464.29 for dry land and Rs. 545,655.37 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 162,623.45 for dry land and Rs. 255,517.24 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 9 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 26.47 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 24.20 meters.  The results indicate that, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 2.56 ha, 4.20 ha and 5.75 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (11.74 ha), maize (36.16 ha) and sunflower (6.47 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown maize. Small farmers have grown bajra, maize and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, bajra and sunflower. Medium farmers have grown maize, bajra and sunflower.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hire Bamanhal-3 micro-watershed was found to be 70.67 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 96.05 per cent, small farmers it was 70.58 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 86.72 and medium farmers it was 60.67 per cent.  The results indicate that, 38.24 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 38.24 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 38.46 per cent of the household availed loan from grameena bank and 69.23 per cent of them availed loan from cooperative bank in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, the average amount of credit borrowed in micro watershed by medium farmers was Rs. 252,307.69. 3  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan.  The results indicate that, around 50 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 50 per cent of the households opined that the rate of interest was higher in institutional sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 30163.02. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35146.45. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 4983.44. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.71.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 23335.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29947.95. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 6612.13. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.28.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 24381.97. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 25672.56. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 1290.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.05.  The results indicate that, 35.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 35.29 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 26,600 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 36,000, for small farmers it was Rs. 56,755.56, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 61,111.11 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 96,816.67.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 8,355.78. For landless households it was Rs. 3,680, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,920, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,290.12, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 5,015.43 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 14,750.  The results indicate that, households have planted 15 coconut trees and 6 mango trees in the field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 71 neem trees, 2 tamarind trees and 6 teak trees in their fields.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 6,441.18, for improved crop production Rs. 4,014.71, for irrigation facility Rs. 3,147.06 and for improved livestock management Rs. 823.53.  The results indicate that, loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 64.71 per cent for land development, for 32.35 per cent for irrigation facility, for 50 per cent for improved crop production and for 17.65 per cent for improved livestock management. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 2.94 per cent for land development and for another 2.94 per cent for irrigation facility. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 8.82 per cent for land development, for 17.65 4 per cent for irrigation facility, for 20.59 per cent for improved crop production and for 2.94 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, bajra, maize and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 5.88 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society and 100 per cent of the farmers have sold to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 105.88 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 85.29 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 85.29 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 67.65 per cent of the households used firewood and 32.35 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 70.59 per cent of the households, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 8.82 per cent of the households, open well was the source of drinking water for 2.94 per cent of the households and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 17.65 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 41.18 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 41.18 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 100 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 5.88 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.94 per cent, milk was adequate for 97.06 per cent, eggs were adequate for 97.06 per cent and meat was adequate for 11.76 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 2.94 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 100 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 94.12 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 97.06 per cent, milk were inadequate for 2.94 per cent and meat was inadequate for 88.24 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 26.47 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (79.41%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (61.76%), inadequacy of irrigation water (11.76%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (23.53%), high rate of interest on credit (50%), low price for the agricultural commodities (64.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (58.82%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (67.65%) and inadequate extension services (64.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

In a recent public announcement of little surprise, except perhaps to the Iran-obsessed punditry and political classes in Washington and Tel Aviv, U.S. intelligence agencies concluded that Iran does not have total control over the proxy groups it supports and finances. It's a wonder what took so long. Proxy relationships are notoriously complex, fickle, and unpredictable; more often than not, they disappoint the sponsor, leave the latter's strategic aims unfulfilled, or at the very worst, come back to haunt with a vengeance. Recent U.S. history has ample lessons of the pitfalls of proxy relationships, from the South Vietnamese Army to the Mujahideen. Contemporary times are no better. The proxy relationship between the United States and the Syrian Democratic Forces, while successful in some regards, ultimately failed, according to one report from New America, because it couldn't manage the unavoidable downside risk "that an intricate strategy of engaging proxies to fight in foreign wars can be so quickly undone."Proxies may seem like an easy fix and politically palatable to domestic audiences more accepting of passing off the dying to someone far away rather than their own brethren, but the drawbacks can also be immense. Proxies can be both brutal and incompetent, as one expert has observed, "often go[ing] their own way, pursuing their own interests while pocketing the money and other support they receive." Their sponsors can be implicated in any potential human rights abuses or war crimes. In other words, what they give is not always in line with what they get and what they're tasked to do is not always what they do in reality. Add to this the fact that both proxy and sponsor are often at the whim of shifting political winds, matters can go sideways quite quickly and grow increasingly complex. So why is Iran's relationship with its many regional proxies considered exceptional to all this?Some of the reason is good old-fashioned Orientalism, a propensity to see the behavior of Middle Easterners as somehow different from the rest. In this case, groups like Hezbollah, the Houthis, or the sub-groups of Iraq's PMF, are seen as acting as if beholden at all costs to the aims of a wily and omnipresent puppet master in Tehran because of arms transfers, financial support, or the sharing of a supposed airtight alignment and commitment to religion or ideology, making them no more than servile little hatchlings birthed into this world by their parasitoid wasp overlord, as Thomas Friedman would have it. Such ingrained thinking denudes proxies, as local actors in their own right, of agency. Few point out, for example, that Houthi attacks in the Red Sea should actually be taken seriously as a reaction to the specific actions undertaken by Israel in Gaza, rather than at the direction or discretion of Iran, and fewer still analyze their actions in the long history of solidarity between Yemenis and Palestinians dating back to the days of partition. Only recently, during a U.S. Senate subcommittee hearing, with the realization that strikes against Houthi targets in Yemen have not deterred their disruptive activities in the Red Sea, was it considered that maybe their actions are actually relatable to the war in Gaza. The Houthis, like many local actors across the Middle East, have the agency and the desire to forge their own destiny, both in their home country and across the region. Whether their strategic aims align with Iran or not, and under what circumstances, as is the case with the U.S. and its own proxies, is a matter of consideration. But reducing Houthi actions primarily to their relationship with Iran essentially casts aside the way they see and operate in the world, as if they move about as pre-programmed robots, and not as a group that might have their own ax to grind with an American-enforced regional security architecture, not only impacting the situation in Yemen and their own pursuit of power there but elsewhere. Besides, seeing Houthi behavior as mainly the handiwork of Iran exudes an intellectual laziness that not only foregoes the assessment of complex local and regional dynamics, but also holds deep implications in terms of policy solutions. If Iran is the only problem, then cutting "off the head of the snake" or "Bomb, Bomb, Iran," long advocated to varying degrees by multiple Arab governments, Israel, and many in the halls of Washington, is the solution, setting the potential stage for even more Western military intervention or escalating regional conflict. It's well documented how that turns out. On the other hand, to assess the Houthis as a group with an agency and history of their own requires the search for more complex and contextual solutions, which may not be entirely solvable through military force, but might include negotiation and accommodation, and in the very least the recognition that military actions undertaken by the U.S. and its allies elicit reactions from local actors on their own terms.

O estudo tratou de levantar informações acerca dos aspectos socioeconômicos com base no relato da expedição de Spix e Martius comparados aos dias atuais. A região estudada fica inserida na bacia do Rio Canindé, da macrorregião semiárida piauiense. A pesquisa baseou-se no relato da obra Viagem pelo Brasil de Spix e Martius, sites governamentais, relatórios da Provincia e levantamento bibliográfico. As principais transformações ocorridas na região foram a mudança da Capital de Oeiras para Teresina, o aproveitamento da navegabilidade do rio Parnaíba e a construção da Fábrica de Laticínios em Campinas, esta última deu início ao trabalho assalariado no Piauí. Em 1819, a região era pouco habitada (71.370 hab.), com baixa densidade demográfica (- 0,28 hab/km2), só existia a cidade de Oeiras e algumas vilas. Passados 200 anos, a população alcançou 3.118.360 com densidade demográfica de 12,4 hab/km2, considerada ainda baixa. Atualmente o Piauí está dividido em 224 municípios, 16 deles perfazem a região de estudo, dos quais, Oeiras e Paulistana apresentam maior contingente populacional. Toda população hoje tem acesso à educação e os municípios com maior IDEB são Oeiras e Acauã. A região está agrupada em territórios de desenvolvimento e suas principais potencialidades econômicas são agronegócio, apicultura, bovinocultura, cajucultura, ovinocaprinocultura e energia eólica. Mesmo diante dos avanços e desenvolvimento, os indicadores socioeconômicos demonstram que a região semiárida continua subdesenvolvida havendo necessidade de ampliação de políticas públicas e intervenções do setor privado, identificando potencialidades dos municípios, sob uma perspectiva de desenvolvimento regional. ; The study aimed to gather information about the socioeconomic aspects based on the reports from Spix and Martius expedition compared to the present day. The studied region is inserted in the basin of the Canindé River, of the semi-arid region of Piauí. The research was based on the report of Spix and Martius's book Viagem pelo Brasil, government websites, province reports and bibliographic research. The main changes that took place in the region were the move of the Capital from Oeiras to Teresina, the use of the navigability of the Parnaíba River and the construction of the Dairy Factory in Campinas, which started wage employment in Piauí. In 1819, the region was sparsely populated (71,370 inhabitants), with low demographic density (- 0.28 inhabitants / km2), there were only the county of Oeiras and some towns. After 200 years, the population reached 3,118,360 with a demographic density of 12.4 inhabitants / km2, which is still considered low. Piauí is currently divided into 224 counties, 16 of which make up the study region, of which Oeiras and Paulistana have the largest population. The entire population today has access to education and the counties with the highest Basic Education Development Index (IDEB) are Oeiras and Acauã. The region is grouped into development territories and its main economic potentials are agribusiness, apiculture, livestock farming, cashew farming, sheep farming and wind power. Even in the face of advances and development, socioeconomic indicators show that the semi-arid region remains underdeveloped, with the need to expand public policies and private sector interventions, identifying the potential of counties, from a regional development perspective. ; El estudio seek compile información about them socio-economic aspects from del report it expedición Spix Martius y en comparación con la actualidad . The studied region is inserted in the river basin of the Canindé River, in the semi-arid region of Piauí. La investigación if Baso en el account del libro Travel by Brazil Spix y Martius, sites web gubernamentales , reports of la Provincia y un estudio literature. Los principales cambios that produjeron en la región fueron el shuttle it Oeiras capital Teresina, el aprovechamiento de la navigability del río Parnaíba y la construcción de la Dairy Factory en Campinas, the latter beginning el trabajo asalariado en Piaui. In 1819, the region was sparsely populated (71,370 inhabitants), with low population density (- 0.28 inhabitants / km2), only the city of Oeiras and some localities existed. Después de 200 años , la población alcanzó them 3,118,360 con una densidad population of 12.4 inhabitants / km2, which todavía is considered baja. Currently, Piauí is divided en 224 municipalities, 16 of them cuales conforman la región de estudio of them cuales Oeiras y Paulistana tienen la mayor población. Hoy all la población tiene acceso a la educación y los municipalities con mayor IDEB son Oeiras y Acauã. La región is grouped en territories of desarrollo sus y principales potenciales economic son la agribusiness, it beekeeping, her cattle ranch , el anacardo , el sheep y la energía wind. Included front of them advances y Desarrollos, these socio-economic indicators muestran that la región semiarid remains subdesarrollada, con la necesidad to expand these policies y las Intervenciones del private sector, identifying el potential of these municipalities, since una perspective desarrollo regional.

To answer the question of what is public history, let's turn to its origins. The emergence of academic history in the nineteenth century, now called official, was associated with the separation of history from other fields of knowledge. At that time, it was believed that without a professional historical education, it was impossible to be an erudite and intelligent person, and to tell the past objectively and truthfully. Otherwise, these stories would resemble myths and fairy tales. Over time, history gradually became a scientific discipline, as well as an ideological science, as its primary task during the rapid kaleidoscope of changes in various political regimes was to educate ideologically savvy professionals for state-building. Thus, historical science was formed during the creation of nation-states and affirmed the national identity of different social and ethnic groups that formed one nation. What prompted recent history to approach man as the object of study? In our opinion, interest in man - a phenomenon of any civilization has existed since Hellenic times, and in the era of authoritarianism and totalitarianism has been replaced by interest in power and strength. Such a change, unfortunately, led to the tragic consequences of the First and Second World Wars. The disproportionately heavy burden of the tragedies of the Second World War and the emergence of new threats to world security in the bipolar period forced two opposing ideological camps to understand the need for dialogue, finding common ground and finding consensus in peace building. The Helsinki process began, and cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union deepened in strategic areas: space and high technology. Security levers have been strengthened, and a regional security structure, the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE / OSCE), has been established in the European dimension. Civilizational exchange contributed to the growth of education of the population, the deepening of the intellectual component of society. At the center of the state and history was an intelligent man – Homo Sapiens, who felt his significance for the world, history and the future. World wars have forced historians to rethink the meaning of life, its fragility and vulnerability. And the deep political, economic, and social world crisis of the 1970s drew the attention of historical science to the person. Oral history, new social history, public history, etc. appeared. The philosophical and social sciences began to study individual social groups – women's society, religious communities, working and student youth, etc. With the growth of interest in the person, the interest in history as it is, without ornaments and artificial exaggerations, the history of ordinary people and places, increased. ; Для відповіді на винесене у назву статті питання, що таке публічна історія, звернемося до її витоків. Історія як академічна дисципліна, котру викладають у вищих навчальних закладах, є порівняно новою сферою знань. Поява академічної історії у ХІХст., яку нині називають офіційною, була пов'язана з відокремленням історії від інших наукових напрямів. Тоді вважалося, що без фахової історичної освіти не можна бути ерудованою та інтелігентною людиною, до того ж об'єктивно і правдиво розповідати про минуле. В іншому випадку ці розповіді нагадували б міфи й казки. Із часом історія поступово стає науковою дисципліною, а також – ідеологічною наукою, оскільки її першочерговим завданням під час швидкого калейдоскопу змін різноманітних політичних режимів було виховувати ідеологічно підкуті професійні кадри для державного будівництва. Отже, історична наука сформувалась у період творення національних держав і утверджувала національну ідентичність різних соціальних та етнічних груп, що становили одну націю. Що спонукало новітню історію звернутися до людини, як об'єкта дослідження? На наше переконання, інтерес до людини – феномену будь-якої цивілізації існував ще з еллінських часів, а в епоху авторитаризму і тоталітаризму змінився інтересом до влади і сили. Саме така зміна, на жаль, призвела до трагічних наслідків Першої і Другої світових війн. Непомірно важка ноша трагедій Другої світової війни і поява нових загроз світовій безпеці вже в біполярний період змусили два протилежні ідеологічні табори дійти розуміння необхідності діалогу, пошуку точок дотику і віднайдення консенсусу у миробудівництві. Розпочався Хельсінкський процес, поглибилось співробітництво США-СРСР у стратегічних галузях: космосі та високих технологіях. Посилились важелі безпеки, а в європейському вимірі утворилася регіональна безпекова структура Нарада з безпеки і співробітництва в Європі (НБСЄ/ОБСЄ). Цивілізаційний обмін сприяв зростанню освіченості населення, поглибленню інтелектуальної складової суспільства. В центрі держави та історії поставала людина розумна – Homo Sapiens, яка відчула свою значущість для світу, історії і майбутнього. Світові війни змусили істориків переосмислити сенс буття, його крихкість та вразливість. А глибока політична, економічна та соціальна світова криза 1970-х рр. привернула увагу історичної науки до людини. З'явилися усна історія, нова соціальна історія, публічна історія тощо. Філософські і соціальні науки почали вивчати окремі соціальні групи – жінок, релігійні спільноти, робітничу та студентську молодь тощо. Із зростанням інтересу до людини поглибився інтерес до історії, як вона є, без прикрас і штучної гіперболізації, до історії звичайних людей і місцин.

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Departamento de Historia Contemporánea. Fecha de lectura: 27-11-2019 ; Esta tesis tiene embargado el acceso al texto completo hasta el 27-05-2021 ; La presente tesis doctoral investiga las relaciones bilaterales entre España y China desde 1972 hasta 1996. Este periodo coincide con los periodos de la historia española: posfranquismo, transición a la democracia y los Gobiernos socialistas de Felipe González. Por el lado chino, este periodo coincide con los últimos años de Mao Zedong y la paulatina apertura china al exterior de la mano de Deng Xiaoping. Con vistas a contextualizar correctamente los años centrales de la investigación, se ha realizado un resumen de las políticas exteriores de España y de China desde la llegada al poder de Francisco Franco y de Mao Zedong hasta el año 1996. Posteriormente se han narrado las relaciones entre ambos países desde la Edad Antigua hasta 1972. La historia de las relaciones bilaterales no debe investigarse solo desde un enfoque estatal, sino que debe ser también estudiada considerando nuevos factores como son: los medios de comunicación, el mundo académico, el mundo empresarial y, sobre todo, el juego de percepciones entre los dos países. De esta forma, se han tenido en cuenta diversos elementos para afrontar la investigación. La idea central de la presente tesis es conocer las características básicas de la política exterior española durante tres periodos de gobierno, en relación con un país que escapaba de la órbita de necesidades prioritarias de la política española. Esta misma característica hace, precisamente, que se pueden discernir las pautas de la política exterior española sin los condicionantes que marca la necesidad. Es la construcción de un espacio nuevo de entendimiento que parte de cero pero que contaba con importantes referentes históricos que recordar. En esta investigación, además, se podrán apreciar los cambios en la gestión de la política exterior española dependiendo de los distintos regímenes políticos habidos en el periodo. El análisis del año 1996, momento en el que los condicionantes empiezan a llenar el edificio de las relaciones bilaterales entre los dos países, nos servirá para apreciar los logros y las carencias de unas relaciones caracterizadas por la lejanía, un buen entendimiento general y algunos hechos aislados, pero de una fuerza diplomática de gran envergadura. Con este bagaje, y sobre todo con los análisis de los errores cometidos, podremos proyectar mejor las relaciones del futuro. ; This doctoral thesis investigates the bilateral relationships between Spain and China from 1972 to 1996. This period coincides with the periods of Spanish history: post-Francoism, transition to democracy and the socialist governments of Felipe González. On the Chinese side, this period coincides with the last years of Mao Zedong and the gradual Chinese opening to the outside world done by Deng Xiaoping. In order to contextualize correctly the central years of the investigation, a summary of the Spanish and Chinese foreign policy has been made, since the accession to power of Francisco Franco in Spain and Mao Zedong in China, until 1996. Subsequently there is a recalling of the relationships between Spain and China from the Ancient Age to 1972. The history of the bilateral relationship should not be investigated only from a state approach, but should also be studied considering new factors such as: the media, the academic world, the business world and, above all, the game of perceptions between both countries. In this way, various elements have been taken into account to approach the investigation. The central idea of this thesis is to know the basic characteristics of the Spanish foreign policy during three terms of government, in relation to a country that escaped the orbit of the priority needs of Spanish politics. It is this same characteristic what allows the guidelines of Spanish foreign policy to be discerned without the constraints determined by the needs. It is the construction of a new space of understanding that starts from zero but which had important historical references to remember. In addition, in this investigation you will be able to see the changes in the management of the Spanish foreign policy depending on the different political regimes. The analysis of the year 1996, time in which the conditions began to fill the building of the bilateral relationships between the two countries, will help us to appreciate both the achievements and the deficiencies of a relationship characterized by remoteness, a good general understanding and isolated facts but of a large diplomatic force. With this background, and especially with the analysis of the mistakes made, we can better project the relationships of the future

Miriam Ellis was born in New York City in 1927, the child of Jewish immigrants who left what was then the Austro-Hungarian Empire. While the family struggled financially in the Depression, Miriam's route to the world of language and interchange was laid out from an early age. As she puts it, "Our house was always open to immigrants, and so they came with all kinds of languages: German, Russian, Polish, or Hungarian, and I don't know what all else."Miriam fell especially in love with French language and theater through a program that was offered during WWII by the Free French government in exile; it was designed to preserve and promote French language and culture while France was occupied. When she was twenty-one, Miriam went to France for the first time to volunteer in a postwar displaced persons camp, serving refugees who had been driven from North Africa and parts of the Middle East by fascist occupation and war. After the war, she came back home with her first husband, a veteran of the Royal Air Force. With kids in tow, in 1955 they drove across the country and set up a new life in Southern California.In the forties, Miriam had completed high school prior to going overseas, but hadn't been inspired by a brief stint in college at the time. As a mother of three, she picked back up and started taking night classes in 1957. She then spent the next twenty-two years gradually and steadfastly working through a series of degrees. She also kept up her passion for theater in these years and acted in regional productions. Miriam secured a bachelor's degree (summa cum laude) and master's degree from CSU Northridge (then San Fernando Valley State) by the mid 1960s, when she was in her late 30s. Miriam had a special passion for connecting and working with international students, and soon added another responsibility to her list: she joined the staff at the university as director of the Office of International Programs.In 1971, she came north to UC Santa Cruz as a PhD student studying primarily French and Spanish literature. In time, she and her husband divorced; Miriam found herself on a young, still-forming campus—it was just six years old at the time—where two of her children also went through as undergrads. They were all part of the incredible spark of the original UCSC experiment. Miriam has stayed ever since, and has left an outsize mark on the campus. She completed her PhD and her twenty-two-year journey as a so-called "re-entry" studentin 1979, at age fifty-one. Miriam was also a key figure in building up theater at UCSC, especially outside of the English language. She also became a protagonist in the story of opera at UCSC, working as stage director for the Opera Workshop in the 70s. From her labors for French theater to co-founding the Santa Cruz Opera Society, Inc. (SCOSI), Miriam has brought town and gown together and has been an all-around champion of the arts—launching productions, hosting talks, bringing in world-class performers, and initiating community outreach programs—including performances of theatrical and operatic selections for local schools and nursing homes. Her primary official role at UCSC has been as a longtime lecturer. She started teaching while still a grad student, and then carried on as a lecturer after her PhD in '79 and clear through the early 2000s. Since then, she has continued to teach classes for UCSC and for the campus' Osher Lifelong Learning Institute, most recently in 2018, when she was ninety. Along the way, Miriam has taught courses on opera, literatures across multiple languages, and many other subjects; her most consistent offering has been her French classes. She has been beloved as a teacher by generations of students, and has been an important figure in advocating for language program over the years, including helping secure six-figure National Endowment for the Humanities grants; she has also put in volumes of sweat equity in a variety of teaching, service, and leadership roles. In recent years, mostly since her nominal retirement, Miriam has remained dedicated to working for a multilingual UCSC, a place where language study is valued, and where perspectives across lingual and international borders are welcomed and celebrated. In 2001, Miriam founded what was then called the International Playhouse, a capstone for her decades of language theater work on campus. In the Playhouse, held annually, language students act out scenes and short plays in the language they are studying before a town-gown audience. It's an expression of Miriam's philosophy of the pedagogical power of theater. The International Playhouse was renamed the Miriam Ellis International Playhouse in recognition of her contributions.

Ideology is a mystification, a mythologizing of reality. The purpose of ideology is to formulate a simple image of reality that will be clear to the average person; to develop an arsenal of techniques and methodologies for the mystification of the socio-political system. Ideology is related to the social structure, economic system of production and politics. Each ideology determines the forms of government, economic systems, social guarantees. The study of ideology is very important in political discourse, ideology influences the strategies of society. Ideology is always an escape from reality. Ideology as well as fiction is very attractive, the real world is imperfect, and ideology offers a perfect world. In favorable political conditions (authoritarianism, totalitarianism), ideology becomes a privileged and hidden form of government, a powerful way of manipulating consciousness in conditions of poverty, despair, social crisis. Ideology forms a vector on which the understanding of important political concepts is built at different ends: rights and freedoms, legality, economy, power, civic institutions, and so on. The action of ideology is determined, on the one hand, by irrational attitudes, on the other - by the context of communication and socio-cultural features of society. In contrast to highly specialized disciplines, philosophy is able to reach a universal level of generalization, which allows us to look at ideology as a systemic, holistic phenomenon. The study of ideology is not defined by political parties and ideals, it also covers the economy, education, health care, army, etc., but still, most ideology is manifested in the political space, where in addition to left-right ideology, in modern realities is gaining momentum populist ideology (populism). the problem of finding a new strategy for the development of the state. Democratic institutions, ways of overcoming corruption and raising the level of education of citizens, formation of critical thinking can overcome rigid ideology. ; Идеология ‒ это мистификация, мифологизация действительности. Идеология связана с социальной структурой, экономической системой производства и политикой. Она влияет на политический дискурс, выбор стратегии развития общества. В благоприятных политических условиях (авторитаризм, тоталитаризм) идеология становится привилегированной и скрытой формой управления, могущественным способом манипуляции сознанием.Идеология формирует вектор, на разных концах которого строится осмысление важных политических понятий: право и свобода, законность, экономика, власть, гражданские институты. Несмотря на разнообразие способов понимания, идеология имеет жесткое ядро: устойчивую часть смысловой нагрузки, которая является основополагающей для нее, без которой идеология не будет идеологией. Ядро идеологии – мистификация, мифологизация действительности. Роль идеологии – сформулировать не столько простой образ действительности, который будет понятен обычному человеку, сколько разработать арсенал техник и методологий для мистификации общественно-политического устройства. Конечно, это репрезентация политических отношений на очень примитивном уровне: в призьме идеологии искажается реальность и формируется новый образ того, каким должно быть идеальное общество. Идеология в своей иллюзорности имеет много общего с мифологией, откуда черпает свое вдохновение. Идеология функционирует внутри общества, разных групп и сообществ, идеологические программы формируют общественные представления, направляют действия и регулируют взаимоотношения внутри общества. Каждая идеология содержит определенные идеи относительно формы правления, экономической системы, социальных гарантий и т.д. И хотя идеология формирует достаточно простые для понимания конструкции жизни, сущность идеологии как концептуального явления достаточно скложна. В целом, идеология представляет из себя систематизированную форму знания, в которой важными свойствами становится ценностная, мотивационная, мобилизующая функция. ; Ідеологія – це містифікація, міфологізація дійсності. Ідеологія пов'язана з соціальною структурою, економічною системою виробництва та політикою. Вона впливає на політичний дискурс, вибір стратегії розвитку суспільства. В сприятливих політичних умовах (авторитаризм, тоталітаризм) ідеологія стає привілейованою та прихованою формою управління, могутнім способом маніпулювання свідомістю. Ідеологія формує вектор, на різних кінцях якого будується осмислення важливих політичних понять: право та свобода, законність, економіка, влада, громадянські інститути. Незважаючи на різноманітність способів розуміння, ідеологія має жорстке ядро: стійку частину смислового навантаження, яка є основоположною для неї, без якої ідеологія не буде ідеологією. Ядро ідеології ‒ містифікація, міфологізація дійсності. Роль ідеології ‒ сформулювати не стільки простий образ дійсності, який буде зрозумілий пересічній людині, скільки розробити арсенал технік та методології для містифікації суспільно-політичного устрою. Звісно, це репрезентація політичних відносин на дуже примітивному рівні: в призмі ідеології спотворюється реальність і формується новий образ того, яким повинно бути ідеальне суспільство. Ідеологія в своїй ілюзорності має багато чого спільного з міфологією, звідки черпає своє натхнення. Ідеологія функціонує всередині суспільства, різних груп та співтовариств, ідеологічні програми формують суспільні уявлення, спрямовують дії та регулюють взаємовідносини всередині суспільства. Кожна ідеологія містить певні ідеї щодо форми правління, економічної системи, соціальних гарантій тощо. І хоча ідеологія формує доволі прості для розуміння конструкції життя, сутність ідеології як концептуального явища досить складна. В цілому, ідеологія являє собою систематизовану форму знання, в якій важливими властивостями виступає ціннісна, мотиваційна, мобілізуюча функція.

Preceded by the tumult of multiple media scandals having unveiled the facts of abuse, ignored or provoked by the child protection system, the law of March 5, 2007 was intented to remedy to intrinsic failures in the protection service by semantically and formally restructuring the operation, the mission and the definitional field covering the entire device. Rooting around the abuses risk « prevention » mission and « parentality support », a few new vocables (« Danger Risk », « Danger »), instruments (« Worrying Information », « Project For the Child ») and new instances (« Cell Collecting Information of Concern », « Observatory ») have accompanied the law's reformist character. Beyond the simple change and semantic renewal, this constellation of words and sentences was not without producing profound alternations in the arrangement of roles, functions and identities of each actor caught in the enunciative network of the device. From a set of normative statements, the law shaped and committed professionals to do-with a new general paradigm on the representation of the parent-child link. It was no longer for the professionals, inside of this vision, to punish a parent potentially « deficiencied », or to cut off a link judged « toxic » to protect a child, but to allow the parental subject to discover itself (« to elicit ») and invest its role of parent. Supported by an institutional mediation, the parent was potentially designated, since Article 375 of the Civil Code, as an protagonist for the good « physical, emotional, intellectual and social development » of the child. Reordering the elementary lines on which was based the care of a user, the law reorganized in depth the behavior's structure of the various actors. Wondering about these various normative changes, this research work offers itself to seize the operated « effects » by the law of March 5, 2007 on practices, the thought and the relationships between professionals, users and institutions. Through analyzes of child protection files, legislative, institutional, discursive evolutions and interviews with social workers, we will seek to understand how did the power reports between the relatives and the professionals carriers of « parentalist » intervention. Referring to the repercussions of the speech of a social regulation device on topics, this study will borrow a similar reading and analysis, in its principles and methods, to what Mr. Foucault has done on prison or sexuality. At the end of the critical analysis, and to overcome the difficulties encountered around new lines of thought, the research will lead to the formalization of recommendations. ; Précédée par le tumulte de multiples scandales médiatiques ayant dévoilé des faits de maltraitances, ignorés ou provoqués par le dispositif de la protection de l'enfance, la loi du 5 mars 2007 se voulait remédier à des dysfonctionnements intrinsèques au service de protection en restructurant sémantiquement et formellement le fonctionnement, la mission et le champ définitionnel recouvrant l'ensemble du dispositif. S'enracinant autour d'une mission de « prévention » des risques de maltraitance et de « soutien à la parentalité », de nouveaux vocables (« risque de danger », « danger »), instruments (« Informations Préoccupantes », « Projet Pour l'Enfant ») et de nouvelles instances (« Cellule de Recueil des Informations Préoccupantes », « Observatoire ») ont accompagné le caractère réformateur de la loi. Au-delà du simple changement et renouvellement sémantique, cette constellation de mots et de syntagmes n'était pas sans produire de profondes altérations dans l'agencement des rôles, des fonctions et des identités de chaque acteur pris dans le réseau énonciatif du dispositif. À partir d'un ensemble d'énoncés prescriptifs, la loi façonnait et engageait les professionnels à faire-avec un nouveau paradigme général sur la représentation du lien parent-enfant. Il ne s'agissait plus pour les professionnels, à l'intérieur de cette vision, de sanctionner un parent potentiellement « carencé », ou de couper un lien jugé « toxique » pour protéger un enfant, mais de permettre au sujet parental de se découvrir (« s'éliciter ») et d'investir son rôle de parent. Soutenu par une médiation institutionnelle, le parent se voyait en cela potentiellement désigné, depuis l'article 375 du Code civil, comme un actant responsable du bon « développement physique, affectif, intellectuel et social » de l'enfant. Réagençant les linéaments sur lesquels reposait la prise en charge d'un usager, la loi réorganisait en profondeur la structure du comportement des différents acteurs. S'interrogeant sur ces diverses modifications normatives, ce travail de recherche se propose de saisir les « effets » opérés par la loi du 5 mars 2007 sur les pratiques, la pensée et les relations entre professionnels, usagers et institutions. À travers les analyses des dossiers de la protection de l'enfance, des évolutions législatives, institutionnelles, discursives et d'entretiens réalisés avec des travailleurs sociaux, nous chercherons à comprendre comment se sont redessinés les rapports de pouvoir entre des familles et des professionnels porteurs d'une intervention « parentaliste ». Se rapportant aux répercussions du discours d'un dispositif de régulation sociale sur des sujets, cette étude empruntera une lecture et une analyse similaire, dans ses principes et ses méthodes, à celles que M. Foucault a effectuées sur la prison ou la sexualité. À l'issue de l'analyse critique, et ce pour dépasser les difficultés rencontrées autour de nouvelles pistes de réflexion, la recherche donnera lieu à la formalisation de préconisations.

In 1996, the government of Guatemala put an end to 36 years of civil war by signing the peace accords. This war specifically affected the country's indigenous populations. The two Truth commissions concluded that the army and paramilitaries carried out acts of genocide against the Mayan populations, in part because of the widespread use of sexual violence against women. Over the next two decades, many development projects led by the State as well as various foundations and NGOs sought to alleviate the extreme poverty affecting rural indigenous populations. One of these projects is the dissemination of family planning programs. It is Indigenous women who are the main targets of the medical and educational devices that are implemented in this context. Their objective is to drastically reduce these women's fertility, through sustainable and permanent methods such as female sterilization. This objective is accompanied by the establishment of a set of standards of good maternal and reproductive practices. The medico-social staff that is mobilized towards the integration of these standards sometimes goes so far as to use violence in order to ensure that the indigenous women comply with them. In the exercise of their mission, the medical staff believes to be working for the common good not only of the nation but of those women as well. However, the constraints faced by women in managing family planning make it difficult for them to fully access reproductive rights. In addition, many women liken the violence and discrimination they experience in these programs to the violence of war and the violence that they experience in other social spaces. The poverty the live in and the oppression and multiple forms of violence they face are particularly related to neoliberal policies.The aim of this thesis is to decipher certain issues around the promotion of targeted sterilization of indigenous women, in a post-conflict context where renewed violence against these women is developing. The research work conducted with institutions and medical staff in family planning programs, as well as with women from several indigenous communities, reveals the complex relationships that exist between indigenous women and different actors: institutional, professional, community and family. These relationships, which reveal the hierarchical positions of gender, ethnicity and class at local, national and international levels, have impacts on reproductive trajectories, and by extension on life trajectories. At the intersection of these many issues of power, the thesis will show how indigenous women find themselves at the heart of a tense reproductive issue, with which they must deal in order to negotiate their status as citizens. ; En 1996 au Guatemala, la signature des accords de paix met fin à 36 ans de guerre civile. Ayant touché spécifiquement les populations indigènes, les deux commissions de vérité estiment que l'armée et les paramilitaires ont mené des actes de génocide contre les populations mayas, entre autres en raison des violences sexuelles exercées contre les femmes. Au cours des deux décennies suivantes, de nombreux projets de développement menés par l'État, ainsi que diverses fondations et ONGs, visent à pallier l'extrême pauvreté qui touche les populations rurales indigènes. L'un de ces projets consiste en la diffusion de programmes de planification familiale. Les femmes indigènes sont principalement ciblées par les dispositifs médicaux et éducatifs qui sont mis en place dans ce cadre. L'objectif est alors de faire baisser drastiquement leur fécondité, par des méthodes durables et définitives, telle que la stérilisation féminine. Cet objectif s'accompagne de la diffusion d'un ensemble de normes de bonnes pratiques maternelles et reproductives. Les personnels médico-sociaux mobilisés pour faire intégrer ces normes vont parfois jusqu'à user de violences pour que les femmes indigènes s'y conforment. Dans l'exercice de leur mission, ces personnels estiment œuvrer pour le bien commun, celui de la nation mais aussi celui des femmes. Pourtant, les contraintes rencontrées par les femmes dans la gestion de la planification familiale leur permettent difficilement d'accéder pleinement à des droits reproductifs. L'ambition de cette thèse est de décrypter certains enjeux autour de la promotion de la stérilisation ciblée des femmes indigènes, dans un contexte de post-conflit où se développent des violences renouvelées contre ces femmes. Le travail de recherche, mené auprès d'institutions et de personnels médicaux en charge des programmes de planification familiale, ainsi qu'auprès de femmes issues de plusieurs communautés indigènes, permet de faire apparaître les rapports complexes qui se jouent entre les femmes indigènes et différents acteurs institutionnels, professionnels, communautaires et familiaux. Ces rapports, révélateurs des positions hiérarchiques de genre, d'ethnicité et de classe à un niveau local, national et international, produisent des impacts sur les trajectoires reproductives, et par extension sur les trajectoires de vie. À l'intersection de ces nombreux enjeux de pouvoir, la thèse montrera comment les femmes indigènes se retrouvent au cœur d'une question reproductive en tension avec laquelle elles doivent composer, pour négocier leur statut de citoyennes.

Nowadays, Indonesian's education seems to have an improvement in its quality. The government is establishing the 2013 curriculum. However, its implementation has not been well-implemented. In regard to this problem, it is necessary to apply scientific learning models: PjBL and PBL models. With these models and according to the students' locus of control, it is expected that it will improve students' learning outcomes. This study is aimed at determining the effectiveness of PjBL and PBL models towards learning outcomes in terms of the students' Locus of Control. The method used in this study was experiment, with 2x2 factorial design. The population was XI IPS students of SMAN 1 Ngaglik. The samples were 32 experimental students of PBL model and 28 experimental students of PjBL model. The data were collected using questionnaires and tests. The data were analyzed using Two Ways ANOVA. The result of the analysis shows that there is an influence between the models and students' locus of control towards the learning outcomes. The value of Fcal5.488>Fstd4.00 and the value of the probability is 0.023 < 0.05. keywords : Project-Based Learning, Problem-Based Learning, Learning Outcomes, Students' Locus of Control References Akdeniz, C., Bacanli, H., Baysen, E. Cakmak, M., Çeliköz, N., Doğruer, N., Eristi, B., Erisen, Y., Eyyam, R.,Gündoğdu, K., Karatas, E., Karatas, S., Kaybasi, Y., Kilic, D., Kurnaz. A., Menivis, I., Özerbaş, M. A., Özü, O., Silman, F., Sünbül, A. M., Sahin, M., Tok, H., Yalin, H. I. Ed: Kaya, Z., Akdemir, S. (2016). Learning and Teaching: Theories, Approaches and Models. Tukiye: Çözüm Eğitim Yayıncılık. Retrived from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304119354, 14 September 2018 Alavi, C. (1995). Problem –Based Learning in a Health Sciences Curriculum. London: Routledge. Retrived from: http://en.booksee.org/s/?q=problem+based+learning&t=0, diakses pada tanggal 16 september 2018. Duch, B.J., Groh, S.E., Allen, E.D. (2001). A Pratical "How To" for Teaching Undergraduate Courses in Any Disipline: The Power of Problem Based Learning.Virginia: Stylus Publishing, LLC. Retrived from: http://en.booksee.org/s/?q=problem+based+learning&t=0, diakses pada tanggal 15 september. Fathurrohman, M. (2015). Model-model Pembelajaran Inovatif. Yogyakarta: Ar-Ruzz Media. Hosnan, M. (2014). Pendekatan Saintifik dan Konsektual Dalam Pembelajaran Abad 21: Kunci Sukses Implementasi Kurikulum 2013. Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia. Krauss, J.& Boss, S. (2013). Thinking Through Project-Based Learning, Guiding Deeper Inquiry.USA: A Sage Company. Kreitner, R., dan Kinicki, A. (2005). Perilaku Organisasi. Jakarta : Salemba Empat. Maysara. (2016). "The Effectiveness Of Problem Based Learning (PBL) Model On Students' Learning Outcomes At Class Xi Ipa 2 Of Senior High School 5 South Konawe On The Subject Of Colloid System". International Journal of Education and Research, 4(7). Halu Oleo University, Kampus Bumi Tridharma. Internasional Journal of Education and Research. ISSN: 2411-5681. Pangestika, R. P. (2015)."Keefektifan Model Inquiry dan Discovery Dengan Pendekatan Saintifik Dalam Pembelajaran Geografi Ditinjau Dari Locus of Control di SMA Kabupaten Pemalang. Tesis, tidak diterbitkan. UniversitasNegeri Yogyakarta. Prahesti, H.C . (2017). Eksperimen Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning Dan Project Based Learning Pada Pembelajaran Matematika Terhadap Hasil Belajar Ditinjau Dari Keaktifan Belajar Siswa. Skripsi, Diterbitkan. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Retrived from: http://eprints.ums.ac.id, diakses pada tanggal 17 Oktober 2018. Purwanto. (2013). Evaluasi Hasil Belajar. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Riduwan. (2012). Dasar-Dasar Statistika. Bandung: Alfabeta.Saefuddin. A. & Berdiati, I. (2016). Pembelajaran Efektif. Bandung: Rosda. Sani, R. A. (2017). Pembelajaran Saintifik Untuk Implementasi Kurikulum 2013.Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Santria, U. (2018). Efektifitas Model Project Based Learning dan Model Problem-Based Learning Ditinjau dari Prestasi Belajar, Kemampuan Komunikasi Matematis, dan Kemampuan Interpersonal Siswa Materi Statistika dan Peluang Kelas VIII. Tesis, tidak diterbitkan. Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta,Yogyakarta. Sari, N. H. Y. (2018). Efektifitas Model Pembelajaran PJBL DanPBL Untuk Meningkatan Hasil Belajar Geografi Ditinjau dari Locus Of Control Siswa Sma Negeri Ngaglik, DIY. Tesis. Program Studi Pendidikan Geografi. Program Pascasarjana. Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. Susanti, D., Rahma, R.M., Monalisa. (2017). Pengaruh Locus of Control Terhadap Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematika. Journal Nasional Pendidikan Matematika. Retrived from: www.researchgate.net, diakses pada tanggal 17 Oktober 2018. Syatriadin. (2017). Locus of Control: Teori Temuan Penelitian Dan Reorientasinya Dalam Manajemen Penanganan Kesulitan Belajar Peserta Didik. Jurnal Pendidikan Dasar. 1(1). e-ISSN 2579-6194; 144-164. Wicaksono, U. (2016). Keefektifan Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning dan Discovery Learning Berdasarkan Adversity Quotient terhadap Hasil Belajar Geografi SMA di Kabupaten Wonogiri. Tesis, tidak diterbitkan. Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta Copyright (c) 2018 Geosfera Indonesia Journal and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareA like4.0 International License

This dissertation explains why certain African politicians are able to create ethnic votingblocs whereas others fail. Challenging current wisdom, I argue that this ability is conditional on the level of "groupness" cultivated by ethnic elites through ethnic associations. These historically rooted associations are involved in defining ethnic boundaries through social and economic activities that cultivate a sentiment that encourages group members to see themselves as sharing not only cultural and linguistic characteristics but also as having life chances that are intertwined with those of co-ethnics (linked fate) and their co-ethnic political leaders. These associations then use these sentiments as the basis upon which the group is mobilized politically and the political elite coordinated under a single banner. The varying success with which these ethnic associations are able to carry out these tasks explains contemporary differences across groups in cohesion, party entry, turnout and party competition.The argument's causal logic is developed –and its mechanisms highlighted – throughout thedissertation using evidence from Kenya's politically relevant ethnic groups. In the introductorychapter, I present the context in which ethnic associations operate in sub-Saharan Africa. This is followed by an exposition of the groupness theory and its composite parts in Chapter 2. I show how ethnic associations, with varying degrees of success, are responsible for marking the ethnic group's boundaries; influencing how individuals think of their position within the group and their relationship to both each other and their co- ethnic leaders; and politically mobilizing the group and its elite based on these perceptions. This theoretical discussion is accompanied by empirical case studies of each of Kenya's politically relevant ethnic groups –Kamba, Kikuyu, Luo and Luhya–, their history with ethnic associations and these associations' involvement in the creation and maintenance of groupness. The process tracing approach used in this chapter addresses the model's potential endogeneity problem. Use of the method allows me to show that despite emerging from and responding to similar historical events – the creation of ethnic associations that provided a social safety net and mediator in response to colonial rule– these associations have had varying levels of success in coordinating their co-ethnics, their political elites, and influencing the type of party competition experienced.The third chapter then examines the theory's primary observable implication: if ethnic associations have historically exercised this power over ethnic group sentiment and political organization, then there ought to be observable and systematic differences in the level of groupness across groups. Using ordered logit models, the analysis not only reveals systematic differences across groups in the beliefs in groupness but also that these differences correspond to the particular ethnic group's history with ethnic associations.The dissertation's remaining chapters shift the focus of analysis from the individual to thegroup. They explain how district variation in groupness --- an indicator created using multi-level regression and post-stratification (MRP) – explains party entry, turnout and competition at the constituency level. In Chapter 4, I address the question whether of groupness influences the entry decisions made by politicians and their parties. I argue that parties are constrainedby the level of groupness; that is, high groupness limits the political space for entrepreneurialco-ethnic politicians to emerge. The results of the quantitative analysis support the hypothesis: constituencies embedded in districts with higher levels of groupness tend to see lower candidate entry rates for parliamentary seats.Chapter 5 investigates the impact of groupness on individual turnout decisions. It argues thatgroupness, rather than mobilizing higher turnout, actually leads individuals to engage in voteapproximation, which has a suppressive effect. That is, individuals believe that due to the high level of groupness within the group, political preferences among members will tend to be similar. Such a belief leads them to make the rational calculation, given the high costs associated with turning out to vote in these low information settings, that their co-ethnics will vote in a similar as they would, if they were not to cast a ballot. The results show that indeed places with higher levels of groupness, do experience lower turnout levels compared to areas with lower groupness levels.The final empirical chapter considers how the concept of groupness and its variation acrossgroups affects the level of party competition. The argument states that in places where groupness levels are higher, political competition will tend to be lower, as proxied by the vote margin with which the winner wins. This is because voters are and the political elite are coordinated both by their ethnic associations and the groupness sentiment that exists among them. As a result, voters are aware of the association's preferred candidate and party. The quantitative analysis reveals that areas where groupness levels are high, candidates tend to win with higher margins.

This thesis examines a previously unstudied site of interaction: the constituency office. At the constituency office, Members of Parliament (MPs) hold MP surgeries , during which they help constituents to solve their personal difficulties. This thesis provides the first analysis of interactions at the constituency office. It is the only place where ordinary citizens can meet their MP; as such, it also provides the first analysis of face-to-face, unmediated interactions between politicians and their constituents. For this study, 12.5 hours of interactional data were recorded at the office of an MP in the United Kingdom, comprising over 80 encounters between office staff, the MP, and their constituents. The MP was of the majority ( government ) party at the time of recording. The data were analyzed using conversation analysis (CA), in order to investigate how the social activities of the constituency office were accomplished through interaction. The first analytic chapter reveals the overall structure of constituency office encounters, as well as examining what constituents say when they call or visit the office, and how they express that they are in need of assistance. This chapter finds that constituents avoid making direct requests of their MP, and instead use narrative descriptions. These descriptions manage interactional challenges including the unknown nature of the institution (Stokoe, 2013b), contingency and entitlement (Drew & Curl, 2008), reasonableness and legitimacy (Edwards & Stokoe, 2007; Heritage & Robinson, 2006), and recruitment (Kendrick & Drew, 2016). The second analytic chapter examines the action of offering, and finds it to be the central mechanism for transacting service. The staff use different offer designs to index different nuances in the offering action, such as asking permission or confirming an activity. Both the first and second analytic chapters show that systematic deployment of offers help control the direction of the encounters and tacitly instruct constituents as to what services are available. Furthermore, both of these chapters show the flexibility participants employed in turn design and action ascription, which extends previous descriptions of how requests and offers are constructed (Couper-Kuhlen, 2014; Curl, 2006) and supports recent calls for a more nuanced approach to action description from conversation analysts (Kendrick & Drew, 2014; Sidnell & Enfield, 2014). The third analytic chapter investigates the ostensibly political context of the constituency office, and how the MP and constituents raise political topics in conversation. The chapter finds that the term political is challenging to define in live interactions, and relies on the concept of politicizing (Hay, 2007) statements that upgrade (or downgrade) a topic into greater (or lesser) public and governmental concern. Both the MP and constituents were found to initiate political topics, but in different ways. The MP initiated political topics in explicit references to government, in order to provide evidence that the government was aligned with constituents interests. The constituents initiated political topics in vague and indirect references to recent policy changes, and avoided implicating the MP in any criticisms. The findings suggest that constituents privilege interactional norms (such as not criticizing a co-present interlocutor) over any potential interest in making political critiques. The chapter also discusses what impact these findings may have on concepts such as power and evasion . The final analytic chapter assesses the concept of rapport , finding that it is difficult for both participants and analysts to determine long-term outcomes from local, interactional occurrences in interaction. Rapport is important for MPs who may be attempting to build a personal vote relationship with constituents, but this chapter also finds that constituents have a stake in building rapport in order to receive the best (or any) service. The chapter finds that while traditional practices for building rapport , such as doing small talk or finding common ground, are problematic to employ and assess from an interactional perspective, other local outcomes such as progressivity (Fogarty, Augoustinos & Kettler, 2013) and affiliation (Clark, Drew & Pinch, 2003) may be more useful indicators of positive interactions. This chapter concludes that we need a more nuanced, and interactionally-based, framework to train practitioners (and clients) in effective communication practices. This thesis challenges the conversation analytic literature by finding that the constituency office setting revolves around a more flexible ascription of requests than many studies have previously accepted, and that we can analyze actions as if on a spectrum, rather than in bounded categories. The thesis also contributes to the political discourse literature by finding that constituents activities at the constituency office are strongly influenced by interactional norms, rather than political attitudes. Finally, this thesis provides a basis from which to study the constituency office, as a site of service interaction. ; This thesis is published under the Creative Commons-licence CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

The society connections in the XXI Century in social, political, economic or cultural field have facilitated the emergence of new actors in international relations. Transnational corporations, international organizations, social movements or subversive movements are interconnected to generate links from which to obtain mutual benefits. One of the actors who has emerged as relevant in this new international arena are the cities like non central governments who have been listed as paradiplomatic actors of international relations. Now, how can we explain "paradiplomacy "? It is a conceptual approach that guides the interpretation regarding international performance of local governments to describe the implementation of its foreign policy based on decentralization and contextualized in new forms of governance. The paradiplimacy also is a socio- political and governance dynamic that develops in a system with rules and spheres of power distributed among authorities and institutions within a perspective compensation "Co". This modern form of governance moves between overlapping polarities like fragmentation and integration generating new identities with multiple loyalties. Therefore, in this new scenario the states do not dominate world politics nor force remains an effective instrument for implementing this policy and the new players in this new international situation define their topics interest without focusing on defaults established between policy high or low. This being the international situation what about Ecuador local governments? Answering this question involves analyzing the international relations of the capital, from the perspective of technical cooperation and if their actions determine somehow the central government. Management instruments such as Ecuador Political Constitution, National Plan of Good Living (PNBV), National Foreign Policy Plan 2006-2020 (PLANEX), Code of Planning and Public Finance (COPLAFIN), Territorial Organization, Autonomy and Decentralization Organic Code (COOTAD) as well as the actions of national institutions responsible for international relations of Ecuador like the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Human Mobility and the Technical Secretariat for International Cooperation in accordance with the management of the Municipality of Quito as a member of the Union of Latin American Capital Cities (UCCI) in the fields of Culture, Tourism and Security; throw that non-central governments (read Municipality of Quito) as paradigmatic actors of international relations do not affect the decisions of the central government at the level of foreign policy. ; Las conexiones de la sociedad en diversos ámbitos (social, político, económico, cultural) en el Siglo XXI, han facilitado el surgimiento de nuevos actores en las relaciones internacionales. Transnacionales, organismos internacionales, movimientos sociales, movimientos subversivos, entre otros, se interconectan a fin de generar vínculos a partir de los cuales puedan obtener beneficios mutuos. Uno de los actores que se ha posicionado como relevante en este nuevo concierto internacional son los gobiernos no centrales quienes han sido catalogados como actores paradiplomáticos de las relaciones internacionales; pero ¿qué es la "paradiplomacia"? Es una aproximación conceptual que guía la interpretación respecto al desempeño internacional de los gobiernos locales a fin de describir la ejecución de su política exterior basada en la descentralización y contextualizada en nuevas formas de gobernanza. Una gobernanza socio-política y dinámica que se desarrolla en un sistema con reglas y esferas de poder distribuidas entre autoridades e instituciones dentro de una perspectiva de compensación "Co". Esta moderna forma de gobernar avanza entre polaridades superpuestas como fragmentación e integración generándose nuevas identidades con múltiples lealtades. Por tanto, en este nuevo escenario no son los estados los que dominan la política mundial ni tampoco la fuerza sigue siendo el instrumento eficaz para ejecutar dicha política y los nuevos actores en esta nueva coyuntura internacional definen su temas interés sin centrarse en predeterminaciones establecidas entre política alta o baja. Siendo esta la coyuntura internacional ¿qué pasa con los gobiernos locales del Ecuador? Responder esta pregunta implica analizar el relacionamiento internacional de la capital del país, desde una perspectiva de cooperación técnica, y si su accionar determinan de alguna manera el del gobierno central. Instrumentos de gestión como la Constitución Política del Ecuador, el Plan Nacional del Bien Vivir (PNBV), el Plan Nacional de Política Exterior 2006 – 2020 (PLANEX), el Código Orgánico de Planificación y Finanzas Públicas (COPLAFIN), el Código Orgánico de Organización Territorial, Autonomía y Descentralización (COOTAD) así como el accionar de las instituciones nacionales de responsables del relacionamiento internacional del Ecuador como el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Movilidad Humana, la Secretaría Técnica de Cooperación Internacional en concordancia con la gestión del Municipio de Quito como miembro de la Unión de Ciudades Capitales Iberoamericanas (UCCI) en los ámbitos de Cultura, Turismo y Seguridad; arrojan que los gobiernos no centrales (entiéndase Municipio de Quito) como actores paradigmáticos de las relaciones internacionales no afectan las decisiones de los gobiernos centrales a nivel de política exterior.

[ES]El trabajo se ocupa de investigar el poder de la palabra oral en la antigüedad, desde cuando al principio la palabra transmitía la llamada sabiduría divina - de que hablaban los sacerdotes -, como los conocimientos sobre los ciclos climáticos, el paso de las estaciones y otros fenómenos sobre los cuales los hombres no ejercía control, pero conocerlos era imprescindible para la su supervivencia, de su familia o su grupo, como los saberes sobre las formas de cultivar e preservar alimentos, sus características medicinales, hasta las palabras que espantaban los demonios, calmaban a los poseídos y extirpaban males - como las pronunciadas por los Chamanes. También el trabajo explora la palabra depositaria de la sabiduría ancestral, tal cual era escuchada de los reyes de justicia, que dirimía conflictos, que guardaba a todos ante agresores, que declaraba la guerra o celebraba la paz. La palabra que al final era depositaría de un conjunto de informaciones acumuladas desde los más remotos antepasados, que a lo largo de las varias formas de existencia, fueran transmitidas a cada nueva generación y formaban el conjunto de principios acerca de la vida, que los griegos llamaban arkhé. Investigo el valor terapéutico de la palabra, desde que, en la voz de los antiguas soberanos, la palabra era fuente de descubrimiento de la verdad, en el sentido de un saber universal no negociable, es decir, la palabra como desocultación, como lo no olvidado (alétheia), preservado por la memoria e transmitido de maestro a discípulo. Palabra que después fuera recordada como forma de paideia en el canto poético de los aedos, hasta el momento en que sale de la escena el rey, como personaje social que representaba la palabra justa, eficaz, verdadera - la presencia de la divinidad en el hombre -, e entran los oradores, con sus fuertes razones amparadas en claros argumentos lógicos, como camino de la verdad surgida en el debate, que mediante la persuasión racional será capaz de construir leyes y la constitución que une a los ciudadanos en la polis. Es donde la verdad de los hombres se aparta de la verdad de los dioses. Naturaleza, cosmos, divinidad y todo un universo de sentidos y saberes desde siempre memorizados, transmitidos, cantados, que ponían el destino de los hombres como parte de la harmonía cósmica, van siendo alejadas de las razones que buscan la verdad en el enfrentamiento de los hombres en la ágora. ; [EN]The research work deals with the power of the spoken word in antiquity , from the beginning when the word conveyed the call divine wisdom - of the priests who spoke - such as knowledge about climate cycles, changing seasons and other phenomena about which men did not exercise control, but know it was imperative for the survival of your family or group, such as knowledge on ways to grow and preserve food , its medicinal properties , even the words that frightened the demons , stilled owned and extirpated the evil - as pronounced by the Shamans . Work also explores the depository of ancestral wisdom word , as it was heard of the kings of justice that dirimía conflicts that kept them all to attackers, who celebrated declared war or peace. The word that was deposited at the end of a set of accumulated since ancient ancestors, who throughout the various forms of existence , were transmitted to each new generation , and formed a set of principles about life information , which the Greeks arkhé called . We investigate the therapeutic value of the word, since , in the voice of the ancient rulers , the word was the source of discovery of truth , in the sense of a non-negotiable universal knowledge , that is, the word as unconcealed , as no forgotten ( aletheia ) , preserved by memory and passed from master to disciple . Word that later would be remembered as a form of paideia in poetic song of the bards , until the moment you leave the scene the king as social character represented , effective, real right word - the presence of the divinity in man - , and speakers come with their strong reasons covered in clear logical arguments , as way of truth emerged in the debate, which through rational persuasion will be able to build laws and constitution that unites citizens in the polis. It's where the truth of men away from the truth of the gods. Nature , cosmos, divinity and a whole universe of meanings and knowledge always stored , transmitted, sung , who put the fate of the men as part of the cosmic harmony , will be removed from the reasons seeking the truth in addressing the men in agora.