Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The Hon'ble Vice President of India Shri. M. Venkaiah Naidu visited ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), Hyderabad on 3rd July, 2018. He was the Chief Guest for the "Consultative Meeting on Doubling of Farmers' Income in Telangana State and Adjoining Areas". Shri. Md. Mahmood Ali, Deputy Chief Minister, Telangana State was the Guest of Honour. Dr. K. Alagusundaram, Deputy Director General (NRM), ICAR, New Delhi, Shri. C. Parthasarathi, APC & Principal Secretary (Agriculture), Telangana State; Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting), CRIDA; Directors and scientists of local ICAR institutes, senior officials of PJTSAU, senior officials from Telangana State, NGOs, Industrialists, Bankers and progressive farmers participated in the meeting. Hon'ble Vice President addressing participants of consultation meeting Deputy Director General (NRM) Dr. K. Alagusundaram, ICAR, New Delhi welcomed the dignitaries and the participants while briefing about the various rainfed technologies developed by CRIDA for the benefit of farmers of dryland agriculture. Hon'ble Vice President Shri. M. Venkaiah Naidu, chaired the interactive session with scientists, research scholars, farmers and representatives of NGOs. He stated that the multifaceted strategy is needed to protect agriculture as agriculture is now under distress. During interactive session, farmers of Ranga Reddy district mentioned that their farm income has been substantially increased due to the interventions of ICAR-CRIDA, KVKs and SAUs. Book releasing during consultation meeting New Research Initiatives CRIDA was awarded a competitive research project entitled "Innovative and contextual agromet. advisory services for climate smart agriculture" funded by Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences under Monsoon Mission-II with budget outlay of the Rs. 311.48 lakhs. ICRISAT and ICAR-IIPR, Kanpur are the partner institutes. Dr. P. Vijaya Kumar, Project Coordinator, AICRPAM, ICAR-CRIDA is the Principal Investigator of this project. Dr. AVM Subba Rao and Dr. Santanu Kumar Bal are the CoPrincipal Investigators from ICAR-CRIDA and Dr. Anthony Whitbread and Dr. R.K. Mishra are the Co-Principal Investigators from ICRISAT and ICAR-IIPR, respectively. CRIDA - Newsletter 2 Minimum tillage with crop residue retention on soil surface produced higher crop yields while maintaining better health of rainfed Alfisol The results of 6 year old experiment on conservation Agriculture (CA) in rainfed Alfisol showed that the surface retention of crop residues @ 2-6 t/ha produced 5-13% higher sorghum yield and 28-45% higher cowpea yield as compared to no residue application control. About 56% higher organic carbon (6.80 g/kg) content was recorded with the application of sorghum stover @ 6 t/ha as compared to control (4.36 g/ kg). The increase in available N with the application of 6t and 4t crop residue was to the extent of 19.5 and 28% respectively while significantly higher contents of soil available P (10.67 kg/ha) and K (288.8 kg/ha) were observed with application of sorghum residue @ 4 t/ha. Significantly higher microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and dehydrogenase activity (DHA) were recorded with the application of sorghum stover @ 4 t/ha. Besides reducing the bulk density, the application of residues had a significant influence on the mean weight diameter (MWD) of the soil aggregates. The highest overall soil quality index (SQI: 9.58) was observed with the residue application @ 6 t/ha. A significant positive relationship was observed between SQI and pooled cowpea seed yield (R2 =0.82) and pooled sorghum grain yield (R2 =0.69). This study also clearly indicated that the adoption of minimum tillage in combination with adequate crop residue cover, the soil moisture increased and soil temperature decreased which in-turn made the crops to withstand the mid season dry spells without much adverse effects. Crop residue retention in the field Development of track width & ground clearance enhancing platform and matching Implements for low horse power tractor A reconfigured platform for small horse power tractor with matching weeding and spraying implements was developed. Such new developments will increase effective use of tractor for weeding and spraying operations in crops like maize, castor, red gram, cotton, chilies etc. The developed platform basically consists of three components (i) Front wheel axle (ii) Rear drive wheel axle and (iii) Reworked steering set system for enhanced track width. The prototype high clearance platform fitted mini tractor matching rotary weeder consists of a main frame with hitch mast, gear box housing with power transmission provision, rotor shaft assembly with soil working tools. The developed boom sprayer unit basically consists (i) Base frame to give support / fix various components (ii) Pump with manifold for flow control and pressure regulation (50 lpm & 30kg / cm2 rating) (iii) Boom with height adjustable frame work and (iv) High pressure hose pipes. The pump gets the required power from tractor. The nozzles on the boom were fitted with spacing adjustable provision to use for different types of rainfed crops. The weeding efficiency of rotary machine varied 74 to 82.5.% and 78.5 to 86.8% for castor and pigeon pea, respectively. In case of maize crop, the weeding efficiency observed to be 73.9%, which was low compared to other two crops due to narrow row spacing. The boom sprayer was operated in cotton crop at two growth stages; the first one at flowering stage (75 DAS) and second operation in bolls expansion stage (90 DAS). The operator can steer the tractor comfortably and sprayer worked satisfactorily. The field capacity of the machine ranged from 1.7 - 2.0 ha/hr. The newly developed implements shown significant advantage in monitory terms when compared with traditional practice of bullock operated blade harrow and hand labour spray operation (15 - 20% lower cost). Track width and ground clearance enhanced platform fitted low horse power tractor with matching weeding and spraying implements Research Highlights July - December, 2018 3 Scientific Activities XXVIIth Research Advisory Committee (RAC) meeting The XXVIIth meeting of the Research Advisory Committee of the institute was held during 10-11 November, 2018 under the chairmanship of Dr. Panjab Singh, former Secretary, DARE & Director General, ICAR. The committee reviewed the progress and recommended for strengthening of farming systems research with horticulture and livestock components, scaling up of NICRA interventions to more villages and restructuring of the institute by creating divisions of Social Sciences and Climate Change. Further, RAC suggested to align the research programmes with the challenges and development needs of dryland farmers. RAC meeting in progress Field Institute Research Council (IRC) meeting Field Institute Research Council (IRC) Meeting for 2018-19 was held on 25th September, 2018 at Gunegal Research Farm (GRF) and on 5th October, 2018 at Hayathnagar Research Farm (HRF) under the chairmanship of Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting). The chairman IRC, Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting), Project coordinators, Heads of Divisions / Sections and scientists visited various experiments and discussed thoroughly on various treatment effects. Interaction during field IRC Various suggestions like displaying of the experimental and treatment boards at the experimental site, periodical monitoring of soil moisture in CA related experiments, rainfall amount, rainy days and crop yields needs to correlated for all the experiments etc., were made in field IRC. Quinquennial Review Team (QRT) Under the Chairmanship of Dr. J.C. Katyal, former Vice Chancellor, CCS Haryana Agriculture University & former DDG (Education), ICAR, two review meetings were conducted. QRT meeting was held during 18-19 June, 2018 at UAS, Bengaluru and reviewed the work done by both AICRPDA and AICRPAM centers located in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala & Tamil Nadu. Another meeting was held at ICAR-CRIDA, Hyderabad during 16-18 August, 2018 to finalize the QRT report. QRT visit to AICRPDA center, Bengaluru Dr. J.C. Katyal presented the salient recommendations of QRT to DG, ICAR and other officials in presence of DDG (NRM) and ADG (A, AF & CC) on 13th September, 2018 at ICAR, New Delhi. Honorable DG, ICAR has appreciated the work done by the QRT. QRT meeting in progress Hindi fortnight celebrations The Hindi fortnight was organized from 1st to 14th September, 2018 at ICAR-CRIDA, Hyderabad. On this occasion, Hindi Noting & Drafting, Hindi-English technical terminology and other Hindi competitions were organized. Winners were awarded on concluding day, 14th September, 2018. CRIDA - Newsletter 4 Interface meeting on agricultural contingencies for Andhra Pradesh In view of the low rainfall and its poor distribution in some parts of Andhra Pradesh, at the behest of ICAR-CRIDA, an interface meeting was organized by ICAR-CRIDA on August 3, 2018 with Department of Agriculture and ANGRAU under the chairmanship of special Commissioner of Agriculture, Government of A.P. to review and develop mid-course action plans for Rayalaseema (Anantapuramu, Kurnool, Kadapa and Chittoor), Prakasham, Nellore and Guntur districts. The participants included Director of Research, ANGRAU, Special Commissioner of Agriculture, A.P., Joint Collector, Kadapa, Senior scientists from ANGRAU, JDAs, ADAs, Scientists from KVKs and farmer representatives. Dr. NV Naidu, Director of Research ANGRAU, conducted the proceedings of the meeting. Dr. KV Rao, ICAR-CRIDA and Dr. S Malleswari, ANGRAU made detailed presentations on current rainfall scenario and forecast for the forthcoming weeks. Sri D. Muralidhar Reddy, Special Commissioner in his address emphasized that department should gear up to rescue the crops in the field, plans to cover unsown area and preparation of documents for early drought declaration procedures. Dr. NDRK Sharma, Consultant, Department of Agriculture, highlighted the implementation of agriculture contingency plans during past years and requested the officers to prioritize the interventions based on the uptake of preferred technology options by the farmers. Sensitization on district agricultural contingency plans for Mizoram In an interface meeting of ICAR-Mizoram State held on 24.09.2018 to sensitize the Senior officers of the State on District Agricultural Contingency Plans (DACPs). This is the first meeting on sensitization of DACPs to senior officials in the North-Eastern states of India. Mr. Lalsawta, Cabinet Minister for Finance & Planning chaired the meeting. Mr. Lalthanliana, Cabinet Minister for Horticulture, LAD & SWD and Mr. Lalmingthanga, Commissioner & Secretary, Agriculture were guests of honour. Secretaries from Horticulture, Sericulture, Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science; Directors of various line departments; Director, ICAR - Research Complex, NEH Region and Director, ATARI, Umiam also attended the meeting. Dr. N. Prakash presented the technologies developed by ICAR RC for NEH and Dr. Deka highlighted how KVK set up is actively participating in dissemination of technologies. The Commissioner of Agriculture highlighted that only 30% of the food grains are produced in Mizoram. Mr. Lalthanliana mentioned that farming community in Mizoram are facing multi-faceted problems. Mr. Lalsawta emphasized on developing viable alternatives to Jhum cultivation which is responsible for meager yields. Dr. S. Desai, Principal Scientist, ICAR-CRIDA made a presentation on "Sensitization on District Agricultural Contingency Plans to meet the weather aberration impacts on agriculture in Mizoram".The Commissioner & Secretary, Agriculture appreciated the efforts and emphasized on more sensitization about DACPs among district officials. The meeting ended with vote of thanks by Ms. Shakuntala, JD, ICAR Research Complex, Kolasib centre. Contingency Plans Interface meeting in progress Interface meeting at Mizoram July - December, 2018 5 Technology Transfer Hon'ble Prime Minister's interaction with SHGs & women groups at ICAR-CRIDA Web telecasting of Hon'ble Prime Minister's interaction with SHGs & Women's groups was organized by Krishi Vigyan Kendra – Ranga Reddy District, ICAR-CRIDA on 12.07.2018 in KVK Campus, Hayathnagar Research Farm, ICAR-CRIDA. About 74 SHG women from four different villages of Ranga Reddy District, Telangana State participated. The Hon'ble Prime Minister's interaction with SHG women emphasized on improving the economic status of farm families through supporting SHG women by strengthening the Self Help Groups. The Prime Minister highlighted about DAY-NRLM programme (Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihood Mission). Almost 30 lakh SHG women are being supported under Mahila Kisan Sashakthikaran Pariyojana (MKSP) to promote sustainable agriculture practices and the objective of Mission Antyodaya is to develop poverty free panchayats. Web telecasting of Hon'ble Prime Minister's interaction with SHGs & women's groups Parthenium awareness week organized Training cum awareness programme on integrated management of Parthenium was organized by KVK-CRIDA, Ranga Reddy District on 21st August, 2018. About 50 participants from Agriculture College, farmers, teaching and extension officials attended the programme. Subject matter specialists from KVK-CRIDA highlighted the technical aspects of Parthenium management, invasion of Parthenium in India, plant physiology-spread, impact and harmful effects of weed on crop, composting of weed. Displayed posters and removed weeds from demo plots and office premises of KVK. National nutrition month organized The theme for National Nutrition Month for 2018 was "Go Further with Food". On this occasion, organized 3 training programmes and method demonstrations i.e. (i) Prevention of anaemia – preparation of low cost nutritious recipes on 6th September, 2018, (ii) Value addition to millet products as food security & income generating activity on 11th September, 2018, (iii) Demonstration on dried green leafy vegetables – different recipes to prevent Iron & Calcium deficiency on 18th September, 2018 in KVK adopted villages Gummadivelli, Kolanguda and Nerrapally, for about 291 women. These programmes involved total 291 women, of which 67 were SC /ST, 224 were others. Distributed 200 drumstick plants as part of National Nutrition Week to women of self help groups. National women farmers' day (Mahila Kisan Divas) & technology day National Women Farmers' Day (Mahila Kisan Divas) and Technology Day was organized by Krishi Vigyan Kendra-Ranga Reddy District, ICAR-CRIDA on 15th October, 2018 at Hayathnagar Research Farm with the participation of women farmers from Ranga Reddy district. Dr. V. Maruthi, Head & Principal Scientist, KVK briefed the importance of the day and women's role in agriculture. Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting), ICAR-CRIDA, presided over as Chief Guest and addressed about the women farmers' role in agriculture, drudgery management practices to be followed by women farmers, nutritional disorders and health issues. Dr. Y. G. Prasad, Director, ATARI, Guest of honour, requested the women farmers to utilize skill training programmes of KVK related to dairy and floriculture and NARI (Nutri sensitive agri-resources and innovations) programme of ICAR through KVK. The resource persons Dr. K. Aruna, Professor and Head (Retd.), AICRP (Home Science) informed the women farmers about the health, nutrition, diet, nutritive value of millets and gave a detailed presentation on nutritional disorders and remedies. Sri DGP Sharma, Senior Executive officer, Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) has explained different schemes in KVIC, loan facilities and Honey production and rearing techniques. Two brochures on Good management practices of chickpea and redgram cultivation, pamphlets on fall army worm in maize, pink bollworm in cotton, hydroponics in fodder cultivation, balanced nutrition diet for livestock were released. Five progressive women farmers and women entrepreneurs from Ranga Reddy District were felicitated on this occasion. National women farmers' day celebration CRIDA - Newsletter 6 World soil day organized ICAR-CRIDA celebrated world soil day on 5th December, 2018 at ICAR- CRIDA under the Chairmanship of Dr. G. Ravindra Chary, Director (In charge), ICAR-CRIDA, Hyderabad. Around 200 participants comprising of students, scientists, technical officers, KVK officials attended the awareness programme. Dr. G. Ravindra Chary explained historical background of World Soil Day, the usage of Soil Health Cards and its interpretation for effective nutrient management in the field crops for sustainable crop yields. Dr. K.L. Sharma, Principal Scientist, educated the participating students about the importance of soils and clarified the doubts raised by the students. The students were sensitized about the importance of soils through demonstrations, posters and exhibits and practical insights to laboratories. On this occasion posters on "Know your soils", "Soil profile" and "Identification of Nutrient deficiencies in Plants and Crops" were displayed for the benefit of the students. Dr. G. Ravindra Chary, Director (In-Charge) addressing students Kisan Diwas organized during Swachhtha Pakhwada KVK-CRIDA, Ranga Reddy District organized one day Kisan Diwas on 23rd December, 2018 as a part of Swachhtha Pakhwada (16-31st December, 2018). Dr. V. Maruthi, Principal Scientist & Head, KVK welcomed the invited farmers from 12 mandals of Ranga Reddy District and enlightened the objectives of the Kisan Diwas. Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting), ICAR-CRIDA, Hyderabad was the Chief Guest. He explained to the farmers about the importance of Swachatha and also emphasized to prepare manure from the wastes generated on farmers' fields. Dr. K. Srinivas, Principal Scientist & OIC, HRF shared experiences on Swachhta initiatives by farmers and civil society officials. Farmers were felicitated based on the initiatives/adoptable measurers expressed during the interaction. SMSs from KVK gave lectures on Good Agricultural Practices in horticulture, agriculture, women empowerment and animal husbandry. Farmers visited demonstration units, exhibition, posters presentation of KVK and gained knowledge. About 107 members including farmers, farm women, ADAs, AOs, AEOs, ATMA officials attended the programme and got handful information with printed literature. Felicitation to farmer during Swachhatha Pakhwada Around 200 farmers including farm women and school going children participated in the awareness campaign of Swachhtha Pakhwada in Farmers First Village. The people were trained in the knowledge about segregation of biodegradable and nondegradable wastes. AICRPs XV Biennial workshop of AICRPAM organized The XVth Biennial workshop of the AICRP on Agrometeorology (AICRPAM) was organized at Regional Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Vijayapura, Karnataka during 15-17 November, 2018. Participants of XV Biennial workshop, AICRPAM The objective of the workshop was to review the research progress made during 2017-18 and finalization of the technical program for the year 2018-2020. Monsoon mission II project meeting at ICRISAT Monsoon mission II project meeting was held at ICRISAT, Patancheru, Hyderabad on 10th September, 2018. Dr. Peter Carberry, DG, ICRISAT, Dr. G. Ravindra Chary, Director (In-charge), Dr. P. Vijaya Kumar and Dr. AVM. Subba Rao from AICRPAM, ICAR-CRIDA, Dr. Suryachandra Rao, Associate Mission Director, Shri S.M.D. Jeelani, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, Dr. Anthony Whitbread, Research Program Director, Dr. AVR Kesava Rao, Dr. K.P.C. Rao and Dr. D. Ram, ICRISAT July - December, 2018 7 National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) Sixth NICRA Annual Review Workshop Organized A two day Annual Review workshop of National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) was inaugurated by Dr. T. Mohapatra, Secretary, DARE & Director General, ICAR at NASC, New Delhi on 7th August, 2018. Chhabilendra Roul, Special Secretary, DARE & Secretary, ICAR, Shri B. Pradhan, FA & Additional Secretary, DARE & ICAR, Dr. K. Alagusundaram, DDG (Agril. Engg. & NRM I/c), Dr. AK Singh, DDG (Agril. Extn.), Dr. Anand Kumar Singh, DDG (Hort. Science & Crop Sciences I/c), Dr. Joykrushna Jena, DDG (Fisheries), Dr. S Bhaskar, ADG (A, AF&CC), Dr. SK Chaudhari, ADG (SWM), Dr. K Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting), ICAR-CRIDA, Hyderabad and NICRA Expert Committee Members viz., Dr. B Venkateswarlu, Ex-VC,Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth Krishinagar, Parbhani; Dr. V Praveen Rao, Vice Chancellor, PJTSAU, Hyderabad; Dr. CL Acharya, Ex-Director, ICAR-IISS, Bhopal; Dr. KK Singh, ADG (Farm Engg.), ICAR; Dr. YS Ramakrishna, ExDirector, ICAR-CRIDA, Hyderabad; Dr. HE Shashidhar, Retired Professor of Genetics, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru; Dr. RC Upadhyay, Principal Scientist (Retd.) NDRI, Karnal; Dr. AG Ponniah, Ex-Director, ICAR-CIBA, Chennai; Prof. UC Mohanty, Professor IIT, Bhubaneswar; Dr. NK Krishna Kumar, Coordinator, Biodiversity International, New Delhi; Dr. Praduman Kumar, Ex-Head, Economics, IARI, New Delhi, Dr. N. Sudhakar, Ex-Director, ATARI and Dr. H. Senapati, Former Dean, OUAT, Bhubaneshwar, Chairmen of Zonal monitoring teams and Directors of NICRA partner institutes participated in the review workshop. Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting), ICAR-CRIDA presented the highlights of achievements of NICRA Project during the last two years (2016-17 to 2017-18). Various events during sixth NICRA annual review workshop participated in this meeting and discussed on developing a farmer-friendly app and web site for disseminating agromet advisories. AICRPDA centres organized stakeholder consultation workshops Stakeholder consultation workshops were organized in the adopted villages by 9 AICRPDA centres viz. Akola, Arjia, Anantapuramu, Bengaluru, Kovilpatti, Phulbani, SK Nagar, Solapur and Vijayapura to discuss on strengthening the traditional rainfed integrated farming systems (TRIFS). Dr. S. Bhaskar, ADG (A, AF&CC), Dr. G. Ravindra Chary, Project Coordinator (AICRPDA), scientists from AICRPs/ICAR Institutes/ SAUs/KVKs, officials from state line departments, ATMA, NGOs and most importantly farmers participated and gave feedback for identifying component-wise suitable interventions for strengthening traditional RIFSs in the respective agroclimatic zones of the centres. Stakeholder workshop in Sunderpura village, Bhilwara district, Rajasthan on 26.10.2018 Stakeholder workshop in Kalenhalli village, Tumkur District, Karnataka on 13.08.2018 CRIDA - Newsletter 8 Important Visitors Ms. Arnella Trent, Senior Crop Analyst, International Production Assessment Division, U.S. Department of Agriculture / Foreign Agriculture Service along with Mr. Dhruv Sood, Agricultural Specialist from U.S. Consulate, Mumbai visited ICAR-CRIDA on 4th September, 2018 to discuss the cotton crop production, planting area and general assessment of the crop in Telangana State. During their visit information regarding dryland agriculture, soils, watershed management and extension activities was exchanged with them. A total of 1637 students from Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Andhra Pradesh, 40 Scientists from NAARM, Hyderabad, 283 Agricultural Officers from Tamil Nadu & Telangana and 328 farmers from Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh & Tamil Nadu visited ICAR-CRIDA, Hyderabad during the period. Dr. T. Mohapatra in his inaugural address suggested to make the 151 Climate Resilient Villages (CRVs) to CRV Cluster Villages and the need to actively involve State Governments for successful upscaling of CRVs. There were eight Technical sessions under different themes viz., Resilience through Natural Resources Management, Resilience through Crop Improvement and Adaptation, Technology Demonstration Component Session: Lessons from Technology Demonstration and Future Roadmap, Resilience through Adaptation in Horticultural Crops, Pests, Diseases & Pollinators,Assessment of Impacts on Fisheries-Adaptation and Mitigation Options, Vulnerability Assessment, Socio-Economic Impacts and Farm Advisories, Adaptation Strategies for Climate Resilient Livestock Production, Integrated Modeling Framework. Each session chaired by concerned DDGs and co-chaired by NICRA Expert Committee members and concerned ADGs from ICAR, New Delhi. A detailed session-wise recommendations was presented by Dr. M Prabhakar, PI, NICRA, ICARCRIDA, Hyderabad in the plenary session chaired by Dr. K Alagusundaram, DDG (NRM), ICAR. Zonal Monitoring Committee Visits During the period, zonal monitoring committee visits were organized in the KVKs of ATARI zones viz. Guwahati, Barapani, Kolkata, Jodhpur, Jabalpur, Bengaluru and Hyderabad. Zonal monitoring committee's visits to various zones were organized to review the technical progress of different modules like NRM, crop production, livestock & fishery and institutional interventions in the NICRA villages and for making appropriate suggestions for improvement. ZMC with VCRMC members, Dimapur ZMC with VCRMC members, Malda July - December, 2018 9 Visits Abroad Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting), ICAR-CRIDA visited Katowice, Poland to participate in the UNFCCC COP-24/CMP14/ CMA1.3 and to organize the side event at Indian Pavilion at COP24 during 30th November - 5th December, 2018. During the visit, he has organized the Side Event at Indian Pavilion @ COP24 on the theme "Scaling up Adaptation Strategies for Climate Resilient Agriculture" on 5th December, 2018. This side event was Chaired by Dr. Anthony Simons, Director General, World Agroforestry Centre (WAC), Nairobi and Co-Chaired by Prof. N.H. Ravindranath, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru. In this side event Dr. Reddy has presented two papers and Dr. R.S. Sinha, Additional Commissioner (NRM), Department of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare, Government of India presented a paper. The side event was very successful as about 25 Indian and foreign delegates were present. After thorough deliberations, the following conclusions were drawn, • There is a need to revise the vulnerability atlas of India taking into consideration the dimensions and definition of vulnerability and risk in the recent Assessment Report of IPCC. • NICRA project was successful in establishing 151 model climate resilient villages in 151 vulnerable districts. But there is a need to upscale the climate resilient villages in highly and medium vulnerable districts. • There is a need to scaling up successful IFS models developed for different agro-climatic regions of India by taking into consideration the resources available with farmers. Dr. K. Sammi Reddy organizing side event at Indian Pavilion, COP24, Katowice, Poland Dr. Suseelendra Desai, Principal Scientist (Plant Pathology) participated in the Regional Conference on "Role of Soil and Plant Health Towards Achieving Sustainable Development Goals in Asia-Pacific" held during 20-24 November, 2018 at Bangkok, Thailand. APAARI, Department of Agriculture, Thailand and Indian Phytopathological Society jointly organized the conference and the participants included diverse experts from research, development, extension, policy makers, private sectors, professional societies, civil society organizations and donor organizations, to share specific long-term experiences on the neglect of soil and plant health in the Asia-Pacific region. Dr. Desai was invited to deliver a lead lecture on "Potential impacts of climate change on plant pathogens and biocontrol agents and adaptation strategies". He also chaired a technical session on "Plant health management – case studies" along with Dr. GD Sinniah from Sri Lanka. The conference deliberated on soil and plant health aspects in detail and agreed to formulate a group to address these issues in the years to come. Dr. Desai delivering lecture Dr. K.V. Rao, Principal Scientist (Soil and Water Conservation Engineering), Division of Resource Management visited United Kingdom (UK) to participate in Workshop on "Advancing Drought Monitoring, Prediction and Management Capabilities" during 18th - 20th September, 2018 at Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK . CRIDA - Newsletter 10 Forthcoming Events Sl. No. Title of the event Dates 1. XXVI Biennial Workshop of AICRP for Dryland Agriculture, at AICRPDA Bengaluru Centre, UASB 16-19th January, 2019 2. Republic Day 26th January, 2019 3. National Science Day 28th February, 2019 4. ICAR-CRIDA Foundation Day 12th April, 2019 5. IRC meeting 23-25, April, 2019, 9-10th May, 2019 6. World Environment Day 5th June, 2019 DOE sponsored Model Training Course on "Extension Strategies for Participatory Natural Resource Management in Rainfed Agriculture" Model Training Course sponsored by DOE was organised at ICAR-CRIDA during September 24 - October 1, 2018. Twenty eight officials from eight different states viz., Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Goa, Punjab and Karnataka attended the model training course. The course covered various extension strategies of Soil and water conservation measures for enhanced productivity in drylands, Technologies for sustainable NRM in Rainfed areas, Horticulture systems in Rainfed Agriculture for sustainable NRM and enhanced productivity, Enhancing productivity of crops and cropping systems through effective use of natural resources, Farming systems approach for sustainable NRM in drylands, Role of Livestock and their management for enhancing productivity and income in drylands, Gender mainstreaming in NRM, Communication tools and techniques for sustainable NRM. Inaugural session of Model Training Course on "Extension Strategies for Participatory Natural Resource Management in Rainfed Agriculture" ICAR-Short Course on 'Assessment of Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture' A ten day short course on 'Assessment of vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in agriculture', sponsored by the Agricultural Education Division of the ICAR, was conducted during 28th November to 7th December, 2018 at ICAR-CRIDA. The short course has provided the participants with various concepts, approaches and methods used in assessing vulnerability and adaptation. Twenty one participants from five ICAR institutes and eight state agricultural universities participated. A majority of the participants expressed that their expectations from the short course were fulfilled to a large extent. Participants of ICAR Short Course on "Assessment of Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture" KVK Programmes About 34 training programmes were organized during the period July to December, 2018 on different aspects of agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, farm mechanization and women empowerment to farmers and farm women from Ranga Reddy district. 1142 farmers and farm women were benefitted from these training programmes. Human Resource Development July - December, 2018 11 Participation in Seminars and Symposia Name of the Personnel Workshop / Seminar / Symposium / Meeting Duration Venue K. Sammi Reddy International Consultation Workshop on Adapting agriculture in semiarid India to a global temperature rise by 1.5 0C. 3-4 October, 2018 WOTR, Pune National Workshop on Sustainability of Indian Agriculture, Natural Resource Perspective with special reference to water. 11 October, 2018 IIWM, Bhubaneswar 83rd Annual Convention of the Indian Society of Soil Science. 27-28 November, 2018 AAU, Anand UNFCCC COP-24 / CMP14 / CMA1.2 Meeting. 30 November to 5 December, 2018 Katowice, Poland G. Ravindra Chary & B.M.K. Raju Brainstorming workshop on "Prioritization of Rainfed Districts in India" organized by NRAA & ICAR-CRIDA. 11-12 December, 2018 NASC, New Delhi C.A. Rama Rao Stakeholders Consultation Meeting on NICRA. 20 July, 2018 NASC, New Delhi Expert consultation meeting for Impact Assessment of the AP Drought Mitigation Project of Govt. of A.P. 14 August, 2018 WASSAN, Hyderabad National Workshop on Promotion of Developing Climate Resilient Villages for Sustainable Food and Nutritional Security. 4-5 October, 2018 MANAGE, Hyderabad 26th Annual Conference of Agriculture Economics Research Association (India) on 'Agriculture and Sustainable Development Goals. 15-17 November, 2018 ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, Haryana Brainstorming meeting conducted by NRAA. 11-12 December, 2018 NASC, New Delhi B.M.K. Raju & R. Nagarjuna Kumar Consultation Meeting on 'Risk and vulnerability of agriculture to climate change: A district level assessment'. 20 July, 2018 NASC, New Delhi B.M.K. Raju 72nd Annual Conference of Indian Society of Agricultural Statistics (ISAS) organized with a broader theme of 'Statistics, Informatics, Engineering Interventions and Business Opportunities: A Road-Map To Transform Indian Agriculture Towards Prosperity' 13-15 December, 2018 ICAR - CIAE, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh Boini Narsimlu International Conference on "Global Water Security for Agriculture and Natural Resources" organized by ASABE USA & ISAE India. 3-6 October, 2018 Hotel, Taj Krishna, Hyderabad R. Nagarjuna Kumar ICAR-ICT Road map. 6 July, 2018 IIMR, Hyderabad National Workshop on Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture: Status and Prospects. 30-31 July, 2018 NASC, New Delhi Josily Samuel and P.K. Pankaj 'Workshop on CLEM-Crop Livestock Enterprise Modelling'. 22-23 October, 2018 ICRISAT, Hyerabad D. Sudheer Indian International Science Festival-Agriculture Conclave. 5 -7 October, 2018 Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh G. Sri Krishna Hands on Training to Master trainers of KVKs on TCS-ICAR-KVK Sandesh. 3 August, 2018 ATARI, Zone X, Hyderabad Training of Trainers for KVKs, SAUs and ICAR institutes. 25-27 September, 2018 PJTSAU, Hyderabad Annual Zonal Workshop of KVKs Zone X 20-22 September, 2018 ATARI-CRIDA G. Nirmala, K. Nagasree & Anshida Beevi C.N. 9th National Extension education Congress on "Climate Resilient Agriculture – Innovations and Technologies" 15-17 November, 2018 CAEPHT, Ranipool, Sikkim CRIDA - Newsletter 12 1. Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting), ICAR – CRIDA was inducted as the Fellow of the Indian Society of Soil Science (ISSS), New Delhi. He received "ISSS Fellow Award" from His Excellency Honorable Governor of Gujarat Shri O.P. Kohli at 83rd Annual Convention of the ISSS held at Anand on 27.11.2018. Dr. K. Sammi Reddy receiving ISSS Fellow Award from Shri O. P. Kohli, Honorable Governor of Gujarat 2. AICRPDA-Vijayapura centre received "ICAR-Vasantrao Naik Award" for Outstanding Research and Application in Dryland Farming Systems for 2017" during ICAR Foundation Day and Award Ceremony on July 16, 2018 at NASC, New Delhi. AICRPDA Vijayapura centre receiving ICAR-Vasantrao Naik Award 3. Dr. G. Ravindra Chary, Project Coordinator (DLA) received "Indian Society of Agronomy Gold Medal Award" on 24.10.2018 during XXI Biennial National Symposium on Doubling Farmers' income through Agronomic Interventions under Changing Scenario at MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan. Dr. G. Ravindra Chary receiving Indian Society of Agronomy Gold Medal Award 4. Dr. G. Nirmala, Principal Scientist (Agril. Extension) & Head, TOT was honored with "SEE Fellow Award" during 9th National Extension Education Congress organized by Society of Extension Education Agra at CAEPHT, Ranipool, Sikkim during 15-17 November, 2018. Dr. G. Nirmala receiving SEE Fellow Award 5. Dr. K. Nagasree, Principal Scientist (Agril. Extension) received "Best Extension Professional Award" during 9th National Extension Education Congress organized by Society of Extension Education Agra at CAEPHT, Ranipool, Sikkim during 15-17 November, 2018. Dr. K. Nagasree receiving Best Extension Professional Award Awards and Recognition July - December, 2018 13 6. Dr. B.M.K. Raju, Principal Scientist (Agril. Statistics) was included as "Member of Task Force" constituted by NRAA, DAC & FW, Govt. of India for 'Prioritization of rainfed districts in India'. 7. Dr. R. Nagarjuna Kumar, Scientist received the "Best Paper Award" for the paper "Spatial Rice Decision Support System (SRDSS) for effective rice crop management", Current Science Vol. 116, No. 3 by IIRR, presented during Annual day Celebrations of IIRR organized at ICAR-IIRR, Hyderabad on 15th December, 2018. 8. Dr. R. Nagarjuna Kumar, Scientist received the "Outstanding Scientist Award 2018" during the International Conference on Agriculture, Horticulture and Food Science held at Hotel Hans, New Delhi during 29-30 December, 2018. 9. Dr. Anshida Beevi C.N., Scientist (Agril. Extension) conferred with "Ganga Singh Chauhan Memorial Award-2018" for outstanding research contributions in the field of Extension Education during 9th National Extension Education Congress organized by Society of Extension Education Agra at CAEPHT, Ranipool, Sikkim during 15-17 November, 2018. Dr. Anshida Beevi C.N. receiving Ganga Singh Chauhan Memorial Award 10. Dr. Anshida Beevi C.N., Scientist (Agril. Extension) received "Best Paper Presentation Award-2018" for the paper "Drudgery Reducing Technologies for Women Empowerment in the Rainfed Areas" during 9th National Extension Education Congress 11. Sri Mula Mahender Reddy of KVK, Chandippa village of Ranga Reddy district received "Best Farmer Award" by Aaj Tak News Channel on 24th October, 2018 for outstanding contribution in "Raised Platform / Elevated Animal Shed in Semi-Intensive Goat Farming". Sri. Mula Mahender Reddy receiving "Best Farmer Award" by Aaj Tak News Channel Personnel Information Appointments / Promotions / Transfers / Joining Name and Designation Joined/ Transferred/ Promoted/ Appointed Date w.e.f Transfers/ Joinings Shri Rajkumar Dhakar, Scientist, ICAR-CRIDA Transferred as Scientist, ICAR- IARI, New Delhi 25.08.2018 Dr. B. Krishna Rao, Principal Scientist, ICAR-CRIDA Joined as Director (A&R), WALAMTARI, Hyderabad on deputation (12.09.2018 to 11.09.2021) 12.09.2018 Dr. A. Amarender Reddy, Principal Scientist Transferred to ICAR-CRIDA, Hyderabad 06.09.2018 Smt. D. Lakshmi Aruna Gayathri T-3 (Farm Assistant) 22.12.2018 Shri Bandi Srikanth Goud T-3 (Farm Assistant) 26.12.2018 Shri Awinash Brahamwanshi T-1 (Fieldman) 28.12.2018 Promotions Shri Rajkumar Dhakar, Scientist (Agricultural Physics) Promoted to next higher pay Rs. 7000/- 02.05.2016 Shri G. Venkatesh, Scientist (Agro-forestry) Promoted to next higher pay Rs. 8000/- 01.01.2014 Promoted to next higher pay Rs. 9000/- 01.01.2017 Shri Sarath Chandran M. A., Scientist (Agricultural Meteorology) Promoted to next higher pay Rs. 7000/- 01.01.2018 CRIDA - Newsletter 14 Cultural and Welfare Activities Swachhtha Pakhwada Swachhtha Pakhwada was celebrated by ICAR-CRIDA during 16-31 December, 2018. The date-wise activities set out in the programme were implemented at ICAR-CRIDA main office, Hayathnagar Research Farm, Gunegal Research Farm and surrounding residential areas and in villages, involving all the employees of ICAR-CRIDA, farmers and civil society members, VIPs, media persons. Swachhtha Pakhwada Celebration at farmers first village The concluding function of Swachhtha Pakhwada was organized on 31st December, 2018. A brief account of the Swachhtha Pakhwada activities carried out from 16th – 31st December, 2018 was presented. Prizes for debate and essay writing competitions held during the fortnight were distributed. The event received good media coverage. Vanamahotsavam ICAR-CRIDA Cultural and Recreation Club organized Vanamahotsavam at Hayathnagar Research Farm of the institute on 20th November, 2018. All the CRIDA staff members actively participated in the cultural activities. The events generated great enthusiasm and unity among staff. Director (Acting), ICAR-CRIDA distributing prizes to winners XIV Meeting of ICAR-CRIDA IJSC Second meeting of XIV IJSC was held on 20th October, 2018 in Director's Committee room under the Chairmanship of Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting) and Chairman, IJSC, ICAR-CRIDA. The meeting was attended by following official side members Dr. K.L. Sharma, Dr. R. Nagarjuna Kumar, Sri B.D. Phansal, CAO, Sri A. Srinivasa Murthy, SFAO and Dr. Ravikanth V. Adake, Official side Secretary and Dr. (Smt.) K. Salini, Scientist (Genetics & Plant Breeding) Promoted to next higher pay Rs. 7000/- 15.09.2015 Dr. Prabhat Kumar Pankaj, Sr. Scientist (Livestock Production & Management) Promoted to next higher pay Rs. 9000/- 08.05.2015 Dr. (Smt.) R. Rejani, Sr. Scientist Principal Scientist 30.08.2017 Dr. S. M. Vidya Sekhar, Chief Technical Officer (T-9) Advance increment 03.02.2017 Dr. (Smt.) D. Anantha V. Rao, Chief Technical Officer (T-9) Advance increment 03.02.2017 Shri Ram Kumar, Assistant Chief Technical Officer (T-7-8) Chief Technical Officer (T-9) 24.02.2018 Shri S. Vijaya Kumar, Senior Technical Officer (T-6) Assistant Chief Technical Officer (T-7-8) 25.10.2015 Shri K. Surender Rao, Chief Technical Officer (T-9) Advance increment 03.02.2017 Shri G. Prabhakar, Senior Technical Officer (T-6) Assistant Chief Technical Officer (T-7-8) 03.11.2017 Appointment Dr. K.L. Sharma Appointed as Vigilance Officer 15.11.2018 ICAR-CRIDA extends best wishes to them Retirements Name Designation Date of superannuation Dr. (Smt). K. Usha Rani Assistant Chief Technical Officer 04.10.2018 Shri B. Anjaiah SSS 31.10.2018 Shri Buchaiah Ennapally Senior Technician 30.11.2018 Shri Jainender Assistant Chief Technical Officer 31.12.2018 Our best wishes for happy and peaceful retired life to all of them July - December, 2018 15 BOOK-POST To _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Published by : Dr. G. Ravindra Chary, Director (Acting), ICAR-CRIDA Editorial Board Chairman : Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, Head, DRM Editors : Dr. (Mrs.) K. Nagasree, Pr. Scientist (TOT) Dr. P. K Pankaj, Senior Scientist (TOT) Dr. R. Nagarjuna Kumar, Scientist, (SDA) Dr. Anshida Beevi C.N., Scientist, (TOT) Hindi Translation : Dr. P.K. Pankaj, Sr. Scientist, (TOT) Dr. S.R. Yadav, Asstt. Director (OL) Secretarial Assistance : Mrs. M.A. Rekha, PA Photo credits : Mr. K. Surender Rao, CTO ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture Santoshnagar, Saidabad PO, Hyderabad - 500 059 Ph: 040-24530157/161/163 Fax: 040-24531802 E-mail: news.crida@icar.gov.in Website: www.crida.in staff side members Sri V. Venunath, CJSC Member, Sri B. Krishna, Secretary, Staff side, Sri S. Ratnashankar Rao, Sri D. Srinivas, Sri A. Mallesh Yadav and Sri S. Shankar Reddy. Agenda points were discussed in the meeting. क्रीडा, हैदराबाद में स्वर्गीय श्री अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी जी, भूतपूर्व प्रधानमं त्री, भारत सरकार का प्रथम मासिक श्रद्धांजलि दिवस आयोजित भारतीय कृ षि अनुसं धान परिषद (आईसीएआर) के दिशा-निर्देशानुसार कें द्रीय बारानी कृ षि अनुसं धान सं स्थान (क्रीडा-CRIDA), हैदराबाद के प्रांगण में रविवार दिनांक 16 सितंबर, 2018 को भारत रत्न स्वर्गीय श्री अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी जी, भूतपूर्व प्रधानमं त्री, भारत सरकार को प्रथम मासिक श्रद्धांजलि दिवस के अवसर पर श्रद्धा सुमन अर्पित किए गए। इस अवसर पर आयोजित विशेष कार्यक्रम में कार्मिको को सं बो ं धित करते हुए सं स्थान के निदेशक महोदय डॉ के सम्मी रेड्डी ने स्व. वाजपेयी जी को महान कवि, समाज सेवी, सर्वप्रिय जननेता तथा देश-विदेश में भारत की छवि को निखारने वाला राजनेता बताते हुए उनके सिद्धांतो को अपनाने पर बल ं दिया। आपने स्व. वाजपेयी के सं घर्षों से परिपूर्ण जीवन का उल्लेख करते हुए देश को नई ऊं चाइयो पर प ं हुंचाने हेतु उन्हेंप्रेरणा स्त्रोत बताया। इस कार्यक्रम में डॉ पी के जैन, वैज्ञानिक-एफ, एआरसीआई, हैदराबाद ने मुख्य अतिथि के रूप में पधारकर वाजपेयी जी की प्रसिद्ध इक्यावन कविताओं का सं क्षिप्त परिचय दिया तथा उनकी श्रेष्ठ कविताओ का ं वाचन करते हुए भावार्थ समझाते हुए वर्तमान परिदृश्य में उनकी उपयोगिता को सिद्ध करते हुए उनके उद्देश्यों का अनुपालन करने का अनुरोध देश्यों किया। आपने कौरव कौन कौन पांडव; ऊं चाई के साथ विस्तार भी हो; मुझे इतनी ऊं चाई कभी मत देना; मौत से ठन गई; सामने वार कर फिर मुझे आजमा; बिखरे नीड; सवेरा है मगर पूरब दिशा में; सच्चाई यह है कि; ऊं चाई; आओ मन की गांठें खोलें; नामक कविताओ का ं विस्त रूप से भा तृ वार्थ समझाया। इस विशेष कार्यक्रम का सं चालन डॉ नागार्जुन कु मार, वैज्ञानिक ने, धन्यवाद ज्ञापन डॉ एस आर यादव ने तथा डॉ पंकज कु मार ने कार्यक्रम के आयोजन में विशेष भूमिका निभाते हुए सं पूर्ण सहयोग प्रदान किया। इस अवसर पर सं स्थान के अधिकांश वैज्ञानिक एवं अन्य कार्मिक उपस्थित थे। South zone sports meet ICAR-CRIDA sports contingent comprising 31 participants and 1 CDM participated in the ICAR South Zone Sports Meet - 2018 organized by ICAR-CTRI, Rajahmundry at DSA stadium, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh during 5th-9th September, 2018. In this tournament, Mr. B. Kiran Kumar, SSS, secured 1st place in javelin throw and Mr. Mukund, Senior Technical Assistant secured 2nd place in cycling. Mr.B. Kiran Kumar receiving 1st prize in Javelin throw Mr. Mukund receiving 2nd prize in cycling Independence day celebrations The 72nd Independence Day was celebrated on August 15, 2018 with pride and patriotic zeal. The Director hoisted the flag and addressed the staff of CRIDA. In this occasion, Director distributed cash awards (CCS & CCRC) to the X class toppers of CRIDA staff children and motivated the staff with his message to work with dedication and boost institute's growth. Director (Acting), ICAR-CRIDA addressing the staff CRIDA - Newsletter 16 Dr. K Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting), ICAR-CRIDA Small Farm Mechanization is the Key for Successful Adoption of Climate Resilient Technologies by Farmers in Rainfed Areas Over the years, the National Agricultural Research System (NARS) has contributed significantly to development and transfer of technologies for a more viable and sustainable rainfed agriculture. Of late, timely farm operations has become an expensive preposition due to shortage of agricultural labour in rainfed areas. To obtain the proper response from the rainfed crops, small farm mechanization is the key to meet the timeliness of operations in quick session for establishment of crop and enhancing inputs and moisture use efficiency. Realizing the fact, CRIDA and AICRP on dryland agriculture have identified small farm mechanization as one of the prioritized research area and made continuous untiring efforts to develop dryland farm implements. So far, CRIDA has developed nearly 23 dryland farm implements which are being widely adopted by rainfed farmers. More than 3 lakh units of CRIDA BBF Planters have been sold to farmers during the last 5-6 years in states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana etc. Since about 85% of the rainfed farmers are small and marginal who can't afford to procure farm implements, rainfed farm mechanization is not happening at desired pace. Therefore, CRIDA under its flagship programmes, NAIP and NICRA has conceptualized the Custom Hiring Centre (CHC) and implemented successfully in 151 climate resilient villages (CRVs) of vulnerable districts under NICRA. Suitable farm implements were identified for each CRV through focused group discussions with the farmers pertaining to their farm operations. To oversee the requirements, service and maintenance aspects of these machines, a village climate risk management committees (VCRMC) have been constituted. This approach has showed many positive results in enhancing the crop productivity in climate resilient village clusters due to timely availability of improved implements at affordable cost for the small and marginal farmers in their own village or nearby village. Dr. K. Sammi Reddy, Director (Acting), ICAR-CRIDA From the Director's Desk . निदेशक की कलम से ……… वर्षा आधारित क्षेत्रों में क षेत्रों िसानो द्ं वारा जलवायु समुत्‍थान प्रौद्योगिकियो को सफलतापू ं र्वक अपनाने में छोटे कृषि यंत्रों कत्रों ी मुख्‍य भूमिका पिछले कु छ वर्षों में, राषटरीट्य कृ षि अनुसं धान प्रणाली (एनएआरएस) ने अधिक व्‍यवहार्य एवं टिकाऊ वर्षा आधारित कृ षि के लिए प्रौद्योगिकियो के ं विकास एवं हस्‍तांतरण में महत्‍वपूर्ण योगदान दिया है। वर्षा आधारित कृ षि में कृ षि श्रमिको कं ी कमी के कारण कृ षि कार्यों में देरी से कृ षि कार्य अधिक खर्चीला होता जा रहा है। वर्षा आधारित फसलो कं ी सही प्रतिक्रिया के लिए, फसलो कं ी बुआई एवं निवेशो तथा नमी उपयोग ं क्षमता को बढ़ाने के लिए सत्र में समयबद्ध रूप से कृ षि कार्यों को पूरा करने में छोटे कृ षि यंत्रों कत्रों ी प्रमुख भूमिका होती है। इस बात को ध्‍यान में रखते हुए, क्रीडा एवं अखिल भारतीय समन्वित बारानी कृ षि अनुसं धान परियोजना ने छोटे कृ षि यंत्रों को त्रों प्राथमिक अनुसं धान क्षेत्र के रूप में पहचाना है एवं बारानी कृ षि उपकरणों के विकास में निरंतर अथक प्रयास जारी है। अब तक, क्रीडा द्वारा करीब 23 बारानी कृ षि उपकरणो का ं विकास किया गया है जिन्‍हें वर्षा आधारित किसानो द्ं वारा व्‍यापक रूप से अपनाया जा रहा है। महाराष्‍ट्र, मध्‍यप्रदेश, तेलंगाना आदि राज्‍यों में ्‍यों पिछले 5-6 वर्षों के दौरान क्रीडा बीबीएफ प्‍लांटरों की 3 लाख से अधिक इकाइयां बेची जा चुकी हैं। करीब 85 प्रतिशत वर्षा आधारित किसान छोटे एवं सीमांत हैं जो कृ षि उपकरणो को खरीद नही ं ं सकते, जिसके कारण वांछित गति से वर्षा आधारित क्षेत्रों में यां क्षेत्रों त्रिकीकरण नही हो पा रहा है। अत: क्रीडा के ं प्रमुख कार्यक्रमो के अंत ं र्गत एनएआईपी एवं निक्रा ने कस्‍टम हायरिं ग केंद्र की अवधारणा को अपनाते हुए निक्रा के अतिसंवेदनशील जिलो के 151 जल ं वायु समुत्‍थान गांवो (सीआर ं वी) में इसे सफलतापूर्वक कार्यान्वित किया है। उपयुक्‍त कृ षि उपकरणो कं ी पहचान प्रत्येक जलवायु समुत्‍थान गांव के कृ षि कार्य में जुड़ेकिसानो से ं विचारविमर्श के उपरांत की गई है। इन उपकरणो कं ी आवश्‍यकताओ, से ं वाओं एवं रख-रखाव के विभिन्‍न पहलूओ को पूरा करने के ल ं िए, गांव जलवायु जोखिम प्रबं धन समितियो (ं वीसीआरएमसी) का गठन किया गया है। इस कदम से कई सकारात्‍मक परिणाम देखने में आए हैं जैसे कि उनके अपने गांव या समीपवर्ती गांव में छोटे एवं सीमांत किसानो को सही समय पर उन्नत ं उपकरण सस्‍ती कीमतो पर उपलब् ं ‍ध होने के कारण जलवायु समुत्‍थान गांवों की फसलो कं ी उत्पादकता में बढ़ोत्‍तरी हुई है। डाॅ. के . सम्मी रेड्डी, निदेशक (कार्यकारी), भाकृ अनुप-क्रीडा ; Not Available

The ways in which child soldiers are used in modern conflicts has become ever more sophisticated and prominent, with shifting capabilities and a focus on generational warfare, compared to when I faced them during my command of the UNAMIR mission in Rwanda twenty-six years ago. To confront this challenges, we need to keep our focus on the fact that the recruitment and use of children as weapons of war is the worst thing that we can do to children. We need to focus on the significance of bringing an end to the era of the expectation that children should participate in conflict. If we want to stop the use of warfare, we need to start developing a worldview where adults do not think that children should be involved in war. There needs to be no wavering in our view that use of child soldiers is the worst aspect of modern war. Children are a weapons system that have no place on the battlefield or in the world's security apparatus. How is it possible that we are prepared to let children be used as weapons when we are horrified by the use of biological and nuclear weapons?The Vancouver Principles are a critical part of meeting this challenge, and as we enter a new decade they are the culmination of the work of the international community that began in 1996 with Graça Machel's report on the impact of armed conflict on children. The VPs build on all the work that we have been doing at the Dallaire Initiative, and the work of the international community expressed in the Optional Protocol, the Paris Principles, Security Council Resolutions, and the initiatives to protect children and civilians. The VPs provide a higher level of strategic guidance that link all of these efforts to rally states to take action, and the immense amount of work that went into creating the Implementation Guidance is absolutely critical to this endeavour. It is one thing to set up the Principles, but another to turn them into practice guidance on how they can be carried out. We now need to shift our focus onto turning the guidelines into training guidelines and the development of new capabilities for our forces. With this in mind, the articles in this issue of Allons-y provide an important complement to the Principles and the Implementation Guidance, and will be of great use to policymakers, academics, and security sector actors working on this issue.In our work over the past several years, we have seen how hungry the security sector have been for something tangible to base their training on and upgrade and professionalize their forces on to confront the challenge posed by child soldiers. They see problem in peacekeeping of using force against children, and want to reduce casualties on their side and become more effective. With the Vancouver Principles we have taken the work of the Dallaire Initiative global, and we need to ensure that we use this tool effectively. To do so, we need to develop a central secretariat to help states take the Principles and the guidance and operationalize them into capabilities for their forces, and work with the UN to make sure that states have the required knowledge to do so. We also need to start thinking regionally to have more effective, coordinated, and rapid implementation of the Principles. The Dallaire Initiative has started this with our regional office for East Africa in Rwanda. Further work is needed to develop regional capabilities in Latin America, in the Middle East, and in South and East Asia. From our headquarters in Canada we can then assist with capacity building and strategy. With this direction, over the next decade we need to have this operational capability within every troop and police contributing country, and have every contingent going to UN missions qualified in this capability. This global engagement will aid in the reform and modernization of peacekeeping in order to end the use of children as weapons of war.In an era where human rights came to the fore in the 1970s through the 2000s, with our abilities to document, communicate about, and punish international crimes, it has not resonated enough with people that using children for adult work is wrong, and the use of child soldiers is the worst form of it. You cannot just look at a child as someone in need of food and education, but as a future adult. If we nurture children in war, then we normalize war for the future. It is illogical to want to prevent and end war without addressing the role that child soldiers can play in perpetuating conflict. In a practical sense, we have not been able to connect this in people's heads, only in the law. To eliminate a major instrument of war, we have to make the use of child soldiers unthinkable. ; Lgén (à la retraite) Roméo DallaireLa façon dont les enfants soldats sont utilisés dans les conflits modernes est devenue de plus en plus complexe et notable, avec ses capacités changeantes et son accent mis sur la guerre intergénérationnelle, par rapport à la situation dans laquelle je me trouvais lorsque je commandais la MINUAR au Rwanda il y a vingt-six ans. Pour faire face à ce défi, nous ne devons pas perdre de vue le fait que le recrutement et l'utilisation d'enfants comme armes de guerre sont la pire chose que nous puissions faire aux enfants. Nous devons nous concentrer sur l'importance de mettre un terme à l'époque où l'on attendait des enfants qu'ils participent aux conflits. Si nous voulons mettre fin au recours à la guerre, nous devons commencer à développer une vision du monde dans laquelle les adultes ne pensent pas que les enfants devraient être impliqués dans la guerre. Nous ne devons pas hésiter à dire qu'à notre avis, l'utilisation d'enfants soldats est le pire aspect de la guerre moderne. Les enfants sont un système d'armes qui n'a pas sa place sur le champ de bataille ou dans l'appareil de sécurité mondial. Comment se peut-il que nous soyons prêts à laisser des enfants être utilisés comme des armes alors que nous sommes horrifiés par le recours aux armes biologiques et nucléaires ?Les Principes de Vancouver sont un outil essentiel pour relever ce défi ; à l'aube d'une nouvelle décennie, ils sont le point culminant du travail de la communauté internationale qui a commencé en 1996 avec le rapport de Graça Machel sur l'impact des conflits armés sur les enfants. Les Principes de Vancouver s'appuient sur tout le travail que nous avons accompli dans le cadre de l'Initiative Dallaire, ainsi que sur le travail de la communauté internationale exprimé dans le Protocole facultatif, les Principes de Paris, les résolutions du Conseil de sécurité et les initiatives visant à protéger les enfants et les civils. Les Principes de Vancouver apportent un niveau supérieur d'orientation stratégique qui relie tous ces efforts pour rallier les États à l'action, et l'immense travail qui a été accompli pour créer les Lignes directrices de mise en œuvre est un aspect absolument essentiel de cette entreprise. C'est une chose que d'établir des principes, mais c'en est une autre que de les transformer en conseils pratiques sur la manière de les mettre en œuvre. Nous devons maintenant tourner notre attention vers la transformation de ces lignes directrices en directives de formation et vers le développement de nouvelles capacités pour nos forces. Dans cette optique, les articles de ce numéro d'Allons-y constituent un complément important aux Principes et aux Lignes directrices de mise en œuvre, et seront d'une grande utilité pour les responsables politiques, les universitaires et les intervenants du secteur de la sécurité qui travaillent sur cette question.Au cours de nos travaux de ces dernières années, nous avons pu constater à quel point le secteur de la sécurité avait besoin de quelque chose de tangible sur lequel fonder sa formation et sur lequel améliorer et professionnaliser ses forces pour faire face au défi posé par les enfants soldats. Ses intervenants considèrent que l'utilisation de la force contre les enfants pose problème dans le cadre du maintien de la paix, et souhaitent réduire le nombre de victimes de leur côté et devenir plus efficaces. Grâce aux Principes de Vancouver, nous avons mondialisé le travail de l'Initiative Dallaire, et il nous incombe de veiller à utiliser cet outil efficacement. Pour ce faire, nous devons mettre en place un secrétariat central pour aider les États à concrétiser les Principes et les lignes directrices en capacités pour leurs forces, et travailler avec les Nations Unies pour s'assurer que les États disposent des connaissances nécessaires pour ce faire. Nous devons également commencer à envisager les choses selon une perspective régionale afin d'obtenir une mise en œuvre plus efficace, coordonnée et rapide des Principes. L'Initiative Dallaire a lancé ce processus grâce à son bureau régional pour l'Afrique de l'Est au Rwanda. Des travaux supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour développer les capacités régionales en Amérique latine, au Moyen-Orient et en Asie du Sud et de l'Est. Depuis notre siège au Canada, nous pourrons alors contribuer au renforcement des capacités et aux stratégies. En ce sens, au cours de la prochaine décennie, nous devons disposer de cette capacité opérationnelle au sein de chaque pays contributeur en soldats et policiers, et faire en sorte que chaque contingent participant à des missions des Nations Unies soit qualifié à l'égard de cette capacité. Cet engagement mondial contribuera à la réforme et à la modernisation du maintien de la paix afin de mettre fin à l'utilisation des enfants comme armes de guerre.À une époque où les droits de l'homme sont passés au premier plan entre les années 1970 et 2000, par suite de nos capacités de documenter, de communiquer et de punir les crimes internationaux, les gens n'ont pas suffisamment compris que le recours à des enfants pour accomplir un travail d'adulte est une erreur, et que l'utilisation d'enfants soldats en est la pire forme. Vous ne pouvez pas simplement considérer un enfant comme quelqu'un qui a besoin de nourriture et d'instruction ; il faut également le voir comme un futur adulte. Si nous éduquons des enfants à la guerre, alors nous banalisons la guerre pour l'avenir. Il n'est pas logique de vouloir prévenir et faire cesser la guerre sans aborder le rôle que les enfants soldats peuvent jouer dans la perpétuation des conflits. Du point de vue pratique, nous n'avons pas été capables de faire ce lien dans la tête des gens, seulement dans la loi. Pour éliminer un instrument de guerre majeur, nous devons rendre l'utilisation des enfants soldats impensable.

Autora: Beatriz Solveira de BáezTítulo: "La Evolución del Servicio Exterior Argentino entre 1852 y 1930".Director: Beatriz MoreyraAutora: María Cristina MontenegroTítulo: "La Política Exterior de Menem: El rol de las Fuerzas Armadas y las misiones de Paz. El caso de la Ex Yugoslavia".Director: Carlos EscudéAutora: María Teresa MoughtyTítulo: "El Sindicalismo Argentino frente al MERCOSUR".Director: Arturo FernándezAutora: Paula MonsbergerTítulo: "Mercado de Trabajo en la Argentina. Nuevas Tendencias e Integración Regional". Director: Torcuato Di TellaAutor: Gonzalo PazTítulo: "Cambios recientes en la Política Exterior China (1989-1994)". Director: Roberto RussellAutora: María Teresa PiñeroTítulo: "Los discursos del presidente Menem sobre el Orden Internacional y la política exterior 1989-1995". Directora: María S. BonettoAutora: Alejandra RegueraTítulo: "La institucionalización de los procesos culturales en el Mercosur de la pos transición". Director: Horacio CrespoAutor: Enrique ShawTítulo: "Zeballos y la imaginación de Argentina, 1898-1904".Director: Carlos A. Juárez CentenoAutor: Gustavo Adolfo LuqueTítulo: "Causales de la baja inserción comercial de la Provincia de Córdoba en el mercado Japonés 1983-1989". Directora: Graciela BonamelliAutor: Hugo MartinTítulo: "Evaluación de las limitaciones y los condicionamientos internacionales sobre la política nuclear Argentina".Directora: Zlata DrnasAutor: Fabián RodríguezTítulo: "Taxonomía de las licencias obligatorias de patentes en la diplomacia comercial".Directores: Carlos Correa; Alberto Díaz CafferataAutora: Teresita María MorelTítulo: "La política exterior argentina frente al conflicto centroamericano". Director: Bruno BolognaAutora: Lila VoeffreyTítulo: "Tratamiento conjunto de las cuestiones de seguridad en la triple frontera Argentina-Brasilera-Paraguaya".Director: Bruno BolognaAutora: María Luz EzquerroTítulo: "La Política exterior de Arturo Frondizi 1958-1962".Directora: Mará C. MontenegroAutora: Sandra Liliana RattiTítulo: "La Política exterior menemista de reincorporación al primer mundo: una revisión crítica de sus fundamentos teóricos".Directora, Beatriz SolveiraAutora: Marta UriarteTítulo: "Croacia frente al conflicto en Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1991-1995".Director: Enrique E. ShawAutora: Dafne García LuceroTítulo: "La política exterior Argentina y su difusión en los medios gráficos de comunicación masiva. Análisis de un caso: la visita del Presidente Clinton a la Argentina en el año 1997".Director: Carlos A. Juárez CentenoAutora: Malvina RodríguezTítulo: "La recuperación de la Tercera Posición como alternativa política argentina y latinoamericana".Directora: María S. BonettoAutor: Facundo PonceTítulo: "11 de Septiembre. La legitimación discursiva de la Transnacionalización del poder".Directores: Fabiana Martínez; Enrique E. ShawAutor: Alejandro Gustavo CassaniTítulo: "La Soberanía del Estado y la Interdependencia Compleja".Director: Carlos A. Juárez CentenoAutor: Diego Marcelo BuffaTítulo: "El África Subsahariana en la Política Exterior Argentina. Las presidencias del Alfonsín y Menem". Directora: Gladis LechiniAutora: Marta MegaleTítulo: "Las Ideas de Raza y Tradición en el Pensamiento de Enrique Ruiz Guiñazu". Directora: Beatriz SolveiraAutora: María Belén OlmosTítulo: "La incidencia del proceso de democratización en la creación y evolución del Mercosur".Directores: Castor Díaz Barrado; María S. BonettoAutor: Juan José VagniTítulo: "Marruecos en la Agenda Exterior de Argentina y Brasil durante los 90: Alineamiento y Diplomacia Comercial en las relaciones preferenciales con el Reino Alauita".Directora: Gladys LechiniAutora: María José BecerraTítulo: "Angola. Hacia la resolución de un largo conflicto".Directora: Gladis LechiniAutor: Marcelo Omar Montes Título: "La transición postcomunista en la Federación Rusa (1992-2004)". Directores: Santiago Gastaldi; Ricardo López GottingAutora: Mariana Ruiz RomeroTítulo: "Nuevos actores locales en el Ámbito nacional. Tarija - Bolivia: autonomías regionales y políticas nacionales. El caso del gas natural, 2002 - 2004".Director: Francisco DelichAutora: María Ercilia AlanizTítulo: "Relaciones Internacionales y Mercosur: la construcción de la noticia política sobre integración regional entre mayo - junio de 2003".Directora: María E. PaulinelliAutor: Marcelo BernalTítulo: "La internacionalización de la educación superior: el debate de los años´90 y sus implicancias presentes y futuras".Director: Hugo JuriAutor: Juan José Plasencia VásquezTítulo: "La integración intra regional. El caso del sur peruano y la provincia de Córdoba".Director: Enrique ShawAutora: Lucia G. Riveros de Jornet Título: "Reformas Universitarias en Argentina y la Incidencia del Pensamiento Neoliberal: ¿Hacia la Mercantilización de la Educación Superior?"Directores: Patricia Scarponetti; Sergio ObeideAutora: Dinora GebenniniTítulo: "El feminismo latinoamericano en la era de la globalización. Movimientos feministas en Argentina y Perú. 1990.1998".Directora: Dra. Dora BarrancosAutora: Carla Avendaño ManelliTítulo: "Construcción de imagen país y diseño de marca país: el caso Chile". Directores: Dra. Paulina Emanuelli y Mgter. Enrique ShawAutora: Ana Lía ArmellaTítulo: "Sobre las transiciones. El rol de las hegemonías militaristas en el proceso de construcción democrática, Chile, Perú y Argentina".Director: Mgter. Enrique ShawAutora: Cecilia MeirovichTítulo: "Los Derechos Humanos en la política exterior argentina: ¿continuidad o ruptura? Análisis comparativo entre las gestiones de R. Alfonsín (1983-1989) y N. Kirchner (2003-2007)". Directora, Dra. Mercedes BottoAutora: María C. Aguirre AyasaTítulo: "Desarrollo de Economías Regionales en el contexto de la Globalización. Análisis de casos en el Cono Sur Americano".Directora, Patricia ScarponettiAutora: María Virginia Cáceres Título: "Derecho Interno vs Derecho Internacional en el Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos: la figura del Desacato".Director: Carlos A. Juárez CentenoCo-directora: Dafne García LuceroAutor: Ricardo C. CarballoTítulo: "La hermandad urbana de los hombres. Ciudades hermanadas: imágenes y percepciones políticas y sociales sobre las Relaciones Internacionales a nivel de municipios".Director. Dr. Alfredo Bruno BolognaAutor: Sebastián Cutrona Título: "La extranjerización de las zonas de seguridad en la República Argentina. Una aproximación a la situación de la región patagónica".Director Enrique Shaw Co-director: Andrés DimitriuAutor: Héctor Gustavo FaddaTítulo: "Barreras de acceso a las exportaciones argentinas de servicios con presencia física de personas en nuestro país, el MERCOSUR, la Unión europea y los Estados Unidos durante el año 2009".Director: Carlos Vido KesmanAutora: Carolina HarringtonTítulo: "Relacionamiento externo del MERCOSUR: Concertación de posiciones en foros universales de producción jurídica. El caso UNCITRAL".Directora: Dra. Adriana Dreyzin de KlorAutor: Olivier VanderbeekTítulo: "El fin de la guerra fría como punto de quiebre histórico. Implicaciones para las teorías de las relaciones internacionales".Directora: Dra. Dafne García LuceroAutora: Elizabeth TheilerTítulo: "La participación en el sur. también existe. Estudio diacrónico de la relación política entre la Sociedad Civil Argentina y el MERCOSUR 1991 -2009".Directora: Dra. María Susana Bonetto de ScandoglieroAutora: Jacquelina BrizzioTítulo: "Los Dilemas de la Integración Profunda en el Mercosur. El caso de los obstáculos técnicos al Comercio".Director: Carlos Juárez Centeno Codirectora: Valentina DelichAutora: María Cecilia WedemeyerTítulo: "Problemática y desafíos de la gestión de los recursos hídricos compartidos: El acuífero Guaraní­".Director: Carlos Juárez CentenoCodirectora: Marta Julia¡Autor: Guillermo Raúl Suárez Título: La integración regional con la República Federativa del Brasil en la política exterior de la cooperación internacional de la administración de Carlos Saúl Menem - 1989 / 1995 - en el marco del MERCOSUR".Director: Carlos Juárez CentenoAutora: Mónica BuraschiTítulo€Biocombustibles argentinos ¿oportunidad o amenaza? La exportación de biocombustibles y sus implicancias políticas, económicas y sociales. El caso argentinoDirector: Lic. Ramón FredianiCo-directora: Dra. Dafne García LuceroAutor: Carlos Alberto Antonio BerbariTítulo: "Panorama de la región fluvial del MERCOSUR". La hidroví­a Paraná- Paraguay desde el enfoque argentino. Notas publicadas en el diario "La Nación". Período 1996-2009.Director: Mgter. Gustavo Luque.Autor: Mariano Gustavo SaraviaTítulo: "El genocidio armenio y los genocidios del estado argentino de principios del siglo XX, su reconocimiento". Directora: Mgter. María Teresa Piñero.Autora: Janneth Karime Clavijo PadillaTítulo: "La política migratoria colombiana en el período 2002-2010: El programa Colombia nos une (CNU).Director: Dr. Eduardo Domenech.Autor: Fabiana Rosana CalderónTítulo: La Red de Mercociudades Director: Mgter. Gustavo LuqueAutor: Patricio José AngonoaTítulo: Negocios Internacionales: El Comercio Justo. Su Estructura Institucional y el Caso de Cooperativa La Riojana.Director: Dra. Esther Susana BorgarelloAutor: María Alejandra NazarTítulo: El proceso de construcción de poder presidencial y sus implicancias internacionales. Caso de estudio: La relación de los Organismos Financieros Internacionales durante el mandato presidencial de Néstor Kirchner, período 2003-2004.Director: Dra. Esther Susana BorgarelloAutor: Jorge Daniel Cabido Título: Aportes para construir una estrategia regional de defensa soberana del litio como recurso natural estratégicoDirector: Dra. Graciela R. SalasAutor: Gonzalo Gabriel Ghiggino Título: La República Argentina frente a la República Popular China: el riesgo de una relación basada en los commoditiesDirector: Dra. Valentina DelichAutor: Sebastián Ianiero Título: Un estudio exploratorio de enunciados sobre la política exterior de China durante el año 2009 a través de la teoría del framing: análisis de dos medios de comunicación online, The New York Times y China Daily"Director: Mgter. Rodolfo MolinaAutor: Rodolfo Bisignano Título: Las Cumbres Latinoamericanas en la Política Exterior Argentina, 2003-2010: El caso de la UNASURDirector: Prof. Carlos A. Juárez CentenoCo-directora: Dra. Esther Susana BorgarelloAutor: Sergio Osvaldo Aguilar Título: Posibilidades de Desarrollo en Energía Eólica en el marco de la relación de Integración Bilateral entre Argentina y Brasil (una visión argentina). Director: Dra. Dafne García Lucero y Mgter. Mónica Buraschi.Autor: Luciano PezzanoTítulo: Posiciones de los actores internacionales sobre la responsabilidad de proteger en las Naciones Unidas.Directora: Dra. Zlata Drnas de ClementAutor: María Julieta EllerTítulo: La discapacidad en los objetivos del desarrollo del milenio. La incorporación de la cuestión de la discapacidad, física e intelectual, como un nuevo objetivoDirector: Dra. Gabriela SalasAutor: Walter Raúl MolinaTítulo: La institucionalidad de la seguridad sudamericana en un contexto de identidad regional cooperativo. La conferencia Especial de Seguridad de 2003 y la conformación del Consejo de Defensa SuramericanoDirector: Dr. Enrique Eduardo ShawAutor: Mabel MorenoTítulo: Las relaciones políticas, económicas y culturales de Venezuela con la república islámica de Irán en el escenario post 11 S (1999- 2011) Director: Dr. Juan VagniAutor: Manuel Aniceto Flores Colquechambi Título: Rusia en la era Putin. ¿Hacia la Hegemonía Regional o Global? Un análisis desde el Realismo y la Teoría de Sistemas Mundo Director: Gustavo Adolfo LuqueAutor: Marco Aurelio Andrada Análisis de las políticas adoptadas por los gobiernos de España, Portugal, Grecia e Irlanda, frente a la crisis de sobreacumulación global.Directora: María Teresa PiñeroAutor: Edgardo I. Taverna Título: Las políticas de seguridad de estados unidos y su impacto en América Latina y el Caribe desde los atentados del 2001 hasta el fin de la administración Bush en 2009. El proceso de militarización.Director: Dr. Leandro Morgenfeld Codirector: Dr. Enrique ShawAutora: Lic. Silvana Estefanía Santi Pereyra Título: Las implicancias de unión europea en la política exterior de España (1996-2004): el tratamiento de las migraciones en las relaciones bilaterales con EcuadorDirectora: Dra. Sandra Gil AraujoAutor: Lic. Maximiliano David KonigTítulo: Construcción de la agenda mediática en América Latina. Análisis de la prensa como actor político en los casos en Argentina y Ecuador en torno a la renacionalización de los recursos hidrocarburíferos.Director: Enrique ShawCo-directora: María Teresa PiñeroAutora: Lic. Natalia SanchezTítulo: El desempeño de las agencias gubernamentales en el marco de los lineamientos estratégicos de la política de cooperación internacional de los gobiernos de Menem, Kirchner y Fernandez de Kirchner. (1989-2015).Directora de tesis: Dra. Clarisa GiaccagliaAutora: Constanza CaminosTitulo: Crisis de gobernanza del sistema internacional: la estrategia de política exterior de Alemania, Brasil, India, Sudáfrica y Turquía para ser miembros permanentes del consejo de seguridad de naciones unidas desde el año 2005.Directora: Zlata Drnas de Clément Autora: Sandra CantelliTitulo: Las vinculaciones internacionales del Movimiento Cooperativo Argentino en el siglo XXI Directora de Tesis: Dra. Beatriz Solveira Co director de Tesis: Dr. Julio GambinaAutora: Cecilia V. Peralta FriasTitulo: Política exterior y cultura nacional: El Programa Sur y la traducción de literatura argentina como estrategia de diplomacia culturalDirector: Dr. Enrique Shaw

Autora: Beatriz Solveira de Báez Título: "La Evolución del Servicio Exterior Argentino entre 1852 y 1930". Director: Beatriz MoreyraAutora: María Cristina Montenegro Título: "La Política Exterior de Menem: El rol de las Fuerzas Armadas y las misiones de Paz. El caso de la Ex Yugoslavia". Director: Carlos EscudéAutora: María Teresa Moughty Título: "El Sindicalismo Argentino frente al MERCOSUR". Director: Arturo FernándezAutora: Paula Monsberger Título: "Mercado de Trabajo en la Argentina. Nuevas Tendencias e Integración Regional". Director: Torcuato Di TellaAutor: Gonzalo Paz Título: "Cambios recientes en la Política Exterior China (1989-1994)". Director: Roberto RussellAutora: María Teresa Piñero Título: "Los discursos del presidente Menem sobre el Orden Internacional y la política exterior 1989-1995". Directora: María S. BonettoAutora: Alejandra Reguera Título: "La institucionalización de los procesos culturales en el Mercosur de la pos transición". Director: Horacio CrespoAutor: Enrique Shaw Título: "Zeballos y la imaginación de Argentina, 1898-1904". Director: Carlos A. Juárez CentenoAutor: Gustavo Adolfo Luque Título: "Causales de la baja inserción comercial de la Provincia de Córdoba en el mercado Japonés 1983-1989". Directora: Graciela BonamelliAutor: Hugo Martin Título: "Evaluación de las limitaciones y los condicionamientos internacionales sobre la política nuclear Argentina". Directora: Zlata DrnasAutor: Fabián Rodríguez Título: "Taxonomía de las licencias obligatorias de patentes en la diplomacia comercial". Directores: Carlos Correa; Alberto Díaz CafferataAutora: Teresita María Morel Título: "La política exterior argentina frente al conflicto centroamericano". Director: Bruno BolognaAutora: Lila Voeffrey Título: "Tratamiento conjunto de las cuestiones de seguridad en la triple frontera Argentina-Brasilera-Paraguaya". Director: Bruno BolognaAutora: María Luz Ezquerro Título: "La Política exterior de Arturo Frondizi 1958-1962". Directora: Mará C. MontenegroAutora: Sandra Liliana Ratti Título: "La Política exterior menemista de reincorporación al primer mundo: una revisión crítica de sus fundamentos teóricos". Directora, Beatriz SolveiraAutora: Marta Uriarte Título: "Croacia frente al conflicto en Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1991-1995". Director: Enrique E. ShawAutora: Dafne García Lucero Título: "La política exterior Argentina y su difusión en los medios gráficos de comunicación masiva. Análisis de un caso: la visita del Presidente Clinton a la Argentina en el año 1997". Director: Carlos A. Juárez CentenoAutora: Malvina Rodríguez Título: "La recuperación de la Tercera Posición como alternativa política argentina y latinoamericana". Directora: María S. BonettoAutor: Facundo Ponce Título: "11 de Septiembre. La legitimación discursiva de la Transnacionalización del poder". Directores: Fabiana Martínez; Enrique E. ShawAutor: Alejandro Gustavo Cassani Título: "La Soberanía del Estado y la Interdependencia Compleja". Director: Carlos A. Juárez CentenoAutor: Diego Marcelo Buffa Título: "El África Subsahariana en la Política Exterior Argentina. Las presidencias del Alfonsín y Menem". Directora: Gladis LechiniAutora: Marta Megale Título: "Las Ideas de Raza y Tradición en el Pensamiento de Enrique Ruiz Guiñazu". Directora: Beatriz SolveiraAutora: María Belén Olmos Título: "La incidencia del proceso de democratización en la creación y evolución del Mercosur". Directores: Castor Díaz Barrado; María S. BonettoAutor: Juan José Vagni Título: "Marruecos en la Agenda Exterior de Argentina y Brasil durante los 90: Alineamiento y Diplomacia Comercial en las relaciones preferenciales con el Reino Alauita". Directora: Gladys LechiniAutora: María José Becerra Título: "Angola. Hacia la resolución de un largo conflicto". Directora: Gladis LechiniAutor: Marcelo Omar Montes Título: "La transición postcomunista en la Federación Rusa (1992-2004)". Directores: Santiago Gastaldi; Ricardo López GottingAutora: Mariana Ruiz Romero Título: "Nuevos actores locales en el Ámbito nacional. Tarija - Bolivia: autonomías regionales y políticas nacionales. El caso del gas natural, 2002 - 2004". Director: Francisco DelichAutora: María Ercilia Alaniz Título: "Relaciones Internacionales y Mercosur: la construcción de la noticia política sobre integración regional entre mayo - junio de 2003". Directora: María E. PaulinelliAutor: Marcelo Bernal Título: "La internacionalización de la educación superior: el debate de los años´90 y sus implicancias presentes y futuras". Director: Hugo JuriAutor: Juan José Plasencia Vásquez Título: "La integración intra regional. El caso del sur peruano y la provincia de Córdoba". Director: Enrique ShawAutora: Lucia G. Riveros de Jornet Título: "Reformas Universitarias en Argentina y la Incidencia del Pensamiento Neoliberal: ¿Hacia la Mercantilización de la Educación Superior?" Directores: Patricia Scarponetti; Sergio ObeideAutora: Dinora Gebennini Título: "El feminismo latinoamericano en la era de la globalización. Movimientos feministas en Argentina y Perú. 1990.1998". Directora: Dra. Dora BarrancosAutora: Carla Avendaño Manelli Título: "Construcción de imagen país y diseño de marca país: el caso Chile". Directores: Dra. Paulina Emanuelli y Mgter. Enrique ShawAutora: Ana Lía Armella Título: "Sobre las transiciones. El rol de las hegemonías militaristas en el proceso de construcción democrática, Chile, Perú y Argentina". Director: Mgter. Enrique ShawAutora: Cecilia Meirovich Título: "Los Derechos Humanos en la política exterior argentina: ¿continuidad o ruptura? Análisis comparativo entre las gestiones de R. Alfonsín (1983-1989) y N. Kirchner (2003-2007)". Directora, Dra. Mercedes BottoAutora: María C. Aguirre Ayasa Título: "Desarrollo de Economías Regionales en el contexto de la Globalización. Análisis de casos en el Cono Sur Americano". Directora, Patricia ScarponettiAutora: María Virginia Cáceres Título: "Derecho Interno vs Derecho Internacional en el Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos: la figura del Desacato". Director: Carlos A. Juárez Centeno Co-directora: Dafne García LuceroAutor: Ricardo C. Carballo Título: "La hermandad urbana de los hombres. Ciudades hermanadas: imágenes y percepciones políticas y sociales sobre las Relaciones Internacionales a nivel de municipios". Director. Dr. Alfredo Bruno BolognaAutor: Sebastián Cutrona Título: "La extranjerización de las zonas de seguridad en la República Argentina. Una aproximación a la situación de la región patagónica". Director Enrique Shaw Co-director: Andrés DimitriuAutor: Héctor Gustavo Fadda Título: "Barreras de acceso a las exportaciones argentinas de servicios con presencia física de personas en nuestro país, el MERCOSUR, la Unión europea y los Estados Unidos durante el año 2009". Director: Carlos Vido KesmanAutora: Carolina Harrington Título: "Relacionamiento externo del MERCOSUR: Concertación de posiciones en foros universales de producción jurídica. El caso UNCITRAL". Directora: Dra. Adriana Dreyzin de KlorAutor: Olivier Vanderbeek Título: "El fin de la guerra fría como punto de quiebre histórico. Implicaciones para las teorías de las relaciones internacionales". Directora: Dra. Dafne García LuceroAutora: Elizabeth Theiler Título: "La participación en el sur. también existe. Estudio diacrónico de la relación política entre la Sociedad Civil Argentina y el MERCOSUR 1991 -2009". Directora: Dra. María Susana Bonetto de ScandoglieroAutora: Jacquelina Brizzio Título: "Los Dilemas de la Integración Profunda en el Mercosur. El caso de los obstáculos técnicos al Comercio". Director: Carlos Juárez Centeno Codirectora: Valentina DelichAutora: María Cecilia Wedemeyer Título: "Problemática y desafíos de la gestión de los recursos hídricos compartidos: El acuífero Guaraní­". Director: Carlos Juárez Centeno Codirectora: Marta Julia¡Autor: Guillermo Raúl Suárez Título: La integración regional con la República Federativa del Brasil en la política exterior de la cooperación internacional de la administración de Carlos Saúl Menem - 1989 / 1995 - en el marco del MERCOSUR". Director: Carlos Juárez CentenoAutora: Mónica Buraschi Título€Biocombustibles argentinos ¿oportunidad o amenaza? La exportación de biocombustibles y sus implicancias políticas, económicas y sociales. El caso argentino Director: Lic. Ramón Frediani Co-directora: Dra. Dafne García LuceroAutor: Carlos Alberto Antonio Berbari Título: "Panorama de la región fluvial del MERCOSUR". La hidroví­a Paraná- Paraguay desde el enfoque argentino. Notas publicadas en el diario "La Nación". Período 1996-2009. Director: Mgter. Gustavo Luque.Autor: Mariano Gustavo Saravia Título: "El genocidio armenio y los genocidios del estado argentino de principios del siglo XX, su reconocimiento". Directora: Mgter. María Teresa Piñero.Autora: Janneth Karime Clavijo Padilla Título: "La política migratoria colombiana en el período 2002-2010: El programa Colombia nos une (CNU). Director: Dr. Eduardo Domenech.Autor: Fabiana Rosana Calderón Título: La Red de Mercociudades Director: Mgter. Gustavo LuqueAutor: Patricio José Angonoa Título: Negocios Internacionales: El Comercio Justo. Su Estructura Institucional y el Caso de Cooperativa La Riojana. Director: Dra. Esther Susana BorgarelloAutor: María Alejandra Nazar Título: El proceso de construcción de poder presidencial y sus implicancias internacionales. Caso de estudio: La relación de los Organismos Financieros Internacionales durante el mandato presidencial de Néstor Kirchner, período 2003-2004. Director: Dra. Esther Susana BorgarelloAutor: Jorge Daniel Cabido Título: Aportes para construir una estrategia regional de defensa soberana del litio como recurso natural estratégico Director: Dra. Graciela R. SalasAutor: Gonzalo Gabriel Ghiggino Título: La República Argentina frente a la República Popular China: el riesgo de una relación basada en los commodities Director: Dra. Valentina DelichAutor: Sebastián Ianiero Título: Un estudio exploratorio de enunciados sobre la política exterior de China durante el año 2009 a través de la teoría del framing: análisis de dos medios de comunicación online, The New York Times y China Daily" Director: Mgter. Rodolfo MolinaAutor: Rodolfo Bisignano Título: Las Cumbres Latinoamericanas en la Política Exterior Argentina, 2003-2010: El caso de la UNASUR Director: Prof. Carlos A. Juárez Centeno Co-directora: Dra. Esther Susana BorgarelloAutor: Sergio Osvaldo Aguilar Título: Posibilidades de Desarrollo en Energía Eólica en el marco de la relación de Integración Bilateral entre Argentina y Brasil (una visión argentina). Director: Dra. Dafne García Lucero y Mgter. Mónica Buraschi.Autor: Luciano Pezzano Título: Posiciones de los actores internacionales sobre la responsabilidad de proteger en las Naciones Unidas. Directora: Dra. Zlata Drnas de ClementAutor: María Julieta Eller Título: La discapacidad en los objetivos del desarrollo del milenio. La incorporación de la cuestión de la discapacidad, física e intelectual, como un nuevo objetivo Director: Dra. Gabriela SalasAutor: Walter Raúl Molina Título: La institucionalidad de la seguridad sudamericana en un contexto de identidad regional cooperativo. La conferencia Especial de Seguridad de 2003 y la conformación del Consejo de Defensa Suramericano Director: Dr. Enrique Eduardo ShawAutor: Mabel Moreno Título: Las relaciones políticas, económicas y culturales de Venezuela con la república islámica de Irán en el escenario post 11 S (1999- 2011) Director: Dr. Juan VagniAutor: Manuel Aniceto Flores Colquechambi Título: Rusia en la era Putin. ¿Hacia la Hegemonía Regional o Global? Un análisis desde el Realismo y la Teoría de Sistemas Mundo Director: Gustavo Adolfo LuqueAutor: Marco Aurelio Andrada Análisis de las políticas adoptadas por los gobiernos de España, Portugal, Grecia e Irlanda, frente a la crisis de sobreacumulación global. Directora: María Teresa PiñeroAutor: Edgardo I. Taverna Título: Las políticas de seguridad de estados unidos y su impacto en América Latina y el Caribe desde los atentados del 2001 hasta el fin de la administración Bush en 2009. El proceso de militarización. Director: Dr. Leandro Morgenfeld Codirector: Dr. Enrique ShawAutora: Lic. Silvana Estefanía Santi Pereyra Título: Las implicancias de unión europea en la política exterior de España (1996-2004): el tratamiento de las migraciones en las relaciones bilaterales con EcuadorDirectora: Dra. Sandra Gil AraujoAutor: Lic. Maximiliano David Konig Título: Construcción de la agenda mediática en América Latina. Análisis de la prensa como actor político en los casos en Argentina y Ecuador en torno a la renacionalización de los recursos hidrocarburíferos. Director: Enrique Shaw Co-directora: María Teresa Piñero --- Autora: Lic. Natalia SanchezTítulo: El desempeño de las agencias gubernamentales en el marco de los lineamientos estratégicos de la política de cooperación internacional de los gobiernos de Menem, Kirchner y Fernandez de Kirchner. (1989-2015).Directora de tesis: Dra. Clarisa Giaccaglia

RESUMENAutora: Beatriz Solveira de BáezTítulo: "La Evolución del Servicio Exterior Argentino entre 1852 y 1930".Director: Beatriz MoreyraAutora: María Cristina MontenegroTítulo: "La Política Exterior de Menem: El rol de las Fuerzas Armadas y las misiones de Paz. El caso de la Ex Yugoslavia".Director: Carlos EscudéAutora: María Teresa MoughtyTítulo: "El Sindicalismo Argentino frente al MERCOSUR".Director: Arturo FernándezAutora: Paula MonsbergerTítulo: "Mercado de Trabajo en la Argentina. Nuevas Tendencias e Integración Regional". Director: Torcuato Di TellaAutor: Gonzalo PazTítulo: "Cambios recientes en la Política Exterior China (1989-1994)". Director: Roberto RussellAutora: María Teresa PiñeroTítulo: "Los discursos del presidente Menem sobre el Orden Internacional y la política exterior 1989-1995". Directora: María S. BonettoAutora: Alejandra RegueraTítulo: "La institucionalización de los procesos culturales en el Mercosur de la pos transición". Director: Horacio CrespoAutor: Enrique ShawTítulo: "Zeballos y la imaginación de Argentina, 1898-1904".Director: Carlos A. Juárez CentenoAutor: Gustavo Adolfo LuqueTítulo: "Causales de la baja inserción comercial de la Provincia de Córdoba en el mercado Japonés 1983-1989". Directora: Graciela BonamelliAutor: Hugo MartinTítulo: "Evaluación de las limitaciones y los condicionamientos internacionales sobre la política nuclear Argentina".Directora: Zlata DrnasAutor: Fabián RodríguezTítulo: "Taxonomía de las licencias obligatorias de patentes en la diplomacia comercial".Directores: Carlos Correa; Alberto Díaz CafferataAutora: Teresita María MorelTítulo: "La política exterior argentina frente al conflicto centroamericano". Director: Bruno BolognaAutora: Lila VoeffreyTítulo: "Tratamiento conjunto de las cuestiones de seguridad en la triple frontera Argentina-Brasilera-Paraguaya".Director: Bruno BolognaAutora: María Luz EzquerroTítulo: "La Política exterior de Arturo Frondizi 1958-1962".Directora: Mará C. MontenegroAutora: Sandra Liliana RattiTítulo: "La Política exterior menemista de reincorporación al primer mundo: una revisión crítica de sus fundamentos teóricos".Directora, Beatriz SolveiraAutora: Marta UriarteTítulo: "Croacia frente al conflicto en Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1991-1995".Director: Enrique E. ShawAutora: Dafne García LuceroTítulo: "La política exterior Argentina y su difusión en los medios gráficos de comunicación masiva. Análisis de un caso: la visita del Presidente Clinton a la Argentina en el año 1997".Director: Carlos A. Juárez CentenoAutora: Malvina RodríguezTítulo: "La recuperación de la Tercera Posición como alternativa política argentina y latinoamericana".Directora: María S. BonettoAutor: Facundo PonceTítulo: "11 de Septiembre. La legitimación discursiva de la Transnacionalización del poder".Directores: Fabiana Martínez; Enrique E. ShawAutor: Alejandro Gustavo CassaniTítulo: "La Soberanía del Estado y la Interdependencia Compleja".Director: Carlos A. Juárez CentenoAutor: Diego Marcelo BuffaTítulo: "El África Subsahariana en la Política Exterior Argentina. Las presidencias del Alfonsín y Menem". Directora: Gladis LechiniAutora: Marta MegaleTítulo: "Las Ideas de Raza y Tradición en el Pensamiento de Enrique Ruiz Guiñazu". Directora: Beatriz SolveiraAutora: María Belén OlmosTítulo: "La incidencia del proceso de democratización en la creación y evolución del Mercosur".Directores: Castor Díaz Barrado; María S. BonettoAutor: Juan José VagniTítulo: "Marruecos en la Agenda Exterior de Argentina y Brasil durante los 90: Alineamiento y Diplomacia Comercial en las relaciones preferenciales con el Reino Alauita".Directora: Gladys LechiniAutora: María José BecerraTítulo: "Angola. Hacia la resolución de un largo conflicto".Directora: Gladis LechiniAutor: Marcelo Omar Montes Título: "La transición postcomunista en la Federación Rusa (1992-2004)". Directores: Santiago Gastaldi; Ricardo López GottingAutora: Mariana Ruiz RomeroTítulo: "Nuevos actores locales en el Ámbito nacional. Tarija - Bolivia: autonomías regionales y políticas nacionales. El caso del gas natural, 2002 - 2004".Director: Francisco DelichAutora: María Ercilia AlanizTítulo: "Relaciones Internacionales y Mercosur: la construcción de la noticia política sobre integración regional entre mayo - junio de 2003".Directora: María E. PaulinelliAutor: Marcelo BernalTítulo: "La internacionalización de la educación superior: el debate de los años´90 y sus implicancias presentes y futuras".Director: Hugo JuriAutor: Juan José Plasencia VásquezTítulo: "La integración intra regional. El caso del sur peruano y la provincia de Córdoba".Director: Enrique ShawAutora: Lucia G. Riveros de Jornet Título: "Reformas Universitarias en Argentina y la Incidencia del Pensamiento Neoliberal: ¿Hacia la Mercantilización de la Educación Superior?"Directores: Patricia Scarponetti; Sergio ObeideAutora: Dinora GebenniniTítulo: "El feminismo latinoamericano en la era de la globalización. Movimientos feministas en Argentina y Perú. 1990.1998".Directora: Dra. Dora BarrancosAutora: Carla Avendaño ManelliTítulo: "Construcción de imagen país y diseño de marca país: el caso Chile". Directores: Dra. Paulina Emanuelli y Mgter. Enrique ShawAutora: Ana Lía ArmellaTítulo: "Sobre las transiciones. El rol de las hegemonías militaristas en el proceso de construcción democrática, Chile, Perú y Argentina".Director: Mgter. Enrique ShawAutora: Cecilia MeirovichTítulo: "Los Derechos Humanos en la política exterior argentina: ¿continuidad o ruptura? Análisis comparativo entre las gestiones de R. Alfonsín (1983-1989) y N. Kirchner (2003-2007)". Directora, Dra. Mercedes BottoAutora: María C. Aguirre AyasaTítulo: "Desarrollo de Economías Regionales en el contexto de la Globalización. Análisis de casos en el Cono Sur Americano".Directora, Patricia ScarponettiAutora: María Virginia Cáceres Título: "Derecho Interno vs Derecho Internacional en el Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos: la figura del Desacato".Director: Carlos A. Juárez CentenoCo-directora: Dafne García LuceroAutor: Ricardo C. CarballoTítulo: "La hermandad urbana de los hombres. Ciudades hermanadas: imágenes y percepciones políticas y sociales sobre las Relaciones Internacionales a nivel de municipios".Director. Dr. Alfredo Bruno BolognaAutor: Sebastián Cutrona Título: "La extranjerización de las zonas de seguridad en la República Argentina. Una aproximación a la situación de la región patagónica".Director Enrique Shaw Co-director: Andrés DimitriuAutor: Héctor Gustavo FaddaTítulo: "Barreras de acceso a las exportaciones argentinas de servicios con presencia física de personas en nuestro país, el MERCOSUR, la Unión europea y los Estados Unidos durante el año 2009".Director: Carlos Vido KesmanAutora: Carolina HarringtonTítulo: "Relacionamiento externo del MERCOSUR: Concertación de posiciones en foros universales de producción jurídica. El caso UNCITRAL".Directora: Dra. Adriana Dreyzin de KlorAutor: Olivier VanderbeekTítulo: "El fin de la guerra fría como punto de quiebre histórico. Implicaciones para las teorías de las relaciones internacionales".Directora: Dra. Dafne García LuceroAutora: Elizabeth TheilerTítulo: "La participación en el sur. también existe. Estudio diacrónico de la relación política entre la Sociedad Civil Argentina y el MERCOSUR 1991 -2009".Directora: Dra. María Susana Bonetto de ScandoglieroAutora: Jacquelina BrizzioTítulo: "Los Dilemas de la Integración Profunda en el Mercosur. El caso de los obstáculos técnicos al Comercio".Director: Carlos Juárez Centeno Codirectora: Valentina DelichAutora: María Cecilia WedemeyerTítulo: "Problemática y desafíos de la gestión de los recursos hídricos compartidos: El acuífero Guaraní­".Director: Carlos Juárez CentenoCodirectora: Marta Julia¡Autor: Guillermo Raúl Suárez Título: La integración regional con la República Federativa del Brasil en la política exterior de la cooperación internacional de la administración de Carlos Saúl Menem - 1989 / 1995 - en el marco del MERCOSUR".Director: Carlos Juárez CentenoAutora: Mónica BuraschiTítulo€Biocombustibles argentinos ¿oportunidad o amenaza? La exportación de biocombustibles y sus implicancias políticas, económicas y sociales. El caso argentinoDirector: Lic. Ramón FredianiCo-directora: Dra. Dafne García LuceroAutor: Carlos Alberto Antonio BerbariTítulo: "Panorama de la región fluvial del MERCOSUR". La hidroví­a Paraná- Paraguay desde el enfoque argentino. Notas publicadas en el diario "La Nación". Período 1996-2009.Director: Mgter. Gustavo Luque.Autor: Mariano Gustavo SaraviaTítulo: "El genocidio armenio y los genocidios del estado argentino de principios del siglo XX, su reconocimiento". Directora: Mgter. María Teresa Piñero.Autora: Janneth Karime Clavijo PadillaTítulo: "La política migratoria colombiana en el período 2002-2010: El programa Colombia nos une (CNU).Director: Dr. Eduardo Domenech.Autor: Fabiana Rosana CalderónTítulo: La Red de Mercociudades Director: Mgter. Gustavo LuqueAutor: Patricio José AngonoaTítulo: Negocios Internacionales: El Comercio Justo. Su Estructura Institucional y el Caso de Cooperativa La Riojana.Director: Dra. Esther Susana BorgarelloAutor: María Alejandra NazarTítulo: El proceso de construcción de poder presidencial y sus implicancias internacionales. Caso de estudio: La relación de los Organismos Financieros Internacionales durante el mandato presidencial de Néstor Kirchner, período 2003-2004.Director: Dra. Esther Susana BorgarelloAutor: Jorge Daniel Cabido Título: Aportes para construir una estrategia regional de defensa soberana del litio como recurso natural estratégicoDirector: Dra. Graciela R. SalasAutor: Gonzalo Gabriel Ghiggino Título: La República Argentina frente a la República Popular China: el riesgo de una relación basada en los commoditiesDirector: Dra. Valentina DelichAutor: Sebastián Ianiero Título: Un estudio exploratorio de enunciados sobre la política exterior de China durante el año 2009 a través de la teoría del framing: análisis de dos medios de comunicación online, The New York Times y China Daily"Director: Mgter. Rodolfo MolinaAutor: Rodolfo Bisignano Título: Las Cumbres Latinoamericanas en la Política Exterior Argentina, 2003-2010: El caso de la UNASURDirector: Prof. Carlos A. Juárez CentenoCo-directora: Dra. Esther Susana BorgarelloAutor: Sergio Osvaldo Aguilar Título: Posibilidades de Desarrollo en Energía Eólica en el marco de la relación de Integración Bilateral entre Argentina y Brasil (una visión argentina). Director: Dra. Dafne García Lucero y Mgter. Mónica Buraschi.Autor: Luciano PezzanoTítulo: Posiciones de los actores internacionales sobre la responsabilidad de proteger en las Naciones Unidas.Directora: Dra. Zlata Drnas de ClementAutor: María Julieta EllerTítulo: La discapacidad en los objetivos del desarrollo del milenio. La incorporación de la cuestión de la discapacidad, física e intelectual, como un nuevo objetivoDirector: Dra. Gabriela SalasAutor: Walter Raúl MolinaTítulo: La institucionalidad de la seguridad sudamericana en un contexto de identidad regional cooperativo. La conferencia Especial de Seguridad de 2003 y la conformación del Consejo de Defensa SuramericanoDirector: Dr. Enrique Eduardo ShawAutor: Mabel MorenoTítulo: Las relaciones políticas, económicas y culturales de Venezuela con la república islámica de Irán en el escenario post 11 S (1999- 2011) Director: Dr. Juan VagniAutor: Manuel Aniceto Flores Colquechambi Título: Rusia en la era Putin. ¿Hacia la Hegemonía Regional o Global? Un análisis desde el Realismo y la Teoría de Sistemas Mundo Director: Gustavo Adolfo LuqueAutor: Marco Aurelio Andrada Análisis de las políticas adoptadas por los gobiernos de España, Portugal, Grecia e Irlanda, frente a la crisis de sobreacumulación global.Directora: María Teresa PiñeroAutor: Edgardo I. Taverna Título: Las políticas de seguridad de estados unidos y su impacto en América Latina y el Caribe desde los atentados del 2001 hasta el fin de la administración Bush en 2009. El proceso de militarización.Director: Dr. Leandro Morgenfeld Codirector: Dr. Enrique ShawAutora: Lic. Silvana Estefanía Santi Pereyra Título: Las implicancias de unión europea en la política exterior de España (1996-2004): el tratamiento de las migraciones en las relaciones bilaterales con EcuadorDirectora: Dra. Sandra Gil AraujoAutor: Lic. Maximiliano David KonigTítulo: Construcción de la agenda mediática en América Latina. Análisis de la prensa como actor político en los casos en Argentina y Ecuador en torno a la renacionalización de los recursos hidrocarburíferos.Director: Enrique ShawCo-directora: María Teresa Piñero --- Autora: Lic. Natalia SanchezTítulo: El desempeño de las agencias gubernamentales en el marco de los lineamientos estratégicos de la política de cooperación internacional de los gobiernos de Menem, Kirchner y Fernandez de Kirchner. (1989-2015).Directora de tesis: Dra. Clarisa Giaccaglia

Regulatory legislations on chemicals have in recent years become more stringent, requiring more toxicological evaluation. The increased toxicological testing have resulted in a stronger effort to implement the 3Rs (Refinement, Reduction and Replacement) through identifying suitable alternatives (non-animal) to animal testing. Evaluation of alternative methods such as cell-based in vitro methods (e.g. continuous cell lines, tissues slices and primary cultures) have shown to be promising, but there are currently few validated alternative bioassays for fish. The present work aimed to evaluate the primary rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocyte model's suitability as an ecotoxicological tool in screening of single and mixtures of chemicals with modulatory properties on the estrogen receptor (ER)-activity and auxiliary endpoints such as cytotoxicity and biotransformation (e.g. aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-activity). The primary hepatocytes sensitivity, reproducibility and responsiveness were assessed for seasonal, donor and assay-related variability to address potential factors affecting the bioassay reproducibility. The hepatocyte model's suitability to characterise environmentally relevant concentrations of estrogens, anti-estrogens and organic compounds was assessed using both single endpoint and broad content approaches (global transcriptomics) after exposure to single compounds and mixtures of these with similar or dissimilar mode of action (MoA). Compounds estrogenicity and anti-estrogenicity were assessed in the fish hepatocytes using classical estrogen sensitive biomarkers (e.g. ERα and ER-mediated egg-yolk precursor vitellogenin (Vtg) and egg shell zona radiata (zrp)) complemented by determination of cytotoxicity (cell membrane stability and metabolic activity), AhR-mediated responses (ahr, cytochrome P450 1a (cyp1a), enzymatic activity of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD)). Characterisation of chemicals additional MoA in the cells were performed using novel analytical tools such as high-density oligonucleotide salmonid microarray in combination with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results from the studies demonstrated primary hepatocytes ability to facilitate detection of ER-mediated responses, biotransformation and cell growth-related gene expression by ER-agonists and acute toxic chemicals during short-term exposures (<96h). The bioassays ability to remain unaffected by variable parameters (robustness) and sensitivity was not affected by seasonal variations in ER sensitivity (Vtg gene and protein expression), but was dependent on individual donor-physiology variability in exposure studies with the model ER-agonist 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2). The cell-batch variability was however reduced when optimal exposure time and data normalization was applied, yielding a concentration-dependent Vtg gene and protein expression. In addition to individual donor-physiology, bioassay related factors such as hepatocyte culturing conditions and normalization procedures were identified as possible cause to the observed variability. The variability within the bioassay may be reduced through protocol harmonization (e.g. same-species culturing conditions, cell density, media supplements), resulting in a more robust and reproducible assay for assessing ER active compounds. The primary hepatocytes suitability as a screening tool for ER-agonists were further displayed in measured classical biomarker genes, identifying ER signalling and its associated pathways as the main target of the ER-agonist in the cells. Exposure to the ER-agonist caused similar transcriptional responses in vitro as previously reported in vivo, suggesting the hepatocytes to facilitate relevant biomarker responses in screening of ER-active compounds. The suitability of the in vitro model in transcriptional and sub-cellular characterization of anti-estrogenic binary and ternary mixtures (AhR-agonist (β-naphtoflavone (BNF), ER-agonist (17 β-estradiol (E2)), partial ER-antagonist (hydroxytamoxifen (OHT))) were performed to better understand how compounds with dissimilar mode of action (MoA) contributed to combined anti-estrogenic effects. The findings displayed significantly increased anti-estrogenic effect in the combined mixture of BNF, OHT and E2, indicative of the individual compounds MoA to contribute to the total anti-estrogenic effect in the primary hepatocytes. The results suggested that the compounds in the mixture induce nuclear receptor-mediated cross-talk involving AhR-mediated transcription of increased cyp1a metabolism of the ER-agonist and binding and inhibition of further ER activity by the ER-antagonist. The combined mixture's anti-estrogenic effect is therefore suggested due to the compounds differently acting MoA as they have the same effect (e.g. reduction of Vtg protein) but through differently acting pathways. To further assess the primary hepatocyte bioassay ability to identify complex and previous un-described ER-agonists, a broad range of uncharacterised mixtures (UCM)-related compounds of naphthenic acids and hydrocarbons were screened for potential estrogenicity. Few compounds induced weak estrogenic activity in the primary hepatocytes as the majority of the tested compounds had a narcotic MoA and reached their water solubility before eliciting any ER-activity. Auxiliary endpoints such as EROD activity could not explain the compounds weak estrogenicity and further supported their narcotic MoA. The potential estrogenicity might however be masked by the compounds highly variable physico-chemical properties that may have affected their bioavailability in the in vitro system. The present work has demonstrated that the primary rainbow trout hepatocyte model is a versatile, multi-endpoint tool for screening ER-agonists using both single biomarker and global gene expression approach. The bioassay provided reproducible results that demonstrate its sensitivity, robustness and responsiveness in ecotoxicological screening of chemicals that modulate the activity of the ER and downstream cellular events. These findings may contribute to a better mechanistic understanding of well-characterised and novel MOA related to single and combined chemical exposures in the in vitro fish model. The global gene expression was a good unbiased tool when characterizing the MoA of ER-active chemicals in the primary hepatocytes as it unravelled relevant in vivo ER-mediated responses, hence displaying the model's potential to become a (eco)toxicological tool in ER-agonist screening. ; Regulatorisk kjemikalielovgivning har i de senere årene blitt strengere, noe som krever mer toksikologisk vurdering. Den økte toksikologisk testingen har ført til en sterkere innsats for å implementere de 3Rer (forbedring, reduksjon og erstatning) gjennom å identifisere egnede alternativer til dyreforsøk. Vurdering av alternative metoder som cellebaserte in vitro metoder (f.eks kontinuerlige cellelinjer, vev-skiver og primære kulturer) har vist seg å være lovende, men for tiden er det få validerte alternative metoder for fisk. Dette arbeidet evaluerer primære regnbueørret (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytters egnethet som et økotoksikologisk verktøy i screening av enkeltstoffer og blandinger av kjemikalier med modulerende egenskaper på østrogenreseptor (ER)-aktivitet med hjelp av endepunkter som cytotoksisitet, østrogenrespons og biotransformasjon (f.eks aryl hydrokarbon reseptor (AhR)-aktivitet). Sensitivitet, reproduserbarhet og reaksjonsevne for metoden ble vurdert ved å se på responsvariasjon knyttet til sesong, donorfisk og analysemessige variasjoner, og potensielle faktorer som påvirker bioassayets reproduserbarhet ble identifisert. Hepatocytt-modellens egnethet for å karakterisere miljørelevante konsentrasjoner av østrogener, anti-østrogener og organiske forbindelser ble vurdert ved bruk av både enkelt endepunkter og analyse genuttrykk etter eksponering for enkeltstoffer og blandinger av disse med tilsvarende eller ulik virkningsmekanisme (MoA). Østrogenisitet og anti-østrogenisitet av kjemikalieblandinger ble vurdert i fiskehepatocytter ved hjelp av klassiske østrogensensitive biomarkører (f.eks ERα og ER-mediert eggeplomme forløper vitellogenin (Vtg) og eggeskallkomponenten zona radiata (ZRP)) supplert med bestemmelse av cytotoksisitet (cellemembranstabilitet og metabolsk aktivitet), arylhydrocarbon reseptor (AhR)-medierte responser (Ahr, cytokrom P450 1a (CYP1A), og enzymatiske aktivitet til etoksyresorufin-O-deetylase (EROD)). Karakterisering av kjemikalier for ytterligere MoA i cellene ble utført ved bruk av nye analyseverktøy som oligonukleotid mikromatrise for laksefisk i kombinasjon med kvantitativ real-tid polymerase kjedereaksjon (qPCR). Resultater fra studien viste primære hepatocytters evne til å å påvise ER-medierte reaksjoner, biotransformasjon og cellevekst knyttet til genekspresjon etter korttidseksponering (<96h) for ER-agonister og akutt giftige kjemikalier. Bioassayets evne til å forbli upåvirket av variable parametere (robusthet) samt assayets sensitivitet for å detektere østrogene stoffer ble ikke påvirket av sesongvariasjoner i ER respons (Vtg gen og protein ekspression), men var avhengig av variasjoner i individuell donor-fysiologi i eksponeringsstudier med ER-agonist 17α etinyløstradiol (EE2). Celle-batch variabilitet ble imidlertid redusert når optimal eksponeringstid og data-normalisering ble anvendt, hvilket ga en konsentrasjonsavhengig ekspresjon av Vtg gen og protein. I tillegg til individuell donor-fysiologi, ble bioassayrelaterte faktorer som hepatocytters dyrkingsforhold og normaliserings-prosedyrer identifisert som mulig årsak til den observerte variasjonen. Variabiliteten i den biologiske metoden kan reduseres ved protokoll-harmonisering (for eksempel av samme arts dyrkningsbetingelser, celletetthet, mediets kosttilskudd), som resulterer i et mer robust og reproduserbart assay for vurdering av ER-aktive forbindelser. Primære hepatocytters egnethet som et screeningverktøy for ER-agonister ble videre vist i målte klassiske biomarkør-gener, som identifiserer ER signalisering og tilhørende signalveier som det viktigste målet for ER-agonist i cellene. Eksponering for ER-agonister forårsaket lignende transkripsjons-responser in vitro som tidligere rapportert in vivo, noe som bekrefter metodens og biomarkørresponsenes egnethet i screening av ER-aktive forbindelser. In vitro-modellen ble videre brukt i transkripsjon og sub-cellulær karakterisering av antiøstrogeners responser. Både enkeltstoffer og binære blandinger (AhR-agonist (β-naphtoflavone (BNF), ER-agonist (17 β-østradiol (E2)), og delvis ER-antagonist (hydroxytamoxifen (OHT))) ble testet for å bedre forstå hvordan forbindelser med ulik virkning (MoA) bidro til kombinert anti-østrogen effekt. Resultatene viser betydelig økt antiøstrogen effekt i den kombinerte blandingen av BNF, OHT og E2, en indikasjon at de enkelte forbindelsers MoA bidrar til den anti-østrogene effekten av blandingen i de primære hepatocyttene. Videre antydet resultatene at forbindelsene i blandingen induserte nukleær reseptor-formidlet krysstale (cross-talk) mellom AhR og ER, som for eksempel AhR-mediert transkripsjon av økt CYP1A og videre metabolisme av ER-agonist og inhibering av ytterligere ER aktivitet av ER-antagonist. Den anti-østrogene effekten av kjemikalieblandingen er derfor foreslått å komme av at forbindelsene som har ulike MoA påvirker samme endepunkt (f.eks reduksjon av Vtg protein), men gjennom forskjellige signalveier. For å vurdere primære hepatocytter bioassays evne til å identifisere kompliserte og tidligere ikke beskrevne ER-agonister, ble et bredt spekter av stoffer relatert til ukarakteriserte blandinger (UCM) av naftensyrer og hydrokarboner screenet for potensiell østrogenitet. Få forbindelser viste svak østrogenaktivitet i de primære hepatocytter da de fleste av disse hadde en narkotisk MoA og nådde grensen for vannløselighet før de utløste noen ER-aktivitet. Understøttende endepunkter som EROD aktivitet kunne ikke forklare forbindelsenes svake østrogenitet og ga støtte til en narkotisk MoA. En østrogen effekt kan heller ikke totalt utelukkes siden de vurderte forbindelsene hadde svært varierende fysikalsk-kjemiske egenskaper som kan ha påvirket den biologiske tilgjengeligheten av forbindelsene i in vitro-systemet. Arbeidet har vist at modellen av primære regnbueørret hepatocytter er et allsidig, multi-endepunkt verktøy for screening av ER-agonister ved hjelp av både enkle biomarkører og global genekspresjon. Bioanalysen ga reproduserbare resultater som demonstrerer dens følsomhet, robusthet og reaksjonsevne i økotoksikologisk screening av stoffer som modulerer aktivitet av ER og nedstrøms cellulære hendelser. Disse funnene kan bidra til en bedre mekanistisk forståelse av godt karakteriserte og nye MoAs knyttet til enkeltstoffer og kombinerte kjemiske eksponeringer i in vitro fisk-modeller. Den globale genekspresjonen var et godt objektivt verktøy til å karakterisere MoA av ER-aktive kjemikalier i primære hepatocytter og identifiserte relevante in vivo ER-medierte reaksjoner. Resultatene i dette arbeidet viser modellens potensial til å bli et viktig (øko)toksikologisk verktøy i screening av potensielle ER-modulerende stoffer. ; Norges Forskningsråd

Comments: 90 Pages. A summary of expanded version of a submitted and accepted research project (On "Foundations of Physics", and "the Origin of Space-Time"), Ramin Zahedi, Japan, 2012 - 2015. This article has been invited and presented at the following international conferences: -The 2016 SIAM International Conference on Mathematical Aspects of Materials Science, Philadelphia, USA, 2016. (https://www.siam.org/meetings/ms16) -The 17th International Conference on Quantum Foundations: Quantum and Beyond, International Centre for Mathematical Modeling in Physics, Engineering and Cognitive Sciences (ICMM), Linnaeus University, Sweden, 2016. (https://lnu.se/en/qb/) -The 4th International Conference on New Frontiers in Physics, CERN Organized and Supported Conference (Europe), ICNFP-2015. (https://indico.cern.ch/e/icnfp2015/) -The 2016 International Conference on Algebraic Geometry and Mathematical Physics, University of Tromsø, Norway, 2016. (https://site.uit.no/) -The XXXVII Max Born International Symposium, International Conference on Non-commutative Geometry, Quantum Symmetries and Quantum Gravity (II), Wroclaw University, Poland, 2016. (http://ift.uni.wroc.pl/~mborn37/) -The 2016 GRavitational-wave Astronomy International Conference in Paris, Institute d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), The University of Paris VI - Sorbonne University, CNRS, LERU, EUA, Paris, France, 'Supported by the European Union's 7th Framework Program: FP7/PEOPLE-2011-CIG,' 2016. (http://www.iap.fr/vie_scientifique/ateliers/GravitationalWave/2016/scripts/abstract.aspx) -The 22nd Internnational Australian Institute of Physics Congress (AIP), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 2016. (http://appc-aip2016.org.au) -The 21st International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation, Columbia University, New York, USA, 2016. (http://www.gr21.org) Acknowledgements: Special thanks are extended to Prof. and Academician Vitaly L. Ginzburg (Russia), Prof. and Academician Dmitry V. Shirkov (Russia), Prof. Leonid A. Shelepin (Russia), Prof. Vladimir Ya. Fainberg (Russia), Prof. Wolfgang Rindler (USA), Prof. Roman W. Jackiw (USA), Prof. Roger Penrose (UK), Prof. Steven Weinberg (USA), Prof. Ezra T. Newman (USA), Prof. Graham Jameson (UK), Prof. Sergey A. Reshetnjak (Russia), Prof. Sir Michael Atiyah (UK) (who, in particular, kindly encouraged me to do this work intensely as a new "unorthodox" mathematical approach to fundamental physics), and many others for their support and valuable guidance during my studies and research. External URLs (including preprints and earlier publications of this article): https://cds.CERN.ch/record/1980381/, https://INSPIREHEP.net/record/1387680/, https://Eprints.Lib.Hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/59279/ , http://jairo.nii.ac.jp/0003/00047402/en/, https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/session/22/contribution/422/attachments/1140145/1646101/R.a.Zahedi--OnDiscretePhysics-Jan.2015-signed.pdf, https://Eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/60272, https://core.ac.uk/display/29500358/ , http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/11497/, www.IJGF.org/archives/3495, http://ci.NII.ac.jp/naid/120005613576, http://philpapers.cdp.uwo.ca/rec/zahotl, https://citeseerx.ist.PSU.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.675.2202, https://LNU.se/contentassets/1489145f113348f382202fbf0d1d4094/qb-abstracts-compiled-160613.pdf, https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/contribution/1740565/attachments/1140145/1726912/R.A.Zahedi--Forces.of.Nature.Laws-Jan.2015-signed.pdf , http://mts-ncomms.nature.com/ncomms_files/2017/07/10/00136200/00/136200_0_art_file_2445656_bsw9c4.pdf . ; International audience ; In this article, as a basic mathematical approach to the origin of the laws of nature, using a new algebraic axiomatic (matrix) formalism based on the ring theory and Clifford algebras (presented in Sec.2), " it is shown that certain mathematical forms of the fundamental laws of nature, including laws governing the fundamental forces of nature (represented by set of two definite classes of general covariant massive field equations, with new matrix formalisms), are derived uniquely from only a very few axioms "; where in agreement with the rational Lorentz group, it is also basically assumed that the components of relativistic energy-momentum can only take rational values. In essence, the main scheme of this new mathematical axiomatic approach to fundamental laws of nature is as follows. First based on the assumption of rationality of D-momentum, by linearization (along with a parameterization procedure) of the Lorentz invariant energy-momentum quadratic relation, a unique set of Lorentz invariant systems of homogeneous linear equations (with matrix formalisms compatible with certain Clifford and symmetric algebras) is derived. By first quantization (followed by a basic procedure of minimal coupling to space-time geometry) of these determined systems of linear equations, a set of two classes of general covariant massive (tensor) field equations (with matrix formalisms compatible with certain Clifford and Weyl algebras) is derived uniquely as well. Moreover, each derived field equation also includes a definite form of torsion field appeared naturally as the generator of the field's invariant mass. In addition, it is shown that (1+3)-dimensional cases of the derived two classes of field equations represent a new general covariant massive (matrix) formalism of the bispinor fields of spin-2, and spin-1 particles, respectively. These uniquely determined new bispinor fields by this axiomatic approach, in fact, represent a unique set of generalized massive forms of the laws governing the fundamental forces of nature, including the Einstein (gravitational), Maxwell (electromagnetic) and Yang-Mills (nuclear) field equations. Furthermore, it is also shown that the (1+2)-dimensional cases of derived two classes of field equations represent a new general covariant massive (matrix) formalism of the bispinor fields of spin-3/2 and spin-1/2 particles, respectively, corresponding to the Dirac and Rarita-Schwinger equations.    As a particular consequence, it is shown that a certain massive formalism of general relativity – with a definite form of torsion field appeared originally as the generator of the gravitational field's invariant mass – is obtained only by first quantization (followed by a basic procedure of minimal coupling to space-time geometry) of a certain set of special relativistic algebraic matrix equations. It has been also proved that the Lagrangian densities specified for directly derived new massive forms of the Maxwell, Yang-Mills and Dirac field equations, are gauge invariant, where the invariant mass of each field is generated solely by a certain torsion field. In addition, in agreement with recent astronomical data, a new form of massive particle has been also identified (as gauge boson of the U(1) symmetry group) with invariant mass: " m γ ≈ 4.90571×10 –50 kg ", generated by a definite coupled torsion field of the background space-time geometry.    Moreover, based on the definite mathematical formalism of this axiomatic approach, along with the C, P and T symmetries (represented basically by the corresponding quantum operators) of the fundamentally derived field equations, it has been concluded that the universe could be realized solely with the (1+2) and (1+3)-dimensional space-times (where this conclusion, in particular, is based on the T-symmetry). It is proved that CPT is the only (unique) combination of C, P, and T symmetries that could be defined as a symmetry for interacting fields. In addition, on the basis of these discrete symmetries of derived field equations, it has been also shown that only left-handed particle fields (along with their complementary right-handed fields) could be coupled to the corresponding (any) source currents. Furthermore, it has been shown that the metric of background space-time is diagonalized for the uniquely derived fermion field equations (defined and expressed solely in (1+2)-dimensional space-time), where this property generates a certain set of additional symmetries corresponding uniquely to the SU(2) L ⊗U(2) R symmetry group for spin-1/2 fermion fields (representing "1+3" generations of four fermions, including a group of eight leptons and a group of eight quarks), and also the SU(2) L ⊗U(2) R and SU(3) gauge symmetry groups for spin-1 boson fields coupled to the spin-1/2 fermionic source currents. Hence, along with the known elementary particles, eight new elementary particles, including four new charge-less right-handed spin-1/2 fermions (two leptons and two quarks, where the predicted two quarks "z u and z d ", specifically emerged in two subgroups with ordinary anti-quarks such that: (s̄, ū, b̄, z u ) and (c̄, d̄, t̄, z d ); there are also a similar group representation for two predicted new leptons: (ν̄ μ , e + , ν̄ τ , z e ) and (μ + , ν̄ e , τ + , z n )), a spin-3/2 fermion, and also three new spin-1 (massive) bosons (represented by W' + , W' – , Z', with properties similar to ordinary (massive) bosons W – , W + , Z, where in particular the new boson Z' is the complementary right-handed particle of ordinary Z boson) are predicted uniquely by this new axiomatic mathematical formalism. As a particular result, based on the definite matrix formalism of the derived general covariant Maxwell (and Yang-Mills) field equations, it has been also concluded that magnetic monopoles could not exist in nature. Comments: 90 Pages. A summary of expanded version of a submitted and accepted research project (On "Foundations of Physics", and "the Origin of Space-Time"), Ramin Zahedi, Japan, 2012 - 2015. This article has been invited and presented at the following international conferences: -The 2016 SIAM International Conference on Mathematical Aspects of Materials Science, Philadelphia, USA, 2016. (https://www.siam.org/meetings/ms16) -The 17th International Conference on Quantum Foundations: Quantum and Beyond, International Centre for Mathematical Modeling in Physics, Engineering and Cognitive Sciences (ICMM), Linnaeus University, Sweden, 2016. (https://lnu.se/en/qb/) -The 4th International Conference on New Frontiers in Physics, CERN Organized and Supported Conference (Europe), ICNFP-2015. (https://indico.cern.ch/e/icnfp2015/) -The 2016 International Conference on Algebraic Geometry and Mathematical Physics, University of Tromsø, Norway, 2016. (https://site.uit.no/) -The XXXVII Max Born International Symposium, International Conference on Non-commutative Geometry, Quantum Symmetries and Quantum Gravity (II), Wroclaw University, Poland, 2016. (http://ift.uni.wroc.pl/~mborn37/) -The 2016 GRavitational-wave Astronomy International Conference in Paris, Institute d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), The University of Paris VI - Sorbonne University, CNRS, LERU, EUA, Paris, France, 'Supported by the European Union's 7th Framework Program: FP7/PEOPLE-2011-CIG,' 2016. (http://www.iap.fr/vie_scientifique/ateliers/GravitationalWave/2016/scripts/abstract.aspx) -The 22nd Internnational Australian Institute of Physics Congress (AIP), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 2016. (http://appc-aip2016.org.au) -The 21st International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation, Columbia University, New York, USA, 2016. (http://www.gr21.org) Acknowledgements: Special thanks are extended to Prof. and Academician Vitaly L. Ginzburg (Russia), Prof. and Academician Dmitry V. Shirkov (Russia), Prof. Leonid A. Shelepin (Russia), Prof. Vladimir Ya. Fainberg (Russia), Prof. Wolfgang Rindler (USA), Prof. Roman W. Jackiw (USA), Prof. Roger Penrose (UK), Prof. Steven Weinberg (USA), Prof. Ezra T. Newman (USA), Prof. Graham Jameson (UK), Prof. Sergey A. Reshetnjak (Russia), Prof. Sir Michael Atiyah (UK) (who, in particular, kindly encouraged me to do this work intensely as a new "unorthodox" mathematical approach to fundamental physics), and many others for their support and valuable guidance during my studies and research. External URLs (including preprints and earlier publications of this article): https://cds.CERN.ch/record/1980381/, https://INSPIREHEP.net/record/1387680/, https://Eprints.Lib.Hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/59279/ , http://jairo.NII.ac.jp/0003/00047402/en/, https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/session/22/contribution/422/attachments/1140145/1646101/R.a.Zahedi--OnDiscretePhysics-Jan.2015-signed.pdf, https://CORE.ac.uk/display/29500358/ , http://philsci-archive.PITT.edu/11497/, www.IJGF.org/archives/3495, http://ci.NII.ac.jp/naid/120005613576, http://philpapers.cdp.UWO.ca/rec/zahotl, https://citeseerx.ist.PSU.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.675.2202, https://LNU.se/contentassets/1489145f113348f382202fbf0d1d4094/qb-abstracts-compiled-160613.pdf, http://mts-ncomms.nature.com/ncomms_files/2017/07/10/00136200/00/136200_0_art_file_2445656_bsw9c4.pdf , https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/contribution/1740565/attachments/1140145/1726912/R.A.Zahedi--Forces.of.Nature.Laws-Jan.2015-signed.pdf .

Comments: 90 Pages. A summary of expanded version of a submitted and accepted research project (On "Foundations of Physics", and "the Origin of Space-Time"), Ramin Zahedi, Japan, 2012 - 2015. This article has been invited and presented at the following international conferences: -The 2016 SIAM International Conference on Mathematical Aspects of Materials Science, Philadelphia, USA, 2016. (https://www.siam.org/meetings/ms16) -The 17th International Conference on Quantum Foundations: Quantum and Beyond, International Centre for Mathematical Modeling in Physics, Engineering and Cognitive Sciences (ICMM), Linnaeus University, Sweden, 2016. (https://lnu.se/en/qb/) -The 4th International Conference on New Frontiers in Physics, CERN Organized and Supported Conference (Europe), ICNFP-2015. (https://indico.cern.ch/e/icnfp2015/) -The 2016 International Conference on Algebraic Geometry and Mathematical Physics, University of Tromsø, Norway, 2016. (https://site.uit.no/) -The XXXVII Max Born International Symposium, International Conference on Non-commutative Geometry, Quantum Symmetries and Quantum Gravity (II), Wroclaw University, Poland, 2016. (http://ift.uni.wroc.pl/~mborn37/) -The 2016 GRavitational-wave Astronomy International Conference in Paris, Institute d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), The University of Paris VI - Sorbonne University, CNRS, LERU, EUA, Paris, France, 'Supported by the European Union's 7th Framework Program: FP7/PEOPLE-2011-CIG,' 2016. (http://www.iap.fr/vie_scientifique/ateliers/GravitationalWave/2016/scripts/abstract.aspx) -The 22nd Internnational Australian Institute of Physics Congress (AIP), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 2016. (http://appc-aip2016.org.au) -The 21st International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation, Columbia University, New York, USA, 2016. (http://www.gr21.org) Acknowledgements: Special thanks are extended to Prof. and Academician Vitaly L. Ginzburg (Russia), Prof. and Academician Dmitry V. Shirkov (Russia), Prof. Leonid A. Shelepin (Russia), Prof. Vladimir Ya. Fainberg (Russia), Prof. Wolfgang Rindler (USA), Prof. Roman W. Jackiw (USA), Prof. Roger Penrose (UK), Prof. Steven Weinberg (USA), Prof. Ezra T. Newman (USA), Prof. Graham Jameson (UK), Prof. Sergey A. Reshetnjak (Russia), Prof. Sir Michael Atiyah (UK) (who, in particular, kindly encouraged me to do this work intensely as a new "unorthodox" mathematical approach to fundamental physics), and many others for their support and valuable guidance during my studies and research. External URLs (including preprints and earlier publications of this article): https://cds.CERN.ch/record/1980381/, https://INSPIREHEP.net/record/1387680/, https://Eprints.Lib.Hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/59279/ , http://jairo.nii.ac.jp/0003/00047402/en/, https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/session/22/contribution/422/attachments/1140145/1646101/R.a.Zahedi--OnDiscretePhysics-Jan.2015-signed.pdf, https://Eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/60272, https://core.ac.uk/display/29500358/ , http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/11497/, www.IJGF.org/archives/3495, http://ci.NII.ac.jp/naid/120005613576, http://philpapers.cdp.uwo.ca/rec/zahotl, https://citeseerx.ist.PSU.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.675.2202, https://LNU.se/contentassets/1489145f113348f382202fbf0d1d4094/qb-abstracts-compiled-160613.pdf, https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/contribution/1740565/attachments/1140145/1726912/R.A.Zahedi--Forces.of.Nature.Laws-Jan.2015-signed.pdf , http://mts-ncomms.nature.com/ncomms_files/2017/07/10/00136200/00/136200_0_art_file_2445656_bsw9c4.pdf . ; International audience ; In this article, as a basic mathematical approach to the origin of the laws of nature, using a new algebraic axiomatic (matrix) formalism based on the ring theory and Clifford algebras (presented in Sec.2), " it is shown that certain mathematical forms of the fundamental laws of nature, including laws governing the fundamental forces of nature (represented by set of two definite classes of general covariant massive field equations, with new matrix formalisms), are derived uniquely from only a very few axioms "; where in agreement with the rational Lorentz group, it is also basically assumed that the components of relativistic energy-momentum can only take rational values. In essence, the main scheme of this new mathematical axiomatic approach to fundamental laws of nature is as follows. First based on the assumption of rationality of D-momentum, by linearization (along with a parameterization procedure) of the Lorentz invariant energy-momentum quadratic relation, a unique set of Lorentz invariant systems of homogeneous linear equations (with matrix formalisms compatible with certain Clifford and symmetric algebras) is derived. By first quantization (followed by a basic procedure of minimal coupling to space-time geometry) of these determined systems of linear equations, a set of two classes of general covariant massive (tensor) field equations (with matrix formalisms compatible with certain Clifford and Weyl algebras) is derived uniquely as well. Moreover, each derived field equation also includes a definite form of torsion field appeared naturally as the generator of the field's invariant mass. In addition, it is shown that (1+3)-dimensional cases of the derived two classes of field equations represent a new general covariant massive (matrix) formalism of the bispinor fields of spin-2, and spin-1 particles, respectively. These uniquely determined new bispinor fields by this axiomatic approach, in fact, represent a unique set of generalized massive forms of the laws governing the fundamental forces of nature, including the Einstein (gravitational), Maxwell (electromagnetic) and Yang-Mills (nuclear) field equations. Furthermore, it is also shown that the (1+2)-dimensional cases of derived two classes of field equations represent a new general covariant massive (matrix) formalism of the bispinor fields of spin-3/2 and spin-1/2 particles, respectively, corresponding to the Dirac and Rarita-Schwinger equations.    As a particular consequence, it is shown that a certain massive formalism of general relativity – with a definite form of torsion field appeared originally as the generator of the gravitational field's invariant mass – is obtained only by first quantization (followed by a basic procedure of minimal coupling to space-time geometry) of a certain set of special relativistic algebraic matrix equations. It has been also proved that the Lagrangian densities specified for directly derived new massive forms of the Maxwell, Yang-Mills and Dirac field equations, are gauge invariant, where the invariant mass of each field is generated solely by a certain torsion field. In addition, in agreement with recent astronomical data, a new form of massive particle has been also identified (as gauge boson of the U(1) symmetry group) with invariant mass: " m γ ≈ 4.90571×10 –50 kg ", generated by a definite coupled torsion field of the background space-time geometry.    Moreover, based on the definite mathematical formalism of this axiomatic approach, along with the C, P and T symmetries (represented basically by the corresponding quantum operators) of the fundamentally derived field equations, it has been concluded that the universe could be realized solely with the (1+2) and (1+3)-dimensional space-times (where this conclusion, in particular, is based on the T-symmetry). It is proved that CPT is the only (unique) combination of C, P, and T symmetries that could be defined as a symmetry for interacting fields. In addition, on the basis of these discrete symmetries of derived field equations, it has been also shown that only left-handed particle fields (along with their complementary right-handed fields) could be coupled to the corresponding (any) source currents. Furthermore, it has been shown that the metric of background space-time is diagonalized for the uniquely derived fermion field equations (defined and expressed solely in (1+2)-dimensional space-time), where this property generates a certain set of additional symmetries corresponding uniquely to the SU(2) L ⊗U(2) R symmetry group for spin-1/2 fermion fields (representing "1+3" generations of four fermions, including a group of eight leptons and a group of eight quarks), and also the SU(2) L ⊗U(2) R and SU(3) gauge symmetry groups for spin-1 boson fields coupled to the spin-1/2 fermionic source currents. Hence, along with the known elementary particles, eight new elementary particles, including four new charge-less right-handed spin-1/2 fermions (two leptons and two quarks, where the predicted two quarks "z u and z d ", specifically emerged in two subgroups with ordinary anti-quarks such that: (s̄, ū, b̄, z u ) and (c̄, d̄, t̄, z d ); there are also a similar group representation for two predicted new leptons: (ν̄ μ , e + , ν̄ τ , z e ) and (μ + , ν̄ e , τ + , z n )), a spin-3/2 fermion, and also three new spin-1 (massive) bosons (represented by W' + , W' – , Z', with properties similar to ordinary (massive) bosons W – , W + , Z, where in particular the new boson Z' is the complementary right-handed particle of ordinary Z boson) are predicted uniquely by this new axiomatic mathematical formalism. As a particular result, based on the definite matrix formalism of the derived general covariant Maxwell (and Yang-Mills) field equations, it has been also concluded that magnetic monopoles could not exist in nature. Comments: 90 Pages. A summary of expanded version of a submitted and accepted research project (On "Foundations of Physics", and "the Origin of Space-Time"), Ramin Zahedi, Japan, 2012 - 2015. This article has been invited and presented at the following international conferences: -The 2016 SIAM International Conference on Mathematical Aspects of Materials Science, Philadelphia, USA, 2016. (https://www.siam.org/meetings/ms16) -The 17th International Conference on Quantum Foundations: Quantum and Beyond, International Centre for Mathematical Modeling in Physics, Engineering and Cognitive Sciences (ICMM), Linnaeus University, Sweden, 2016. (https://lnu.se/en/qb/) -The 4th International Conference on New Frontiers in Physics, CERN Organized and Supported Conference (Europe), ICNFP-2015. (https://indico.cern.ch/e/icnfp2015/) -The 2016 International Conference on Algebraic Geometry and Mathematical Physics, University of Tromsø, Norway, 2016. (https://site.uit.no/) -The XXXVII Max Born International Symposium, International Conference on Non-commutative Geometry, Quantum Symmetries and Quantum Gravity (II), Wroclaw University, Poland, 2016. (http://ift.uni.wroc.pl/~mborn37/) -The 2016 GRavitational-wave Astronomy International Conference in Paris, Institute d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), The University of Paris VI - Sorbonne University, CNRS, LERU, EUA, Paris, France, 'Supported by the European Union's 7th Framework Program: FP7/PEOPLE-2011-CIG,' 2016. (http://www.iap.fr/vie_scientifique/ateliers/GravitationalWave/2016/scripts/abstract.aspx) -The 22nd Internnational Australian Institute of Physics Congress (AIP), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 2016. (http://appc-aip2016.org.au) -The 21st International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation, Columbia University, New York, USA, 2016. (http://www.gr21.org) Acknowledgements: Special thanks are extended to Prof. and Academician Vitaly L. Ginzburg (Russia), Prof. and Academician Dmitry V. Shirkov (Russia), Prof. Leonid A. Shelepin (Russia), Prof. Vladimir Ya. Fainberg (Russia), Prof. Wolfgang Rindler (USA), Prof. Roman W. Jackiw (USA), Prof. Roger Penrose (UK), Prof. Steven Weinberg (USA), Prof. Ezra T. Newman (USA), Prof. Graham Jameson (UK), Prof. Sergey A. Reshetnjak (Russia), Prof. Sir Michael Atiyah (UK) (who, in particular, kindly encouraged me to do this work intensely as a new "unorthodox" mathematical approach to fundamental physics), and many others for their support and valuable guidance during my studies and research. External URLs (including preprints and earlier publications of this article): https://cds.CERN.ch/record/1980381/, https://INSPIREHEP.net/record/1387680/, https://Eprints.Lib.Hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/59279/ , http://jairo.NII.ac.jp/0003/00047402/en/, https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/session/22/contribution/422/attachments/1140145/1646101/R.a.Zahedi--OnDiscretePhysics-Jan.2015-signed.pdf, https://CORE.ac.uk/display/29500358/ , http://philsci-archive.PITT.edu/11497/, www.IJGF.org/archives/3495, http://ci.NII.ac.jp/naid/120005613576, http://philpapers.cdp.UWO.ca/rec/zahotl, https://citeseerx.ist.PSU.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.675.2202, https://LNU.se/contentassets/1489145f113348f382202fbf0d1d4094/qb-abstracts-compiled-160613.pdf, http://mts-ncomms.nature.com/ncomms_files/2017/07/10/00136200/00/136200_0_art_file_2445656_bsw9c4.pdf , https://indico.CERN.ch/event/344173/contribution/1740565/attachments/1140145/1726912/R.A.Zahedi--Forces.of.Nature.Laws-Jan.2015-signed.pdf .

Continuando con esta serie de artículos destinados al análisis de la seguridad en el continente americano (Parte I y Parte II), trataremos en el presente el rol de la Organización de Estados Americanos en la misma.La caída del régimen soviético produjo un nuevo orden mundial cuyas características iniciales afirmaron la unipolaridad norteamericana, sin embargo el fin del conflicto bipolar ideológico característico de la Guerra Fría produjo la aparición de nuevas amenazas a la estabilidad y seguridad mundial.En el contexto histórico referido, las amenazas que surgieron dieron lugar a una nueva estructura de la Organización de Estados Americanos, que se adaptó a lo que los analistas estratégicos, en especial los norteamericanos, comienzan a denominar como las "nuevas amenazas".Estas nuevas amenazas a la seguridad, se caracterizaron por ser de naturaleza diversa a la convencional militar que caracterizó el período de la Guerra Fría, siendo su característica principal la desvinculación con el actor estatal.Es así que se comienza a discutir el rol de las organizaciones de narcotráfico en el continente y su vinculación con la financiación de grupos terroristas, en especial en Colombia. Junto con este tipo de organizaciones, la delincuencia organizada transnacional es analizada como otra nueva amenaza que hace peligrar la seguridad de los Estados.En la década de los años noventa se inicia un proceso de adecuación de la estructura institucional de la OEA, a los efectos de contemplar esta nueva realidad de la seguridad internacional. Es así que se crea la Comisión Interamericana para el Control del Abuso de Drogas (CICAD – 1986), la Comisión Especial de Seguridad de la OEA (1991), se inicia un proceso de reuniones presidenciales denominadas Cumbres de las Américas (1994), así como de conferencias de Ministros de Defensa de las Américas (1995) de reunión periódica. En 1999, se crea el Comité Interamericano contra el Terrorismo y se discute la reforma del Colegio Interamericano de Defensa (1995 – 1996) a los efectos de contemplar estas nuevas prioridades.Seguridad regionalConceptualmente en 1994 se introduce en el análisis teórico de la seguridad regional, el vínculo de la misma con el desarrollo humano, concepto elaborado por el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) y expuesto en su informe sobre el Desarrollo Humano "Nuevas dimensiones de la Seguridad Humana". Esta concepción teórica se encuentra estrechamente vinculada con la percepción del citado organismo de dejar de lado un concepto de seguridad relacionado con el poderío militar y la utilización de armas nucleares, pasando a las consideraciones vinculadas con el desarrollo humano y sus implicancias a la seguridad.El informe identifica las áreas desde donde pueden surgir amenazas a la seguridad humana, como las vinculadas con la seguridad económica, la seguridad alimentaria, la de la salud, ambiental, personal, de la comunidad y política. Esta visión, tendrá su influencia en las perspectivas de seguridad de los Estados y se verá especialmente consagrada en la década siguiente, cuando se busque ajustar los instrumentos regionales a los desafíos de un orden desestabilizado por el terrorismo.Si bien, como dijimos, en la década de los ochenta la seguridad continental se enfrenta a lo que se denominan nuevas amenazas, no es sin la existencia de ciertas rispideces que las Fuerzas Armadas de la región afrontan la intervención en problemáticas como las del narcotráfico, que consideran de competencia policial. La visión norteamericana de imposición de dicha percepción de seguridad que busca la implicancia de las mismas en la lucha contra la inseguridad ocasionada por la delincuencia organizada, narcotráfico y demás, produce diferentes reacciones regionales, si bien es posible afirmar que las estructuras de la región se adaptan a estos nuevos requerimientos.El inicio del siglo XXILos atentados terroristas llevados a cabo por Al Qaeda en territorio norteamericano profundizan los cambios que en el orden mundial se apreciaban a fines del siglo XX. Estos ataques terroristas ponen a prueba el funcionamiento del Tratado Interamericano de Asistencia Recíproca (TIAR), el cual durante la Guerra de las Malvinas había ya sufrido un embate que dividió las opiniones continentales.Los atentados terroristas de 2001 en territorio norteamericano provocan la solidaridad de los países de la región con los Estados Unidos, si bien desde el punto de vista legal, en lo concerniente a la jurisdicción del TIAR, la situación presentaba algunas dificultades.La principal se vinculaba con la antigua discusión que a nivel internacional en el ámbito de la ONU y luego en la OEA se había dado con relación a lograr una definición jurídica del concepto de "ataque armado" y de "agresión". En los hechos, los atentados terroristas por las características materiales de las cuales Al Qaeda había tomado ventajas, configuraba un enfrentamiento asimétrico frente a las capacidades militares convencionales norteamericanas, por lo que se dificultaba su inclusión dentro del concepto jurídico de ataque armado, poniendo en discusión la puesta en funcionamiento del TIAR.Por otra parte, los atentados referidos reafirmaron las previsiones estratégicas norteamericanas que en el ámbito académico de la seguridad se habían comenzado a discutir luego de la caída del muro de Berlín. Estos análisis estratégicos ya apreciaban el peligro que para los Estados Unidos y su poderío militar representaban las amenazas de naturaleza asimétrica, especialmente a través de la acción de grupos terroristas. En consecuencia, la potencia dominante se enfrenta a la amenaza terrorista que busca llevar a cabo acciones sacando provecho de las debilidades que la estructura democrática del país presenta, llevando a cabo atentados de alto impacto en la sociedad ya sea por el número de víctimas afectadas como por lo que provoca en la opinión pública norteamericana y mundial.La amenaza terrorista altera en cierta forma diversos aspectos de la vida democrática de los Estados Unidos, que construye una nueva estructura de seguridad que lo defienda de la misma. La estrategia denominada "guerra contra el terror" formulada por el Presidente George Bush hijo, será consecuencia directa de estos cambios en la visión de la seguridad internacional.Entre los aspectos delineados en la misma, se establecía la necesidad de contar con el mayor número de redes de cooperación internacional, para lo cual se buscó lograr el mayor número de aliados estratégicos que colaboraran en la lucha contra el terrorismo.Como consecuencia de este contexto internacional, en la OEA se inicia un proceso de cambio de las definiciones estratégicas de seguridad, comenzándose a priorizar el terrorismo internacional y las conexiones de éste con el lavado de dinero, el tráfico de armas y el peligro representado por las armas de destrucción masiva, químicas o bacteriológicas en poder de organizaciones terroristas.La Resolución 23/Res.1/01 "Fortalecimiento de la cooperación hemisférica para prevenir, combatir y eliminar el terrorismo" de la Vigésima Tercera Reunión de Consulta de Ministros de Relaciones Exteriores de la OEA, efectuada el 21 de septiembre de 2001, encomendó al Consejo Permanente de la OEA la elaboración de un Proyecto de Convención Interamericana contra el Terrorismo, la que fue aprobada por Resolución de la Asamblea General 1840 el 3 de junio de 2002.La citada Convención reconoce la urgencia de fortalecer y "establecer nuevas formas de cooperación regional contra el terrorismo con el objeto de erradicarlo", reconociendo la importancia del sistema jurídico internacional en la lucha contra el mismo. Se acentúa en la referida Convención la necesidad de que los Estados partes promuevan programas de cooperación técnica y capacitación a nivel nacional, bilateral subregional y regional, para fortalecer las instituciones nacionales encargadas del cumplimiento de las obligaciones establecidas, propiciando la más amplia cooperación en el ámbito del Comité Interamericano contra el Terrorismo (CICTE).Además de actualizar los instrumentos jurídicos para atacar al terrorismo, se promueve la adopción de otras acciones, por ello la Segunda Cumbre Presidencial de las Américas dispone la realización de una reunión de grupo de expertos en seguridad a los efectos de que realicen un análisis estratégico de la seguridad hemisférica, con la finalidad de efectuar recomendaciones a una Conferencia Especial sobre Seguridad.Los expertos reunidos en la ciudad de Miami en febrero de 2003 emiten una declaración denominada el Consenso de Miami, el cual básicamente reafirma la importancia de las Medidas de Confianza Mutua que ya se venían considerando desde el año 1995, como parte de la arquitectura flexible de un nuevo sistema de seguridad para las Américas, para enfrentar además de las amenazas tradicionales, las denominadas "nuevas amenazas", a las cuales se les adicionan como conceptos estratégicos el de las preocupaciones y los desafíos a la seguridad.En la Declaración del Consenso, se reconoce que existe una concepción nueva de la seguridad, de carácter multidimensional, por lo que "deben desarrollarse nuevos mecanismos a fin de abordar las amenazas, preocupaciones y otros desafíos a la paz y la seguridad hemisféricas, de conformidad con las condiciones geográfica, política, social, cultural y económica de cada país o subregión" (Declaración de Bridgetown, Asamblea General de la Organización de Estados Americanos, 2002).Entre las medidas de confianza mutua que se elaboran se proveen una serie de recomendaciones de actividades destinadas al intercambio de información, transparencia y cooperación, para así disminuir la desconfianza entre los países. La mayoría de los países del Cono Sur se resistieron a considerar que la seguridad continental podía equipararse en igual forma, manifestando que cada país tenía realidades diversas, por lo que era necesario reconocer diversas prioridades estratégicas.Esto condujo a que se introdujera no solo el concepto de seguridad multidimensional que considera a la seguridad como un concepto flexible que abarca consideraciones de índoles sociales como la pobreza, sino también a que se consideraran otras amenazas no convencionales como preocupaciones y desafíos con diverso grado de riesgo. Sin embargo, los cambios que se han producido en la seguridad hemisférica han dejado fuera de la discusión la problemática vinculada con la vigencia del TIAR en un contexto mundial y regional diverso al que fue creado.La OEA si bien se adaptó a los nuevos desafíos que en materia de seguridad se presentaron luego del fin de la Guerra Fría, aún no ha logrado concretar la adecuación de la alianza estratégica militar que se consagró, en otra realidad internacional, bajo la forma jurídica del Tratado Interamericano de Asistencia Recíproca.En la actualidad, nuevos desafíos se presentan para el funcionamiento de la OEA, entre ellos la creación en el ámbito de la UNASUR del Consejo de Defensa Sudamericano, que consagra el tratamiento de temas de seguridad para el Cono Sur y que será tratado en otro artículo.*Doctora en Derecho Universidad de la República Doctorado en Relaciones Internacionales Universidad del Salvador en Buenos Aires (en curso) Maestría en Políticas de Seguridad Nacional Universidad Nacional de Defensa – Washington DC, USA.

Es claro que el crecimiento de la población, la extracción de materiales, la producción alimentaria y el incremento de energía para todas las actividades humanas nos conducen a un estado de colisión con las capacidades de la biosfera y los ecosistemas en el proceso de asegurar la provisión de bienes y servicios indispensables para la vida (1). La producción de energía convencional y contaminante es hoy una de las más graves en este escenario, tanto que la comunidad internacional y las potencias ya han empezado a dar muestras de preocupación por la seguridad energética y, con ello por la amenaza del cambio climático.En el actual cambio climático por primera vez se viene demostrando que la humanidad ha cambiado decisivamente un ciclo liberando CO2 a la atmósfera a través de la quema de combustibles fósiles y cambios en el uso del suelo por más de 500 000 años. El origen del cambio climático se remonta a dos grandes transformaciones en el uso de la energía. En primer lugar, la energía hidráulica fue reemplazada por el carbón, una fuente de energía condensada por la naturaleza a lo largo de millones de años. Fue el aprovechamiento del carbón para nuevas tecnologías lo que propulsó la revolución industrial y desató aumentos sin precedentes en la productividad. La segunda gran transformación ocurrió 150 años más tarde. El petróleo había sido una fuente de energía humana durante milenios. En China, por ejemplo, se registran pozos petroleros ya en el siglo IV. No obstante, la utilización del petróleo para los motores de combustión interna a comienzos del siglo XX marcó el inicio de una revolución en el transporte. La quema de carbón y petróleo, junto con el gas natural, ha transformado a las sociedades humanas al proveerle la energía impulsora de grandes aumentos en la riqueza y la productividad, pero también ha impulsado el cambio climático (2).La economía humana ha crecido vertiginosamente, se multiplicó más de 60 veces desde la revolución industrial a la fecha, y entre 2010 y 2050 se multiplicará por cuatro. ¿Cómo proveer la suficiente cantidad de energía para tal crecimiento económico sin continuar acrecentando las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y por tanto el cambio climático?Las respuestas tecnológicas y las propuestas globales están a la vista, pero no hay suficiente voluntad política de los grandes tomadores de decisiones para aportar en su solución. Una propuesta importante es abandonar los combustibles fósiles (carbón, petróleo) como fuente principal de producción energética, y migrar lo más rápido posible hacia fuentes de energías renovables como la hidráulica, eólica, mareomotriz, geotérmica y sobre todo la energía solar (1). De esta forma, la reducción de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero se prevé que estaría adecuadamente encaminada. Complementariamente, hay necesidad de incrementar la eficiencia de las plantas generadoras, el aumento del uso de tecnologías de energía renovable, reforzado con un uso más eficiente de la energía en el transporte, los edificios y los distintos sectores industriales (3).Al fin y al cabo, debemos tener en cuenta que prácticamente toda la energía que tenemos disponible en el planeta proviene del Sol. Los combustibles fósiles son tales porque alguna vez fueron seres vivos que, en grandes cantidades, quedaron sepultados y por procesos geológicos de millones de años se transformaron en petróleo y carbón. Es decir, son productos de la fotosíntesis del pasado. Asimismo, las energías eólica e hidráulica son producto de energía solar más gravedad. Salvo la geotérmica y la atómica, todas las fuentes de energía en la Tierra tienen que ver con el Sol de alguna manera (1).El Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) promueve diversas estrategias de bajo consumo de carbono, que van desde el apoyo en la transformación del mercado de electrodomésticos eficientes en materia de energía hasta la ayuda a los países para que eliminen las barreras de acceso al uso de energías renovables. También promueve una transición a largo plazo hacia formas de transporte con bajas emisiones de carbono y sostenibles.El potencial acumulado de calentamiento del planeta que se ha evitado como resultado de la labor del PNUD en materia de sustancias que agotan el ozono en todo el mundo, asciende a 24,5 millones de toneladas métricas de CO2 (4). La clave, entonces, es influir sobre la conducta de las instituciones y las personas y alentar las inversiones en empresas y actividades inocuas para el medio ambiente.La Unión Europea, asumiendo el liderazgo mundial en la lucha contra el cambio climático y a la vez en su afán de protegerse de energía ante eventuales crisis internacionales, ha emprendido como reto una gran reforma energética común, considerada histórica, con énfasis en la protección del medioambiente a través de la energía renovable. Sus líderes, en marzo de 2007, se comprometieron a alcanzar la estrategia energética, conocida como 20-20-20, hasta el año 2020. Esta estrategia implica el cumplimiento de tres grandes objetivos: 1) reducir 20% el consumo energético mediante una mayor eficiencia energética; 2) incrementar el uso de energías renovables hasta alcanzar 20% el consumo energético total, y 3) reducir en 20% las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en relación con las emisiones de 1990.De acuerdo con las tendencias de consumo energético, todo parece indicar que el cambio climático es y será inevitable, y la Tierra continuará calentándose. Solo basta imaginar que de llegar el incremento del consumo energético al 83,7% hasta el año 2025, tal como está previsto desde 1990, el planeta recibirá el 76,4% más de CO2 en este lapso (5).Mientras más tardemos en asumir las decisiones y en modificar nuestros patrones dominantes de generación y uso de energía, más altos serán los costos por adaptación a un futuro que, previsiblemente, se nos anuncia lleno de impactos adversos. ; It is clear that the population growth, the extraction of materials, food production and increased energy needed for all human activities lead us to a state of collision with the capabilities of the biosphere and ecosystems in the process of ensuring the provision of goods and services essential for life (1). Production of conventional and clean energy is now one of the most serious issues in this scenario; both the international community and the world powers have begun to show signs of concern about energy security and the threat of climate change.The current climate change has demonstrated for the first time that humanity has decisively changed the atmosphere by releasing CO2 through the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use over 500 000 years . The origin of climate change can be traced back to two great transformations in energy use. First, water power was replaced by coal, a source of energy condensed by nature over millions of years. The use of coal for new technologies propelled the industrial revolution and triggered unprecedented increases in productivity. The second great transformation happened 150 years later. Oil had been a source of human energy for millennia. In China, for example, oil wells are recorded as early as the fourth century. However, the use of oil for internal combustion engines in the early twentieth century marked the beginning of a revolution in transport. The burning of coal and oil, along with natural gas, is a transformation providing the driving energy for great increases in wealth and productivity. The downside is that it is a prime contributor to climate change (2).The human economy has grown rapidly, multiplied 60 times since the industrial revolution to date, and between 2010 and 2050 will be multiplied again by four. How to provide enough energy for such growth to continue without adding to emissions of greenhouse gases and therefore exacerbating climate change?Technological responses and global proposals are obvious, but there is not enough political impetus of the great decision makers to contribute to its solution. One important proposal is to leave behind the fossil fuels (coal, oil) as the main source of energy production, and migrate as quickly as possible to renewable energy sources such as hydro, wind, tidal, geothermal and especially solar energy (1). By doing this, the reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases is expected to be properly directed. In addition, there is need to increase the efficiency of power plants, increase use of renewable energy technologies, reinforce with a more efficient use of energy in transportation, building and the different industrial sectors (3).At the end of the day, we must bear in mind that virtually all the energy we have available on the planet is from the sun. Fossil fuels are such because they were once living beings that, in large quantities, were buried by geological processes millions of years ago and were transformed gradually into oil and coal. Also, wind and hydro energy are solar energy and gravity products. Except for geothermal and nuclear energy, most sources of energy on Earth have to do with the sun in some way (1).The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) promotes various strategies for low-carbon, ranging from supporting the market transformation of efficient appliances energy to helping the countries to remove barriers to the access of renewable energy. It also promotes a long-term transition towards forms of sustainable and low-carbon transportation.The cumulative global warming potential has been avoided as a result of UNDP work on substances that deplete the ozone worldwide, amounting to 24,5 million metric tons of CO2 (4). The key, then, is to influence the behavior of institutions and people and encourage investment in businesses and activities which are innocuous on the environment.The European Union, taking global leadership in combating climate change and yet making an effort to provide energy to any international crisis, has undertaken the challenge of a common energy reform, historically considered, with emphasis on environmental protection through renewable energy. Its leaders, in March 2007, undertook to achieve an energy strategy, known as 20-20-20, 2020. This strategy involves the fulfillment of three major objectives: 1) to reduce energy consumption by 20 % through increased energy efficiency; 2) to increase the use of renewable energy up to 20 % of total energy consumption, and 3) to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases in relation to 1990 emissions by 20 %.According to energy consumption trends, it appears that climate change is and will be inevitable, and the Earth will continue to warm. Just imagine that, to increase the energy consumption to 83,7 % until 2025, as planned since 1990, the planet will receive 76,4 % more CO2 during this period (5).The more we delay in making decisions and changing our dominant patterns of energy generation and use, the higher the costs of adaptation to a future that is expected to announce adverse impacts.

Según una leyenda eslava del siglo XIV, al principio de los tiempos había tres hermanos que se fueron separando para tomar posesión de tres países. Czech fue al sur; Rous al este y Lech se quedó en las fértiles tierras polacas.En realidad, la expansión del pueblo eslavo por toda Europa hacia el oeste, hasta los límites del Imperio Carolingio (771-814) en la región de Moravia y el río Elba, data de finales del siglo V y principios del VI de nuestra era. Los eslavos inician su peregrinación hacia esos territorios prácticamente despoblados, a partir de la zona del río Dnieper, cerca de Kiev, empujados por la llegada desde el este de los hunos. Ocupan prácticamente la mitad de Europa hacia el siglo X, limitando con el imperio Bizantino en la actual zona de Yugoslavia, al sur; con el mar Báltico en la desembocadura del Oder, al norte; con el mar Negro al suroeste, y con el río Volga y la zona báltica al noroeste.El legado de la HistoriaNo puede entenderse la política exterior rusa, de hoy y de siempre, sin este formidable legado histórico y geográfico eslavo. Consciente de su papel central en la historia de Occidente, Rusia ha obrado, al menos desde el siglo XVII, de forma de garantizarse un lugar de privilegio en el concierto de las grandes potencias; obsesionada, desde siempre, con garantizar su salida al mar Báltico y al mar Negro.Desde Pedro el Grande –que lega a la Historia rusa la salida al Báltico -, hasta Putin, pasando por Catalina II, la amiga de los filósofos franceses de la Ilustración, que asegura la salida al mar Negro; Alejandro III – que teje las alianzas claves con Francia e Inglaterra a finales del siglo XIX –; o el mismísimo Stalin, que conduce la Segunda Guerra Mundial desde la referencia del orgullo ruso y marcha con convicción hacia el centro de Europa, la política exterior de Moscú ha respondido a ejes estratégicos que van de la mano del convencimiento de cierta grandeza de su civilización. Primer potencia mundial en superficie, la Federación Rusa de más de 17 millones de km es la frontera entre Europa y Asia, e integra con igual espíritu estratégico los dos continentes. Fue actor político fundamental del siglo XX (tal como lo adelantara Alexis de Tocqueville en sus análisis sobre Estados Unidos en la primer mitad del siglo XIX). Contribuyó, más que cualquier otra potencia, a ganar la Segunda Guerra Mundial, que le costó la pavorosa pérdida humana de 20 millones de rusos (algo no siempre señalado por estas latitudes tan proclives a la influencia, por décadas, de la propaganda antisoviética estadounidense de la Guerra Fría). Y vivió en los años 1990 un derrumbe económico sin parangón, del que todavía está saliendo con dificultades. La salida del socialismoSi calculamos el PNB por habitante en paridad de poder adquisitivo sobre una base 100 en 1990, Rusia se hunde y llega a la trágica cifra de 60 en 1995. Moscú aceptó en los años Yeltsin una privatización salvaje, en particular en el área estratégica de la energía, que colaboró en la formación de una clase "oligarca" poderosa en dinero, corrupta, y vinculada a intereses corporativos extranjeros que saquearon al país. Llegó a la quiebra financiera del Estado en 1998. Se benefició a partir de 2004 por la suba del precio del petróleo, y recién en 2005, el PNB ruso por habitante alcanzó el entorno de 90 puntos en la escala antes referida. Todas cifras que dan cuenta de una catástrofe nacional, en medio del crecimiento sostenido de todas las potencias occidentales y asiáticas, y que demuestran la enorme dificultad de la transición económica rusa hacia un sistema capitalista abierto y competitivo luego de décadas de socialismo ineficiente y corrompido. Pero la Federación Rusa también procesó cambios geopolíticos fundamentales en esos años noventa.Moscú terminó con el régimen totalitario más perfeccionado en la historia de la humanidad evitando una guerra civil. Aceptó que sus países satélites de Europa del Este, de la zona del Báltico, del Cáucaso y de Asia Central se independizaran en relativa paz, y permitió que Bielorrusia tuviese un gobierno propio.Enfrentó, además, el activismo desembozado de la CIA en el Cáucaso. Estados Unidos fijó bases militares en Uzbekistán y Kirguizistán; instaló consejos militares en Georgia y avanzó hasta las puertas mismas de la federación con acuerdos con países que se integraron (o pretenden hacerlo) a la OTAN. Por su parte, la Unión Europea pasó en estos primeros años del siglo a tener fronteras directas con su tan importante socio comercial ruso, lo que también significó un cambio fundamental en los parámetros de seguridad regional.Finalmente, la Federación Rusa, de unos 142 millones de habitantes (7 millones menos que en 1993), viene enfrentando desde hace décadas problemas demográficos preocupantes a mediano plazo, de los que se ocupara el artículo de Pablo Brum (cf. Letras Internacionales nº 70, "Una verdad incómoda") y que, de mantenerse, implican el continuo decrecimiento absoluto de su población en los próximos años. El centro estatal de estadísticas (Rosstat) calcula que Rusia perderá 11 millones de habitantes en el horizonte 2025.Sin embargo, las minorías rusas están muy presentes en las ex- repúblicas soviéticas. Representan por ejemplo, el 17% de la población de Ucrania, el 11% de Bielorrusia, el 40% de Estonia y Letonia, el 26% de Kazakstán y el 58% de la estratégica Crimea. Son más de 17 millones los rusos desperdigados por los países del área cercana a la Federación, que aseguran un enorme potencial de influencia de largo plazo, cultural y económico, y que vienen a ilustrar la complejidad del entramado geográfico y político de la región.¿Una potencia estabilizadora?Intérprete de cierto legado de la Historia y consciente de la evolución reciente de la escena internacional, la Federación Rusa de Putin y Medvedev ha establecido criterios claros y estrategias consistentes en materia internacional. En primer lugar, resguardar la frontera próxima, el área de influencia en donde, naturalmente según Moscú, debe primar el criterio del gran vecino ruso y la soberanía de los Estados habrá de ser, por definición, limitada. Siempre quiso Rusia que así fuera y, en su lógica, así ha de mantenerse en el futuro. Desde esa perspectiva debe entenderse la invasión y ocupación militar de parte del territorio de Georgia, o la negativa a aceptar el escudo antimisil estadounidense en Europa del Este que vendría a desestabilizar dramáticamente la ecuación militar en la región. Los rusos, claro, desconfían con razón de la prédica anti- iraní estadounidense que justificaría semejante revolución en la seguridad de su (natural) zona de influencia. Desde esa visión también, las relaciones con Venezuela o Cuba se explican como una reacción espejo, en la óptica de Moscú, al indebido, prolongado, y desestabilizador involucramiento estadounidense en el Cáucaso y en Europa del Este.En segundo lugar, Rusia se plantea avanzar en su reconocimiento como gran actor internacional, lugar que ocupó al menos desde el siglo XVIII. Ni Putin como presidente, ni Putin como primer ministro de Medvedev, está dispuesto a dejar que se relegue a la gran Rusia a un segundo plano de la conformación y definición del nuevo orden internacional de principios del siglo XXI. Y es que la Federación Rusa es un gran actor internacional, sin duda, en materia militar y energética. Desde esa perspectiva debe entenderse el aumento del gasto militar que representó en 2007 el 3,7% de su PIB, comparable en proporción al 4% del PIB que Estados Unidos destina a gastos militares (si bien en términos absolutos el gasto norteamericano es muy superior). En el mismo sentido, Moscú utiliza sus recursos energéticos para sus negociaciones con China por la venta de petróleo por ejemplo – en su papel de potencia asiática -, o para afianzar su realpolitik europea en torno a la provisión de gas a Ucrania, e indirectamente, como proveedor de toda la Unión Europea y en particular de su pulmón industrial alemán. Pero también quiere reconocerse como actor primordial en el cuidado de los grandes equilibrios políticos mundiales. Rusia tiene un papel preponderante para jugar en la situación iraní, en Afganistán y en Corea del Norte, y en junio pasado mostró tener una posición constructiva con Estados Unidos sobre el desarme nuclear. Frente a la hiperpotencia estadounidense de los tiempos de Bush, que no generó estabilidad ni construcción colectiva de un nuevo orden internacional previsible, Rusia buscó aliarse con Europa en temas claves – el acuerdo Paris- Berlín- Moscú en 2003 sobre Irak lo ilustra – a la vez que profundizó su secular lógica imperialista regional. La Federación Rusa no jugará, por tanto, un papel democratizador en su región. No es una democracia plena, ni mucho menos (nunca lo fue, por cierto). Sus dirigentes actúan como integrantes de una especie de directorio de una "corporación rusa" económica, militar y estratégica que defiende cierta visión de lo que quieren ser intereses nacionales heredados de los más profundo de la Historia, y que no evita graves episodios de corrupción. En este sentido, su opaco manejo del poder es fiel a cierta tradición autócrata que descree del discurso democrático. Un discurso que es visto desde Moscú como un producto del sofisticado "soft power" occidental, y como un caballo de Troya que procura debilitar las bases del poder ruso en la escena internacional.Sin embargo, al decir del historiador francés Emmanuel Todd, asesor del ex presidente Chirac, Rusia tiene un "temperamento universalista". La igualdad está inscrita en el corazón de su estructura familiar por una regla de herencia absolutamente simétrica que, desde los tiempos de Pedro el Grande, rechazó la lógica del primogénito que favorecía al hijo mayor en detrimento de los otros. Según Todd, Rusia es "fiable porque, liberal o no, es de temperamento universalista, capaz de percibir de forma igualitaria, justa, las relaciones internacionales. Sumado a su debilidad, que le impide sueños de dominación, el universalismo ruso no puede más que contribuir positivamente al equilibrio del mundo ". Podrá compartirse la apreciación de Todd, o creer que peca de ingenuidad frente a los recurrentes episodios internacionales que ilustran la agresividad del "oso ruso". Pero sin duda, la gran Rusia, la del legado cultural universal de su literatura, la de los Gogol, Tolstoï, Dostoïevski y Tchekhov, es más compleja y rica que la representación en blanco y negro que lamentablemente ha primado históricamente en estas latitudes y que es heredera de la maniquea Guerra Fría. Sin duda, sus vecinos sufren su lógica imperial – los polacos, desde hace varios siglos, ¡vaya si la han sufrido! -. Sin duda también, si no cae en la tentación histórica de la anarquía o del salvaje autoritarismo, la Federación Rusa puede transformarse en un fundamental factor de equilibrio internacional. En todos los escenarios, la gran Rusia es y será un actor ineludible y de primer orden del tablero mundial. Entender mejor su complejidad es también contribuir a un mejor análisis de las relaciones internacionales.Emmanuel Todd. Après l´empire. Essai sur la décomposition du système américain. Folio, Gallimard, 2004, p. 218. *Profesor de Sistema Internacional ContemporáneoDepto de Estudios InternacionalesFACS- ORT Uruguay

Lean body mass, consisting mostly of skeletal muscle, is important for healthy aging. We performed a genome-wide association study for whole body (20 cohorts of European ancestry with n = 38,292) and appendicular (arms and legs) lean body mass (n = 28,330) measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry or bioelectrical impedance analysis, adjusted for sex, age, height, and fat mass. Twenty-one single-nucleotide polymorphisms were significantly associated with lean body mass either genome wide (p < 5 × 10−8) or suggestively genome wide (p < 2.3 × 10−6). Replication in 63,475 (47,227 of European ancestry) individuals from 33 cohorts for whole body lean body mass and in 45,090 (42,360 of European ancestry) subjects from 25 cohorts for appendicular lean body mass was successful for five single-nucleotide polymorphisms in/near HSD17B11, VCAN, ADAMTSL3, IRS1, and FTO for total lean body mass and for three single-nucleotide polymorphisms in/near VCAN, ADAMTSL3, and IRS1 for appendicular lean body mass. Our findings provide new insight into the genetics of lean body mass. ; We acknowledge the essential role of the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genome Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium in development and support of this manuscript. CHARGE members include the Netherland's Rotterdam Study (RS), Framingham Heart Study (FHS), Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), the NHLBI's Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, and Iceland's Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility (AGES) Reykjavik Study. Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility Reykjavik Study (AGES-Reykjavik): has been funded by NIH contract N01-AG-12100, the NIA Intramural Research Program, Hjartavernd (the Icelandic Heart Association), and the Althingi (the Icelandic Parliament). The study is approved by the Icelandic National Bioethics Committee, (VSN: 00-063) and the Data Protection Authority. The researchers are indebted to the participants for their willingness to participate in the study. Old Order Amish (OOA): this work was supported by NIH research grants U01 HL72515, U01 GM074518, R01 HL088119, R01 AR046838, and U01 HL084756. Partial funding was also provided by the Mid-Atlantic Nutrition and Obesity Research Center of Maryland (P30 DK072488).). L.M.Y.-A. was supported by F32AR059469 from NIH/NIAMS. M.F. was supported by American Heart Association grant 10SDG2690004. Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS): This CHS research was supported by NHLBI contracts N01-HC- 85079, N01-HC-85080, N01-HC-85081, N01-HC-85082, N01-HC-85083, N01-HC-85084, N01-HC-85085, N01-HC-85086; N01-HC-35129, N01 HC-15103, N01 HC-55222, N01-HC-75150, N01-HC-45133, N01-HC-85239, and by HHSN268201200036C and NHLBI grants HL080295, HL087652, HL105756, HL103612, HL120393, and HL130114 with additional contribution from NINDS. Additional support was provided through AG-023629, AG-15928, AG-20098, and AG-027058 from the NIA. See also http://www.chs-nhlbi.org/pi.htm. DNA handling and genotyping at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center was supported in part by the National Center for Research Resources, grant UL1RR033176, and is now at the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, CTSI grant UL1TR000124; in addition to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease grant DK063491 to the Southern California Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center. CoLaus: The CoLaus study received financial contributions from GlaxoSmithKline, the Faculty of Biology and Medicine of Lausanne, and the Swiss National Science Foundation (grants 33CSCO-122661, 33CS30-139468, and 33CS30-148401). We thank Vincent Mooser and Gérard Waeber, Co-PIs of the CoLaus study. Special thanks to Yolande Barreau, Mathieu Firmann, Vladimir Mayor, Anne-Lise Bastian, Binasa Ramic, Martine Moranville, Martine Baumer, Marcy Sagette, Jeanne Ecoffey, and Sylvie Mermoud for data collection. Data analysis was supervised by Sven Bergmann and Jacques S. Beckmann. The computations for this paper were performed in part at the Vital-IT Center for high-performance computing of the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. deCODE Study: The study was funded by deCODE Genetics, ehf. We thank all the participants of this study, the staff of deCODE Genetics core facilities and recruitment center and the densitometry clinic at the University Hospital for their important contributions to this work. The EPIC Study: The EPIC Obesity study is funded by Cancer Research United Kingdom and the Medical Research Council. I.B. acknowledges support from EU FP6 funding (contract no. LSHM-CT-2003-503041) and by the Wellcome Trust (WT098051). Erasmus Rucphen Family (ERF) Study: The study was supported by grants from The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), Erasmus MC, the Centre for Medical Systems Biology (CMSB), and the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013), ENGAGE Consortium, grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2007-201413. We are grateful to all general practitioners for their contributions, to Petra Veraart for her help in genealogy, Jeannette Vergeer for the supervision of the laboratory work and Peter Snijders for his help in data collection. Fenland: The Fenland Study is funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Medical Research Council, as well as by the Support for Science Funding programme and CamStrad. We are grateful to all the volunteers for their time and help, and to the General Practitioners and practice staff for help with recruitment. We thank the Fenland Study co-ordination team and the Field Epidemiology team of the MRC Epidemiology Unit for recruitment and clinical testing. Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen was supported by the Danish Council for Independent Research (DFF—1333-00124 and Sapere Aude program grant DFF—1331-00730B). Framingham Osteoporosis Study (FOS)/Framingham Heart Study (FHS): The study was funded by grants from the US National Institute for Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases and National Institute on Aging (R01 AR 41398 and U24AG051129; D.P.K. and R01AR057118; D.K. D.K. was also supported by FP7-PEOPLE-2012-Marie Curie Career Integration Grants (CIG)). The Framingham Heart Study of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health and Boston University School of Medicine were supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study (N01-HC-25195) and its contract with Affymetrix, Inc. for genotyping services (N02-HL-6-4278). Analyses reflect intellectual input and resource development from the Framingham Heart Study investigators participating in the SNP Health Association Resource (SHARe) project. A portion of this research was conducted using the Linux Cluster for Genetic Analysis (LinGA-II) funded by the Robert Dawson Evans Endowment of the Department of Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center. eQTL HOb Study: The study was supported by Genome Quebec, Genome Canada and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). Gothenburg Osteoporosis and Obesity Determinants Study (GOOD): The study was funded by the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, The ALF/LUA research grant in Gothenburg, the Lundberg Foundation, the Emil and Vera Cornell Foundation, the Torsten and Ragnar Söderberg's Foundation, Petrus and Augusta Hedlunds Foundation, the Västra Götaland Foundation, and the Göteborg Medical Society. We would like to thank Dr Tobias A. Knoch, Luc V. de Zeeuw, Anis Abuseiris, and Rob de Graaf as well as their institutions the Erasmus Computing Grid, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, and especially the national German MediGRID and Services@MediGRID part of the German D-Grid, both funded by the German Bundesministerium fuer Forschung und Technology under grants #01 AK 803 A-H and # 01 IG 07015G for access to their grid resources. We also thank Karol Estrada, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands for advice regarding the grid resources. Health Aging and Body Composition Study (Health ABC): This study was funded by the National Institutes of Aging. This research was supported by NIA contracts N01AG62101, N01AG62103, and N01AG62106. The genome-wide association study was funded by NIA grant 1R01AG032098-01A1 to Wake Forest University Health Sciences and genotyping services were provided by the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR). CIDR is fully funded through a federal contract from the National Institutes of Health to The Johns Hopkins University, contract number HHSN268200782096C. Indiana: We thank the individuals who participated in this study, as well as the study coordinators, without whom this work would not have been possible. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants R01 AG 041517 and M01 RR-00750. Genotyping services were provided by CIDR. CIDR is fully funded through a federal contract from the National Institutes of Health to The Johns Hopkins University, contract number HHSN268200782096C. This research was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Library of Medicine. Kora (KORA F3 and KORA F4): The KORA research platform was initiated and financed by the Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and by the State of Bavaria. Part of this work was financed by the German National Genome Research Network (NGFN-2 and NGFNPlus: 01GS0823). Our research was supported within the Munich Center of Health Sciences (MC Health) as part of LMUinnovativ. The London Life Sciences Population (LOLIPOP): The study was funded by the British Heart Foundation, Wellcome Trust, the Medical Research Council, and Kidney Research UK. The study also receives support from a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) programme grant. Rotterdam Study (RSI, RSII & RSIII): The generation and management of GWAS genotype data for the Rotterdam Study (RS I, RS II, RS III) was executed by the Human Genotyping Facility of the Genetic Laboratory of the Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. The GWAS datasets are supported by the Netherlands Organisation of Scientific Research NWO Investments (no. 175.010.2005.011, 911-03-012), the Genetic Laboratory of the Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (014-93-015; RIDE2), the Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)/Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), project no. 050-060-810. We thank Pascal Arp, Mila Jhamai, Marijn Verkerk, Lizbeth Herrera, Marjolein Peters, MSc, and Carolina Medina-Gomez, MSc, for their help in creating the GWAS database, and Karol Estrada, PhD, Yurii Aulchenko, PhD, and Carolina Medina-Gomez, PhD, for the creation and analysis of imputed data. The Rotterdam Study is funded by Erasmus Medical Center and Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands Organization for the Health Research and Development (ZonMw), the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (RIDE), the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports, the European Commission (DG XII), and the Municipality of Rotterdam. We are grateful to the study participants, the staff from the Rotterdam Study and the participating general practitioners and pharmacists. We thank Dr Karol Estrada, Dr Fernando Rivadeneira, Dr Tobias A. Knoch, Anis Abuseiris, and Rob de Graaf (Erasmus MC Rotterdam, The Netherlands) for their help in creating GRIMP, and we thank BigGRID, MediGRID, and Services@MediGRID/D-Grid (funded by the German Bundesministerium fuer Forschung und Technology; grants 01 AK 803 A-H, 01 IG 07015G) for access to their grid computing resources. Rush Memory and Aging Project (MAP): The Memory and Aging Project was supported by National Institute on Aging grants R01AG17917, R01AG15819, and R01AG24480, the Illinois Department of Public Health, the Rush Clinical Translational Science Consortium, and a gift from Ms Marsha Dowd. TwinsUK (TUK): The study was funded by the Wellcome Trust, Arthritis Research UK, and the Chronic Disease Research Foundation. The study also received support from a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre award to Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust in partnership with King's College London. We thank the staff and volunteers of the TwinsUK study. The study was also supported by Israel Science Foundation, grant number 994/10. Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility Reykjavik Study (AGES-Reykjavik) has been funded by NIH contract N01-AG-12100, the NIA Intramural Research Program, Hjartavernd (the Icelandic Heart Association), and the Althingi (the Icelandic Parliament). The study is approved by the Icelandic National Bioethics Committee (VSN: 00-063) and the Data Protection Authority. The researchers are indebted to the participants for their willingness to participate in the study. Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II) was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF (grants #16SV5536K, #16SV5537, #16SV5538, and #16SV5837; previously #01UW0808)). Additional contributions (e.g., financial, equipment, logistics, personnel) are made from each of the other participating sites, i.e., the Max Planck Institute for Human Development (MPIB), Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (MPIMG), Charite University Medicine, German Institute for Economic Research (DIW), all located in Berlin, Germany, and University of Lübeck in Lübeck, Germany. B-vitamins in the prevention of osteoporotic fractures (B-PROOF): B-PROOF is supported and funded by The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw, grant 6130.0031), the Hague; unrestricted grant from NZO (Dutch Dairy Association), Zoetermeer; Orthica, Almere; NCHA (Netherlands Consortium Healthy Ageing) Leiden/Rotterdam; Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation (project KB-15-004-003), the Hague; Wageningen University, Wageningen; VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam. All organizations are based in the Netherlands. We thank Dr Tobias A. Knoch, Anis Abuseiris, Karol Estrada, and Rob de Graaf as well as their institutions the Erasmus Grid Office, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, The Netherlands, and especially the national German MediGRID and Services@MediGRID part of the German D-Grid, both funded by the German Bundesministerium fuer Forschung und Technology (grants #01 AK 803 A-H and #01 IG 07015G) for access to their gird resources. Further, we gratefully thank all participants. Calcium Intake Fracture Outcome Study (CAIFOS): This study was funded by Healthway Health Promotion Foundation of Western Australia, Australasian Menopause Society and the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Project Grants (254627, 303169, and 572604). We are grateful to the participants of the CAIFOS Study. The salary of Dr Lewis is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Career Development Fellowship. Danish Osteoporosis Study (DOPS): The study was supported by Karen Elise Jensen foundation. Family Heart Study (FamHS): The study was supported by NIH grants R01-HL-117078, R01-HL-087700, and R01-HL-088215 from NHLBI; and R01-DK-089256 and R01-DK-075681 from NIDDK. GenMets (Health 2000): S.R. was supported by the Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics (213506 and 129680), Academy of Finland (251217), the Finnish foundation for Cardiovascular Research and the Sigrid Juselius Foundation. S.M. was supported by grants #136895 and #141005, V.S. by grants #139635 and 129494, and M.P. by grant #269517 from the Academy of Finland and a grant from the Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research. M.P. was supported by the Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation. Helsinki Birth Cohort Study (HBCS): We thank all study participants as well as everybody involved in the HBCS. HBCS has been supported by grants from the Academy of Finland, the Finnish Diabetes Research Society, Samfundet Folkhälsann, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Liv och Hälsa, Finska Läkaresällskapet, Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation, University of Helsinki, European Science Foundation (EUROSTRESS), Ministry of Education, Ahokas Foundation, Emil Aaltonen Foundation, Juho Vainio Foundation, and Wellcome Trust (grant number WT089062). Johnston County Study: The Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project is supported in part by cooperative agreements S043, S1734, and S3486 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Association of Schools of Public Health; the NIAMS Multipurpose Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disease Center grant 5-P60-AR30701; and the NIAMS Multidisciplinary Clinical Research Center grant 5 P60 AR49465-03. Genotyping services were provided by Algynomics company. Korean Genome Epidemiology Study (KoGES): Korean Genome Epidemiology Study (KoGES): This work was supported by the Research Program funded by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (found 2001-347-6111-221, 2002-347-6111-221, 2009-E71007-00, 2010-E71004-00). Kora F3 and Kora F4: The KORA research platform was initiated and financed by the Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and by the State of Bavaria. Part of this work was financed by the German National Genome Research Network (NGFN-2 and NGFNPlus: 01GS0823). Our research was supported within the Munich Center of Health Sciences (MC Health) as part of LMUinnovativ. LOLIP-REP-IA610: The study was supported by the Wellcome Trust. We thank the participants and research teams involved in LOLIPOP. LOLIP-REP-IA_I: The study was supported by the British Heart Foundation Grant SP/04/002. LOLIP-REP-IA_P: The study was supported by the British Heart Foundation Grant SP/04/002. METSIM: The study was supported by the Academy of Finland, the Finnish Diabetes Research Foundation, the Finnish Cardiovascular Research Foundation, the Strategic Research Funding from the University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, and the EVO grant 5263 from the Kuopio University Hospital. MrOS Sweden: Financial support was received from the Swedish Research Council (2006-3832), the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, the ALF/LUA research grant in Gothenburg, the Lundberg Foundation, the Torsten and Ragnar Söderberg's Foundation, Petrus and Augusta Hedlunds Foundation, the Västra Götaland Foundation, the Göteborg Medical Society, and the Novo Nordisk foundation. Greta and Johan Kock Foundation, A. Påhlsson Foundation, A. Osterlund Foundation, Malmö University Hospital Research Foundation, Research and Development Council of Region Skåne, Sweden, the Swedish Medical Society. MrOS US: The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study is supported by National Institutes of Health funding. The following institutes provide support: the National Institute on Aging (NIA), the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research under the following grant numbers: U01 AG027810, U01 AG042124, U01 AG042139, U01 AG042140, U01 AG042143, U01 AG042145, U01 AG042168, U01 AR066160, and UL1 TR000128. The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) provided funding for the MrOS ancillary study "GWAS in MrOS and SOF" under the grant number RC2ARO58973. Osteoporosis Prospective Risk Assessment study (OPRA): This work was supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council (K2009-53X-14691-07-3, K2010-77PK-21362-01-2), FAS (grant 2007-2125), Greta and Johan Kock Foundation, A. Påhlsson Foundation, A. Osterlund Foundation, Malmö University Hospital Research Foundation, Research and Development Council of Region Skåne, Sweden, the Swedish Medical Society. We are thankful to all the women who kindly participated in the study and to the staff at the Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit for helping in recruitment of study individuals. Orkney Complex Disease Study (ORCADES): ORCADES was supported by the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government (CZB/4/276, CZB/4/710), the Royal Society, the MRC Human Genetics Unit, Arthritis Research UK (17539) and the European Union framework program 6 EUROSPAN project (contract no. LSHG-CT-2006-018947). DNA extractions were performed at the Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility in Edinburgh. We acknowledge the invaluable contributions of Lorraine Anderson and the research nurses in Orkney, the administrative team in Edinburgh and the people of Orkney. PEAK 25: This work was supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council (K2009-53X-14691-07-3, K2010-77PK-21362-01-2), FAS (grant 2007-2125), Greta and Johan Kock Foundation, A. Påhlsson Foundation, A. Osterlund Foundation, Malmö University Hospital Research Foundation, Research and Development Council of Region Skåne, Sweden, the Swedish Medical Society. We are thankful to all the women who kindly participated in the study and to the staff at the Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit for helping in recruitment of study individuals. Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS): The study was supported by grants from the Swedish research council (projects 2008-2202 and 2005-8214) and ALF/LUA research grants from Uppsala university hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. Relationship between Insulin Sensitivity and Cardiovascular Disease (RISC): The RISC study is supported by European Union Grant QLG1-CT-2001-01252 and AstraZeneca. We thank Merck Research Labs for conducting DNA genotyping on RISC samples.Rotterdam III: Rotterdam Study (RS): See discovery. SHIP and SHIP TREND: This work was supported by SHIP, which is part of the Community Medicine Research Network of the University of Greifswald, Germany, by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103, and 01ZZ0403), the Ministry of Cultural Affairs as well as the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania and the network "Greifswald Approach to Individualized Medicine (GANI_MED)" funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (03IS2061A). Genome-wide data have been supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (03ZIK012) and a joint grant from Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany, and the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. The University of Greifswald is a member of the "Center of Knowledge Interchange" program of the Siemens. A.G. and the Cache´ Campus program of the InterSystems GmbH. The SHIP authors are grateful to the contribution of Florian Ernst, Anja Wiechert, and Astrid Petersmann in generating the SNP data and to Mario Stanke for the opportunity to use his Server Cluster for SNP Imputation. Data analyses were further supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG Vo 955/10-1) and the Federal Ministry of Nutrition, Agriculture and Consumer's Safety. SOF: The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) is supported by National Institutes of Health funding. The National Institute on Aging (NIA) provides support under the following grant numbers: R01 AG005407, R01 AR35582, R01 AR35583, R01 AR35584, R01 AG005394, R01 AG027574, and R01 AG027576. The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) provided funding for the SOF ancillary study "GWAS in MrOS and SOF" under the grant number RC2ARO58973. Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM): The study was funded by grants from the Swedish research council (projects 2008-2202 and 2005-8214), the Wallenberg foundation, and ALF/LUA research grants from Uppsala university hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. Andrew P. Morris is a Wellcome Trust Senior Fellow in Basic Biomedical Science, grant number WT098017. CROATIA-VIS (VIS): The CROATIA-Vis study was funded by grants from the Medical Research Council (UK) and Republic of Croatia Ministry of Science, Education and Sports research grants to I.R. (108-1080315-0302). We acknowledge the staff of several institutions in Croatia that supported the field work, including but not limited to The University of Split and Zagreb Medical Schools, the Institute for Anthropological Research in Zagreb and Croatian Institute for Public Health. The SNP genotyping for the CROATIA-Vis cohort was performed in the core genotyping laboratory of the Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility at the Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland. Women's Health Initiative (WHI): The WHI program is funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services through contracts N01WH22110, 24152, 32100–2, 32105–6, 32108–9, 32111–13, 32115, 32118–32119, 32122, 42107–26, 42129–32, and 44221. We thank the WHI investigators and staff for their dedication, and the study participants for making the program possible. A listing of WHI investigators can be found at https://www.whi.org/researchers/Documents%20%20Write%20a%20Paper/WHI%20Investigator%20Short%20List.pdf. FUSION: This research was supported in part by US National Institutes of Health grants 1-ZIA-HG000024 (to F.S.C.), U01DK062370 (to M.B.), R00DK099240 (to S.C.J.P.), the American Diabetes Association Pathway to Stop Diabetes Grant 1-14-INI-07 (to S.C.J.P.), and Academy of Finland Grants 271961 and 272741 (to M.L.) and 258753 (to H.A.K.). We thank all the subjects for participation and the study personnel for excellent technical assistance. The Pima Indian Study: This study was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, USA. Studies of a Targeted Risk Reduction Intervention with Defined Exercise (STRRIDE): This study was supported by the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health, HL57453 (WEK). Gene expression in old and young muscle biopsies: S.M. and T.G. were supported in part by NIH U24AG051129. ; Peer Reviewed

Die European Values Study ist ein groß angelegtes, länderübergreifendes und längsschnittliches Umfrageforschungsprogramm darüber, wie die Europäer über Familie, Arbeit, Religion, Politik und Gesellschaft denken. Die Umfrage wird alle neun Jahre in einer wachsenden Anzahl von Ländern wiederholt und gibt Einblicke in die Ideen, Überzeugungen, Präferenzen, Einstellungen, Werte und Meinungen der Bürger in ganz Europa.

Das EVS Trend File 1981-2017 wird aus den fünf EVS-Wellen erstellt und deckt fast 40 Jahre ab. In insgesamt 160 Umfragen wurden mehr als 224.000 Befragte aus 48 Ländern/Regionen befragt. Es basiert auf den aktualisierten Daten des EVS Longitudinal Data File 1981-2008 (v.3.1.0) und dem aktuellen EVS 2017 Integrated Dataset (v.5.0.0).

Für das EVS Trend File ist neben dem (faktisch anonymisierten) Scientific-Use File (ZA7503) auch ein Restricted-Use File (ZA7504) verfügbar. Das EVS Trend File - Sensitive Dataset (ZA7504) wird als Zusatzdatei angeboten. Zusätzlich zu einem kleinen Satz von Verwaltungs- und Protokollvariablen, die für die Zusammenführung mit den SUF-Daten benötigt werden, enthält der Sensitive Datensatz folgende Variablen, die aufgrund ihrer sensiblen Natur nicht in die Scientific-Use-File aufgenommen werden konnten:

W005_3 Job profession/industry (3-digit ISCO88) - spouse/partner EVS 2008
W005_3_01 Job profession/industry (3-digit ISCO08) - spouse/partner EVS 2017
W005_4 Job profession/industry (4-digit ISCO88) - spouse/partner EVS 2008
X035_3 Job profession/industry (3-digit ISCO88) – respondent EVS 1999, EVS 2008
X035_3_01 Job profession/industry (3-digit ISCO08) - respondent EVS 2017
X035_4 Job profession/industry (4-digit ISCO88) – respondent EVS 1999, EVS 2008
x048c_n3 Region where the interview was conducted (NUTS-3): NUTS version 2006 EVS 2008
X048J_N3 Region where the interview was conducted (NUTS-3): NUTS version 2016 EVS 2017
X049 Size of town (8 categories) EVS 2008, EVS 2017

Detailierte information über den Anonymisierungsprozedere im EVS Trend File ist im Variablen Report enthalten.

Die European Values Study ist ein groß angelegtes, länderübergreifendes und längsschnittliches Umfrageforschungsprogramm darüber, wie die Europäer über Familie, Arbeit, Religion, Politik und Gesellschaft denken. Die Umfrage wird alle neun Jahre in einer wachsenden Anzahl von Ländern wiederholt und gibt Einblicke in die Ideen, Überzeugungen, Präferenzen, Einstellungen, Werte und Meinungen der Bürger in ganz Europa.

Das EVS Trend File 1981-2017 wird aus den fünf EVS-Wellen erstellt und deckt fast 40 Jahre ab. In insgesamt 160 Umfragen wurden mehr als 224.000 Befragte aus 48 Ländern/Regionen befragt. Es basiert auf den aktualisierten Daten des EVS Longitudinal Data File 1981-2008 (v.3.1.0) und dem aktuellen EVS 2017 Integrated Dataset (v.5.0.0).

Sie folgt einem neuen Ansatz, der mit der WVS vereinbart wurde, um die früheren großen EVS- und WVS-Längsschnitt-Trenddateien in schlankere und einfacher zu verwendende Dateien umzuwandeln. Sowohl die EVS- als auch die WVS-Trenddateien basieren auf dem aktualisierten Common EVS/WVS Dictionary (v.2021). Es enthält nur die Variablen/Fragen, die seit den frühen 1980er Jahren von EVS und/oder WVS repliziert wurden. Der EVS Trend File und der World Values Survey Trend File (1981-2022) können so leicht zusammengeführt werden. Die daraus resultierende Integrated Values Surveys 1981-2022 Datendatei enthält die fünf Wellen der EVS und die sieben Wellen der WVS.

Why your political beliefs are influenced by the language you speakVoicing Politics brings together the latest findings from psychology and political science to reveal how the linguistic peculiarities of different languages can have meaningful consequences for political attitudes and beliefs around the world. Efrén Pérez and Margit Tavits demonstrate that different languages can make mental content more or less accessible and thereby shift political opinions and preferences in predictable directions. They rigorously test this hypothesis using carefully crafted experiments and rich cross-national survey data, showing how language shapes mass opinion in domains such as gender equality, LGBTQ rights, environmental conservation, ethnic relations, and candidate evaluations.Voicing Politics traces how these patterns emerge in polities spanning the globe, shedding essential light on how simple linguistic quirks can affect our political views. This incisive book calls on scholars of political behavior to take linguistic nuances more seriously and charts new directions for researchers across diverse fields. It explains how a stronger grasp of linguistic effects on political cognition can help us better understand how people form political attitudes and why political outcomes vary across nations and regions