Suchergebnisse

With respect to the climate change, and more generally to the energy problem, in the laboratories working on the subject, scientists contribute to clarify the situation and to help decision makers by yielding and updating factual physical informations, and also by modelling. This conceptual work is mainly done in the language of economics. This discipline, which appears therefore in the core of the reflecting process in action at present, is however rather peculiar is the sense that it uses mathematics in order to think social phenomena. It is on this methodological configuration that we hold a philosophical enquiry. Our analysis focuses on risks, incertitude and on the role of mathematics to represent them. It concludes on the importance of a certain type of modelization, investigation modelling, which reveals new significations. This study attempts to enlighten some part of the limit between mathematized knowledge, as economics, and interpretative meaning used in every day life and social and human sciences

national audience This text provides a general reflection on the development of juvenile delinquency in contemporary France. In the first methodological part, he first discussed the question of the statistical data which could be mobilised on the subject. He then asked the category 'young people', stated that there was an age curve of delinquency, identified the use of the concept of criminal 'career' here and discussed possible changes in that regard. In a second part, the text analyses the quantitative and qualitative data available to try to measure and interpret the role of young people (at different ages) in four sets of criminal practices: theft, attacks on persons, road crime and major public order problems. In particular, this examination makes it possible to seriously place minors (or even young people in general) in these practices and to invite a general reflection on their social reasons. ; National audience Ce texte propose une réflexion générale sur l'évolution des délinquances juvéniles dans la France contemporaine. Dans une première partie méthodologique, il discute d'abord la question des données statistiques mobilisables sur le sujet. Il interroge ensuite la catégorie "jeunes", indique qu'il existe une courbe par âge de la délinquance, situe ici l'usage de la notion de "carrière" délinquante et discute les éventuelles modifications intervenues à cet égard. Dans une seconde partie, le texte analyse les données quantitatives et qualitiatives disponibles pour tenter de mesurer et d'interpréter le rôle de la jeunesse (à différents âges) dans quatre ensembles de pratiques délinquantes : les vols, les atteintes aux personnes, la délinquance routière et les principaux troubles à l'ordre public. Cet examen permet notamment de relativiser sérieusement la place des mineurs (voire de la jeunesse en général) dans ces pratiques et d'inviter à une réflexion générale sur leurs raisons sociales.

National audience. The use of video mirror can easily participate in the pedago-gic illusion, which consists of believing that the eye is changing, whereas, in the construction of knowledge, it is essentially used to discriminate, that is to say, to inhibit amalgam and confusion. Similarly, the trainer cannot forget that the screen provided by the video supports him in his role as reporting officer, i.e. in a sadic position of surveillance, control and stigmatisation. In order to maintain a training dimension in the work carried out with the video, it is therefore important never to avoid a detailed reflection and ownership of the subject under consideration. ; National audience L'usage de la vidéo-miroir peut aisément participer de l'illusion pédago-gique qui consiste à croire que le regard transforme, alors que, dans la construction du savoir, il sert essentiellement à discriminer, c'est-à-dire à inhiber contre l'amalgame et la confusion. De la même manière, le formateur ne peut oublier que l'écran fourni par la vidéo le conforte dans son rôle d'évaluateur, c'est-à-dire dans une position sadique de surveillance, de contrôle et de stigmatisation. Pour que le travail fait avec la vidéo conserve une dimension de formation, il importe donc de ne jamais faire l'économie d'une réflexion et d'une appropriation circonstanciée de l'objet réfléchi.

Drafting date: 2003 this text is the sole responsibility of the authors and does not bind the World Bank, its Executive Directors or the countries they represent. A previous version of this text was annexed to a recent report by the Economic Analysis Council (Lecocq and Hourcade, 2003). The use of the economic calculation over the very long term is subject to criticism, which may go as far as a simple rejection, in particular because of the technique of updating, which, by crushing the long-term weight, would contradict the precautionary principle. We explain here, on the basis of the experience of the debates on climate change, how, applied rigorously, updating is, on the contrary, a point of reference required to clarify the issues at stake in the decision. In particular, we show that, in a sequential decision with the acquisition of information, the choice, which will always be controversial, of the pure coefficient of preference for the present, is less important than the assumptions about growth, capital productivity, preferences of agents and their 'beliefs' in relation to climate damage. We conclude on the fact that the pure preference rate for the present cannot in itself summarise the issues of desolidarity with future generations. Consideration should also be given to the nature of what makes future generations aware, in particular stocks of physical capital and knowledge that determine their ability to adapt to future information. * * * * * * * * * * * The application of standard cost-benefit analysis to evaluate long-term policies has been criticised, in particular cause of discounting, which is used by putting too littleweight on the future, contradicting the precautionary principle. Based on the example climate mitigation policies, we show why discounting, rigorously applied, is necessary to clarify the issues at stake in the decision. In particular, we highlight that, within an asequential decision-making framework with increasing information, the value of pure measuring matters less than the ...

The SSDP schools had real importance in the life of this socialist party before 1914. They allow better dissemination of the basic elements of the Marxist doctrine of that time and provide experienced managers to the labour movement. They therefore had a wider reach than would be suggested by the reduced number of sessions held on the eve of the Great War. At the same time, however, they were the subject of difficult discussions within the apparatus, as they were both ideological and organisational issues. On the basis of that finding, various questions arise: — Were the content of education and the nature of the party as revolutionary as claimed by social-democratic propaganda, or, as Jari Ehrnroth 2 suggests, was there a contradiction between the radical expectations of many grassroots activists and the kautskism of school leadership? — Would internal conflicts affect the training of activists? Were there any coughs with other models of political, previous (the kind of popular universities created by Finnish nationalists) or contemporary (social-democratic or socialist) schools? — Was the education delivered out of time or in relative compliance with prevailing education standards? — Did social integration factors 3 influence the spirit of challenge? — Finally, does the social composition of trainees confirm or invalidate the class speech they were holding? Problematic sources? The archives of the pre-1914 SSDP training bodies are relative. It is a writ of Jari Ehrnrooth that almost 80 pages of analysis were drawn from it in 4. It is true that it supplemented them with the reports of the propagandists (Matkakertomuksia), written testimonies (often subsequent and partial), and minutes of meetings of the governing bodies. ; International audience ; The SSDP schools had real importance in the life of this socialist party before 1914. They allow better dissemination of the basic elements of the Marxist doctrine of that time and provide experienced managers to the labour movement. They therefore had a wider reach ...

Notes to answer the question "Why doing maths at school?" put by the organisers of the Seminar of Mematics in Mathematics, Grenoble. Working notes for a guest seminar on an open question. 1) why (still) do mathematics at school? From a dual perspective, both prescriptive and apologetic, I will show you how interesting it is to make mathematics, and you will be obliged to do (do)! I do not escape that determination, both because the question itself has not been the subject of specific empirical research and because, even if such investigations were to exist, they could only provide technical evidence in response to a political question. I shall therefore argue in support of the following: it may be socially interesting to do (and thus do) mathematics at school, even and especially nowadays, but this interest depends on how they are done. ; Notes pour répondre à la question "Pourquoi faire des mathématiques à l'école?" posée par les organisateurs du Séminaire de didactique des mathématiques, Grenoble. Notes de travail pour un séminaire invité, sur une question ouverte. 1) Pourquoi (encore) faire (faire) des mathématiques à l'école ? Dans une double perspective, à la fois prescriptive et apologétique, je vais vous montrer à quel point c'est intéressant de faire (faire) des mathématiques, et vous vous trouverez obligés d'en faire (faire) ! Nous n'échappons pas à cette détermination, à la fois parce que la question en elle-même n'a pas fait l'objet de recherches empiriques précises et parce que quand bien même de telles investigations existeraient, elles ne pourraient donner que des éléments techniques en réponse à une question politique. J'argumenterai donc à l'appui de la thèse suivante : il peut être socialement intéressant de faire (et donc, de faire faire) des mathématiques à l'école, même et surtout de nos jours, mais cet intérêt dépend de la manière dont on les fait faire.

The defence of a country is ill-suited to improvisation, but planning also requires the formulation of fundamental strategic assumptions in the long term. The aim of the plan is to reduce uncertainty as to the financial, material, technological and human resources needed to defend the Nation. Previous programming has not always been adhered to, due to incorrect economic assumptions, difficulties in setting up certain programmes and rapid innovation in the sector. The 6th Programming Act focuses on nuclear deterrence, improvement of the safety of the communication and command network. This is a rolling programming. It is subject to different analyses of its appropriateness. ; International audience The defence of a country does not lend itself to improvisation, but planning also involves making fundamental long-term strategic assumptions. The purpose of planning is to reduce uncertainty about the financial, material, technological and human resources needed to defend the nation. Previous programming has not always been respected, with deviations due to inaccurate economic assumptions, the difficulty of setting up certain programmes and rapid innovations in the sector. The 6th programming law insists on nuclear deterrence, improving the safety of the communication and command network. It is a slippery programme. It is the subject of different analyses on its appropriateness. Programmation militaire, dissuasion nucléaire, dépenses militaires Military programming, nuclear deterrence, military spending ; The defence of a country is ill-suited to improvisation, but planning also requires the formulation of fundamental strategic assumptions in the long term. The aim of the plan is to reduce uncertainty as to the financial, material, technological and human resources needed to defend the Nation. Previous programming has not always been adhered to, due to incorrect economic assumptions, difficulties in setting up certain programmes and rapid innovation in the sector. The 6th Programming Act focuses on nuclear deterrence, ...

The all-sided information provided by greenhouse gas experts is disturbing. Future ocean level and atmosphere temperature raises are assigned to an increase of "greenhouse effect" due to the surplus of carbon dioxide (CO2) of anthropogenic origin. Reducing the fossil sources of CO2 is therefore the recommended solution. However, the related dogma is subject to polemics. As an alternative, the present approach is based on the exploitation of twelve facts and not on assumptions and calculations. It is shown that a minimal estimate of the global thermal energy consumed in 2018 (0.1 Zj) and the estimated heat necessary to melt the ices that disappeared during the year (0.08 Zj) are of the same order of magnitude. This observation suggests that the greenhouse effect of fossil CO2 is not necessary to explain the disappearance of ices. The discussion shows that taking into account the generally neglected anthropogenic heat and the water phase-transfer equilibria may explain the discrepancy observed between the rather small variations in average atmospheric and oceanic temperatures and the considerable ices melt. It is shown that the increases of total energy, of anthropogenic heat and of melted ices exhibited the same trends over the 2000-2018 period of time. A few years should be enough to confirm or invalidate these trends. In case of confirmation, replacing the fossil sources of energy by other sources to limit climate changes may turn to be ineffective if these new sources supply equivalent amounts of heat. It is the controls of population and of its bulimia in energies that will have to be promoted. ; Les informations diffusées par les spécialistes de l'effet de serre sont troublantes. Les perturbations climatiques sont attribuées à tout-va à un accroissement de « l'effet de serre » naturel dû à l'augmentation de la teneur de l'atmosphère en gaz carbonique CO2). Diminuer ces sources de CO2 est donc la solution recommandée. Le domaine est toutefois sujet à polémiques. L'analyse originale proposée est fondée sur 12 ...

The carta pentha et vehuta de la seigneurie d'Albi is the oldest known representation to date of both part of the city of Albi and the Castral City of Puygouzon. The view was drawn in the first quarter of the 14th century in a dispute between the Bishop of Albi and the teacher of Puygouzon concerning the contested boundaries of the two low medieval communities. ; International audience ; The carta pentha et vehuta de la seigneurie d'Albi is the oldest known representation to date of both part of the city of Albi and the Castral City of Puygouzon. The view was drawn in the first quarter of the 14th century in a dispute between the Bishop of Albi and the teacher of Puygouzon concerning the contested boundaries of the two low medieval communities. ; La carta pentha et vehuta de la seigneurie d'Albi constitue la plus ancienne représentation connue à ce jour tant d'une partie de la ville d'Albi que du bourg castral de Puygouzon. La vue est dressée dans le premier quart du XIVe siècle à l'occasion d'un litige opposant l'évêque d'Albi et le seigneur de Puygouzon au sujet des limites contestées des deux communautés bas médiévales.

International audience In contemporary conditions, the Great Silk Road remains the subject of modern historical research naturally intertwined with research in the area of sustainable development. Its significance caused not only by providing sales, but also cultural, scientific and diplomatic relations. Way, which arose, as a trade infrastructure, soon became an important factor of technical, scientific and spiritual progress of the population of different countries. The Silk Road segment on the territory of modern Kazakhstan as a historical gate of the Great Silk Road also has its specific international significance. Today the idea is re-emerging of renewing the way in a new historical incarnation and revival of the Great Silk Road in order to preserve and enhance its tremendous influence on the political, economic and cultural systems of the countries through which it passes.

The Forest is neither a museum of nature nor a woodworking quarry, but rather a multifaceted space and resource: it is a heritage, a production area, a regulatory system, a health and leisure space and the living environment of a varied and sometimes hunted fauna. Finally, it is a geographical, spatial and structuring reality. Forests are legally subject to property rights (public or private ownership, not nullius res). It is grown and developed. It is also a valued economic resource and a natural heritage protected by law. ; International audience ; The Forest is neither a museum of nature nor a woodworking quarry, but rather a multifaceted space and resource: it is a heritage, a production area, a regulatory system, a health and leisure space and the living environment of a varied and sometimes hunted fauna. Finally, it is a geographical, spatial and structuring reality. Forests are legally subject to property rights (public or private ownership, not nullius res). It is grown and developed. It is also a valued economic resource and a natural heritage protected by law. ; La forêt n'est ni un musée de la nature, ni une carrière de bois, mais au contraire un espace et une ressource, multiples : elle est patrimoine, un territoire de production, un système de régulation, un espace de santé et de loisirs et le cadre de vie d'une faune variée et parfois chassée. Enfin, elle est une réalité géographique, spatiale, structurante. La forêt est juridiquement un espace soumis au droit de propriété (propriété publique ou privée, et non un res nullius). Elle est cultivée, aménagée. C'est également une ressource économique valorisée et un patrimoine naturel protégé par le Droit.

This contribution aims to highlight its semantic and conceptual similarity with three literary fragments of Leonardo da Vinci, drawing on a body of political reflections, whose recomposition (as well as the reconstruction of an intellectual exchange between the vincian and the Florentino) has been the subject of previous publications by the author. The intention is to demonstrate that the compatibility of the occasionally political writings of Leonardo with the new language of the late 15th — early 16th century policy can be seen as a symptom of the increasing prevalence at this stage of the proto-modern (i.e. machiavelliana) idea of state. ; International audience ; This contribution aims to highlight its semantic and conceptual similarity with three literary fragments of Leonardo da Vinci, drawing on a body of political reflections, whose recomposition (as well as the reconstruction of an intellectual exchange between the vincian and the Florentino) has been the subject of previous publications by the author. The intention is to demonstrate that the compatibility of the occasionally political writings of Leonardo with the new language of the late 15th — early 16th century policy can be seen as a symptom of the increasing prevalence at this stage of the proto-modern (i.e. machiavelliana) idea of state. ; Attraverso una ricognizione dei principali significati della parola stato rilevabili ne Il Principe di Machiavelli, questo contributo si propone di evidenziarne la similarità semantica e concettuale con tre frammenti letterari di Leonardo da Vinci, attinti a un corpus di riflessioni a carattere politico, la cui ricomposizione (così come la ricostruzione di un interscambio intellettuale tra il vinciano e il fiorentino) è stata oggetto di precedenti pubblicazioni dell'autore. L'intento è dimostrare che la compatibilità degli scritti occasionalmente politici di Leonardo con la nuova lingua della politica di fine XV – inizio XVI secolo può essere considerata un sintomo della sempre più frequente diffusione, a ...

The article, after a review of the structural and communicative criticisms of the concept of idiolect, offers a literativo-interactional analysis of idiolect as a representation of idiolecty (the speaker who is the subject of idiolectal treatment) by an idiolector (the speaker who is the agent of that treatment). These two bodies may be assumed by two different speakers, but they may also concern the same speaker. Idiolect consists of a typical set of language traits and encyclopaedic data about an speaker. In this sense, idiolect, which is deeply dialogical, exists only by and against others. Idiolectal representation may take continuous or discontinuous, singularising or classifying forms, depending on the aims of the idiolector, thus confirming the importance of cognitive, symbolic and interactional dimensions from which the idiolect does not escape, nor the sociolect, moreover, largely subject to similar interactional tensions. ; Idiolect and re-presentation of others' speech in one's own speech After reviewing structuralist and communicative approaches to the notion of idiolect, the article proposes an enunciative-interactional analysis of idiolect as the re-presentation of the idiolected (the speaker who is the subject of idiolectal treatment) by an idiolecter (the speaker agent of this treatment). These two roles can be filled by two different speakers, but they can also concern the same speaker. The idiolect consists of a group, judged to be typical, of linguistic features and encyclopedic data concerning a speaker. In this sense, the idiolect, deeply dialogical, only exists through and in the gaze of others. Idiolectal re-presentation can take on continuous or discontinuous forms, which call attention or classify, according to the aims of the idiolecter, thus confirming the importance of cognitive, symbolic and interactional dimensions. These cannot be eluded by the idiolect any more than they can by the sociolect, which is largely subject to similar interactional tensions. ; The article, after a review ...

International audience This article's objective is to highlight the different forms of agriculture present in the Argentinian Pampas, to analyse their logics, in particular in their relationships to the territory, and to discuss the relationships they have with each other. The theoretical framework adopted is that of "territorial pacts". This framework makes it possible to define for each form of agriculture through three dimensions of its local integration into the territory (territorial mediation) and through four dimensions of its integration into institutions (agricultural development model). This theoretical framework was taught and put into practice by a team of 7 or 8 researchers and teacher-researchers and 80 fifth-year students of agronomy within the framework of a 1-week study trip repeated in three consecutive years in Santa Fe province. This is an interesting province for studying this subject because of the historical importance of family farming and the growth of large business farms. The method includes analyses of the agronomist's skills and reflections with students. Three agricultural development models could be distinguished and analysed: business farming, small-scale family farming and conventional farming. These models highlight the roles of technicians, cities, markets, symbolic issues and personal projects. In conclusion, it appears that relationships between these different models are more along the lines of a co-presence and not of a coexistence. The latter would require the construction of a local public space and a profound change in the models' current strategies. Nevertheless, a plural conception—and one that is open to dialogue—of the study programmes of the university faculties of agronomy could be a first step towards coexistence, since it appears that these faculties are at the centre of the tensions arising from co-presence.

National hearing Five judgments delivered by the Commercial Chamber of the Court of Cassation at the beginning of 2018 illustrate the difficulties faced by guarantors seeking the liability of creditor banks for lack of custody. The rejection or limitation of compensation is based on three main causes: firstly, a relaxation of the review by the High Court of the criteria for assessing the status of an informed guarantor, exclusive of the duty to issue a warning, in the presence of security managers; next, the refusal to infer from the uninformed nature of the guarantor the risk of excessive indebtedness, which is the subject of the warning, that risk must be clearly established by proof, either of the disproportionate nature of the guarantee to the guarantor's assets, or of the unsuitability of the loan to the debtor's financial capacity; finally, the discretion left to the trial courts to consider that the loss of opportunity not to contract is low, or even non-existent, where the guarantor has close professional or emotional ties with the principal debtor. ; National audience Cinq arrêts rendus par la chambre commerciale de la Cour de cassation au début de l'année 2018 illustrent les difficultés auxquelles peuvent se heurter les cautions recherchant la responsabilité des banques créancières pour défaut de mise en garde.Le rejet ou la limitation de l'indemnisation procède de trois causes essentielles : d'abord, un assouplissement du contrôle de la haute juridiction sur les critères d'appréciation de la qualité de caution avertie, exclusive du devoir de mise en garde, en présence de dirigeants cautions ; ensuite, le refus de déduire du caractère non averti de la caution le risque d'endettement excessif, objet de la mise en garde, ce risque devant être distinctement établi par la preuve, soit du caractère disproportionné du cautionnement aux facultés patrimoniales de la caution, soit du caractère inadapté du prêt aux capacités financières du débiteur ; enfin, la liberté laissée aux juges du fond de considérer que ...