Suchergebnisse

Problem setting: According to the domestic legislation the state fully assumed the responsibility of investigating crimes and finding the perpetrators of these crimes, eliminating the possibility of personal revenge of a victim before a criminal (vigilante). However, these tasks can only be performed if you implement at least two complementary mechanisms: the attraction of guilty persons to criminal liability and compensation for harm to a physical person, which is suffered as a result of a criminal offense. The last movement, for a number of reasons, is imperfect and inefficient, and therefore extremely problematic for today's law enforcement practices. Relevance of the research topic: For the victim of a criminal offence and the personality important is the reality and the amount of compensation of such harm, both criteria depend directly on the effectiveness and timeliness designed to ensure such compensation enforcement actions. However, due to the large percentage of unsolved crimes victims do not receive any reparation for their offence harm that is not consistent with the norms of the Civil code of Ukraine, which regulate relations in the sphere of compensation of harm not only national legislation but international legal acts ratified by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine.Recent research and publications analysis: Analysis of recent research gives reason to believe that the affected problems has been the subject of research of such scientists as A. S. Alexandrov, L. M. Baranov, V. T. Bezlepkin, There.In. Blinkova, P. G. Gureev, From.With. Saturn, V. T. Nord, S. I. Ostapenko, S. Is. Sirotenko and others. However, the update of the regulatory material, in particular amendments to the Civil code ofUkraine, adoption of the new Criminal procedural code ofUkraine, can not affect scientific and practical interest in the conditions of modernity.Paper objective: Need clarification in the scope of reparation by the state physical person, the victim of a criminal offence and the right of recourse of the state to the person in fault.Paper main body: in the Civil code ofUkraine refers to the General obligation of States to compensate damage caused by a criminal offence, under appropriate conditions, however, the amount of such compensation is not specified. Therefore, as a General rule it can be argued that the harm must be compensated in full. Norms of civil legislation do not accidentally indicate that the conditions and procedure for compensation of harm caused a criminal offence determined by law, i.e. it is assumed that a special law may contain certain reservations and exceptions to the General rules of compensation for damage provided for in the Civil code ofUkraine. Limits on the amount of compensation by state for damage caused by a criminal offence, is quite fair, because the state cannot reimburse all the damage or injury, subject to certain conditions. Otherwise, individuals not to resort to methods of reducing loss in different situations, for example, individuals do not need to insure the property against criminal attacks because the government will reimburse. Civilni code of Ukraine provides that the person to compensate for damage caused by another person, has the right of return claim (regress) to a guilty person in the amount of the paid compensation if other size is not established by law, must be established wines of a particular tortfeasor in committing a crime. That is, the right of recourse of the state to the person in fault should be implemented only after determining in its actions of structure of a crime by a court that has gained legal force, because in the process of recognition of the person accused in the case, her guilt is not yet proven.Conclusions of the research: for the normal regulation of legal relations in this sphere should pass a law that would provide for: the scope, boundary limits of indemnity and the dependence of its size on material situation of the victim, as a guarantee of observance of the principle of social justice, the establishment of the order of the subrogation claim of the state to a person who has committed a criminal offence ; Рассмотрены проблемы реализации прав потерпевших лиц от преступления на возмещение вреда государством по законодательству Украины. Проведен анализ действующего гражданского законодательства Украины, которое регламентирует отношения по возмещению вреда государством лицу, потерпевшему от уголовного правонарушения, рассмотрены вопросы объема возмещения вреда государством, их предельные границы, зависимость размера возмещения от материального состояния потерпевшего, как гарантии соблюдения принципа социальной справедливости, установление порядка регрессного требования государства к лицу, совершившему уголовное правонарушение. ; Досліджено проблеми реалізації прав потерпілих осіб від злочину на відшкодування шкоди державою за законодавством України, а також чинне цивільне законодавство України, що регламентує відносини з відшкодування шкоди державою особі, яка потерпіла від кримінального правопорушення. Розглянуто питання обсягу відшкодування шкоди державою, їх граничні межі, залежність розміру відшкодування від матеріального становища потерпілого як гарантії дотримання принципу соціальної справедливості, встановлення порядку регресної вимоги держави до особи, яка вчинила кримінальне правопорушення

It is shown that there is essence transformation of concept of freedom and responsibility in informative society. It is shown, that the modern stage of development of civilization is characterized by destruction of cultural traditions, devaluation of the national valued systems and lining up the new on a base values of the western world, and also by the global crisis of responsibility.It is shown that as the basic circulated models come forward: society of consumption, mass culture, freedom in the western understanding, modernisation of western type as vector only faithful development of any public system. These reference-points are translated and fastened through the channels of mass communication. Together with them new axiological reference-points, as that pluralism, nihilizm and relativism, come forward in relations, are translated, that, in turn, results in the innermost crisis of all types of responsibility. Thus, the modern stage of development of society is characterized deeply by contradictory tendencies in the field of politics, economy, culture, that shows up in the crisis of responsibility. Attention actualized on that all these processes require a serious scientific comprehension and analysis of the systems, sent to the exposure of specific features of this phenomenon for making of algorithm of actions, assisting a removal or even softening of existent contradictions.It is underlined that the virtualization of society can become reason of displacing of frames of society, that appeals to the crisis of political and ethic responsibility and requires the serious going near development of complex of measures, from one side, on informatively-psychological defense of personality, and, with other, on securing of all frames of society for an intergovernmental level.It is shown that on this stage of forming of culture of informative society of contradiction in a culture generated the system crisis of responsibility: ethic, political, economic, both on individual and on collective levels. In informative society, restructuring of cultural space caused transformation of cultural values. Now freedom becomes an attempt finally to break off with dependence on society, orientation on the extreme degree of individual desires and necessities, by absence of some responsibility before society. Humanity searches methods, how to attain all greater freedom, taking off traditional embargoes, renouncing an attempt to stick somebody's will and what that was not authorities. Freedom becomes an end in itself. She accepts different forms: from freedom of speech, allowing to use an unnormative vocabulary in the spoken and writing language to taking off an embargo on doing drug and legalization of same-sex marriages. Such display of freedom serves reason of serious social contradictions.It is underlined that freedom of choice is unthinkable without responsibility for the consequences of the accomplished elections: by individuals, groups of people, including, as nations, people, nationalities, operating by means of frames of society and social educations, the top of that are the states, their unions and international institutes, creating norms, rules, orders and limitations for any world legal subject. Complete freedom can not be: under no circumstances, and not under what circumstances and than higher level of knowledge of people about the place and role in the world, the possible limits of freedom and absence of freedom become more determined, their veritable sense is opened and a value is grasped. Collective freedom and complementary absence of freedom, I am not that another, as objective and that is why immutable knowledge of associations of people about the maximum borders of the safe existence, the following exposes infinite possibilities of common to all mankind development.It is shown that over globalization, as concomitant to informatively-technological revolution process, brings to globalization of irresponsible behavior, and also to globalization of consequences of such irresponsibility. At existent contradictions and conflicts becomes obvious, that global irresponsibility becomes not only a threat to the individuals or task forces, but to all frames of society, and also planet on the whole. Authorial position is grounded, that the degree of responsibility must be straight proportional to possibilities (first of all technical) of society, that society must revise the system of moral values, produce the mechanisms of defense, that principle of responsibility will be the basis of. This principle must imply maximization of all kinds and levels of responsibility, and also, taking into account interdependence of all elements of society and dependence of nature from the actions of man, making of intergovernmental ethic conception that would predetermine transformation of economic, political and legal relations. ; Показано, что в информационном обществе наблюдается сущностная трансформация понятия свободы и ответственности. Обосновывается, что благодаря специфическим виртуальным характеристикам информационного общества социальные субъекты получают уникальные возможности для реализации личной свободы, которые в определенной степени могут вступать в противоречие с ответственностью. ; Показано, що в інформаційному суспільстві спостерігається сутнісна трансформація поняття свободи й відповідальності. Обґрунтовується, що завдяки специфічним віртуальним характеристикам інформаційного суспільства соціальні суб'єкти отримують унікальні можливості для реалізації особистої свободи, які певною мірою можуть заходити у суперечність із відповідальністю.

The article provides theoretical analysis of socialization of teenager in the field of leisure. Attention is focused on the role of leisure for formation of social and psychological characteristics and individual personal qualities within social adjustment. The article outlines the role of traditional social adjustment institutions (family, education system, public and sports organizations), emphasizes significance of spontaneous social adjustment (mass culture: Internet, television) in personal development of teenagers. Interconnection of education and leisure is considered as factor for teenager's socialization.Socio-economic processes and political change in contemporary society necessitate the development of national culture, leisure areas require activation rights. Leisure stimulates the development of creative identity, new social and spiritual needs, promotes removal of psycho-emotional stress, preserve physical and mental health of adolescents.The inability of young people to organize cultural and recreational activities, to regulate their free time hinders its full development, promotes physical and mental overload, forms the basis for distribution of anti-cultural activities deviant behaviors. Under these circumstances the priority is the development of personality of a teenager's ability to manage their lives independently, organize your time according to values and interests, recreational use space as an important area of socialization.The problem of socialization of adolescents in leisure is developed and assessed partly in the context of individual branches of scientific knowledge: cultural, psychological, sociological. In the socio-psychological studies of socialization is defined as the process and outcome of the assimilation and active play individual social experience that is in the process of communication and activities; multifaceted process of assimilation by the human experience of public life, transforming it from a natural substance in public, from individual to individual.Socialization includes mastering the culture of human relations, social norms required for effective interaction with people, mastery of social roles, activities, various forms of communication, the skills of individual and group work. So socialization is considered as a specific formation, the product of social and psychological reflection of social reality, social life and social relations.The most active socialization occurs during adolescence in the process of communicating with their peers in the intimately personal communication, in carrying out their hobbies. The result of socialization of adolescents is to develop a sense of maturity and defend their rights, personal self, the formation of a new world, learning the values and norms of adolescent environment.The main institutions of socialization of adolescents act the family, educational institutions, NGOs, press, radio, television, education. In the life of modern teenagers these traditional institutions of socialization are losing their positions. The reason for this is the massive proliferation of new forms of interaction – electronic media and communication (Internet, television). Thus, in socialization, mostly in their teens, a dominant influence has mass culture.Mass culture is the most effective tool in the promotion of the ideal self-image as cognitive components of self-concept of the individual, a product of spiritual culture to follow.In modern society, the media and communication exercise greater influence on the formation of value orientations of adolescents than the family, the education system, religion, community and sports organizations. Recreational increasing individual self-fulfillment is carried out mainly caused by cultural institutions and the influence of television and the Internet.Along with the media and communication, socialization functions are carried out through communication. In the socio-psychological science communication is considered as the interaction between people, in which there is a psychological contact, manifested in the exchange of information, perception and understanding of the subjects communicate each other.In the space of leisure communication is mainly informal and takes a leading role in the life of a teenager (friendly, family). It affects its formation and development, as moral education is realized mainly in daily communication with other people.In modern conditions education is not just in schools. More diverse forms of education implement cultural institutions (museums, exhibitions), media and communications (press, TV, Internet). In turn, the comprehensive development of young people has impact communication with friends and family. Presented are the main forms of entertainment content all ages and affect their socialization, especially in adolescence. ; В статье осуществлен теоретический анализ проблемы социализации подростков в сфере досуга. Внимание акцентировано на роли досуга как сферы социализации в формировании социально-психологических характеристик и индивидуальных качеств личности в подростковом возрасте. Определена роль традиционных институтов социализации (семьи, системы образования, общественных и спортивных организаций), подчеркнуто значение стихийных условий социализации (массовой культуры: Интернета, телевидения) в личностном развитии подростков. Рассмотрена взаимосвязь образования и досуга в социализации современного подростка. ; У статті здійснено теоретичний аналіз проблеми соціалізації підлітків в сфері дозвілля. Увагу акцентовано на ролі дозвілля як сфери соціалізації у формуванні соціально-психологічних характеристик та індивідуальних якостей особистості в підлітковому віці. Означено роль традиційних інститутів соціалізації (сім'ї, системи освіти, громадських і спортивних організацій), наголошено на значущості стихійних умов соціалізації (масової культури: Інтернету, телебачення) в особистісному розвитку підлітків. Розглянуто взаємозв'язок освіти і дозвілля в соціалізації сучасного підлітка.

A study of youth aesthetics is a necessary component of inculturation modern personality. The process of inculturation is seen through the communion of man to the study of arts and direct participation in the aesthetic activity, which involves the training of aesthetic assessment and imposition of aesthetic judgment.Responsibility to society and nature, professionalism and personal attitude to the objects actually define a new perspective on education and formation of the person, human activities put forward by one of the first places in the productive and social sectors of society, philosophy, aesthetics and culture.Culture is linked by numerous ties with the aesthetics. As a system that teaches human basic aesthetic categories, it enables today's youth to join the established cultural traditions, to become the bearer of a certain lifestyle, knowledge systems and values.The study of aesthetics is developing a tolerant attitude to the world as a unity of diversity, and aesthetic perception of reality allows for a more qualitative assessment of the potential of culture.The aesthetic understanding of reality means, first of all, aimed at improving the process of inculturation of the person: the development of feelings, emotions, figurative and associative thinking, artistic and creative abilities, aesthetic taste education to meet the needs in the development of cultural values, mastering the skills of analyzing works of art, an aesthetic exercise assess their artistic features, the formation and the statement of aesthetic judgments, etc.General cultural competence, which is acquired by the individual in the process of inculturation, is referring to the mastery of them large enough amount of knowledge and social experience through practice.Entry into the culture, development of its values allows the individual to shape the development of the emotional sphere of the person, of high aesthetic value, creates conditions for the improvement of the art of dialogue with various representatives of the society, presentation of results of the activity. This process allows not only to study the creative activities of individual members of different cultural epochs and aesthetic style, but also to take part in the cultural and creative activity. Examples of such activities may be projects aimed at the study of the aesthetic heritage of culture of the city, province, country, etc.In the process of self-study individual learns not only to create a separate product form of art, but also to give him aesthetic appreciation on the part of the structure, content, design, ie to implement features of aesthetic evaluation in full.The method of self-attraction to cultural and creative activity helps to develop the individual's ability to self-assessment, to interact with other members of society without conflicts, the culture of dialogue and presentation of results of individual activity. This allows the individual at the time of the study of aesthetic values, not only to improve their own culture, but also to take part in the inculturation of other representatives of culture during a demonstration of the creative developments.Involvement in the process of inculturation of the individual aesthetic values gives a great opportunity for self, self, self-creation of the individual, especially in moral and aesthetic terms. That aesthetic activity is aimed at creating an aesthetic object. It is based on a long, hard work, self-restraint, to compare its quality with the ability of others to overcome itself and achieve new results.The process of inculturation involving aesthetic resources involves modeling of situations in life in which a person is. Aesthetic activity of an individual is always emotionally saturated, which accelerates the action of the psychological mechanisms of adaptation of man to the environment, with the active position aimed at increasing personal status.During the self-identification of aesthetic activity to meet certain aesthetic needs of people, it has a permanent character and is a periodic attempts to find the individual in the socio-cultural environment of their own kind and take yourself to them.In today's society there are new value system that encourage the development of aesthetic activity of the individual, mass of different types of art, becoming relations between the aesthetic and the political, economic and cultural life of society.In the process of inculturation takes aesthetic representation of attitudes of various segments of the population. In the culture of post-industrial society the concept of beauty often gets relative and do not always become a prerequisite for the individual identity in the culture. Aesthetic inculturation can manifest itself in its visible forms of merchandise.Aesthetic inculturation should give the opportunity to enter the inner nature of man. ; Изучение молодежью эстетики является необходимой составляющей инкультурации современной личности. Процесс инкультурации рассматривается через приобщение человека к изучению видов искусства и непосредственном участии в эстетической деятельности, что предполагает обучение эстетической оценке и вынесению эстетического суждения. ; Вивчення молоддю естетики є необхідною складовою інкультурації сучасної особистості. Процес інкультурації розглядається через залучення людини у вивчення категорій естетики, естетичну діяльність, що може реалізуватися в процесі естетичної оцінки.

Human resources in sport organizations is a challenging task in the context of changing technologies, workforce composition and work patterns, community expectations, employee expectations, employment legislation, and the increasing impact of global competition. This master's thesis took a brief look at different approaches to human resource management that can help sport organizations respond to these challenges. We attempted to locate these approaches within various theoretical and regulatory contexts. We explored the activities of front line managers and supervisors in hiring, motivating, rewarding, and retaining both employees and volunteers. Human resources management is about the overall process of managing people in organizations, so that they are motivated and able to perform to their potential and thus maximize the overall effectiveness of the organization in meeting its goals. It provides an integrated framework for making decisions about the people in an organization, who to appoint, how to reward good performance, what motivates people to perform to their full capacity, how to determine training and development needs, and when to let people go. We tried to explore the basics of human resources management in sports organizations and how the human resources approach conceptualizes the fundamentals of hiring, performance appraisal, compensation systems, and other human resources functions in sports organizations. We discussed the contemporary sport organization and how a human resources perspective can help it to attain its goals. In parallel with this, it considers today's people management challenges and opportunities and the effective management of individuals who come to work and volunteer in sport organizations, by addressing such aspects as their competencies, personality, needs, values, and beliefs. The nature and attributes of workgroups in which individuals find themselves are also considered as this is a fundamental part of the context of human resources in sport organizations. However, some sports organizations have had paid employees, often coaches, for years. Increasingly, sport is employing a variety of resource people to support and extend the work of club volunteers – these include operating staff, managers and coaches. They are becoming more and more important to the smooth operation of the club, league or association. At the same time, human resource management has become more complex and can make a significant impact on employee productivity and the bottom line. More organizations need to pay attention to human resources by ensuring their business planning process includes human resource issues. Whether you're implementing new technology, reducing costs, expanding, or experiencing a major change within your organization – all of these impact your human resources and should be addressed in your strategic plan. ; V okviru spreminjajočih se tehnologij, sestave delovne sile in delovnih vzorcev, pričakovanj skupnosti in zaposlenih, delovne zakonodaje in povečanja vpliva globalne konkurence, je management človeških virov zelo zahtevna naloga. V tem magistrskem delu smo skušali na kratko pogledati različne pristope k upravljanju človeških virov, ki pomagajo športnim organizacijam pri odzivu na različne izzive. Poskušali smo raziskati različne teoretične in zakonske okvirje. Raziskovali smo dejavnost prve bojne linije managerjev in nadzornikov pri motiviranju, nagrajevanju, in ohranjanju zaposlenih in prostovoljcev. Management človeških virov je celoten proces upravljanja ljudi v organizaciji, kjer morajo ljudje biti motivirani in sposobni opravljati dela, hkrati pa mora njihov potencial povečati splošno učinkovitost organizacije pri doseganju njenih ciljev. Zagotavlja celovit okvir za odločanje o ljudeh v organizaciji, koga zaposliti, kako jih nagraditi za dobro opravljeno delo in rezultate, kaj jih motivira, da dobro opravljajo delo in kako doseči njihovo polno zmogljivost, hkrati pa kako se določajo potrebe po usposabljanju in razvoju. Skušali smo raziskati osnove upravljanja s človeškimi viri v športnih organizacijah, kako pristop človeških virov konceptualizira osnove zaposlovanja, oceno uspešnosti in drugih sistemov in funkcij človeških virov v športnih organizacijah. Razpravljali smo o sodobni športni organizaciji in kako se lahko dosežejo cilji s perspektive managementa človeških virov. Vzporedno s tem smo v magistrskem delu skušali na znanje vzeti današnje upravljanje s človeškimi viri, priložnostmi, izzivi in učinkovitim managementom posameznikov, ki prihajajo na delo v športno organizacijo kot polno zaposleni, pogodbeni sodelavci ali prostovoljci . Obravnavani so z vidika njihovih sposobnosti, osebnosti, potreb, vrednot in prepričanj. Narava in lastnosti teh delovnih skupin, v katerih se posamezniki znajdejo je tudi zelo pomembna, saj so vse to temeljni del managementa človeških virov v športnih organizacijah. Ne glede na to, da imajo nekatere športne organizacije vrsto let iste plačane zaposlene – npr. trenerje, je vse več zaposlovanja različnega spektra kadrov v športnih organizacijah, npr. prostovoljcev. Ti postajajo vse bolj pomembni za lažje delovanje športne organizacije. Hkrati je management človeških virov postal bolj kompleksen in ima pomemben vpliv na produktivnost. Vse več organizacij mora paziti na človeške vire tako da, v svoje poslovno načrtovanje vključijo problem managementa človeških virov. Ne glede na to, ali je je namen organizacije izvajanje nove tehnologije, zmanjšanje stroškov, doživljanje velike spremembe ali karkoli drugega – je pomembno, da se zavedamo, da vse to vpliva na človeške vire in jih je treba obravnavati v strateškem planu.

This book proposes a theoretical-methodological approach to resocialization diagnosis from a positive perspective. The author presents theoretical assumptions of positive diagnosis in resocialization and creates its methodological model. Her starting point is the belief that a well-conducted diagnostic process, inherently linked with the process of resocialization, belongs to the most important factors which determine the effectiveness of the latter. Her standpoint is that both processes should be carried out within the same theoretical-methodological paradigm; she points out that diagnosis serves as the basis for planning resocialization activities, which are directly tied to its results. Moreover, diagnosis is further developed in the course of resocialization, while methods used are subject to modification during the whole process. In the conceptualisation of the area, scope and object of resocialization diagnosis, the author took into consideration assumptions which follow from: a) the concept of personality as a system of interdependencies, where individual development is treated as an unstable process, influenced by many contradictory internal and external forces; b) the idea of a dynamic "system of attitudes towards the world," which implies a psychological perspective on the subject of its interest, that is a human being in the process of self-development; c) the concept of resilience, which refers to the processes and mechanisms conducive to a proper (positive) functioning of an individual — despite life's adversities, risk factors, developmental hazards, and traumatic past experiences; and d) the concept of salutogenesis, which harks back to the transactional theory of stress. This view calls for an interdisciplinary approach to diagnosis in resocialization, which would encompass data from the field of psychology and social pedagogy, developmental psychology and health, special needs education and biosciences. From this perspective the object of resocialization diagnosis are multifarious conditions which determine the process of "shaping" the human being or, more specifically, problems in his or her development throughout the life cycle, including environmental, cultural and personal factors. In the positive approach to resocialization diagnosis proposed by the author, various categories of diagnostic description of an individual are important, such as multidimensionality (various areas of activity), continuity (development throughout the life cycle), orientation of individual development (prosocial, prodevelopmental vs. antisocial, destructive) and, most importantly, necessity to discover individual resources (potential). The proposed approach situates the diagnostic process in the paradigm of positive psychology and positive resocialization, basic to human cognition, which focus on autocreation and creative resocialization, at the same time pointing out the necessity to identify the unique potential of an individual (positive diagnosis). The book comprises two chapters. The first one presents the theoretical assumptions of resocialization diagnosis; the second chapter explains its methodological premises. The models presented by the author (so called complementary approach) assume the priority of positive diagnosis (focused on resources and potential) and a supplementary role of negative diagnosis (focused on deficits and disorders). Chapter One ("Positive and negative diagnosis in resocialization — general theoretical assumptions") comprises: a) a description of the main approaches in resocialization diagnosis — pathogenic and salutogenic — with their specific ways of explaining adaptive disorders; and b) a description of the major factors and problems in diagnosis for resocialization. On the whole, the author adopts the approach typical of salutogenesis to explain adaptive disorders. She also provides evidence that it is possible to implement the concepts of positive psychology in resocialization diagnosis. She presents resocialization models which refer to resilience and salutogenesis, using them as the theoretical foundation of positive diagnosis in resocialization: the risk model, the well being model and models which support development. As a result, she creates a complementary model of supporting development. In Chapter Two ("Positive and negative diagnosis in resocialization — narrowing down on the theoretical and methodological assumptions), the reader is introduced to the theoretical problems of social maladaptation and to the specific objects of positive and negative diagnosis. The author describes adaptive disorders in the context of basic markers, dimensions and mechanisms of human development on the one hand and developmental disorders on the other, focusing mainly on the cognitive mechanisms of development and psychopathology of developmental disorders (cognitive distortions). She analyses the environmental and sociocultural context of development and demonstrates a risk factor model and a protective factor model. It is against this background that she creates a complementary methodological model of resocialization diagnosis, in which positive diagnosis (salutogenic approach) is treated as primary, and negative diagnosis (pathogenic approach) as supplementary. A discussion of the model of resocialization diagnosis closes with remarks on the markers and characteristic features of a resocialization pedagogue's ethics of conduct — the teacher acting both as a diagnostician and a tutor who fosters the process of inner transformation of a socially maladapted individual.

Введение: с популяризацией правил и норм, сначала общеделовой, а затем и профессиональной этики, обрел свою остроту и определенную напряженность вопрос относительно гармонии норм ГК РФ и той совокупности норм и правил о профессиональной чести, которая де факто существует и имеет тенденцию к расширению. Цель: авторы исследуют правовую природу такого явления как честь, закрепленного в качестве объекта гражданских прав, соотнося получен­ные выводы с категорией «честь профессиональная». Методы: методологическую основу исследования составляет совокупность всеобщих, общенаучных и частнонаучных методов познания, ведущую роль среди которых для целей данного исследования играют формально-догматический и системный методы. Результаты: итогом исследовательского анализа являются суждения о том, что честь, отнесенная гражданским законодательством к разряду личных нематериальных благ это категория частного права со всеми сопутствующим ее характеристиками. В связи с этим эффект гражданско-правового регулирования отношений по поводу этого блага не связан с установлением порядка обращения с ним его обладателя. В этой части законодатель ограничивается лишь констатацией факта обладания этим благом, данным личности «по природе» и берет на себя бремя его защиты и охраны. Иное дело честь профессиональная. Анализ наличных правовых и неправовых (этических) установлений не позволяет гово­рить об этом виде чести как категории частного права. Содержательный кон­текст этого понятия связывается отнюдь не с естественностью (природностью) этого блага, а с определенными юридическими фактами. Ведущие характеристики этого вида чести обеспечивают ее трактовку в качестве «нравственного стержня личности работника (сотрудника)», «добросовестного выполнения им профессиональных функций», «показателя готовности к выполнению профессиональных задач» и др. Отсюда и нормативные обороты, обязывающие обладателя «заботиться о профессиональной чести», «дорожить» ею, то есть предписывающие алгоритм обращения с профессиональной честью, главным об­разом не с точки зрения права на профессиональную честь, а обязанностей ее обладателя. До недавнего времени в литературе такие различия между честью и профессиональной честью оправдывали деонтологическим характером последней. Между тем, обозначенные расхождения между честью и профессиональной честью свидетельствует о большем о неоднородности природы этих явлений. В первом случае она социально-правовая, во втором социально-этическая. Следствием такой дифференциации этих во многом смежных, но, все же различных явлений, является необходимая градация тех источников, которые устанавливают последствия ущемления чести как социально-правового явления и невыполнения соответствующих нравственных обязанностей носителем профессиональ­ной чести как социально-этического явления. ; Introduction: with the popularization of the rules and regulations, business like first, and then the professional ethics, regained its sharpness and some intension the problem of the harmony of the Civil Code of Russia and the set of rules and regulations of professional honour, that de facto exists and has a tendency to expand. The Purpose: authors explore the legal nature of such phenomenon as honor, which is fixed as the ob­ject of civil rights, correlating the findings with the category «professional» honor. Methods: the methodological basis of the research is a set of methods of cognition: universal, general science and privates science. Leading role for the purposes of this re­search are formal dogmatic and systematic methods. Results: the result of this research is judgements about that honor, which is related to personal non-material values in civil law -this is a category of private law with all its accompanying characteristics. In this connection the effect of civil legal regulation of relationship about this benefit, which is not associated with the establishment of the process of dealing with its owner. In this part of the law is limited to a statement of fact possession of this benefit, which is iden­tity such as «nature benefit» and assumes burden of its defence and protection. Another thing professional honor. Analysis of available legal and non-legal (ethical) regula­tions does not allow to talk about this kind of honor as a category of private law. Mean­ingful context of this term is associated not with the naturalness of this benefit, but with certain legal facts. The leading characteristics of this type of honor provided its interpre­tation as a «moral personality employee (staff)», «the faithful fulfil of professional du-ties», «indicator of readiness to fulfil professional tasks», etc. Hereof the legislative the­sis, requiring the owner to «take care of the professional honour», «value its», i.e. a pre­scriptive algorithm for the treatment of professional honor, mostly it is not the right on honour but responsibility of its owner. Until recently, it is justified such differences be­tween honor and professional honor in the literature the deontological character of the latter. Meanwhile, these differences between honor and professional honor give evi­dence about the heterogeneity of the nature of these phenomenons. In the first case it is social and legal, it is social and ethical in the second. The consequence of this differen­tiation of these adjacent but different phenomenons, is a necessary gradation of those sources that establish the consequences of limitation of honour as a social and legalphenomenon and not fulfil ethical duties owner of a professional honour as a social and ethical phenomenon.

Deals with modern features and trends shaping values of students as a factor of its creative and personality development. Based on the realities of our time and the modern requirements of the process of education of students, defines the socio-professional of values. The study identified and trends that suggest that, in the study of occupational choice students in high schools and colleges it is necessary to study more deeply the different combination of objective and subjective factors of professional choice of modern students.Experimental way, you revealed the dynamics of professional choice of students in vocational schools and count Ledge shows the role and importance of values influencing this choice. Emphasizes the special role of the teacher in the formation of personal creative development . It is argued that the socio-professional values of students, acting as a factor of its creative and personal development necessitate problem solving in several areas, in particular: - study in depth the real political, economic and social situation, which affects the development of modern youth - identify and analyze the specifics of the formation of social and professional values of a young man at all stages of its formation: - impregnated with young people's information culture for the purpose of minimizing the risks of the Internet, reducing its negative impact on their mind - to teach them to learn preparedness STI world with a judicious combination of natural and humanitarian knowledge, - to seek ways of transition to active learning based on the type of search and creative activity of pupils, including design, engineering, forecasting with emphasis on their creativity - to maximize the opportunities of the cultural development of the people , the growth their morals and high moral qualities - use the practice- oriented training of the teacher for help in the present situation. ; Рассматриваются современные особенности и тенденции формирования сациально-профессиональных ценностей учащейся молодежи как фактора её творческого и личностного развития. Исходя из реалий нашего времени и современных требований к процессу воспитания учащейся молодёжи, даётся определение социально-профессиональным ценностям. В ходе исследования были выявлены и тенденции, которые позволяют говорить о том, что, при исследовании профессионального выбора учащихся лицеев и колледжей необходимо более глубоко изучать разные комбинации объективных и субъективных факторов профессионального выбора современных учащихся. Экспериментальным путем выявлена динамика профессионального выбора учащихся профессиональных лицеев и колледжей, показаны роль и значение ценностей, влияющих на этот выбор. Подчеркивается особая роль педагога в формировании творчески развитой личности. Утверждается, что социально-профессиональные ценности учащейся молодёжи, выступающие как фактор её творческого и личностного развития, обуславливают необходимость решения задач по нескольким на-правлениям, в частности: - глубоко изучать реальную политическую, экономическую и социальную ситуацию, влияющую на развитие современной молодёжи; - выявлять и анализировать специфику процесса формирования социально-профессиональных ценностей молодого человека на всех стадиях его становления: - воспитывать у молодых людей информационную культуру с целью минимизирования рисков Интернета, уменьшения его негативного воздействия на их сознание; - учить их готовности познавать мир при разумном сочетании естественнонаучных и гуманитарных знаний, - искать пути перехода к активному типу обучению на основе поисково-творческой деятельности учащихся, включая конструирование, проектирование, прогнозирование при ориентации на их креативность; - максимально использовать возможности культурного развития людей, роста их нравственности и высокоморальных качеств; - использовать практико-ориентированный поиск подготовки педагога в современной ситуации. ; Розглядаються сучасні особливості та тенденції формування соціально - професійних цінностей учнівської молоді як фактора її творчого та особистісного розвитку. Виходячи з реалій нашого часу і сучасних вимог до процесу виховання учнівської молоді, дається визначення соціально-професійними цінностям. У ході дослідження були виявлені і тенденції, які дозволяють говорити про те, що, при дослідженні професійного вибору учнів ліцеїв і коледжів, необхідно більш глибоко вивчати різні комбінації об'єктивних і суб'єктивних факторів професійного вибору сучасних учнів.Експериментальним шляхом виявлена динаміка професійного вибору учнів професійних ліцеїв і коледжів, показані роль і значення цінностей, що впливають на цей вибір. Підкреслюється особлива роль педагога у формуванні творчо розвиненої особистості. Стверджується, що соціально-професійні цінності учнівської молоді, що виступають як фактор її творчого та особистісного розвитку, зумовлюють необхідність вирішення завдань по декількох напрямках, зокрема:- Глибоко вивчати реальну політичну, економічну та соціальну ситуацію, яка впливає на розвиток сучасної молоді;- Виявляти і аналізувати специфіку процесу формування соціально-професійних цінностей молодої людини на всіх стадіях його становлення:- Виховувати у молодих людей інформаційну культуру з метою мінімізації ризиків Інтернету, зменшення його негативного впливу на їх свідомість;- Вчити їх готовності пізнавати світ при розумному поєднанні природничих і гуманітарних знань,- Шукати шляхи переходу до активного типу навчання на основі пошуково-творчої діяльності учнів, включаючи конструювання, проектування, прогнозування при орієнтації на їх креативність;- Максимально використовувати можливості культурного розвитку людей, зростання їх моральності і високоморальних якостей;- Використовувати практико -орієнтований пошук підготовки педагога в сучасній ситуації.

Владимир Маяковский был хорошо известен в иностранной публицистике. Его тяга ко всему «стоверстому» подсказала ему необходимость выхода с «комфутскими» идеями во «внесоветское» пространство, а романтическое мировосприятие поставило этапную в деле построения светлого будущего цель — донести «новое слово» до «закоснелых капиталистов». Руководствуясь этими задачами, Маяковский в 1922—1924 гг. предпринимает несколько поездок за границу — в Латвию (до 1940-го г. не входила в состав Союза), Францию (Париж) и Германию (Берлин). Итогом первых поездок Маяковского послужило появление очерков и стихов, в основу которых были положены европейские впечатления («Как работает республика демократическая?» (1922); «Париж (Разговорчики с Эйфелевой башней)» (1923)). Париж принимал Маяковского еще неоднократно в течение 1925—1929 гг., и всегда оставался запечатленным в стихах (лирический цикл «Париж» (1924—1925)). Интересы Маяковского в области овладения читательским вниманием распространяются в 1925 г. дальше уже освоенной Европы — поэт едет по Америке с циклом выступлений. Заграничные поездки Маяковского вызывали у него интерес к жизни иностранцев и восторг перед достижениями зарубежных техники и архитектуры («Бруклинский мост» (1925)). Однако стремление Маяковского разглядеть несоответствие между внешней роскошью европейских и американских столиц и повседневной жизнью рабочих выливалось в критику капиталистического строя, которому противопоставлялся «справедливый строй» молодого социалистического государства. В публичных выступлениях за границей Маяковский не упускал случая прилюдно заявить о своих убеждениях и неприятии западной государственности, якобы делающей жизнь человека унизительным существованием. Столь открыто заявленная позиция противостояния вызывала бурную реакцию в иностранной прессе. Предметом рассмотрения в статье являются отклики на творческое явление и личность Маяковского прижизненной и посмертной иностранной прессы, которая условно разделяется на 3 группы по отношению к русскому поэту: 1) враждебно настроенная правая печать, 2) воспринимавшая поэта в «лубочно-декоратив-ном» свете «умеренная» публицистика, 3) приветствовавшая Советский Союз и его поэта левая пресса. Цель статьи — определить «тональность» иностранной прессы в отношении советского поэта В.Маяковского. Важное место в статье занимает культурно-исторический и сравнительно-исторический анализ хранящихся в настоящее время в РГАЛИ (г. Москва) помещенных в зарубежных газетах и журналах заметок, посвященных его жизни и творчеству, а также некрологов, последовавших за самоубийством поэта 14 апреля 1930 г. Делается вывод, что сенсационные и противоречащие друг другу в искажении фактов заметки появлялись на страницах как левой, так и правой прессы и могут считаться демонстрацией возмутительно поверхностного восприятия за рубежом жизни и творчества Маяковского. ; Vladimir Mayakovsky was a well-known figure for foreign journalists. His craving for everything "stoversf ' prompted his need to expand the "KomFuf ' ideas to "out-of-soviet" space, while his romantic worldview has set a landmark goal in building a bright future, that is, to get the "new word" across to the "inveterate capitalists". Considering this, in 1922-1924 Vladimir Mayakovsky went abroad to Latvia (up to 1940 Latvia was not in the Soviet Union), France (Paris) and Germany (Berlin). After his first international trips Mayakovsky wrote essays and poems based on his European impressions ("How does a democratic republic work?" (1922), "Paris (Talks with the Eiffel Tower)" (1923)). Mayakovsky went to Paris several times more in the period of 1925-1929, and he would always reflect his trips and impressions in his verse (such as lyrical cycle "Paris" (1924-1925). In 1925 Mayakovsky's interest in engaging the reader's attention went further than Europe, as he traveled across to America to perform in public. The international trips aroused his interest in foreign life. Mayakovsky was admired by the engineering and architectural achievements he saw in the USA (see "Brooklyn Bridge" (1925)). However, as the poet wished to detect the discrepancies between the luxury of European and American capitals and the daily life of the common workers, he criticized the capitalist system, which he opposed to the "fair regime" of the young socialist state of the USSR. In his public speeches Mayakovsky did not miss a chance to express his beliefs and rejection of the western public institutions which, in his opinion, made human life miserable. Such an open confronting position of the Russian poet resulted in a strong reaction in foreign press. The following article considers the responses to Mayakovsky's creative works and personality reflected in lifetime and posthumous foreign press. The journalist works can be contingently divided into three groups: 1) hostile right-wing press, 2) "moderate" journalism perceiving the poet in "cheap popular" light, 3) left-wing press welcoming the Soviet Union and the Soviet poet. The article is aimed at determining the overall "tone" of the foreign press writing about Mayakovsky. The cultural, historical and comparative analysis in notes and columns of foreign newspapers and magazines dedicated to Mayakovsky's life, works and suicide, occupies an important place in the presented study. It is noted that this kind of sensational and conflicting notes distorting the real facts appeared on the pages in both the left-wing and right-wing press and can be considered as a demonstration of outrageously superficial international perception of Mayakovsky's life and work.

Martynas Jankus (1858–1946) is a famous worker of Lithuanian press in Prussia, aparticipant of national movement, a politician who supported bringing together two parts of theLithuanian nation separated by the borders between German and Russian empires. Over more than40 years he had published and printed 395 non-periodical and 27 periodical publications in Lithuanianand some in German and Byelorussian languages. Among the authors of these publications,there were many significant representatives of Lithuanian and other nations: writers, ethnologists,historians, Protestant theologians and politicians. Jankus' personality was formed by the life styleof a peasant family, social environment of his native Bitėnai village and the pressure of national discriminationaffecting the indigenous people. He attended only a primary school and later self-educatedhimself by reading voratiously literature about Lithuania and Lithuanians. Lithuanian newspapersand especially the works by Georg Sauerwein, a defender of the interests of small nations in the Germanempire, published in them have increased his motivation for social activity. The active politicalmovement of the end of the 19th century and the election campaigns to the Prussian Landtag andGerman Reichstag directly influenced his decision to participate in publishing. In 1879–1888 he publishedseveral leaflets in support of Lithuanian candidates, some books, pamphlets and calendars forthe cultural education of Lithuanians. Among these publications Jankus included his own collectionsof original and folk poetry as well as prose translated from German and Polish languages augmentedby polemic articles. When Jankus got acquainted with the members of the national movement inGreat Lithuania, he became an editor and administrator of the Lithuanian periodical "Auszra" establishedby them. Other editors stayed on his farm in Bitėnai. As there was a lack of popular literature,Jankus and his companion published the Lithuanian "Auszra" calendar ("Lietuviškas "Auszros"kalendorius") in 1883 and 1884. The texts of educational and applied character were published in thecalendar as well as literary texts, such as original and translated poetry and prose. They were written by Lithuanian authors Jonas Basanavičius, Andrius Jonas Vištelis, Petras Vileišis, and writers of other nations such as Sauerwein, Józef Ignac Kraszewski, Adam Mickiewicz, Ivan Krylov, Aleksandr Puškin, William Shakespeare and Guy de Maupasannt. For many Lithuanians these translations were the first acquaintance with the world literature.Martynas Jankus used to order printing of his books, calendars and "Auszra" in the printing houses of nearby towns, such as Ragnit (Lith.: Ragainė) and Tilsit (Lith.: Tilžė). Their production was disseminated in Lithuania Minor and smuggled to the Great Lithuania, which was under the strict ban on Latin printing introduced by the Russian tsarist regime. For this purpose, Jankus established a network of illegal disseminators of literature. It consisted of two sectors: secret book transporters over the border and disseminators in the Great Lithuania and legal storage owners near the border on the side of Prussia. This network was extended along the German-Russian border from Palanga till Dubeningken (Lith.: Dūbininkai; Dubeninki in present day Poland).The first stage of publishing activity was successful for Martynas Jankus. He acquired publishing expertise, knowledge of organizing illegal business, created long-term relations with the owners of printing houses, established the network for the dissemination of publications, developed skills to supply it with different printing materials and information. By March of 1889, the publisher from Bitėnai had established his own printing house in Ragnit and started printing business. This was the start of the second stage of Martynas Jankus' activity. ; Vilniaus universiteto Knygotyros ir dokumentotyros institutasUniversiteto g. 3, LT-01513 Vilnius, LietuvaEl. paštas: domas.kaunas@kf.vu.lt Martynas Jankus (1858–1946) ‒ žymus Mažosios Lietuvos lietuvių spaudosveikėjas, tautinio sąjūdžio dalyvis ir politikas, Vokietijos ir Rusijos imperijossienos perskirtų lietuvių tautos dalių suartinimo šalininkas. Jis per daugiaukaip 40 veiklos metų išleido ir išspausdino 395 neperiodinius ir 27 periodiniusleidinius lietuvių ir kitomis kalbomis. Tarp šių leidinių autorių buvonemaža reikšmingų XIX–XX a. rašytojų, etnologų, istorikų, protestantų teologų,politikų. M. Jankaus asmenybę suformavo valstietiška šeima, gimtojoBitėnų kaimo socialinė aplinka ir gyventojus autochtonus slegianti tautinėsdiskriminacijos atmosfera. Vokiškoje mokykloje gavęs tik pradinį išsilavinimą,lavinosi savišvietos būdu. Visuomeninei veiklai motyvavo lietuviškiejilaikraščiai, didelę įtaką padarė juose skelbta Vokietijos imperijos mažųjųtautų interesų gynėjo vokiečio Georgo Sauerweino kūryba. Imtis leidybospaskatino aktyvus XIX a. pabaigos politinis sąjūdis, ypač rinkimų į Prūsijoslandtagą ir Vokietijos reichstagą kampanijos. Lietuvių kandidatų palaikymotikslu jis 1879–1888 metais išleido keletą agitacinių proklamacijų, tautiečiųkultūriniam švietimui skirtų knygų, brošiūrų ir kalendorių. Tarp jų buvopaties Jankaus parengtų originaliosios ir tautosakinės poezijos, iš vokiečiųir lenkų kalbų verstos prozos rinkinių. Suartėjęs su Didžiosios Lietuvos tautiniosąjūdžio dalyviais, Jankus tapo jų įkurto periodinio leidinio "Auszra"atsakinguoju redaktoriumi. Šio straipsnio tikslas yra išanalizuoti pradinįJankaus leidybos etapą, pasibaigusį spaudos įmonės įsigijimu 1889 m. iraktyvaus dalyvavimo tautiniame bei kultūriniame sąjūdyje pradžia. Jislėmė Jankaus viso gyvenimo ir visuomeninės veiklos, peraugusios į politinę,kryptį.REIKŠMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: Bitėnai, Prūsija, Paprūsė, Mažoji Lietuva, lietuviškos spaudos draudimas,atsišaukimai, knygos, kalendoriai, periodika, "Auszra", leidyba,spausdinimas, spaustuvė, leidinių reklama, leidinių platinimas, knygnešiai.

The author compares the semantics of the Russian čest' and dostoinstvo with that of the Polish cześć, honor and godność. The Russian čest' is characterized by two aspects: external (respect for someone, e.g. čest' i slava geroyam 'honor and glory to the heroes') and internal (a high moral value, e.g. čelovek česti, čestnyy čelovek 'a person of honour'). This semantic differentiation is manifested in synonymous sets, derivatives and phraseological units. The semantic duality of this kind is characteristic of all Slavic languages: it is a continuation of the Proto-Slavic meaning of *čьstь (from the verb čisti/čьsti 'revere, respect'). The original "actional" meaning developed into the abstract 'respect, deference', and then into the more concrete 'medal, award'. The semantic structure of the concept is analyzed through the actants of the verb čtit': its subject (who respects?), object (who is respected?), the relation between th em, and the reason why a person is respected. Russian derivatives and phraseological units (okazat' čest' 'show respect', byt' v česti 'be respected' etc.), similarly to other Slavic languages, mainly refer to the external aspect (showing respect towards someone), whereas the internal aspect (the reason why someone is respected) is historically secondary. Prototypically, the subject of čestnyy (adj.) is a person, evaluated mainly through what they do not do: lie, steal, etc. (therefore, truth and justice are important values for the speakers). In Russian, the "external" aspect of čest' and čestnyy has weakened over the centuries (it is preserved in stereotyped usages) and the "internal", ethical aspect had gained strength – the latter is already found in the 19th c., in the writings of Pushkin, Lermontov (pogib poèt – nevol'nik česti 'a poet has died, a slave to čest''), Lev Tolstoy and in political slogans (čestnye vybory 'fair elections').The Polish counterpart of the Russian čest' is the Latin loan word honor, defined as 'personal dignity' (słowo honoru 'word, promise', lit. 'the word of honour', sprawa honoru 'a matter of honour'), but the plural honory (czynić honory 'do the honours') has an "external" meaning. Old-Polish cześć referred to acts of showing respect, which points to its external dimension.In both languages, there is now a tendency to express the "internal" aspects of the semantics of the Russian čest' and Polish honor, in accord with the growing interest in human inner life and people's personality. In both languages, too, there exist lexemes that express the features and behaviour of people in the context of moral values, independent of external judgement: Pol. godność and Russian dostoinstvo. ; Autorka analizuje semantykę ros. честь, достоинствo i pol. cześć, honor i godność, pokazując różnice i podobieństwa. Rosyjski koncept čest' ma dwie strony: zewnętrzną (szacunek okazywany komuś, np. čest' i slava gerojam) i wewnętrzną (wysoka wartość moralna, np. čelovek česti, čestnyj čelovek). To zróżnicowanie semantyczne znajduje potwierdzenie w różnych szeregach synonimicznych oraz w derywatach i frazeologizmach. Taka dwoistość znaczeniowa, obecna w ros. pojęciu честь, jest właściwa wszystkim językom słowiańskim, przedłuża bowiem pierwotne słowiańskie znaczenie słowa *čьstь (od czasownika čisti / čьsti o znaczeniu 'czcić, poważać'). Pierwotne znaczenie "akcjonalne" rozwijało się w znaczenie abstrakcyjne 'poważanie, szacunek', a dalej też w bardziej konkretne znaczenie 'odznaczenie'. Semantyczną strukturę konceptu autorka analizuje, wychodząc od aktantów czasownika czcić, pyta o podmiot (kto czci), o obiekt (kogo ten ktoś czci), o relacje łączące podmiot z obiektem czci i za co ktoś kogoś czci. Rosyjskie derywaty i frazeologizmy (okazat' čest', byt' v česti itp.), podobnie jak w innych językach słowiańskich odnoszą się przede wszystkim do strony zewnętrznej (okazywania czci komuś), podczas gdy strona wewnętrzna (to, za co się komuś okazuje cześć) jest historycznie wtórna. Prototypowo subiektem predykatu čestnyj jest człowiek, wartościowany zwykle przez negację, czego nie robi: nie kłamie, nie kradnie itd., co zakłada, że ważną wartością dla mówiących jest prawda, sprawiedliwość itd. W języku rosyjskim "zewnętrzne" znaczenie czci (okazywanie szacunku) i przymiotnika čestnyj w ciągu wieków słabnie, utrwala się w wyrażeniach kliszowanych, a narasta znaczenie "wewnętrzne", etyczne, które znajdujemy już w XIX wieku, u Puszkina, Lermontowa (pogib poèt -- nevol'nik česti), Lwa Tołstoja i we współczesnym hasłach politycznych (čestnye vybory).W języku polskim odpowiednikiem ros. konceptu česti jest zapożyczony z łaciny honor, definiowany jako 'godność osobista' (słowo honoru, sprawa honoru), ale lm. honory (czynić) ma znaczenie "zewnętrzne". Stpol. cześć odnosiła się do okazywania szacunku, ma więc wymiar zewnętrzny.W obu językach autorka stwierdza podobną tendencję do wyrażania "wewnętrznej" semantyki ros. честь i pol. honor. Tendencja ta odpowiada rosnącemu zainteresowaniu światem wewnętrznym człowieka i cechami jego osobowości. W obu językach funkcjonują też osobne leksemy dla wyrażenia cech i zachowań człowieka w perspektywie wartości moralnych, niezależnych od zewnętrznych ocen: pol. godność, ros. dostoinstvo. ; There is no abstract available for this language

This article is about the well-being of Afrikaans as a constitutionalist language. The adjective "constitutionalist" is meant to be a translation of the Afrikaans "grondwetmatig" as opposed to "constitutional" which is the English word for "grondwetlik". The question inspiring this contribution is whether the larger contours as well as the finer nuances of constitutionalist democracy can successfully be verbalised in Afrikaans. The possibility is considered that Afrikaans as potentially a language of constitutionally democratic discourse might have suffered irreparable damage as a consequence of its close association with Apartheid, but the author gives short shrift to this misgiving pointing out that languages such as English and German that were also "oppressors' languages" some time in history, are nowadays very adequate and eminently respectable languages of constitutionaldemocratic discourse. During the prevalence of a Westminster system in a pre-democratic South Africa Afrikaans was a disadvantaged constitutional language compared to, for instance, English. The latter lent direct access to the escalating post-World War II discourse on human rights. The question thus is whether Afrikaans has (or can develop) a constitutional or, more particularly, a constitutionalist register. The author turns to constitutional literature and jurisprudence to look for examples of how Afrikaans can be relied on to give creative expression to constitutionally democratic concepts, ideas and principles. He points out that the Constitution is a genre text, unique as supreme law, but sharing certain attributes with other enacted law-texts such as statutes. All of these texts should, for instance, be respected as products of legislative action meant to be of effect. To read and apply such texts is more like performing music than like reading a newspaper. This process is adequately expressed by the Afrikaans terminology "vertolk(-ing)" which recognises that elements of an interpreter's own personality and skill go into the process of interpretation and are reflected in the interpretive outcome. In the English language "construction" probably verbalises the process more accurately and adequately than "interpretation". The author proceeds to explain why, in certain instances where the term "grondwetlikheid" is usually used (in Afrikaans), he prefers the term "grondwetmatigheid" instead. He also reflects on the possible meanings of "constitutionalism" and the consequences of labelling the constitutional dispensation in South Africa since 1994 with the tag of "constitutionalism". The second part of the article deals with the consequences of constitutional supremacy and the concomitant need for judicial self-restraint. It is shown that section 172(1)(a) of the Constitution read with section 2 provides for the constitutional review of legislation and administrative action in a rather peremptory vein. Section 172(1)(b), however, leaves room for the mitigation of the absoluteness of section 172(1)(a) by authorising any court order which is just and equitable. Specific orders in this category (explicitly mentioned in the section) are orders limiting the retrospective effect of declarations of invalidity or suspending the effect of such declarations in order to give a legislature or organ of the executive the opportunity to rectify the unconstitutional state of affairs complained of. This result can also be achieved by, for instance, severing unconstitutional words and phrases from a text and striking them down or by reading words and phrases into an impugned provision in order to render it constitutional thus safeguarding them against annulment. Various interpretive strategies commensurate with judicial self-restraint are then discussed. The first of these is the interpretation of statutes in conformity with the Constitution which can take the form of either a restrictive or an extensive reading of a statutory provision in the light of the Constitution and its demands. It is pointed out that this reading strategy is to be distinguished from reading in which a court may order as a form of relief in terms of section 172(1)(b) of the Constitution. Subsidiarity, another strategy commensurate with judicial self-restraint, is also discussed. Subsidiarity mainly has to do with deciding on an appropriate forum to decide a case (jurisdictional subsidiarity) or choosing an appropriate legal norm to resolve an issue (adjudicative subsidiarity). It is pointed out that subsidiary constitutional legislation (giving detailed and concrete effect to provisions of the Constitution) has in recent years played an increasingly important role to help put constitutional issues on the agendas of judicial and political discourse. Some observations are also made about how a constitutional neologism, co-operative government, can serve to induce self-restraint in the actions of the various arms of government (legislative, executive and judicial) in the national, provincial and local spheres. The author concludes with the observation that the speakers of South Africa's eleven official languages have a duty to explore the potential of their own language as constitutionalist language not just for the sake of the languages themselves, but also to preserve and promote the treasure of constitutionalism ; http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/tvg/v52n3/01.pdf

Namen dela je predvsem proučiti oblikovanje, delovanje, vlogo in pomen Demosa kot instrumenta in akterja nacionalne emancipacije in demokratične tranzicije na Slovenskem. Pred osrednjim delom analize so opredeljeni ključni pojmi in koncepti: definicija nacionalizma ter glavni teoretični pristopi k nacionalizmu, opredelitev demokracije in demokratizacije. Za celovito razumevanje vloge in pomena posameznih političnih akterjev, kakršen je bil konec osemdesetih in v začetku devetdesetih Demos, je potrebno dobro poznati zgodovinske okoliščine. Najprej sem v poglavju o zgodovinskih mejnikih oblikovanja slovenske nacionalne identitete poskušala dokazati, da pomembni procesi v osemdesetih in devetdesetih letih niso vznikli sami od sebe, ampak imajo dolgo zgodovinsko podlago. V nadaljevanju obravnavam širjenje političnega prostora, obdobje liberalizacije in razcveta civilne družbe ter ključne procese in dogodke na poti v pluralno družbo. Procesi liberalizacije so soustvarjali tudi politično okolje, v katerem je začela nastajati politična opozicija. Konec osemdesetih let, tik pred nastankom Demosa, sta se izoblikovala dva konsistentna in nekompatibilna narodno-politična programa, ki sta simbolizirala politično polarizacijo. Nove, alternativne 'zveze' so se začele povezovati v pričakovanju demokratičnih volitev in soočenja s skupino družbenopolitičnih organizacij z Zvezo komunistov na čelu. Osrednji del disertacije predstavlja obravnava Demosa, akterja demokratizacije. Znotraj tega obdobja namenjam posebno pozornost najvidnejši osebnosti združene demokratične opozicije Jožetu Pučniku, analiziram predvolilne programe, rezultate volitev, ter oblikovanje novih oblastnih organov. V tem kontekstu analiziram tudi njihovo sodelovanje s Predsedstvom republike Slovenije. V nadaljevanju orišem vlogo Demosa v osamosvojitvenih procesih. Demos je v svojih glavnih namerah uspel, kljub temu, da ga niso ustrezno podpirali mediji, ni imel ustrezne zaslombe v gospodarstvu, pa tudi ne v državni upravi in, razen slovenske vojske in do neke mere policije, v represivnih organih oblasti. Kljub temu je uresničil glavne cilje, za uspešno izpeljano tranzicijo oziroma bolj popolno in konsolidirano demokratizacijo pa mu je zmanjkalo tako časa kot politične moči. Proces uvedbe demokracije, kot drugi od Demosovih ciljev, je bil uresničen v institucionalnem smislu, z vzpostavitvijo temeljnih demokratičnih struktur. Istočasno pa je bil Demos ključni dejavnik ne le pri oblikovanju splošnega soglasja o nujnosti osamosvojitve slovenskega naroda, ki se izraža v visokem rezultatu slovenskega plebiscita 23. decembra 1990, ampak je bil tudi glavni akter in instrument nacionalne osamosvojitve, obrambe slovenske samostojnosti v vojni za Slovenijo ter mednarodnega priznanja. ; The purpose of the thesis is primarily to examine the creation, operations, role and importance of Demos – Democratic Opposition of Slovenia as an instrument and actor of national emancipation and democratic transition in Slovenia. Prior to the central part of the analysis key terms and concepts are identified: definition of nationalism and the main theoretical approaches to nationalism, definition of democracy and democratization. For comprehensive understanding of the role and importance of individual political actors, like Demos was in the late eighties and early nineties, we should also be familiar with historical circumstances. At first I tried to stress that the main events and processes in the eighties and nineties had not emerged by themselves but were results of long historical development. Next I discuss broadening of political space, a period of liberalization and flourishing of civil society and also key processes and events on the way to a pluralistic society. The liberalization processes co-created also the political environment, in which the political opposition started to take shape. At the end of the eighties, just before the establishment of Demos, two consistent and incompatible national-political programmes were formed which symbolized the political polarization. New, alternative 'unions' began to link pending democratic elections and confrontations with a group of the so-called socio-political organizations with the Communists Party at the head. The central part of the thesis is the analysis of Demos, the actor of democratization. Within this period I pay particular attention to Jože Pučnik, the most prominent personality of the united democratic opposition, I analyse election programs, results of elections and the creation of new public authorities. In this context, I analyse also their cooperation with the Presidency of the Republic of Slovenia and outline the role of Demos in the independence processes. Demos succeeded in its main intentions, despite the fact that it had not adequate support of the media, no support of the economy nor in the public service and, with the exception of the Slovenian Army and to some extent police forces, the repressive authorities. Despite all these Demos accomplished its main objectives, however, for a successful transition or a more complete and consolidated democratization it ran out of time and political power. The process of introducing democracy was realized in a formal sense, with the establishment of basic democratic structures. At the same time Demos was a key factor in the creation of the general consensus on the necessity of the Slovenian independency which is shown in the high score of the plebiscite on 23rd Dec 1990. Demos was also the key actor and an instrument of the national independence process, the defence of the Slovenian territory in the war for Slovenia as well as in the process of the international recognition of the new Slovenian sovereign state.

Dottorato di ricerca in Memoria e materia delle opere d'arte attraverso i processi di produzione, storicizzazione, conservazione e musealizzazione ; The candidate's prop osed project aims to be a contribution in the illustration of the mechanisms and dynamics of the patronage of Cardinal Domenico Amedeo Orsini, including him in the cultural, historica l and socia l context of the 18 th Century. Starting from a study carried out following the histor ical-artistic study methodology, supported by an archival and bibliographic research, the aim is to examine one of the most important Roman and Neopolitan patron s of the second half of the 18th Century and whose personality results having been studied very l ittle. The importance of Cardinal Orsini's patronage stems from the dialectics of opposite religious and mundane tendencies, both present in his existential dynamic: the upper prelate, in effect, is active in two kinds of commissions, that which refers to his Cardina l duties and that which is purely boun d to him being a s ignificant exponent of an imp ortant family. Cardinal Domenico Orsini was a virtuous and culturally informed man, very fond of music and poetry. In the figurative art field, Card inal Orsini had a strong artistic flair, marked by a discreet eclecticism, a character istic which took shape in the granting of important tasks to the most famous painters of that time. The Cardina l was a shrewd observer of the entire Roman and Neopolitan artistic panorama, for this reason his figure will be read as an interdisciplinary key outlining his role in the cities of Rome and Naples. He was also known from a socia l and political point of view, trying to understan d whether the prelate, in the qual ity of patron, proposed himself as a means of cultural and artistic exchan ge between the two cities. In the project it will be interesting to define the relations of favouritism which occurred between the patron and artists and the role that the Cardinal had in promoting the activities of young emerging artists. The position assumed by the cardinal as patron and art lover, favoured the collection of numerous paintings in the family's buildings and outl ining him as a collector. These collections, which today are almost broken up, are instead well defined in the inventories of that time; real unexplored sources of information regarding the histori c-artistic sector. The project foresees research, analysis and the study of this documentation, with a subsequent arrangement of the data directed to favour the identification and collocation of the listed paintings, some of which are conserved in European collections. The events tied to his collection allow a systematic reading of the evolution of a typical collection of the 18th Century, from it's constitution (patronage) to it's organization according to aesthetic princip les (collection, preparation and exposition), and up to it's dispersion determined b y the choices made b y the direct heirs. The Cardina l's role as patron and collector which the project intends defining, will then be analysed in relation to restoration, decoration and furnishing of the Gravina Palace in Naples, considered as a practica l and technica l base on which to set the genera l principles. The re-structur ing and decorating of the 16th Century building took place from 1747 to 1782, directed by the architects Ignazio de Blasio, Mario Gioffredo and Ferdinando Fuga and guided by the Cardinal's shrewd and co mpetent mind. The definition of the Palace's architectura l structure is accompa nied by a pictorial decoration, document ed for about six years, from 1765 to 1772, carried out by a team of artists who worked in the different rooms assigned to them, among whom the names of Francesco De Mura, Giuseppe Bonito and Fedele Fischett i stand out. The custom to inform the commissioner s with precise documentation, letters, reports, maps and drawings, has prov ided accurate new materi al from which speci fic themes emerge i.e. establ ish to which extent the Cardinal could enter upon problems; the freedom of action given to the artists; the social and psych ological elements; the iconographical materia l aspects; the techniques used; the division of work among painters and even the economic aspect of the payment methods of the artists. The project, then, tends to re-build and safeguard the documentary memory, intended as a historic recalling of the contexts in which the work was realised, and it's social, historic and cultural genesis. The commission will therefore be analysed as an expression of a liking and a social behaviour and also as a research of presti ge and self assert ion. The art object will thus be set in the real life of these characters and the meanings of the art works will be placed correct ly in relation to the historic and environmental contexts.

Whether the results of fiscal transfers have positive or negative implications depends upon the incentives that transfer systems create for both central and local governments. The complexity and ambiguity of the relationship between fiscal transfers and tax revenues of local governments is one of the main causes why research projects, even in the same country, come to different results. This investigation is seriously questioning the often stated substitution effect based only on an analysis of aggregated data and finally rejects in the qualitative part of this research (using survey techniques) a substitution effect in the majority of the assessed municipalities. While most theories are modeling governments as tax-maximizers (Leviathan) or as being prone to fiscal laziness, this investigation shows that mayors react to a whole set of incentives. Most mayors react rational and rather pragmatically in respect to the incentives and constraints which are established by the particular context of a municipality, the central government and their own personality/identity/interests. While the yield on property tax in Peru is low, there are no signs that increases in transfers have had, on average, a negative impact on their revenue generation. On an individual basis there exist mayors who are revenue maximizers, others who are substituting revenues and others who show apathy. Many engage in property tax. While rural or small municipalities have limited potential, property taxes are the main revenue sources for the Peruvian urban municipalities, rising on average 10% during the last five years. The property tax in Peru accounts for less than 0.2% of GDP, which compared to the Latin American average, is extremely low. In 2002, property tax was collecting nationwide about 10% of the overall budget of local governments. In 2006, the share was closer to 6% due to windfall transfers. The property tax can enhance accountability at the local level and has important impacts on urban spatial development. It is also important considering that most charges or transfers are earmarked such that property tax yields can cover discretionary finances. The intergovernmental fiscal transfers can be described as a patchwork of political liabilities of the past rather than connected with thorough compensation or service improvement functions. The fiscal base of local governments in Peru remains small for the municipalities and the incentive structure to enhance property tax revenues is far from optimal. The central government and sector institutions, which are in the Peruvian institutional design of the property tax responsible for the enablement environment, can reinforce local tax efforts. In the past the central government permanently changed the rules of the game, giving municipalities reduced predictability of policy choices. There are no relevant signs that a stronger property tax is captured by Peruvian interest groups. Since the central government has responsibility for tax regulation and partly valuation there has been little debate about financial issues on the local political agenda. Most council members are therefore not familiar with tax issues. If the central government did not set the tax rate and valuation then there would probably be a more vigorous public debate and an electorate that was better informed about local politics. Elected mayors (as political and administrative leaders) are not counterbalanced and held in check by an active council and/or by vigorous local political parties. Local politics are concentrated on the mayor, electoral rules, the institutional design and political culture – all of which are not helpful in increasing the degree of influence that citizens and associations have upon collective decision-making at the local level. The many alternations between democracy and autocracy have not been helpful in building strong institutions at the local level. Property tax revenues react slowly and the institutional context matters because an effective tax system as a public good can only be created if actors have long time horizons. The property tax has a substantial revenue potential, however, since municipalities are going through a transfer bonanza, it is especially difficult to make a plea for increasing their own revenue base. Local governments should be the proponents of property tax reform, but they have, in Peru, little policy clout because the municipal associations are dispersed and there exists little relevant information concerning important local policy issues. ; Ob die Auswirkungen von Fiskaltransfers auf die Generierung von lokalen Steuereinnahmen positiv oder negativ sind, wird in der akademischen Literatur weiterhin offen diskutiert. Die Komplexität und Ambivalenz der Fiskalbeziehungen zwischen Gebietsköperschaften und Zentralregierung führt manchmal selbst innerhalb eines gleichen Landes zu unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen. Die hier vorliegende Untersuchung hinterfragt kritisch den oft postulierten Effekt in dem Eigeneinahmen durch Transferzahlungen substituiert werden. Während die meisten wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten Regierungen entweder als tax-maximizers (Leviathan) oder als fiscal lazy darstellen, zeigt diese Untersuchung, dass die meisten Bürgermeister spezifisch auf eine Vielzahl von Anreizen rational und pragmatisch reagieren. Obwohl die Eigeneinnahmen der Lokalregierungen in Peru generell niedrig sind, kann ein direkter Zusammenhang zwischen kontinuierlich ansteigenden Grundsteuereinnahmen und Fiskalzuweisungen eher verneint werden. Die Anreizstruktur in Peru zur Generierung von lokalen Steuereinnahmen ist hinderlich und teilweise sogar kontraproduktiv. Die Zentralregierung und gewisse Spezialinstitutionen spielen in Peru wichtige Funktionen hinsichtlich lokaler Steuergenerierung und sind mitverantwortlich für die positive Gestaltung der Anreizstruktur.