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This paper presents new data on the micro structure of the export sector for 45 countries and studies how exporter behavior varies with country size and stage of development. Larger countries and more developed countries have more exporters, larger exporters, and a greater share of exports controlled by the top 5 percent. The extensive margin (more firms) plays a greater role than the intensive margin (average size) in supporting exports of larger countries. In contrast, the intensive margin is relatively more important in explaining the exports of richer countries. Exporter entry and exit rates are higher and entrant survival is lower at an early stage of development. The paper discusses the results in light of trade theories with heterogeneous firms and the empirical literature on resource allocation, firm size, and development. An implication from the findings is that developing countries export less because the top of the firm-size distribution is truncated.

This assessment of Zambia's investment climate highlights some of the impediments to growth and export diversification in the current business environment in the country. It is based on an analysis of enterprise survey data specifically collected for the purpose, namely, the World Bank's Zambia Enterprise Survey of 2008. The report is in two volumes. Volume I is an overview, while Volume II is the final report, whose introductory chapter sets the stage for the analysis of microeconomic aspects of business environment in the following chapters. Chapter 2 analyzes manufacturing productivity in an international perspective as a proximate determinant of manufactured exports. Chapter 3 discusses key business environment variables as underlying factors in manufacturing employment and productivity, and draws the main policy implications of the assessment. Chapter 4 is a more in-depth analysis of disparity in access to finance across firms and sectors as a major source of market distortions and allocative inefficiency. Chapter 5 discusses labor market issues with a focus on labor regulation, wage formation and on-the-job training.

Absentee Landlords and Agriculture -- Access to Land and the Right to Food -- Aesthetic Value, Art, and Food -- Africa, Food, and Agriculture -- African Food Security Urban Network (AFSUN) -- Agrarianism and the Ethics of Eating -- Agricultural and Food Products in Preferential Trade Agreements -- Agricultural Cooperatives -- Agricultural Ethics -- Agricultural Science and Ethics -- Agricultural Sciences and Ethical Controversies of Biofuels -- Agriculture and Ethical Change -- Agriculture and Finance -- Agriculture of the Middle -- Alcohol Abstinence and Sobriety -- Alcohol as Food and the Good Life -- Alimentary Delinquency -- American Cuisine, Existence Of -- American Food Rhetoric -- Ancestral Cuisine and Cooking Rituals -- Animal Agriculture and Welfare Footprints -- Animal Welfare in the Context of Animal Production -- Animal Welfare: A Critical Examination of the Concept -- Aroid Production and Postharvest Practices -- Artisanal Food Production and Craft -- Asian Cuisine: Ethical Considerations -- Authenticity in Food -- Beef Production: Ethical Issues -- Biodiversity -- Biodiversity and Global Development -- Biodynamic Agriculture -- Bioethics at Purdue University -- Biofuels: Ethical Aspects -- Biopharming -- Biosecurity and Food Systems -- Biotechnology and Food Policy, Governance -- Body Image, Gender, and Food -- Brazilian Agriculture -- Brillat-Savarin and Food -- Buddhism, Cooking, and Eating -- Buddhist Perspectives on Food and Agricultural Ethics -- Canada, US-EU Beef Hormone Dispute -- Cannibalism -- Carbon Farming -- Carnism -- Centre for Animal Welfare and Ethics -- Child Nutrition Guidelines and Gender -- Chinese Agriculture -- Chocolate: Ethical Dimensions -- Christian Ethics and Vegetarianism -- Christian Mysticism and Food -- Christian Perspectives on Food and Agricultural Ethics -- Christian Stewardship in Agriculture -- Christianity and Food -- Civic Agriculture -- Climate Change, Ethics, and Food Production -- Community-Supported Agriculture -- Company Identity in the Food Industry -- Conservation Agriculture: Farmer Adoption and Policy Issues -- Conventionalization Hypothesis -- Cooking Tools and Techniques: Ethical Issues -- Cooking, Food Consumption, and Globalization: Ethical Considerations -- Corporate Farms -- Corporate Social Responsibility and Food -- Cosmopolitanism, Localism and Food -- Cross-Contamination of Crops in Horticulture -- Cuban Agriculture -- Culinary Cosmopolitanism -- Culinary Tourism -- Derrida and Eating -- East European Agriculture -- Eating Disorders -- Eating Disorders and Disturbed Eating -- Eating Etiquette -- Eating and Nutrition -- Eating Invasive Species -- Eating, Feeding and the Human Life Cycle -- Eating, Feeding, and Disability -- Ecofeminist Food Ethics -- Economy of Agriculture and Food -- Ecosystems, Food, Agriculture, and Ethics -- Ecotopia -- Egg Production: Ethical Issues -- Emergency Food System: Soup Kitchens and Food Pantries -- Environmental and Animal Pragmatism -- Environmental Ethics -- Environmental Justice and Food -- Epicureanism and Food -- Equipment Sharing in Agriculture -- Escoffier -- Ethical Activism with Consideration of the Routine of Food Culture -- Ethical Assessment of Dieting, Weight Loss, and Weight Cycling -- Ethical Matrix and Agriculture -- Ethics and Food Taste -- Ethics of Agricultural Development and Food Rights in International Organizations -- Ethics of Dietitians -- Ethics of Nutrigenomics -- Ethics in Food and Agricultural Sciences -- Ethnicity, Ethnic Identity, and Food -- EU Regulatory Conflicts over GM Food -- European Cuisine: Ethical Considerations -- Expertise in Agriculture: Scientific and Ethical Issues -- Extraterritorial Obligations of States and the Right to Food -- Fair Trade in Food and Agricultural Products -- Farm Management -- Farmer Types and Motivation -- Farmers' Markets -- Farmer-Scientist Knowledge Exchange -- Farms: Small Versus Large -- Fasting -- Feeding Children -- Food "Porn" in Media -- Food Addiction -- Food Additives and International Trade -- Food Advertising to Children: Policy, Health, and Gender -- Food Allergies: Ethical Issues -- Food and Agricultural Trade and National Sovereignty -- Food and Agriculture in Bangladesh -- Food and Choice -- Food and Class -- Food and Health Policy -- Food and Life Chances -- Food and Place -- Food and Poverty in High Income Countries -- Food Rituals -- Food and the Avant-Garde -- Food Animal Production, Ethics, and Quality Assurance -- Food Assistance and International Trade -- Food Boycotts -- Food Culture and Chefs -- Food Deserts -- Food Ethics and Policies -- Food in Ancient Indian Philosophy -- Food Labeling -- Food Legislation and Regulation: EU, UN, WTO and Private Regulation -- Food Miles -- Food Not Bombs -- Food Preparation, Cooking, and Ritual in Judaism -- Food Riots, Historical Perspectives -- Food Risk Communication -- Food Risks -- Food Safety -- Food Security -- Food Security and International Trade -- Food Security and Rural Education -- Food Security in Systemic Context -- Food Standards -- Food Waste -- Food Waste and Consumer Ethics -- Food Worlds, Film, and Gender -- Food, Agriculture, and Trade Organizations -- Food, Class Identity, and Gender -- Food's Purposes -- Food-Body Relationship -- Foucault and Food -- Free Trade and Protectionism in Food and Agriculture -- Functional Foods -- Functional Foods as Commodities -- Functional Foods, Marketing of -- Gender and Dieting -- Gender Inequality and Food Security -- Gender Norms and Food Behavior -- Gender, Obesity, and Stigmatization -- Geographic Indications -- Geographical Indications, Food, and Culture -- Gluttony -- GM Food, Nutrition, Safety, and Health -- GMO Food Labeling -- Grocery Store Design -- Gustatory Pleasure and Food -- Hazon -- Herbicide-Resistant Crops -- Hinduism and Food -- Home Gardening -- Homesteading -- Horticultural Therapy -- Hospitality and Food -- Human Ecology and Food -- Human Rights and Food -- Humane Slaughter Association -- Hunting -- Hybridity in Agriculture -- In Vitro Meat -- Industrial Food Animal Production Ethics -- Industrialized Slaughter and Animal Welfare -- Infant Feeding -- Informed Food Choice -- Institute Technology-Theology-Natural Sciences (TTN), Munich -- Institutional Food Service -- Intellectual Property and Food -- Intellectual Property Rights and Trade in the Food and Agricultural Sectors -- International Food Quality Standards -- Islam and Food -- Islam and Food and Agricultural Ethics -- Jainism and Food -- Jefferson's Moral Agrarianism -- Judaism and Food -- Kristeva and Food -- Land Acquisitions for Food and Fuel -- Law and Regulatory Mechanisms for Food and Agriculture Research -- Literature, Food, and Gender -- Local and Regional Food Systems -- Local Food Procurement -- Marketing, Food Policy, Diet, and Health -- Meat: Ethical Considerations -- Medicalization of Eating and Feeding -- Metaphysics of Natural Food -- Molecular Gastronomy -- Montaigne and Food -- Multifunctional Agriculture -- Multifunctionality of Agriculture and International Trade -- Multilateral Trade Organizations, Food, and Agriculture -- NAFTA and the Food and Agricultural Industries -- Nanotechnology in Agriculture -- National Courts and the Right to Food -- Natural Food -- Nietzsche and Food -- Obesity and Consumer Choice -- Obesity and Responsibility -- Occupational Risks in Agriculture -- Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics -- Permaculture -- Pest Control -- Peter Singer and Food -- Plant-Based Diets and Scientific Value Judgments -- Plato and Food -- Political Agronomy -- Political Consumerism: Consumer Choice, Information, and Labeling -- Population Growth -- Pork Production: Ethical Issues -- Poverty and Basic Needs -- Pregnancy and Food -- Private Food Governance -- Provision of Agricultural Ecosystem Services -- Public Institutional Foodservice -- Punishment and Food -- Race, Racial Identity, and Eating -- Recipes -- Resource Conflict, Food, and Agriculture -- Responsible Innovation in the Food Sector -- Restaurant Reviewing -- Restaurant Workers -- Right to Food in International Law -- Rousseau and Food -- Saving Seeds -- School Lunch and Gender -- Seed Banking, Seed Saving, and Cultivating Local Varieties -- Slash-and-Burn Agriculture -- Slow Food -- Sub-Saharan African Agriculture -- Substantial Equivalence -- Sustainability and Animal Agriculture -- Sustainability of Food Production and Consumption -- Sustainable Consumption and Gender -- Synthetic Biology and Biofuels -- Synthetic Meat -- Systemic Ethics to Support Well being -- Taste, Distaste, and Food -- Technologies used for Animal Breeding, Ethical Issues -- Telos and Farm Animal Welfare -- The 2003–2006 WTO GMO Dispute: Implications for the SPS Agreement -- Trade and Development in the Food and Agricultural Sectors -- Trade Policies and Animal Welfare -- Trade Policies and Organic Food -- Transgenic Crops -- Urban Agriculture -- Vegetarianism -- Vertical Farms in Horticulture -- Vertical Integration and Concentration in US Agriculture -- Virtue Theory, Food, and Agriculture -- War and Food -- Waste and Food -- Water, Food, and Agriculture -- WTO Dispute Settlement and Food and Agricultural Trade -- You Are What You Eat -- Youth Food Activism

Russia is touting the recently opened BRICS summit as the largest foreign policy event ever held in Russia and the key event for Russia's presidency of BRICS in 2024. On Tuesday, Vladimir Putin welcomed leaders from 24 countries and delegations from a total of 32 nations. The 16th BRICS summit, running from October 22-24, is the first under the BRICS+ format and includes representatives from Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America. On the first day, the original BRICS members (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) officially welcomed Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) into the group. With this expansion, BRICS+ now represents over 40% of the global population, potentially positioning itself as a viable counterweight to the Western-dominated global system.While the main objectives of the gathering will focus on strengthening multilateralism, equitable global development, and security, attendees will also explore ways to deepen cooperation between BRICS nations and countries from the Global South. Specific issues discussed among BRICS will include a new BRICS payment system, de-dollarization, a BRICS digital currency, an alternative to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and a proposal for a new trade platform for grain.The chosen themes and issues accentuate and exacerbate the growing rift between the West's existing global order and the Global South. BRICS, especially Russia, clearly intend to use the forum to display their vision of a multipolar economic and geopolitical architecture that starkly contrasts with the Western, primarily United States led, "rules-based" financial, economic, and political order. Prior to the summit, Russian State Duma Speaker Vyachaslav Volodin publicly underscored these sentiments on Telegram: "Today, BRICS unites 10 countries and 45% of the world's population. More than thirty states are showing interest in participating in it... The time of Washington and Brussels hegemony is passing." While BRICS+ countries are meeting in Kazan, the "rules-based order" and U.S. hegemony continue to be severely undermined by Israel's ongoing Washington-backed military actions in Gaza and Lebanon. Israel has continued to exhibit an unwavering disrespect for United Nations resolutions, has attacked peacekeepers (referred to as UNIFIL in Lebanon), and even declared U.N. Secretary General Antonio Guterres persona non grata. Notably, Guterres is expected to attend in Kazan.Among these increasing Middle East tensions, Iran President Masoud Pezeshkian said that Tehran expects to complete the process of formalizing an agreement with Russia on strategic cooperation during the BRICS summit in Kazan. In mid-September, the Russian government reported the practical completion of the procedures necessary for signing a new interstate agreement on comprehensive strategic partnership between the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran. However, it appears that Russia may want to delay the official signing date due to increased tensions between Iran and Israel and Russian apprehension of being drawn in too strongly on Iran's side. Instead, Russia has sought to use the BRICS gathering as a forum to discuss the war in Gaza and Lebanon. For example, UAE President Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed arrived in Moscow on Sunday to much fanfare for an official visit that included high-level talks centered on bilateral cooperation and the situation in the Middle East. Beyond geopolitics, one of the more prominent issues to be raised during the summit is Russia's proposal for a BRICS payment system, BRICS Pay. According to Bloomberg, "Russia is proposing changes to cross-border payments conducted among BRICS countries aimed at circumventing the global financial system, as the heavily penalized country seeks to sanctions-proof its own economy." Russia has recently experienced delays in international transactions with its trading partners, including BRICS member countries, as banks in these countries fear punitive actions from Western regulators.The proposal includes plans to create a network of commercial banks that would allow participating countries to process transactions in local currencies as well as establish direct links between central banks. Additionally, Russia is proposing a model based on digital ledger technology that would allow the use of tokens for settlement. The plan also included the creation of centers for mutual trade in commodities such as grain. Not surprisingly, this idea correlates with a Russian export trade plan introduced in September during the "Made in Russia" forum. Then, Russian government representatives spoke about the growth of the share of "friendly countries" in trade, about stimulating the export of medium and high value-added products, and about the need to supply more expensive agricultural products to foreign markets. Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin said that the share of national currencies in settlements with partners from "friendly countries" — defined as China, Turkey, India, and Egypt — currently amounts to 90%. Such exports in August were already estimated at 86% of the total export volume.Putin said BRICS countries should focus on the use of national currencies, new financial instruments, and the creation of an analogue of SWIFT. He called for a "cautious approach in creating a new reserve currency due to differences in the structure and quality of the economies of the BRICS member states." Prior to the BRICS summit, however, Indian Foreign Minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar said that India has no plan to target the U.S. dollar, an announcement that placed the country directly at odds with China and Russia.Despite objections from some BRICS+ members, it seems as though de-dollarization is slowly moving towards an economic reality. According to the Jerusalem Post, China has already unveiled plans to use a gold-backed yuan and Russia is trading in currencies tied to gold. Together with the significant gold accumulation by BRICS countries, these actions suggest a world shifting away from dollar reliance. For example, the divergence between treasuries and gold as safe havens has signaled investors' heightened uncertainty given skyrocketing government debt and their preference for physical assets. Over the last 10 years, central bank purchases of gold have significantly outpaced purchases of U.S. Treasuries.The Kazan BRICS summit has demonstrated a considerably impressive level of ambition, no doubt fueled by Russia's chairmanship and the many underlying financial and economic issues with which it is currently wrestling. Although Russian interests obviously are driving the current agenda, it is evident that the issues presented resonate strongly among a variety of countries, from global powers like China to nations throughout the Global South. They all share a common interest in navigating the emerging challenges presented by a rapidly developing multipolar architecture. Although BRICS 2024 is unlikely to implement immediate solutions to its economic and finance proposals, it has already successfully generated enthusiasm for alternative approaches to the post-World War II order. After several decades of war and harmful sanctions, BRICS+ nations are increasingly distrustful of the United States led "rules-based order" that favors the few at the expense of many. Western nations should take notice that while BRICS will not immediately bring down the existing global architecture, it is a looming threat to the unrivaled dominance of its institutions, which no longer maintain the trust or confidence of a growing majority of the world's inhabitants.

During RTX's May 2 annual meeting, the company board and its financiers voted on a shareholder resolution proposing a report that would detail the human rights impact of the defense conglomerate. In a recorded message, Sister Ann Scholz of the School Sisters of Notre Dame Cooperative fund urged shareholders to vote in favor of the proposal. "The intent is to help RTX ensure that its business practices are aligned with its human rights commitments and obligations as articulated in the U.N. Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights," said Sholz.The resolution, which would be non-binding if adopted, only received 5.41% of votes, according to preliminary results. A similar proposal at Lockheed Martin failed.Transparency around the defense industry could reveal uncomfortable truths for Wall Street. Many of the investors in the defense industry claim to adhere to internationally- agreed-upon frameworks such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the U.N. Guiding Principles, which states that businesses should "avoid infringing on the human rights of others and should address adverse human rights impacts with which they are involved." For example, State Street is the largest investor in Lockheed Martin with over $16 billion worth of shares. According to its human rights policy, the company "supports fundamental principles of human rights, such as those adopted in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights." State Street says its policies are "designed to prevent the illegal use of our products and services, including those that may result in human rights violations."Capital Group, which holds at least $13 billion in shares of RTX through different divisions, also endorses the U.N. Declaration of Human Rights and claims to have a "higher level of scrutiny" for businesses that violate the U.N. Global Impact and OECD Guidelines. "We believe that it is important for our portfolio holdings to uphold these fundamental standards in their own operations and throughout their supply chains to maintain their license to operate," its policy states.However, the defense companies that these financiers invest in have helped enable Israel's campaign in Gaza, which the International Court of Justice has suggested could be a genocide. RTX supplies the Israeli military with air-to-surface missiles and cluster bombs, and manufactures engines for the F-15 and F-16 fighter jets that have been used to bomb Gaza. Lockheed Martin provides Israel with hellfire missiles and F-16 and F-35 fighter jets used to bomb Gaza. Missiles manufactured by Lockheed Martin were confirmed to have been used to strike journalists near Shifa Hospital in Gaza City on November 9 of last year. At Lockheed Martin's annual meeting, also held on May 2nd, CEO Jaimes Taiclet said that the company is planning to deliver 20 F-16s and at least 75 F-35s this year. Human Rights Watch and Oxfam have documented that "Israeli authorities have carried out indiscriminate and disproportionate attacks in violation of international humanitarian law following the Hamas-led October 7 attacks in Israel," including collective punishments and depriving civilians of basic necessities. All of this is public knowledge, yet companies like State Street and Capital Group continue to invest."What we do know is that banks' human rights statements are misaligned with their actions. Investors don't have clear evidence that they're actually being implemented," added Jilianne Lyon, who leads shareholder advocacy campaigns at Investor Advocates for Social Justice and worked on the shareholder resolution proposal at RTX.Shareholders have significant leverage to change company behavior through asset allocation, voting, engagement, and divesting, yet they rarely exercise this influence. Felix Nagrawala, Senior Research Manager at ShareAction, told Responsible Statecraft that financiers often "make high-level public promises to follow international law, only to invest in weapons companies and block shareholder resolutions seeking to mandate reports from those companies on how weapons are used and their human rights impact."Indeed, during RTX's earnings call on April 23, no investors asked about potential human rights violations or how these weapons are being used, even though the State Department published its country report on Israel just a day earlier that detailed "arbitrary or unlawful killings" by government agents.Instead, investors wanted to talk about the $90 billion aid package to Ukraine, Israel, and Taiwan. "Could you speak a little bit to the supplemental that got through the House and how that plays out for your defense business. What goodies are in there for you guys?" asked Ron Epstein, an analyst from Bank of America. "Think GEM-T, NASAMS, Patriot, AMRAAM, AIM9X, Israel, we kind of handicapped that as about 30% addressable, stockpile replenishment, Iron Dome, David's Sling procurements," said Chris Calio, who became RTX's new CEO at the shareholder meeting. "We think our product portfolio is pretty well positioned to address the needs in each of those theaters," Calio continued. Many of these weapons have been used in Israel's offensive in Gaza. Bank of America holds over $1.7 billion worth of shares in RTX and endorses the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, the International Labor Organization's Fundamental Conventions, and the U.N. Guiding Principles. According to their human rights policy, the bank seeks to mitigate adverse human rights impacts "directly linked to us through strong client selection procedures which are core to our responsible growth strategy."William Haldin, a spokesperson for Bank of America, told Responsible Statecraft that "The shares you're referencing would be owned by clients and held in their accounts at Bank of America (or Merrill Lynch) not shares actually owned by the bank. Unfortunately, some advocacy groups are mistaken when they make reports and wrongly attribute ownership to us. It's unfortunate." Capital Group and State Street did not respond to requests for comment.Joe Herbert, a Senior Research Officer at ShareAction, told Responsible Statecraft that the daylight between Wall Street and the defense companies they support creates room for plausible deniability. "It is difficult for arms companies to claim that they are abiding by the UN Guiding Principles, but for an investor there is another degree of separation," said Herbert.Why even have human rights policies if these companies won't act on them? In short, because of the cover the U.S. government provides Israel which in turn shields defense companies and their shareholders from criticism. For example, at a press briefing in March, State Department spokesperson Matthew Miller said "We have not found them [Israel] to be in violation of international humanitarian law, either when it comes to the conduct of war or when it comes to the provision of humanitarian assistance." Even though the U.N. Guiding Principles exist "independently of States' abilities and/or willingness to fulfill their own human rights obligations," Wall Street pays little attention. Instead, it appears they are more interested in the "goodies."

It's that time of year, and despite all the budgetary drama unfolding on Capitol Hill, lawmakers have already finished most of their holiday shopping for their favorite children: Pentagon contractors. Through cryptic "program increases" to the defense budget appropriations for fiscal year 2024, most with no listed author and little to no justification, Congress has added more than $25 billion to the Pentagon's procurement and research accounts for fiscal year 2024. Based on the continuing resolution that Congress passed in November, Congress has until February 2 to either pass another stopgap measure, or pass a final Pentagon spending bill, at which point we should be able to see which program increases make the cut. If history is any indication, almost all of them will be in the final bill.In the meantime, a new database created by Taxpayers for Common Sense reveals each of these program increases, whether they fund projects that weren't funded at all in the Pentagon's budget request, and whether they fund projects requested in Unfunded Priorities Lists (UPLs), extra-budgetary wish lists that Congress requires military service branch and combatant command leaders to submit to Congress each year.The numbersLawmakers on the House Appropriations Committees got to work early, adding 479 program increases for a combined $9.5 billion. When their Senate counterparts got to work, they included 636 program increases in their bill worth nearly $15 billion — so all in all 1,115 program increases. Broken down by bill section, there were 172 increases for procurement between the House and Senate at a cost of $14 billion, and 943 for research, development, test and evaluation (RDT&E) at a cost of $10.5 billion. When the House version of the Defense Appropriations bill came to the floor, lawmakers added 11 more program increases for procurement, and another 90 for RDT&E, for a combined $1.1 billion.While these kinds of adds are nothing new, their numbers do seem to be growing, particularly in the RDT&E category. In fact, the number of RDT&E top-ups has grown by 72% in the past four years, from 600 for FY2021, to 776 for FY2022, to 996 for FY2023, up to 1,033 for FY2024. More troubling still is that 1,010 of the total 1,216 increases, or $14.5 billion of the $25.7 billion lawmakers have added to these accounts, are for projects the Pentagon didn't fund at all in its budget request.Are they earmarks?According to Congress, these increases aren't earmarks, but in practice, they often serve the same purpose and are not subject to transparency reforms traditional earmarks have faced since 2007.Traditional earmarks, rebranded by Congress as "congressionally directed funding" or "community project funding," support projects that fund a specific entity for a specific purpose in a specific place. This made them a favored tool for lawmakers to funnel taxpayer dollars into their district or state. But these earmarks come with rules, requiring members to put their names on them, and in the House's case, requiring members to list their earmarks on their websites. Program increases are not bound by these rules. They have no name attached (apart from amendments, which list their sponsors) and generally lack any accompanying justification. In the Senate Appropriations Committee report on the Pentagon spending bill, a section on "funding increases" stipulates that "funding increases shall be competitively awarded, or provided to programs that have received competitive awards in the past." So Congress seems to differentiate these increases from earmarks on the basis that they're competitively awarded, unlike traditional earmarks. In practice, that rationale breaks down.Next-gen earmarksOne program increase allocates $2 million for "urban subterranean mapping technology," a fancy name for tunnel detection. This increase has appeared in every Pentagon spending bill since FY2020, for a total of $17 million over five years, but there's almost no publicly available information about this project. That is other than Sen. Joe Manchin's (D-W.Va.) regular celebrations of funding for West Virginia-based Marshall University to research urban subterranean mapping technology in press release after press release after press release after press release, all of which were published before the funds they celebrate were formally awarded.Some adds are even more blatantly noncompetitive. In the House, someone added $7 million for "Omniblast water sensor technology." If that sounds weirdly specific, it's because it is. The Omniblast water sensor is a trademarked product, owned by a company called Advanced Materials and Devices (AMAD), Inc. It goes without saying that program increases for patented products can only be fulfilled by the patent owners, so AMAD Inc. is more than a shoe-in for any "competitive" award process. And while AMAD Inc. was awarded a contract for "a wearable underwater blast sensor" in 2022, it was the only bidder, suggesting a not so competitive process in the past.As to whether this funding, like an earmark, is meant to serve the political interests of a specific lawmaker, we can't know for sure without knowing the author. But AMAD Inc. is based in Reno, Nevada, in the district of Rep. Mark Amodei's (R-Nev.), who sits on the House Appropriations Committee. While AMAD Inc. hasn't made any political contributions to Rep. Amodei's campaigns, it did spend $150,000 on lobbying in 2022, and $120,000 on lobbying in the first three quarters of 2023, expenses paid to a lobbying firm called Cornerstone Government Affairs. Cornerstone donated $3,000 to Rep. Amodei so far in the 2024 election cycle, its first time contributing to any of his campaigns.Unjustified adds, unjustifiable secrecyAsked about these program increases, a Senate Appropriations Committee staffer pointed to the unfunded priorities they fund as a justification. But there are two problems with that argument. One is that Unfunded Priorities Lists (UPLs) are just that: unfunded, meaning the Pentagon didn't find them important enough to include in its $826 billion request. Almost by definition, items on these UPLs are non-priorities for the Pentagon. The second problem is that UPLs only accounted for about $1.9 billion of the $25.7 billion lawmakers added to the Pentagon's request for procurement and RDT&E. The staffer also argued that the Pentagon sometimes "relies upon congressional increases to keep production lines open or to sustain readiness of the military." This tack obfuscates the fact that for a lot of the funds Congress adds, it subtracts funds from elsewhere in the Pentagon budget. While the offsets for the committee adds are as opaque as their authors, the offsets listed in amendments overwhelmingly raid the Pentagon's Operations and Maintenance account. That's Congress' prerogative, but lawmakers can't raid O&M to pay for procurement and research adds and then say with a straight face that those adds are about supporting military readiness.All this isn't to say that none of these projects are worth funding. There's more than 1,200 of them, so surely some are. But with the lack of transparency for who requests and approves them, whether the funds are competitively awarded, and whether they align with any cogent national security strategy, who's to say? If lawmakers think cramming another $25 billion for procurement and research into a $826 billion budget of an agency that just failed its sixth audit is worthwhile, they should at least let us know who's adding what and to what end.

Objetivou-se conhecer a produção do extrativismo vegetal da silvicultura de fibras no Brasil entre os anos de 2010 e 2019. Através de dados coletados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística- IBGE, e utilização de estatística descritiva na análise dos dados. As fibras avaliadas pelo IBGE no período de análise foram Mauritia flexuosa L. f., Copernica prunifera (Mill) H. E. Moore, Attalea funifera Martius e outras, o valor comercializado de fibras corresponde a um montante de R$ 821.065,00 mil reais no pais. Observou-se que as fibras têm ainda grande potencial a ser desenvolvido, e há um crescente aumento na utilização por diversos segmentos industriais, podendo se tornar matéria prima alternativa, por resultar em produtos menos agressivos ao meio ambiente. Ocupam papel importante no cotidiano das comunidades tradicionais amazônicas, pois, além de serem empregadas no dia a dia, são utilizadas como fonte de renda.

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ABSTRAKPenelitian ini memiliki latarbelakang dari adanya perbedaan hasil penelitian mengenai variabel online customer review, online customer rating dan kepercayaan konsumen terhadap keputusan pembelian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Online Customer Review, Online Customer Rating dan Kepercayaan Konsumen terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Produk Scarlett Whitening di Shopee. Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer yang berasal dari kuesioner dan data sekunder berasal dari berbagai jurnal. Populasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah wanita yang pernah melakukan pembelian produk scarlett whitening di shopee. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah nonprobability sampling. Penentuan Sampel menggunakan teknik purposive sampling dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 75 orang wanita. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif yang dibantu oleh SPSS 17 for windows serta analisis ststitik deskriptif sebagai penggambaran dari seluruh pernyataan dan analisis regresi linier berganda sebagai alat pengukuran yang mengukur pengaruh variabel bebas dan terikat baik secara parsial maupun simultan. Adapun hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa online customer review secara parsial tidak berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap keputusan pembelian produk scarlett whitening di shopee, online customer rating secara parsial berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap keputusan pembelian produk scarlett whitening di shopee, kepercayaan konsumen secara parsial berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap keputusan pembelian produk scarlett whitening di shopee, serta online customer review, online customer rating dan kepercayaan konsumen secara simultan berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap keputusan pembelian produk scarlett whitening di shopee. 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In this article, we present a historical analysis on how Sardinian pastoralism has become an integrated activity in global capitalism, oriented to the production of cheap milk, through the extraction of ecological surplus from the exploitation of nature and labour. Pastoralism has often been looked at as a marginal and traditional activity. On the contrary, our objective is to stress the central role played by pastoralism in the capitalist world-ecology. Since there is currently little work analysing the historical development of pastoralism in a concrete agro-ecological setting from a world-ecology perspective, we want to contribute to the development of the literature by analysing the concrete case of Sardinian pastoralism.
To do so, we will use the analytical framework of world-ecology to analyse the historical dialectic of capital accumulation and the production of nature through which pastoralism -understood as a socio-cultural system that organises nature-society relations for the reproduction of local rural societies- became an activity trapped in the production of market commodities and cheap food exploiting human (labour) and extra-human factors (e.g. land, water, environment, animals etc.). Looking at the exploitation of extra-human factors, the concept of ecological surplus allows us to understand how capital accumulation and surplus was possible thanks to the exploitation of nature, or rather the creation of cheap nature and chap inputs for the production of cheap commodities. We analyse historical pastoralism to understand how geopolitical configurations of global capitalism interact with the national and local scales to change pastoral production, nature and labour relations. We will pay particular attention to the role of land and the relationship between pastoralists and animals. The article is based on secondary data, historical material and primary data collected from 2012 to 2020 through qualitative interviews and ethnographic research.
We identify four main cycles of agro-ecological transformation to explore the interactions between waves of historical capitalist expansion and changes in the exploitation of agroecological factors. The first two phases will be explored in the first section of the paper: the mercantilist phase during the modern era and the commodification of pastoralist products, which extend from the nineteenth century to the Second World War. In the mercantilist phase, the expansion of pastoralism finds its external limits in the trend of international demand (influenced by international trade policies that may favour or hinder exports) and its internal limits in the competition/complementarity with agriculture for the available land that results in a transhumant model of pastoralism. In this phase, the ecological surplus needed for capitalist accumulation is produced by nature as a gift, or nature for free, which results in the possibility of producing milk at a very low cost by exploiting the natural pasture of the open fields. The second cycle, "the commodification of pastoralist products", started at the end of the nineteenth century, with the introduction on the island of the industrial processing of Pecorino Romano cheese, and which was increasingly in demand in the North American market. This pushed pastoralism towards a strong commodification. Shepherds stopped processing cheese on-farm and became producers of cheap milk for the Pecorino Romano processing industry. Industrialists control the distribution channels and therefore the price of milk. Moreover, following the partial privatisation of land and high rent prices, shepherds progressively lose the ecological surplus that was guaranteed by free land and natural grazing, key to lower production costs and to counterbalance the unequal distribution of wealth within the chain. At the beginning of the twentieth century, although the market for Pecorino Romano was growing, these contradictions emerged and the unfair redistribution of profits within the chain (which benefited industrialists, middlemen and landowners to the detriment of shepherds) led to numerous protests and the birth of shepherds' cooperatives.
The second section of the paper will explore the third agro-ecological phase: the rise of the "monoculture of sheep-raising" through the modernisation policies (from the fifties until 1990s). The protests that affected the inland areas of Sardinia, as well as the increase in banditry, signal the impossibility of continuing to guarantee cheap nature and cheap labour, which are at the basis of the mechanism of capitalist accumulation. On the basis of these pressures, the 1970s witnessed a profound transformation that opened a new cycle of accumulation: laws favouring the purchase of land led to the sedenterization of pastoralism, while agricultural modernisation policies pushed towards the rationalisation of the farm. Land improvements and technological innovations (such as the milking machine and the purchase of agricultural machinery) led to the beginning of the "monoculture of sheep raising": a phase of intensification in the exploitation of nature and the extraction of ecological surplus. This includes a great increase of the number of sheep per unit of agricultural area, thanks to the cultivated pasture replacing natural grazing and the production and purchase of stock and feed. Subsidised agricultural modernisation and sedentarisation can once again "sustain" the cost of cheap milk that is the basis of the industrial dairy chain. However, agricultural modernisation results in the further commodification of pastoralism, which becomes increasingly dependent on the upstream and downstream market, making pastoralists less autonomous. Moreover, given the impossibility of further expanding the herd, the productivity need of keeping low milk production costs has to be achieved through an increase in the average production per head. Therefore, there are higher investments in genetic selection to increase breed productivity, higher investments to improve animal feeding and a more intensive animal exploitation to increase productivity. These production strategies imply higher farm costs.
In this context, the fourth phase, the neoliberal phase (analysed in the third section of the paper) broke out in Sardinia in the mid-1990s. With the end of export subsidies and the opening of the new large-scale retail channel in which producers are completely subordinate, it starts a period of increased volatility in the price of milk. In order to counter income erosion and achieve the productivity gains needed to continue producing cheap milk, pastoralists have intensified the exploitation of both human (labour) and non-human (nature) factors, with contradictory effects. In the case of nature, the intensive exploitation of land through monocultural crops has reduced biodiversity and impoverished the soil. In the case of labour, pastoralists have intensified the levels of self-exploitation and free family labour to extreme levels and have also resorted to cheaply paid foreign labourers.
Throughout the paper, we reconstruct the path towards the production of "cheap milk" in Sardinia, processed mainly into pecorino romano for international export. We argue that the production of ecological surplus through the exploitation of nature and labour has been central to capital accumulation and to the unfolding of the capitalist world ecology. However, we have reached a point of crisis where pastoralists are trapped between rising costs and eroding revenues. Further exploitation of human (cheap labour) and extra-human (nature and animals) factors is becoming unsustainable for the great majority, leading to a polarization between pastoralists who push towards further intensification and mechanisation and pastoralists who increasingly de-commodify to build greater autonomy.

The EU adapted a set of proposals to make the EU's climate, energy, transport and tax policies adequate to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions, aiming to reduce emissions by 55% by 2030 However, to achieve these reductions, the European GREEN DEAL was launched, which encompasses different areas of action. One of the areas of action of this commission is the action plan "From the Farm to the Table" that covers all phases of the food chain and formulates a more sustainable food policy, through this strategy the plan to combat climate change and protect the environment. In such a way that the European Union promoted the HORIZON 2020 program where various projects such as INNOSETA and OPTIMA were created with the aim of developing, innovating and implementing new phytosanitary application techniques, therefore, one of the most important concepts is the characterization of the vegetation, before carrying out any application of phytosanitary products that are often disproportionate, and therefore it is essential to ensure correct dosage. In this way, the technology regarding the sensors helps us to be able to characterize the vegetation. In this sense, the objective of this work has been the validation of an ultrasound sensor for the Characterization of Vegetation in apple plantations. For this, 6 ultrasound sensors with 3 types of Narrow configurations were used; narrow cone, Medium with average cone and Wide with wide cone. The sensors have been placed on a mast at different heights and mounted on a Qi 9.0 Inverter Sprayer (FEDE) with H30 Technology. The tests were carried out in both artificial and real vegetation, simulating different densities to see the response of the signal from the sensors. The results showed that it is reliable to use these sensors and the proposed configuration to estimate the width of vegetation in apple trees at three heights. Furthermore, it was found that the configuration of the sensors is less important when working with very dense vegetations, but that in sparse vegetations (very early phenological stages) it is advisable to work with beam configurations between medium and wide. A methodology has also been developed to estimate the number of holes in the vegetation from the signal of the ultrasound sensors. ; La UE va adaptar un conjunt de propostes per fer que les polítiques de clima, energia, transport i impostos de la UE, siguin adequades per reduir les emissions netes de gasos d'efecte hivernacle, tenint com a objectiu reduir les emissions en un 55% pel 2030, però, per aconseguir aquestes reduccions, es va posar en marxa el GREEN DEAL europeu que s'embarca diferents àmbits d'actuació. Un dels àmbits d'actuació d'aquesta comissió és el pla d'acció "De la Graja a la Taula" que abasta totes les fases de la cadena d'alimentació i formula una política alimentària més sostenible, a través d'aquesta estratègia es reforcés el pla per combatre amb el canvi climàtic i protegir el medi ambient. De tal manera que la Unió Europea impuls al programa HORITZÓ 2020 on es va crear diversos projectes com INNOSETA i OPTIMA amb l'objectiu de desenvolupar, innovar i implementar noves tècniques d'aplicació fitosanitàries, per això, una dels conceptes més importants és la caracterització de la vegetació, abans de realitzar qualsevol aplicació de productes fitosanitaris que sovint són desproporcionades, i per això és imprescindible per assegurar una correcta dosificació. D'aquesta manera, la tecnologia pel que fa als sensors ens ajuda a poder caracteritzar la vegetació. En aquest sentit l'objectiu d'aquest treball ha estat la validació d'un sensor d'ultrasons per a la Caracterizacion de la Vegetació en plantacions de pomeres, per això es van utilitzar 6 sensors d'ultrasons amb 3 tipus de configuracions Narrow; de con estret, Medium de con mitjana i Wide de con ample. Els sensors s'han col·locat en un pal a diferents altures i es van muntar en un Polvoritzador Inverter Qi 9.0 (FEDE) amb Tecnologia H30. Els assajos es van realitzar en vegetació tant artificial com a real, simulant diferents densitats per veure la resposta del senyal dels sensors. Els resultats van mostrar que és fiable utilitzar aquests sensors i la configuració proposta per estimar l'amplada de vegetació en pomera a tres altures. A més, es va veure que la configuració dels sensors és menys important quan es treballa amb vegetacions molt denses, però que en vegetacions poc denses (estadis fenològics molt inicials) és recomanable treballar amb configuracions de feix entre mig i ample. També s'ha desenvolupat una metodologia per a l'estimació de l'nombre de buits en la vegetació a partir del senyal dels sensors d'ultrasons. ; La UE adapto un conjunto de propuestas para hacer que las políticas de clima, energía, transporte e impuestos de la UE, sean adecuadas para reducir las emisiones netas de gases de efecto invernadero, teniendo como objetivo reducir las emisiones en un 55% para el 2030, sin embargo, para lograr estas reducciones, se puso en marcha el GREEN DEAL europeo que embarca distintos ámbitos de actuación. Uno de los ámbitos de actuación de esta comisión es el plan de acción "De la Graja a la Mesa" que abarca todas las fases de la cadena de alimentacion y formula una política alimentaria más sostenible, a través de esta estrategia se reforzara el plan para combatir con el cambio climático y proteger el medio ambiente. De tal forma que la Unión Europea impulso el programa HORIZONTE 2020 donde se creó diversos proyectos como INNOSETA y OPTIMA con el objetivo de desarrollar, innovar e implementar nuevas técnicas de aplicación fitosanitarias, por ello, una de los conceptos más importantes es la caracterización de la vegetación, antes de realizar cualquier aplicación de productos fitosanitarios que con frecuencia son desproporcionadas, y por ello es imprescindible para asegurar una correcta dosificación. De este modo, la tecnología respecto a los sensores nos ayuda a poder caracterizar la vegetación. En tal sentido el objetivo de este trabajo ha sido la validación de un sensor de ultrasonidos para la Caracterizacion de la Vegetación en plantaciones de manzanos, para ello se utilizaron 6 sensores de ultrasonidos con 3 tipos de configuraciones Narrow; de cono estrecho, Medium de cono promedio y Wide de cono ancho. Los sensores se han colocado en un mástil a distintas alturas y se montaron en un Pulverizador Inverter Qi 9.0 (FEDE) con Tecnología H30. Los ensayos se realizaron en vegetación tanto artificial como real, simulando distintas densidades para ver la respuesta de la señal de los sensores. Los resultados mostraron que es fiable utilizar estos sensores y la configuración propuesta para estimar la anchura de vegetación en manzano a tres alturas. Además, se vio que la configuración de los sensores es menos importante cuando se trabaja con vegetaciones muy densas, pero que en vegetaciones poco densas (estadios fenológicos muy iniciales) es recomendable trabajar con configuraciones de haz entre medio y ancho. También se ha desarrollado una metodología para la estimación del número de huecos en la vegetación a partir de la señal de los sensores de ultrasonidos¿ ; Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::12 - Producció i Consum Responsables

La problemática ambiental generada por el incremento de los residuos sólidos se debe, a que cada día aumentan en cantidad y variedad, como consecuencia del incremento de la población humana y del desarrollo tecnológico e industrial. También parte, de la falta de educación y responsabilidad ambiental para reconocer y separar los residuos correctamente de la fuente y poder aprovecharlos nuevamente como materia prima para la fabricación de nuevos productos. Su disposición final incorrecta ocasiona grandes problemas al medio ambiente, contaminando agua, aire y suelo. En Colombia, la Gestión Ambiental ha estado acompañada por una serie de leyes, decretos y normas de carácter gubernamental que potencializan la responsabilidad ambiental en los sectores productivos y de servicios, de esta manera es necesario ejecutar proyectos que promuevan la disminución de recursos consumidos, residuos generados, control en la distribución de residuos y en la generación de residuos, regulación de las fuentes de abastecimiento y la comprobación del tratamiento de residuos tras la disposición final. MORALEJA EXPERIENCIAS S.A.S como empresa legalmente constituida, quiere ser parte de este cambio y/o adaptación en pro a la mitigación de impactos ambientales, comprometiéndose a través de la ejecución y formulación de un plan encaminado a la implementación de un PGIRS, donde se incorporan estrategias que permitan el acercamiento preventivo al deterioro del ambiente, la caracterización y disposición adecuada residuos sólidos y encaminar los procesos al consumo regulado de los recursos, sin que haya afectación directa en la calidad de la prestación de los servicios. Generando una conciencia ambiental a nivel de empresa como a nivel individual para ser entes multiplicadores de la responsabilidad ambiental empresarial. El plan contiene el diagnóstico de los principales aspectos a controlar. La generación de residuos sólidos constituye la principal fuente de contaminación de todos los procesos de la empresa. Dicho diagnostico comprende la descripción general de la empresa, analiza el comportamiento de consumo e identifica los procesos representativos en el contexto de consumo y generación de residuos. ; 1. INTRODUCCIÓN. 5 2. PALABRAS CLAVES. 5 3. CONTEXTO DEL LUGAR. 6 3.1 RESEÑA HISTORICA 6 3.2 MISIÓN 6 3.3 VISIÓN 6 3.4 OBJETO SOCIAL 6 3.5 SECTOR ECONOMICO 6 3.6 PLANEACION ESTRATEGICA 7 3.7 ORGANIGRAMA 7 4. DEFINICIÓN DEL PROBLEMA. 8 5. JUSTIFICACIÓN. 8 6. OBJETIVOS. 10 6.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL 10 6.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECIFICOS. 10 7. GLOSARIO 10 8. MARCO LEGAL 13 9. METODOLOGÍA 14 10. PROPUESTAS 15 10.1 Manejo, clasificación y separación de residuos sólidos – propuestas – inversión 15 11. METAS 17 12. INDICADORES 17 12.1 Producción de Residuos Solidos 17 12.2 Separación en la fuente 18 12.3 Almacenamiento 18 12.4 Rendimiento 18 12.5 Aprovechamiento 18 12.6 Disposición final de residuos solidos 18 12.7 Capacitaciones 18 13. DIAGNOSTICO AMBIENTAL 20 13.1 FASE DE RECONOCIMIENTO E IDENTIFICACION 20 13.2 RAI (REVISION AMBIENTAL INCIAL) 23 13.2.1 Resultados de la planificación RAI 23 13.2.2 Definición del alcance de la revisión 24 13.2.3 Preparación de la revisión 24 13.2.4 Resultados de ejecución de la toma de datos RAI 24 13.2.4.1Recoleccion de datos 24 13.2.4.2 Cobertura de la toma de datos 24 13.3 FORMATO DIAGNOSTICO AMBIENTAL INSTALACIONES GTC 93 25 13.3.1 Tabla de residuos sólidos aprovechables generados (Año 2019) 32 13.3.2 Tabla de residuos sólidos aprovechables (Año2019) 33 13.4 MATRIZ PARA LA IDENTIFICACIÓN DE ASPECTOS Y EVALUACIÓN DE IMPACTOS AMBIENTALES 34 13.5 MATRIZ CONESA 34 13.6 ASPECTOS E IMPACTOS AMBIENTALES 35 13.7 ANÁLISIS DE DIFERENCIAS. (GAP ANALYSIS). 36 13.7.1 CONCLUSIONES ANALISIS DE DIFRENCIA (GAP) MORALEJA EXPERIENCIAS 42 14. PROPUESTA DE MEJORA 42 14.1 Energía 42 14.2 Agua 44 14.3 Residuos Solidos 44 15. PLAN DE GESTION DE RESIDUOS SOLIDOS (PGIRS) 45 15.1 IMPACTOS AMBIENTALES A MANEJAR 45 15.1.1 TIPO DE MEDIDAS DE MANEJO 45 15.1.2 RESIDUOS SÓLIDOS GENERADOS 45 15.1. 3 PREVENCION Y MINIMIZACION DE RESIDUOS SOLIDOS 45 15.2 GESTION DE RESIDUOS Y SUBPRODUCTOS 46 15.3 MANEJO EN LA FUENTE DE LOS RESIDUOS 47 15.3.1 Caracterización de los residuos 47 15.3.2 Selección y acondicionamiento de contenedores 48 15.4 RECOLECCIÓN, TRANSPORTE INTERNO Y ALMACENAMIENTO FINAL 49 15.5 MANEJO FINAL DE LOS RESIDUOS SÓLIDOS 50 15.6 RECOMENDACIONES PARA EL MANEJO INTEGRAL DE LOS RESIDUOS SOLIDOS 51 16. ECONOMIA CIRCULAR MORALEJA EXPERIENCIAS 54 16.1. Actores 54 16.1.2 Tabla actores 54 16.2 MODELO 56 16.2.1 Building products to last. 56 16.2.1.1 Stands - Madera 57 16.2.1.2 Costo 57 16.2. 1.3 Simulación 59 17. RESULTADOS INDICADORES 60 17.1 Producción de Residuos Solidos 60 17.2 Separación en la fuente 61 17.3 Almacenamiento 61 17.4 Rendimiento 62 17.5 Aprovechamiento 62 17.6 Capacitaciones 62 17.7 Economía Circular 63 18. BENEFICIOS 63 19. CONCLUSIONES 65 20. BIBLIOGRAFIA 66 ; The environmental problem generated by the increase in solid waste is due to the fact that every day they increase in quantity and variety, as a consequence of the increase in the human population and technological and industrial development. It also starts from the lack of education and environmental responsibility to recognize and separate waste correctly from the source and be able to use it again as raw material for the manufacture of new products. Its incorrect final disposal causes great problems to the environment, polluting water, air and soil. In Colombia, Environmental Management has been accompanied by a series of laws, decrees and government regulations that enhance environmental responsibility in the productive and service sectors, in this way it is necessary to execute projects that promote the reduction of consumed resources, waste generated, control of waste distribution and waste generation, regulation of supply sources and verification of waste treatment after final disposal. MORALEJA EXPERIENCIAS SAS as a legally constituted company, wants to be part of this change and / or adaptation in favor of the mitigation of environmental impacts, committing itself through the execution and formulation of a plan aimed at the implementation of a PGIRS, where strategies are incorporated that allow the preventive approach to the deterioration of the environment, the characterization and adequate disposal of solid waste and direct the processes to the regulated consumption of resources, without directly affecting the quality of the provision of services. Generating environmental awareness at the company level as well as at the individual level to be multiplying entities of corporate environmental responsibility. The plan contains the diagnosis of the main aspects to control. The generation of solid waste constitutes the main source of contamination of all the company's processes. This diagnosis includes the general description of the company, analyzes consumption behavior and identifies representative processes in the context of consumption and waste generation.

In the article the background for development of the management and administration knowledge field of Ukraine as an improvement of the operational management system is determined. The existing system of traditional management corresponds to the development of industry at the stage of mechanization and automation of labour but does not include the development of the service industries, robotization and digitalization of production, does not unite it in the value chain throughout the cycle of social reproduction, up to relations with end consumers. Based on the need to coordinate actions at all stages of the production process, which in the context of globalization has a multinational character and unites suppliers of raw materials, semi-finished products, components with manufacturers of final products, and also combines counterparties for its distribution, exchange and consumption, modern operational management aims to combine operational cycles of production with other functional areas of development both inside and outside the enterprise.A task to adapt the enterprise management system so that it corresponds to the main trends in the development of the world economy and includes the digitalization of all stages of the process of social reproduction has been formed.The experience of developed countries is underlined, according to it the operational management of multinational companies determines the growth of competitiveness and forms, altogether with logistics, marketing, benchmarking, a new concept of the functioning and development of enterprises in the context of adaptation to the conditions of the informational, digital economy.The aim of the study is to determine the directions of the enterprise management system adaptation in the context of the digitalization of the Ukraine's economy.It has been determined that digitalization of the world economy changes the business environment and requires the management of companies to apply new methods and approaches to operational management associated with effective organizational management structures edification and overcoming defects inherent to the era of pre-digital management. In the context of global informatization the management system of modern enterprises should cover the entire cycle of social reproduction up to relations with end customers, as well as other functional links that hand in hand form a system of strategic management and development of an enterprise.It has been proved that an operation is a functionally complete set of actions that leads to a certain managerial result.It is substantiated that in the context of the digitalization of the Ukrainian economy, the adaptation of the enterprise management system should take place in certain directions. This is the development of long-term planning and forecasting necessary to overcome the uncertainty and variability of the conditions of the country's economic and political environment. This is the introduction of the latest knowledge and technologies, especially the information and computer direction. This is the development of a policy of social responsibility of business and corporate culture in the country, so that the top and middle management levels are the providers of corporate changes and professional relations built in a transparent digital world. ; Определены предпосылки развития отрасли знаний менеджмента и администрирования Украины как совершенствование системы менеджмента. Существующая система традиционного менеджмента соответствует развитию промышленности на уровне механизации и автоматизации труда, но не включает развитие сферы услуг, роботизацию и цифровизацию производства, не объединяет его в цепи формирования стоимости во всем цикле общественного воспроизводства, до отношений с конечными потребителями. Исходя из необходимости согласования действий на всех этапах производственного процесса, который в условиях глобализации имеет многонациональный характер и объединяет поставщиков сырья, полуфабрикатов, комплектующих с производителями готовой продукции, а также сочетает контрагентов для ее распределения, обмена и потребления, современный операционный менеджмент имеет целью сочетать операционные циклы по производству продукции с другими функциональными сферами развития как внутри предприятия, так и за его пределами.Сформировано задание по адаптации системы менеджмента предприятий, чтобы она соответствовала главным трендам развития мировой экономики, а также включала цифровизацию всех этапов процесса общественного воспроизводства.Подчеркнут опыт развитых стран мира, согласно которому именно операционный менеджмент многонациональных компаний определяет рост их конкурентоспособности, формирует вместе с логистикой, маркетингом, бенчмаркингом новую концепцию функционирования и развития предприятий в условиях адаптации их к условиям информационной, цифровой экономики.Целью исследования является определение направлений адаптации системы менеджмента предприятий в условиях цифровизации экономики Украины.Определено, что цифровизация мировой экономики меняет условия ведения бизнеса и требует от руководства компаний применять новые методы и подходы к операционному менеджменту, связанные с построением эффективных организационных структур управления и преодолением недостатков, присущих эпохе «доцифрового» управления. В условиях всемирной информатизации система менеджмента современных предприятий должна охватывать весь цикл общественного воспроизводства до отношений с конечными потребителями, а также охватывать другие функциональные звенья, которые вместе образуют систему стратегического управления и развития предприятия.Доказано, что операция является функционально-законченным набором действий, который приводит к определенному управленческому результату.Обосновано, что в условиях цифровизации экономики Украины адаптация системы менеджмента предприятий должна происходить в определенных направлениях. Это развитие долгосрочного планирования и прогнозирования, необходимые для преодоления неопределенности и изменчивости условий экономико-политической среды страны. Это внедрение новейших знаний и технологий, особенно информационно-компьютерного направления. Это развитие политики социальной ответственности бизнеса и корпоративной культуры в стране, чтобы высшие и средние руководящие звенья были провайдерами корпоративных изменений и профессиональных отношений, построенных в прозрачном цифровом мире. ; Визначено передумови розвитку галузі знань менеджменту й адміністрування України як вдосконалення системи операційного менеджменту. Існуюча система традиційного менеджменту відповідає розвитку промисловості на рівні механізації й автоматизації праці, але не включає розвитку сфери послуг, роботизації та цифровізації виробництва, не поєднує його в ланцюгу формування вартості вздовж всього циклу суспільного відтворення, аж до відносин із кінцевими споживачами. Виходячи з необхідності узгодження дій на всіх етапах виробничого процесу, який в умовах глобалізації має багатонаціональний характер та поєднує постачальників сировини, напівфабрикатів, комплектуючих із виробниками готової продукції, а також поєднує контрагентів для її розподілу, обміну та споживання, сучасний операційний менеджмент має на меті поєднувати операційні цикли з виробництва продукції з іншими функціональними сферами розвитку як всередині підприємства, так і за його межами.Сформовано завдання щодо адаптації системи операційного менеджменту підприємств, щоб вона відповідала головним трендам розвитку світової економіки, а також включала цифровізацію всіх етапів процесу суспільного відтворення.Підкреслено досвід розвинених країн світу, відповідно до якого саме операційний менеджмент багатонаціональних компаній визначає зростання їх конкурентоспроможності, формує поруч із логістикою, маркетингом, бенчмаркінгом нову концепцію функціонування та розвитку підприємств за умов адаптації їх до умов інформаційної, цифрової економіки. Метою дослідження є визначення напрямків адаптації системи операційного менеджменту підприємств в умовах цифровізації економіки України.Визначено, що цифровізація світової економіки змінює умови ведення бізнесу та вимагає керівництво компаній застосовувати нові методи та підходи до операційного менеджменту, пов'язані з побудовою ефективних організаційних структур управління та подоланням вад, притаманних ері «доцифрового» керівництва. За умов всесвітньої інформатизації система операційного менеджменту сучасних підприємств повинна охоплювати весь цикл суспільного відтворення до відносин із кінцевими споживачами, а також охоплювати інші функціональні ланки, які разом утворюють систему стратегічного управління та розвитку підприємства.Доведено, що операція є функціонально-завершеним набором дій, який призводить до певного управлінського результату.Обґрунтовано, що в умовах цифровізації економіки України адаптація системи операційного менеджменту підприємств повинна відбуватись у певних напрямках. Це розвиток довгострокового планування і прогнозування, необхідний для подолання невизначеності та мінливості умов економіко-політичного середовища країни. Це впровадження новітніх знань і технологій, особливо інформаційно-комп'ютерного спрямування. Це розбудова політики соціальної відповідальності бізнесу та корпоративної культури в країні, щоб вища та середня ланки керівництва були провайдерами корпоративних змін і професійних відносин, побудованих у прозорому цифровому світі.

[spa] Mediante la elaboración de una metodología operativa apropiada, la labor de investigación que aquí se presenta tiene por objeto cuestionar el papel de los think tanks en las sociedades contemporáneas mediante un marco general que combina principalmente enfoques epistemológico crítico, sociohistórico y empírico. Sin embargo, lo que constituye un fenómeno mundial, permaneció a las puertas del debate público en la mayoría de los países hasta principios de la década de 2000. Desde entonces, los think tanks se han convertido en actores centrales y familiares de la vida política. El innegable foco de atención del que son objeto ha ido acompañado también de una creciente institucionalización de su participación en los procesos de política pública y en el debate público, tanto a nivel nacional como europeo. Sin embargo, la sobreexposición mediática resultante ha contribuido en gran medida a desdibujar la comprensión que se puede tener de su naturaleza, funcionamiento y objetivos. Esto no está exento de problemas para la calidad del debate democrático, especialmente en el actual período de crisis de legitimidad política tanto a nivel nacional como europeo. Así, el análisis comparativo del papel de los think tanks franceses y españoles especializados en Asuntos europeos en el marco de la política de integración parece particularmente fructífero desde una perspectiva heurística. Una reflexión epistemológica sobre los problemas ligados a la definición del término que, en su forma idiomática o traducida, ha entrado en el lenguaje corriente sin que sus usos se cuestionen, cuestiona en consecuencia la posibilidad de llevar a cabo una investigación pertinente sobre estas organizaciones. Por otra parte, el análisis de las condiciones socio-históricas de su aparición y desarrollo a través del prisma del modelo estadounidense pone de relieve un tropismo neoliberal fuertemente ligado al progreso de la globalización y a la propia integración europea. En este sentido, el análisis del papel de los think tanks seleccionados para esta investigación en la política de integración europea, anclado en el periodo altamente estructurante para la construcción europea 2005-2016, facilita el acceso a sus principales repertorios de actuación, a saber: la producción de conocimientos especializados y la mediación desde su posición en el intersticio entre las esferas nacional y europea, y los campos políticos, económicos, mediáticos y académicos con los que interactúan. Lejos de ser neutrales, se deduce que estos colectivos intelectuales pro-mueven productos cognitivos que alineados con sus propios intereses y valores. ; [cat] Mitjançant l'elaboració d'una metodologia operativa apropiada, la tasca d'investigació que aquí es presenta té per objecte qüestionar el paper dels think tanks a les societats contemporànies mitjançant un marc general que combina principalment enfocaments epistemològic crític, sociohistòric i empíric. No obstant això, el que constitueix un fenomen mundial, va romandre a les portes de l'debat públic en la majoria dels països fins a principis de la dècada de 2000. Des de llavors, els think tanks s'han convertit en actors centrals i familiars de la vida política. El innegable focus d'atenció de què són objecte ha anat acompanyat també d'una creixent institucionalització de la seva participació en els processos de política pública i en el debat públic, tant a nivell nacional com europeu. No obstant això, la sobreexposició mediàtica resultant ha contribuït en gran mesura a desdibuixar la comprensió que es pot tenir de la seva naturalesa, funcionament i objectius. Això no està exempt de problemes per a la qualitat de l'debat democràtic, especialment en l'actual període de crisi de legitimitat política tant a nivell nacional com europeu. Així, l'anàlisi comparativa de el paper dels think tanks francesos i espanyols especialitzats en Assumptes europeus en el marc de la política d'integració sembla particularment fructífer des d'una perspectiva heurística. Una reflexió epistemològica sobre els problemes lligats a la definició de el terme que, en la seva forma idiomàtica o traduïda, ha entrat en el llenguatge corrent sense que els seus usos es qüestionin, qüestiona en conseqüència la possibilitat de dur a terme una investigació pertinent sobre aquestes organitzacions. D'altra banda, l'anàlisi de les condicions sociohistòriques de la seva aparició i desenvolupament a través de l'prisma de el model americà posa en relleu un tropisme neoliberal fortament lligat a el progrés de la globalització i de la pròpia integració europea. En aquest sentit, l'anàlisi de el paper dels think tanks seleccionats per a aquesta investigació en la política d'integració europea, ancorat en el període altament estructurant per a la construcció europea 2005-2016, facilita l'accés als seus principals repertoris d'actuació, que són: la producció de coneixements especialitzats i la mediació des de la seva posició en el interstici entre les esferes nacional i europea, i els camps polítics, econòmics, mediàtics i acadèmics amb què interactuen. Lluny de ser neutrals, es dedueix que aquests col·lectius intel·lectuals pro-mouen productes cognitius que alineats amb els seus propis interessos i valors. ; [eng] By developing an appropriate operational methodology, the research presented here aims to question the role of think tanks in contemporary societies through a general framework that mainly combines epistemological, socio-historical and critical empirical approaches. However, what constitutes a global phenomenon remained at the gates of public debate in most countries until the early 2000s. Since then, think tanks have become central and familiar actors in political life. The undeniable attention given to them has also been accompanied by a growing institutionalization of their participation in public policy processes and public debate, both at the national and European levels. However, the resulting media overexposure has largely contributed to a blurring of the understanding of their nature, functioning and objectives. This is not without problems for the quality of democratic debate, especially in the current period of crisis of political legitimacy at national and European level. Thus, the comparative analysis of the role of French and Spanish think tanks specialized in European affairs in the framework of integration policy seems particularly fruitful from a heuristic perspective. An epistemological reflection on the problems related to the definition of the term which, in its idiomatic or translated form, has entered everyday language without its uses being questioned, consequently questions the possibility of conducting relevant research on these organizations. On the other hand, the analysis of the socio-historical conditions of their emergence and development through the prism of the American model highlights a neoliberal tropism strongly linked to the progress of globalization and European integration itself. In this sense, the analysis of the role of the think tanks selected for this research in European integration policy, anchored in the highly structuring period of European construction 2005-2016, facilitates access to their main repertoires of action, namely: the production of specialized knowledge and mediation from their position in the interstice between the national and European spheres, and the political, economic, media and academic fields with which they interact. Far from being neutral, it follows that these intellectual collectives promote cognitive products that are in line with their own interests and values.

In this paper, based on the R-functions theory, methods have been developed and equations have been constructed for the 3D printing of hex-head screws with Bristol, Pentalobe, Polydrive and other types of screw slots. Such screws are used both in personal computers and other high-end equipment. The Bristol slot has four or six radial grooved beams. The advantage of the design of this slot is the correct perpendicular, rather than tangential, vector of force application when the slot is rotated by a tool, which minimizes the risk of stripping out the slot. For this reason, the Bristol slot is used in soft metal screws. Compared to the internal hex, the Bristol slot allows a noticeably higher torque, only slightly higher than that of the Torx slot. This type of slot is used in aviation, high-end telecommunications equipment, cameras, air brakes, agricultural equipment, astronomical equipment, and foreign military equipment. Variations with a pin in the center are found in game consoles to prevent the use of a flat-blade screwdriver as an improvised key. The Pentalobe slot is a five-point slot designed by Apple and used in its products to limit unauthorized disassembly. It was first used in mid 2009 to mount MacBookPro batteries. Its miniature version was used in the iPhone4 and later models, in the MacBook Air (available since late 2010 models), and the MacBook Pro with Retina screens. The Polydrive slot is a starlike slot with rounded star points, used in the automotive industry for applications requiring high tightening torque. The Torq-set slot is a cross slot for fasteners requiring high tightening torque. The grooves are slightly offset, not intersecting at one point. Fasteners with this type of slot are used in military aviation, for example, in E-3, P-3, F-16, Airbus, Embraer, and Bombardier Inc. The Phillips Screw Company owns the trademark and manufactures fasteners with this type of slot. The slot design standards are National Aerospace Standard NASM3781 and NASM4191 for the ribbed version. The resulting equations for the surfaces of screws were checked during the modeling of the screws before 3D printing. The 3D printing technology allows us to reduce the cost and labor intensity of manufacturing products, including complex slot screws. The analytical recording of designed objects makes it possible to use alphabetic geometric parameters, complex superposition of functions, which, in turn, allows us to quickly change their design elements. The positivity property of the constructed functions at the internal points of an object is very convenient for the implementation of 3D printing. ; В данной статье на основе теории R-функций разработаны методики и построены уравнения для моделирования винтов с шестигранной головкой и шлицами Bristol, Pentalobe, Polydrive и др., применяемые как в персональных компьютерах, так и в другом оборудовании высокого класса, для их последующей печати на 3D-принтере. Шлиц Bristol имеет четыре или шесть радиальных лучей-углублений. Преимуществом конструкции данного шлица является правильный перпендикулярный, а не касательный вектор приложения силы при вращении шлица инструментом, что минимизирует опасность его срыва. По этой причине шлиц Bristol используется в винтах из мягких металлов. По сравнению с внутренним шестигранником шлиц Bristol допускает заметно больший крутящий момент, лишь немногим более такового у шлица Torx. Этот тип шлицов используется в авиации, телекоммуникационном оборудовании высокого класса, камерах, воздушных тормозах, сельхозтехнике, астрономическом оборудовании и зарубежной военной технике. Разновидности со штифтом в центре встречаются в игровых приставках, для предотвращения использования плоской шлицевой отвертки как импровизированного ключа. Шлиц Pentalobe – пятилучевой шлиц, разработанный компанией Apple и используемый ею в своих продуктах для ограничения несанкционированной разборки. Впервые использован в середине 2009 года для крепежа аккумулятора MacBookPro. Миниатюрная версия использовалась в iPhone4 и последующих моделях, в MacBookAir (в моделях с конца 2010), в MacBookPro с экранами Retina. Шлиц Polydrive представляет собой звездообразный шлиц с закругленными вершинами звезды. Применяется в автомобильной промышленности для задач, требующих высокого момента затяжки. Шлиц Torq-set – крестообразный шлиц для крепежа с высоким моментом затяжки. Пазы немного смещены и не пересекаются в одной точке. Крепеж с данным видом шлица используется в военной авиации, например в E-3, P-3, F-16, Airbus, Embraer и BombardierInc. Компания Phillips Screw Company владеет торговой маркой и производит крепеж с данным видом шлица. Стандартами, описывающими конструкцию шлица, являются National Aerospace Standard NASM33781 и NASM14191 для ребристой версии. Полученные уравнения для поверхностей винтов были проверены в ходе моделирования последних перед печатанием на 3D-принтере. Технология 3D-печати позволяет снизить себестоимость и трудоемкость изготовления продукции, в том числе винтов со сложными шлицами. Аналитическая запись проектируемых объектов дает возможность использовать буквенные геометрические параметры, сложные суперпозиции функций, что, в свою очередь, позволяет оперативно изменять их конструктивные элементы. Свойство положительности построенных функций во внутренних точках объекта весьма удобно для реализации 3D-печати. ; У даній статті на основі теорії R-функцій розроблено методики і побудовано рівняння для моделювання гвинтів із шестигранною головкою та шліцами типу Bristol, Pentalobe, Polydrive та ін., які застосовуються як в персональних комп'ютерах, так і в іншому обладнанні високого класу, для їхнього подальшого друку на 3D-принтері. Шліц типу Bristol має чотири або шість радіальних променів-заглиблень. Перевагою конструкції даного шліца є правильний перпендикулярний, а не дотичний вектор прикладання сили при обертанні шліца інструментом, що мінімізує небезпеку його зриву. Через це шліц Bristol використовується в гвинтах з м'яких металів. Порівняно з внутрішнім шестигранником шліц Bristol допускає помітно більший крутний момент, лише трохи більше такого, ніж у шліцах Torx. Цей тип шліців використовується в авіації, телекомунікаційному обладнанні високого класу, камерах, повітряних гальмах, сільгосптехніці, астрономічному обладнанні та зарубіжній військовій техніці. Різновиди зі штифтом в центрі зустрічаються в ігрових приставках, для запобігання використанню плоскої шліцьової викрутки як імпровізованого ключа. Шліц Pentalobe – п'ятипроменевий шліц, розроблений компанією Apple і використовуваний нею в своїх продуктах для обмеження несанкціонованого розбирання. Вперше використаний в середині 2009 року для кріплення акумулятора MacBookPro. Мініатюрна версія використовувалася в iPhone4 і подальших моделях, в MacBookAir (в моделях з кінця 2010 р.), в MacBookPro з екранами Retina. ШліцPolydrive – зіркоподібний шліц з заокругленими вершинами зірки. Застосовується в автомобільній промисловості для задач, що вимагають високого моменту затягування. Шліц Torq-set – хрестоподібний шліц для кріплення з високим моментом затяжки. Пази трохи зміщені і не перетинаються в одній точці. Кріплення з даним видом шліца використовується у військовій авіації, наприклад в E-3, P-3, F-16, Airbus, Embraer і BombardierInc. Компанія Phillips Screw Company володіє торговою маркою і виробляє кріплення з даним видом шліца. Стандартами, що описують конструкцію шліца, є National Aerospace Standard NASM33781 і NASM14191 для ребристої версії. Отримані рівняння для поверхонь гвинтів було перевірено в ході моделювання останніх перед друком на 3D-принтері. Технологія 3D-друку дозволяє знизити собівартість і трудомісткість виготовлення продукції, в тому числі гвинтів зі складними шліцами. Аналітичний запис проектованих об'єктів дає можливість використовувати буквені геометричні параметри, складні суперпозиції функцій, що, в свою чергу, дозволяє оперативно змінювати їх конструктивні елементи. Властивість позитивності побудованих функцій у внутрішніх точках об'єкта є дуже зручною для реалізації 3D-друку.

Theoretical background: The need for national industrial revival requires the assessment process of the financial and investment components of industrial potential, since such process allows for the development of a further strategy of industrial development of the country, taking into account the available opportunities as well as implementing effective government controls aimed at increasing the competitiveness of the national economy.Purpose of the article: The development of a methodological foundation for a complex economic assessment of financial and investment components of industrial potential.Research methods: A comparative analysis was used to study methodological approaches to the economic assessment of potential, laying the groundwork for conceptual foundations of a comprehensive economic evaluation of the financial and investment components. The types of analysis used were: a system analysis – to set the system of assessment indices and indicators of financial and investment components of industrial potential; an integral assessment analysis – to determine the integral levels of the potential development for certain types of industrial activity based on standardisation of indicators reflecting the development of financial and investment components; a statistical analysis – to identify changes in the development level of the financial and investment components of potential for certain types of industrial activity; and an abstract-logical analysis to draw conclusions and formulate theoretical generalisation of the obtained results.Main findings: Our research collected the experiences of former scientists and developed methodological bases in order to study industrial potential as a complex economic category, the development of which is conditioned by the development level of its financial and investment components. The authors' approach to a comprehensive economic assessment of the financial and investment components of industrial potential is based on the identification of both input and output indicators. Such allocations allowed the determining of the reproductive potential of the financial and investment components as a potential opportunity to attract relevant resources, as well as implemented potential, which characterises the effectiveness of their use (the opportunity used). Next, the input indicators were further split into general indicators – which are characterised by quantitative parameters of the scope of the resources, and reflect the involvement scale – and partial indicators, which reflect the qualitative resources characteristics. The proposed integrated indicators of the development levels of financial and investment components have a complex hierarchical structure. For example, the first level generates a set of indicators that provide for a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the development state, the second level determines the integral indices in terms of individual types of indicators, while the third level is based on the potential type (reproductive and implemented). A modified Harrington's scale was proposed to draw a conclusion on the development level achieved for the financial and investment components of industrial potential. Research was conducted using the methodology proposed, on the development levels of financial and investment components of potential for various types of industrial activity. The results showed the existence of a high level of both reproductive and implemented potential in the production of computers, electronics and optical devices, and basic pharmaceutical products, which demonstrates the technological progress in the structural industrial potential transformation. The proposed methodological approach will allow for the definition of a "critical area" in the financial and investment components development necessary for the adoption of appropriate management decisions with regard to adjusting industrial potential development strategies. ; Theoretical background: The need for national industrial revival requires the assessment process of the financial and investment components of industrial potential, since such process allows for the development of a further strategy of industrial development of the country, taking into account the available opportunities as well as implementing effective government controls aimed at increasing the competitiveness of the national economy.Purpose of the article: The development of a methodological foundation for a complex economic assessment of financial and investment components of industrial potential.Research methods: A comparative analysis was used to study methodological approaches to the economic assessment of potential, laying the groundwork for conceptual foundations of a comprehensive economic evaluation of the financial and investment components. The types of analysis used were: a system analysis – to set the system of assessment indices and indicators of financial and investment components of industrial potential; an integral assessment analysis – to determine the integral levels of the potential development for certain types of industrial activity based on standardisation of indicators reflecting the development of financial and investment components; a statistical analysis – to identify changes in the development level of the financial and investment components of potential for certain types of industrial activity; and an abstract-logical analysis to draw conclusions and formulate theoretical generalisation of the obtained results.Main findings: Our research collected the experiences of former scientists and developed methodological bases in order to study industrial potential as a complex economic category, the development of which is conditioned by the development level of its financial and investment components. The authors' approach to a comprehensive economic assessment of the financial and investment components of industrial potential is based on the identification of both input and output indicators. Such allocations allowed the determining of the reproductive potential of the financial and investment components as a potential opportunity to attract relevant resources, as well as implemented potential, which characterises the effectiveness of their use (the opportunity used). Next, the input indicators were further split into general indicators – which are characterised by quantitative parameters of the scope of the resources, and reflect the involvement scale – and partial indicators, which reflect the qualitative resources characteristics. The proposed integrated indicators of the development levels of financial and investment components have a complex hierarchical structure. For example, the first level generates a set of indicators that provide for a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the development state, the second level determines the integral indices in terms of individual types of indicators, while the third level is based on the potential type (reproductive and implemented). A modified Harrington's scale was proposed to draw a conclusion on the development level achieved for the financial and investment components of industrial potential. Research was conducted using the methodology proposed, on the development levels of financial and investment components of potential for various types of industrial activity. The results showed the existence of a high level of both reproductive and implemented potential in the production of computers, electronics and optical devices, and basic pharmaceutical products, which demonstrates the technological progress in the structural industrial potential transformation. The proposed methodological approach will allow for the definition of a "critical area" in the financial and investment components development necessary for the adoption of appropriate management decisions with regard to adjusting industrial potential development strategies.