In: Davidsen , J & Georgsen , M 2011 , ' Interaction between learners in an interactive learning environment ' , Paper presented at CAL Conference 2011 , Manchester , United Kingdom , 13/04/2011 - 15/04/2011 .
A much debated issue within education in 2010 is; how children learn and what children should learn. Kress (2000) has argued that we need to educate children for instability and give them competences for the future rather than for yesterday. The question is what competences are needed in the future and how we are going to teach children of tomorrow. It is widely believed, also by policy makers, that technology can transform learning environments for both teachers and students. Over the past 10 years, the Danish government - like those in other countries - has been investing in interactive whiteboards (IWB) for schools. Besides investing in technology, teachers have been taught how to use technologies, more often that not without paying much attention to pedagogy. However, we see a tendency towards a change in focus, and gradually more attention is being paid to finding ways in which technology will transform the learning situation based on underlying learning principles such as dialogue, interaction and collaboration. Mercer et al (2010) describe what they call technical interactivity and dialogic interactivity and state that IWBs can change the interaction and participation patterns in the class depending on pedagogy. Mercer et al (2010) especially draw on Robin Alexander's (2008) ideas on dialogue inspired teaching. IWBs and a dialogue inspired learning approach can facilitate a space for co-construction of knowledge and meaning between the teacher and learners (Twiner et al., 2010; Mercer et al. 2010). However, such a learning design still requires a teacher to facilitate, manage and lead the participation and interaction patterns of the learners. In this paper, we present an empirical long term study of class room interaction in a setting where technology is introduced to enhance collaboration between peer learners. For one year, the authors have followed the development of a learning practice and a learning design based on use of interactive touch screens. Methodologically, this research is based on action research, dialogue design and ethnographic methods. More than 150 hours of video have been recorded, capturing children working together with various artefacts, materials and assignments. In this paper, we present a learning design where students aged 8-9 are at the centre of the learning activities. Hence the young learners are given the responsibility to facilitate and negotiate interaction and participation patterns, thereby guiding their own learning activities with reference to the materials designed by the teacher. It might seem that the students direct their learning solely with technology, but this is not the case – the teacher is very important in this setup. Not as a knowledge provider in a classical sense, rather in a new and fairly unexplored role, where most the teacher-student interaction takes its'point of departure in the physical and academic position of the learner. In this way, the children guide each other and are guided by the teacher, both in relation to collaborative and academic issues. In the paper, we bring forward perspectives on the creation of learning designs where students engage in dialogue and interaction in a shared workspace. Empirical studies show that children regulate their own learning processes and guide each other through activities in which they have shared objectives. Furthermore, this design requires active participation by the learners, thus giving each student a voice in class. Based on the empirical findings, it is further discussed how an interactive, learner centered approach can be supported by technology in teaching.
This work was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the framework of the e:Med research and funding concept (grant 01ZX1313A-2014). The ADVANCE study was supported by a grant from the Reynold's Foundation and NHLBI grant HL087647. Sample collection in the Cardiogenics Consortium (http://www.cardiogenics.eu/web/) was funded by the 6th Framework Program of the European Union (LSHM-CT-2006-037593). We thank all the participants and clinicians involved in the recruitment process at Cambridge and Leicester (UK), Luebeck and Regensburg (Germany), and Paris (France). CATHGEN was supported by NIH grants HL095987 and HL101621. The Cleveland Clinic Gene Bank study was funded by P01HL076491 (to S.L.H). EGCUT was supported by Estonian Research Council grant no. IUT20-60 and Research Roadmap grant no. 3.2.0304.11-0312 and by University Tartu grant no. ARENG SP1GV. The FGENTCARD-Functional Genomic diagnostic tools for coronary artery disease project was funded by an EU FP6 award. We thank the patients for agreeing to participate in the study. We thank Sonia Youhanna, Nour Moukalled and Bariaa Khalil for their help with subject recruitment and data collection. The work of FINCAVAS was supported by the Competitive Research Funding of the Tampere University Hospital (Grant 9M048 and 9N035), the Finnish Cultural Foundation, the Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research, the Emil Aaltonen Foundation, Finland, and the Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation. The authors thank the staff of the Department of Clinical Physiology for collecting the exercise test data. The GerMIFS studies were supported by grants from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the framework of NGFN and NGFN-plus (Atherogenomics) and e:Med research and funding concept (e:AtheroSysMed, grant 01ZX1313A-2014), the Fondation Leducq (CADgenomics: Understanding CAD Genes, 12CVD02), and the European Union Sixth Framework Programme FP6 (under grant agreement FP6-LIFESCIHEALTH (Cardiogenics)) and the Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement n° HEALTH-F2-2013-601456 (CVgenes-at-target). The Heart Protection Study (HPS) (ISRCTN48489393) was supported by the UK Medical Research Council (MRC), British Heart Foundation, Merck and Co (manufacturers of simvastatin), and Roche Vitamins Ltd (manufacturers of vitamins). Genotyping was supported by a grant to Oxford University and CNG from Merck and Co. Jemma C. Hopewell acknowledges support from the British Heart Foundation (FS/14/55/30806). HPS acknowledges the National Blood Service (NBS) donors and UK Twin study for using as population controls. A full list of the investigators who contributed to the generation of the NBS data is available from www.wtccc.org.uk. Funding for the project was provided by the Wellcome Trust under award 07611. The UK Twin study was funded by the Wellcome Trust; European Community"s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013). The Helsinki Sudden Death Study (HSDS) was financially supported by EU's 7th Framework Programme (grant no. 201668 for AtheroRemo), the Tampere University Foundation, the Tampere University Hospital Medical Funds (grants X51001, 9M048 and 9N035 for Terho Lehtimäki, the Emil Aaltonen Foundation (Terho Lehtimäki, the Finnish Foundation of Cardiovascular Research (Terho Lehtimäki, Pekka J. Karhunen), the Pirkanmaa Regional Fund of the Finnish Cultural Foundation, the Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation, and the Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation (Terho Lehtimäki). LIFE-Heart is a part of the LIFE – Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Universität Leipzig. LIFE is funded by means of the European Union, by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and by means of the Free State of Saxony within the framework of the excellence initiative. The LOLIPOP study is supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, the British Heart Foundation (SP/04/002), the Medical Research Council (G0601966, G0700931), the Wellcome Trust (084723/Z/08/Z), the NIHR (RP-PG-0407-10371), European Union FP7 (EpiMigrant, 279143) and Action on Hearing (G51). We thank the participants and research staff who made the study possible. LURIC was supported by the 7th Framework Program (integrated project AtheroRemo, grant agreement number 201668 and RiskyCAD, grant agreement number 305739) of the European Union and by the INTERREG IV Oberrhein Program (Project A28, Genetic mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases) with support from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the Wissenschaftsoffensive TMO. We extend our appreciation to the participants of the LURIC study and thank the LURIC study team who were either temporarily or permanently involved in patient recruitment as well as sample and data handling, in addition to the laboratory staff at the Ludwigshafen General Hospital and the Universities of Freiburg and Ulm, Germany. The MIGen study was funded by R01HL087676 from the US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. The Mount Sinai IPM Biobank Program is supported by The Andrea and Charles Bronfman Philanthropies. It was in part supported by NHGRI U01HG007417. OHGS_A2, OHGS_B2, and OHGS_C2 were funded by Canadian Institutes of Health Research (# MOP-2380941 to R.M.), (#MOP82810, MOP77682 to R.R., A.F.S. & R.M.); Canada Foundation for Innovation (#11966 to R.R., R.M. & A.F.S.; Heart & Stroke Foundation of Canada (#NA6001, #NA6650 to R.M). PIVUS was supported by Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Wallenberg Academy Fellow), European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant), Swedish Diabetes Foundation (grant no. 2013-024), Swedish Research Council (grant no. 2012-1397), and Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (20120197). We thank the SNP&SEQ Technology Platform in Uppsala (www.genotyping.se) for excellent genotyping. The computations were performed on resources provided by SNIC through Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science (UPPMAX) under Project b2011036. PROCARDIS was supported by the European Community Sixth Framework Program (LSHM-CT- 2007-037273), AstraZeneca, the British Heart Foundation, the Swedish Research Council, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation, the Torsten and Ragnar Söderberg Foundation, the Strategic Cardiovascular Program of Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, the Foundation for Strategic Research and the Stockholm County Council (560283). Research in SDS was partly supported by NIH grants -R01DK082766 funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and NOT-HG-11-009 funded by National Genome Research Institute, and VPR Bridge grant from University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA. Recruitment for THISEAS was partially funded by a research grant (PENED 2003) from the Greek General Secretary of Research and Technology; we thank all the dieticians and clinicians for their contribution to the project. TwinGene was supported by grants from the Ministry for Higher Education, the Swedish Research Council (M-2005-1112 and 2009-2298), GenomEUtwin (EU/QLRT-2001-01254; QLG2-CT-2002-01254), NIH grant DK U01-066134, Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Wallenberg Academy Fellow), European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant), Swedish Diabetes Foundation (grant no. 2013-024), Swedish Research Council (grant no. 2012-1397), and Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (20120197). We thank the SNP&SEQ Technology Platform in Uppsala (www. genotyping.se) for excellent genotyping. The computations were performed on resources provided by SNIC through Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science (UPPMAX) under Project b2011036. ULSAM was supported by Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Wallenberg Academy Fellow), European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant), Swedish Diabetes Foundation (grant no. 2013-024), Swedish Research Council (grant no. 2012-1397), and Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (20120197). We thank the SNP&SEQ Technology Platform in Uppsala (www.genotyping.se) for excellent genotyping. The computations were performed on resources provided by SNIC through Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science (UPPMAX) under Project b2011036. Recruitment for the WTCCC study was funded by the British Heart Foundation and genotyping by the Wellcome Trust. Themistocles L. Assimes was supported by an NIDDK career development award DK088942. Panos Deloukas's work forms part of the research themes contributing to the translational research portfolio of Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit which is supported and funded by the National Institute for Health Research. Analysis was partly supported by BHF grant (to Panos Deloukas) RG/14/5/30893. Martin Farrall and Hugh Watkins acknowledge the support of the Wellcome Trust core award (090532/Z/09/Z) and Martin Farrall, Hugh Watkins and Theodosios Kyriakou, the BHF Centre of Research Excellence. Anuj Goel, Hugh Watkins and Theodosios Kyriakou acknowledge European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement no. HEALTH-F2-2013-601456 (CVGenes@Target) & and Anuj Goel, the Wellcome Trust Institutional strategic support fund. The UK Twin study was funded by the Wellcome Trust; European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007- 2013). PoBI samples from the Wellcome Trust funded People of the British Isles project. Sekar Kathiresan is supported by the Donovan Family Foundation, Fondation Leducq, MGH Research Scholar Award, and R01 HL107816. Andrew P. Morris is a Wellcome Trust Senior Fellow in Basic Biomedical Science, funded under grant WT098017. Christopher P. Nelson and Nilesh J. Samani are funded by the British Heart Foundation and Nilesh J. Samani is a UK NIUHR Senior Investigator. Christopher P. Nelson and Nilesh J. Samani are funded by the British Heart Foundation and Nilesh J. Samani is a UK NIUHR Senior Investigator. Samuli Ripatti was supported by the Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics (Grant No. 213506 and 129680), Academy of Finland (Grant No. 251217 and 285380), the Finnish foundation for Cardiovascular Research, the Sigrid Juselius Foundation and the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) through the BioSHaRE-EU (Biobank Standardisation and Harmonisation for Research Excellence in the European Union) project, grant agreement 261433. Alexandre F. R. Stewart is supported by operating grants from the Canadian Institute of Health Research and Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. Hong-Hee Won is supported by a postdoctoral award from the American Heart Association (15POST23280019).
In der vorliegenden Dissertation werden Migrationsdiskurse in der deutschen Grenzregion zu Polen im Vorfeld der EU-Erweiterung zum 1. Mai 2004 exemplarisch in drei deutschen Grenzstädten, der jeweils westliche Teil der ehemals gemeinsamen, seit 1945 durch eine nationalstaatliche Grenze mit dem jeweils zeitspezifischen Grenzregime geteilten, deutsch-polnischen Zwillingsstädte Frankfurt (Oder) – Słubice, Guben – Gubin und Görlitz – Zgorzelec, analysiert. Ausgewählt wurde der Untersuchungsraum mit Blick auf die tiefgreifenden europäischen Transformationsprozesse seit den späten 1980er Jahren, die für die örtliche Bevölkerung gravierende lebensweltliche Strukturumbrüche zur Folge hatten. Die Region wurde mit der Vereinigung der beiden deutschen Staaten überdies zu einem zentralen Aktionsraum nationaler und internationaler Migrationspolitik; ihr wurde eine wichtige stellvertretende Funktion betreffend die Zutrittsregelung zugewiesen. Mit der EU-Erweiterung waren für die Region neuerliche, unmittelbare Veränderungen verbunden, die vor Ort gerade auch aufgrund damit (mutmaßlich) einhergehender Migration eher als Bedrohung denn als Chance gedeutet wurden. Den diskurstheoretischen Hintergrund der Untersuchungen stellen in erster Linie die Arbeiten von Michel Foucault und die von Siegfried Jäger darauf aufruhend konzipierte Kritische Diskursanalyse bereit. Diskurs wird – grob vereinfacht – als Fluss von sozialen Wissensbeständen und Bewusstseinsinhalten durch die Zeit verstanden, der individuelles und kollektives Handeln von Menschen bestimmt; Diskurse sind der Ort, an dem (Be-)Deutungen von Menschen ausgehandelt, verändert und der Wirklichkeit zugewiesen werden. Der Forschungszugang versteht sich als Teil der Neuen Kulturgeographie, die konsequent nicht-essentialistisch und erkenntnistheoretisch nicht-fundamentalistisch ist. Die Datenbasis der empirischen Analysen repräsentieren zwei Ebenen bzw. Teilsektoren des Diskurses. Zum einen die Berichterstattung der jeweils monopolartigen regionalen Tageszeitung in Frankfurt (Oder), Guben und Görlitz (Märkische Oderzeitung/Frankfurter Stadtbote, Lausitzer Rundschau/Lokalausgabe Guben, Sächsische Zeitung/Görlitzer Zeitung). Zum anderen ein Sample von insgesamt 17 Experteninterviews mit lokalen Funktionsträgern, die mit Blick auf ihr, an ihre spezifische professionelle und/oder ehrenamtliche Tätigkeit gebundenes, praxisgesättigtes Sonder- bzw. Insiderwissen zum Thema Migration ausgewählt und befragt wurden. Die durchgeführten Analysen verdeutlichen unter anderem die Bedeutung diskurssemantischer Grundfiguren des deutschen Migrationsdiskurses im Sinne politisch und alltagskulturell konservierter migrationskritischer Vorstellungsinhalte und Bedeutungszuweisungen zu Kategorien des Fremden und Konstruktionen von Wir und/vs. Sie. Ebenso explizieren sie eine gravierende Diskrepanz zwischen dem lokalen Staat und der Lebenswelt der lokalen Bevölkerung. ; The present doctoral thesis analyses migration discourses in the German border region neighbouring with Poland preliminary to the EU enlargement on the 1st of May, 2004. With three case studies, it looks at German border towns, more specifically at the western part of German-Polish twin cities that were formerly united, but divided after 1945 by national borders and the rule of contingent border regimes: Frankfurt (Oder) – Słubice, Guben – Gubin and Görlitz – Zgorzelec. The space of investigation was chosen due to the profound European transformation processes since the late 1980's that led to severe structural changes in the social environment of the regional population. With the unification of the two German states, this region also became one of the principal labs for national and international migration policy; it functioned as a proxy for the regulation of entry. With the EU enlargement, this region faced new, direct changes that, on the local level, were rather seen as a threat than as an opportunity, not least because of the (expected) intensified migration. As for the theoretical background, this investigation draws mostly from the works of Michel Foucault and the Critical Discourse Analysis that Siegfried Jäger conceptualised based on Foucault's writings. To put it simple, discourse is described as the flow of social knowledge and of the scope of perceptions in the course of time which determines individual and collective actions; discourses are the place where meanings and interpretations are negotiated, transformed and assigned to reality. This research approach is part of the New Cultural Geography which is consistently non-essentialist and epistemologically non-fundamentalist. The data of the empirical analyses represents two levels or sub-sectors of the discourse: On the one hand, the news coverage of the quasi-monopolised regional newspapers in Frankfurt (Oder), Guben and Görlitz (Märkische Oderzeitung/Frankfurter Stadtbote, Lausitzer Rundschau/local edition Guben, Sächsische Zeitung/Görlitzer Zeitung); on the other hand, a sample of 17 interviews with local experts who were selected and interviewed based on their specific profile as professionals and/or volunteers and their insider knowledge on the topic of migration that is informed by their practical experiences. The analyses demonstrate inter alia the importance of basic semantic figures in the German migration discourse: Assumptions and assigned meanings critical to migration that are preserved in political discourses as well as in the every-day culture and that are reflected in categories of the other or the construction of us in contrast to them. They also reveal the remarkable discrepancy between the local state and the social environment of the local population.
The PGC was funded by National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Grant Nos. MH085520 (to PFS) and MH080403. Statistical analyses were carried out on the Genetic Cluster Computer (http://www. geneticcluster.org) hosted by SURFsara and financially supported by the Netherlands Scientific Organization Grant No. NWO 480-05-003 (to D. Posthuma) and the department of Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam along with a supplement from the Dutch Brain Foundation. The Bonn/Mannheim GWAS was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) through the Integrated Genome Research Network Systematic Investigation of the Molecular Causes of Major Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia Grant Nos. 01GS08144 and 01GS08147, under the auspices of the National Genome Research Network plus, and through the Integrated Network Integrated Understanding of Causes and Mechanisms in Mental Disorders, under the auspices of the e:Med Programme Grant Nos. 01ZX1314A and 01ZX1314G. The Bonn/Mannheim GWAS was also supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) Grant Nos. FOR2107, RI908/11-1, and NO246/10-1. The GenRED GWAS project was supported by NIMH R01 Grant Nos. MH061686 (to DFL), MH059542 (to W.H. Coryell), MH075131 (W.B. Lawson), MH059552 (JBP), MH059541 (W.A. Scheftner), and MH060912 (MMW). Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry MARS study was supported by the BMBF Program Molecular Diagnostics: Validation of Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Outcome in Major Depression by Grant No. 01ES0811. Genotyping was supported by the Bavarian Ministry of Commerce, and the BMBF in the framework of the National Genome Research Network by Grant Nos. NGFN2 and NGFN-Plus, FKZ 01GS0481 and 01GS08145. The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety and the Netherlands Twin Register contributed to Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN)-MDD and to MDD2000. Funding for NTR/NESDA was from the following: the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (MagW/ZonMW Grant Nos. 904-61-090, 985-10-002, 904-61-193, 480-04004, 400-05-717, 912-100-20; Spinozapremie Grant No. 56-464-14192; Geestkracht program Grant No. 10-000-1002); the Center for Medical Systems Biology (NWO Genomics), Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure, Vrije Universiteit's Institutes for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, BIC/BioAssist/RK (Grant No. 2008.024); the European Science Foundation (Grant No. EU/QLRT-200101254); the European Community's Seventh Framework Program (Grant No. FP7/2007-2013); ENGAGE (Grant No. HEALTH-F4-2007-201413); and the European Science Council (Grant No. ERC 230374). Genotyping was funded in part by the GAIN of the Foundation for the US National Institutes of Health, and analysis was supported by grants from GAIN and the NIMH (Grant No. MH081802). Funding for the QIMR samples was provided by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (Grant Nos. 241944, 339462, 389927, 389875, 389891, 389892, 389938, 442915, 442981, 496675, 496739, 552485, 552498, 613602, 613608, 613674, 619667), the Australian Research Council (Grant Nos. FT0991360, FT0991022), the FP-5 GenomEUtwin Project (Grant No. QLG2-CT-2002-01254), and the US National Institutes of Health (Grant Nos. AA07535, AA10248, AA13320, AA13321, AA13326, AA14041, MH66206, DA12854, DA019951), and the Center for Inherited Disease Research (Baltimore, MD). RADIANT was funded by the following: a joint grant from the UK Medical Research Council and GlaxoSmithKline (Grant No. r G0701420); the National Institute for Health Research Specialist Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust and the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the UK Medical Research Council (Grant No. G0000647), and the Marie Curie Industry-Academia Partnership and Pathways (Grant No. 286213). The GENDEP study was funded by a European Commission Framework 6 grant (EC Contract Ref.: LSHB-CT2003- 503428). Genotyping of STAR* D was supported by NIMH Grant No. MH072802 (to SPH). STAR* D was funded by NIMH Grant No. N01MH90003 to the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas (to A.J. Rush). The CoLaus/PsyCoLaus study was supported by research grants from GlaxoSmithKline, the Faculty of Biology and Medicine of Lausanne, and the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant Nos. 3200B0-105993, 3200B0-118308, 33CSCO-122661, 33CS30-139468, 33CS30-148401) and two grants from GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Genetics. SHIP is part of the Community Medicine Research net of the University of Greifswald, Germany, which is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Grant Nos. 01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103, 01ZZ0403), the Ministry of Cultural Affairs, and the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. Genome-wide data have been supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Grant No. 03ZIK012) and a joint grant from Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany, and the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. SHIP-LEGEND is funded by the DFG (Grant No. GR 1912/5-1). The TwinGene study was supported by the Swedish Ministry for Higher Education, the Swedish Research Council (Grant No. M-2005-1112), GenomEUtwin (Grant Nos. EU/QLRT2001-01254,QLG2-CT-2002-01254), the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research and the US National Institutes of Health (Grant No. U01 DK066134). The collection of PRISME control subjects and genotyping of the 883 Danish control subjects was supported by grants from The Danish Strategic Research Council, The Stanley Research Foundation, and H. Lundbeck A/S. The Muenster Depression cohorts were supported by the European Union (Grant No. N Health-F2-2008-222963) and by grants from the DFG (Grant Nos. FOR 2107 and DA1151/5-1 [ to UD]), Innovative Medizinische Forschung of the Medical Faculty of Munster (Grant Nos. DA120903, DA111107, and DA211012 [ all to UD]). Generation Scotland is supported by a Wellcome Trust Strategic Award "Stratifying Resilience and Depression Longitudinally" (Reference No.: 104036/Z/14/Z) and core support from the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health Directorates (Grant No. CZD/16/6) and the Scottish Funding Council (Grant No. HR03006).r The NIMH Cell Repository at Rutgers University and the NIMH Center for Collaborative Genetic Studies on Mental Disorders made essential contributions to this project. Genotyping was carried out by the Broad Institute Center for Genotyping and Analysis with support from Grant No. U54 RR020278 (which partially subsidized the genotyping of the GenRED cases). Collection and quality control analyses of the control dataset were supported by grants from NIMH and the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression.r We acknowledge the contributions of Dr. George S Zubenko and Dr. Wendy N Zubenko, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, to the GenRED I project. We are grateful to Knowledge Networks (Menlo Park, CA) for assistance in collecting the control dataset. We express our profound appreciation to the families who participated in this project, and to the many clinicians who facilitated the referral of participants to the study. We thank the twins and their families registered at the Australian Twin Registry for their participation in the many studies that have contributed to this research. We thank V. Mooser, G. Weaber, and P. Vollenweider who initiated the CoLaus project. We express our gratitude to the Lausanne inhabitants who volunteered to participate in the PsyCoLaus study. We would like to acknowledge the PRISME-study group, Denmark, for collection of the PRISME samples. We thank David M. Hougaard, Section of Neonatal Screening and Hormones, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark; Preben Bo Mortensen, National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Denmark; Merete Nordentoft, Mental Health Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark; and The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark. Funding from the BBSRC and MRC is gratefully acknowledged.r Data used in the preparation of this article were obtained from the Genetic and Environmental Risk for Alzheimer's disease (GERAD1) Consortium. As such, the investigators within the GERAD1 consortia contributed to the design and implementation of GERAD1 and/or provided data but did not participate in analysis or writing of this report.r SS, HS, KS, and TET are employees of deCODE Genetics/Amgen. VA received funds from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, from the European Union (FP 7), and from the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Munster, and he has served on the advisory boards of, or has given presentations on behalf of the following companies: Astra-Zeneca, Janssen-Organon, Lilly, Lundbeck, Servier, Pfizer, Otsuka, and Trommsdorff. BTB has received funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council Australia and honoraria from Lundbeck, BristolMeyers Squibb, Sanofi, Servier, Astra-Zeneca, Pfizer. IJD is supported by the MRC-BBSRC, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, part of the cross council Lifelong Health and Wellbeing Initiative (Grant No. MR/K026992/1). HJG has received funding from German Research Foundation and Federal Ministry of Education and Research Germany and speakers honoraria from Eli Lilly and Servier. CH acknowledges support from the Medical Research Council (MRC) and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC). DJM is supported by an , funded by the Chief Scientist Office. AMM is supported by a Scottish Funding Council Senior Clinical Fellowship and by the Dame Theresa and Mortimer Sackler Foundation and has received research support from Pfizer, Janssen, and Lilly. CMM was supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (Grant No. NOW VENI 916-76-125). BM- M has consulted for Affectis Pharmaceuticals. MP has served on the advisory boards of Lundbeck and Eli Lilly ; BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a disabling mood disorder, and despite a known heritable component, a large meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies revealed no replicable genetic risk variants. Given prior evidence of heterogeneity by age at onset in MDD, we tested whether genome-wide significant risk variants for MDD could be identified in cases subdivided by age at onset. METHODS: Discovery case-control genome-wide association studies were performed where cases were stratified using increasing/decreasing age-at-onset cutoffs; significant single nucleotide polymorphisms were tested in nine independent replication samples, giving a total sample of 22,158 cases and 133,749 control subjects for subsetting. Polygenic score analysis was used to examine whether differences in shared genetic risk exists between earlier and adult-onset MDD with commonly comorbid disorders of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer's disease, and coronary artery disease. RESULTS: We identified one replicated genome-wide significant locus associated with adult-onset (.27 years) MDD (rs7647854, odds ratio: 1.16, 95% confidence interval: 1.11–1.21, p 5 5.2 3 10-11). Using polygenic score analyses, we show that earlier-onset MDD is genetically more similar to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder than adult-onset MDD. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that using additional phenotype data previously collected by genetic studies to tackle phenotypic heterogeneity in MDD can successfully lead to the discovery of genetic risk factor despite reduced sample size. Furthermore, our results suggest that the genetic susceptibility to MDD differs between adult- and earlier-onset MDD, with earlier-onset cases having a greater genetic overlap with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. ; United States Department of Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) MH085520 MH080403 ; SURFsara ; Netherlands Scientific Organization NWO 480-05-003 ; Department of Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam ; Dutch Brain Foundation ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) 01GS08144 01GS08147 ; National Genome Research Network plus, and through the Integrated Network Integrated Understanding of Causes and Mechanisms in Mental Disorders ; e:Med Programme 01ZX1314A 01ZX1314G ; German Research Foundation (DFG) FOR2107 RI908/11-1 NO246/10-1 ; United States Department of Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) MH061686 MH059542 MH075131 MH059552 MH059541 MH060912 ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) 01ES0811 ; Bavarian Ministry of Commerce ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) NGFN2 NGFN-Plus FKZ 01GS0481 01GS08145 ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (MagW/ZonMW) 904-61-090 985-10-002 904-61-193 480-04004 400-05-717 912-100-20 ; Spinozapremie 56-464-14192 ; Geestkracht program 10-000-1002 ; Center for Medical Systems Biology (NWO Genomics) ; Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure ; Vrije Universiteit's Institutes for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam ; BIC/BioAssist/RK 2008.024 ; European Science Foundation (ESF) EU/QLRT-200101254 ; European Union (EU) FP7/2007-2013 ; ENGAGE HEALTH-F4-2007-201413 ; European Science Council ERC 230374 ; United States Department of Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA ; GAIN ; United States Department of Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) MH081802 MH072802 N01MH90003 ; National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia 241944 339462 389927 389875 389891 389892 389938 442915 442981 496675 496739 552485 552498 613602 613608 613674 619667 ; Australian Research Council FT0991360 FT0991022 ; FP-5 GenomEUtwin Project QLG2-CT-2002-01254 ; United States Department of Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA AA07535 AA10248 AA13320 AA13321 AA13326 AA14041 MH66206 DA12854 DA019951 U01 DK066134 ; Center for Inherited Disease Research (Baltimore, MD) ; UK Medical Research Council and GlaxoSmithKline G0701420 ; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) ; Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust ; Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London ; Medical Research Council UK (MRC) G0000647 ; European Union (EU) 286213 ; European Commission Framework 6 grant (EC) LSHB-CT2003- 503428 ; GlaxoSmithKline ; Faculty of Biology and Medicine of Lausanne ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) 3200B0-105993 3200B0-118308 33CSCO-122661 33CS30-139468 33CS30-148401 ; GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Genetics ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) 01ZZ9603 01ZZ0103 01ZZ0403 03ZIK012 ; Ministry of Cultural Affairs ; Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania ; Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany ; German Research Foundation (DFG) GR 1912/5-1 FOR 2107 DA1151/5-1 ; Swedish Ministry for Higher Education ; Swedish Research Council M-2005-1112 ; GenomEUtwin QLG2-CT-2002-01254 EU/QLRT2001-01254 ; Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research ; Danske Strategiske Forskningsrad (DSF) ; Stanley Research Foundation ; European Union (EU) N Health-F2-2008-222963 ; Innovative Medizinische Forschung of the Medical Faculty of Munster DA120903 DA111107 DA211012 ; Wellcome Trust Strategic Award "Stratifying Resilience and Depression Longitudinally" 104036/Z/14/Z ; Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health Directorates CZD/16/6 ; Scottish Funding Council HR03006 ; Broad Institute Center for Genotyping and Analysis U54 RR020278 ; NARSAD ; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) ; Medical Research Council UK (MRC) ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Munster ; National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia ; MRC-BBSRC, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, part of the cross council Lifelong Health and Wellbeing Initiative MR/K026992/1 ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Federal Ministry of Education ; Research Germany and speakers honoraria from Eli Lilly and Servier ; Medical Research Council UK (MRC) ; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) ; NRS Career Fellowship - Chief Scientist Office ; Scottish Funding Council Senior Clinical Fellowship ; Dame Theresa and Mortimer Sackler Foundation ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) NOW VENI 916-76-125 ; Lundbeckfonden R155-2014-1724 ; Medical Research Council UK (MRC) MR/K026992/1 MC_PC_U127561128 1292844 ; Chief Scientist Office CZD/16/6/4
In: Dalla Rosa , A 2012 , The Development of a New District Heating Concept : Network Design and Optimization for Integrating Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Use in Energy Sustainable Communities . Technical University of Denmark , Kgs. Lyngby .
DEL I af denne afhandling omfatter 6 kapitler. Kapitel 1 beskriver de vigtigste problemstillinger omkring brug af energiressourcer. De omhandler miljømæssige, økonomiske, demografiske og socialpolitiske emner som kædes sammen og skaber baggrunden for afhandlingen. Kapitel 2 beskriver state-of-the-art fjernvarmesystemer med fokus på den aktuelle og fremtidige situation i Danmark. Afhandlingen er centreret omkring udviklingen af et nyt fjernvarmeparadigme, "lavtemperatur-fjernvarme", med særligt fokus på dets potentiale og på undersøgelser af de tekniske muligheder for at optimere denne energiløsning med henblik på energieffektivitet og socialøkonomi. Kapitel 3 beskriver hele konceptet bag lavtemperatur-fjernvarme. Kapitel 4 præsenterer afhandlingens hypoteser og sætter fokusområdet i perspektiv i forhold til andre relevante aspekter af emnet. Metoder og begrænsninger er ligeledes beskrevet. Kapitel 5 forklarer det videnskabelige indhold af artiklerne i DEL II af afhandlingen. I artikel I introduceres de tekniske og organisatoriske strategier, som danner baggrund for etableringen af succesrig energiplanlægning i et samfund. I artiklen analyseres desuden state-of-the-art indenfor energiplanlægning, kritiske problemstillinger diskuteres og fjernvarmens rolle i udviklingen af bæredygtig energitilførsel påpeges. Artikel II og III søger at give en videnskabelige baggrund for udvikling af forbedrede løsninger for fjernvarmenetværk; der fokuseres på simulerede modeller af fjernvarmerør for at kunne vurdere energiydelsen fra brug af innovative rørgeometrier, materialer og systemkonfigurationer. Modellerne blev valideret mod eksperimentelle målinger på rigtige fjernvarmerør. Artikel II omhandler detaljeret steady-state modellering og analyse af varmetab fra præisolerede fjernvarmerør. Artikel III fokuserer på modellering og udregning af transient varmeoverførsel i tilførende fjernvarmerør, som er vigtige elementer i lavtemperaturfjernvarmenetværk, især ved forsyning af bebyggede områder med lav varmetæthed. Artikel IV er baseret på simulationer og analyser af netværk med lavenergifjernvarme som forsyner energi-effektive bebyggede områder i lande – såsom Danmark – med en eksisterende veludbygget fjernvarmeinfrastruktur. Den tekniske og økonomiske gennemførlighed af disse løsninger bliver vurderet og strategier for optimering af design og funktion bliver foreslået. Artikel V diskuterer potentiale for, og barriererimod, implementering af fjernvarme i Canada, hvor markedsandelen for fjernvarme er lille. Tekniske og økonomiske gennemførlighedsanalyser blev foretaget på fjernvarmenetværk, der forsyner et tæt bebygget område i Ottawa, med særligt fokus på udvikling af potentialet for at udnytte varme udvundet fra vedvarende energiressourcer. Kapitel 6 indeholder afhandlingens konklusioner: Analyserne antyder, at man ved kommunal energiplanlægning bør overveje mulighederne for implementering af fjernvarme, da det udgør en vigtig infrastruktur for fremtidige bæredygtige energiløsninger. Energipolitik bør have til formål at organisere og skabe synergien mellem energibesparende tiltag og varmeforsyning fra vedvarende energiressourcer og herved minimere konkurrence mellem de to sektorer. Det anbefales at Finite Element Method (FEM) modeller og simulationer bruges ved design af nye rørgeometrier og systemer. Driftsikkerheden af FEM modeller af fjernvarmerør blev valideret ved hjælp af eksperimentelle data og sammenligning med udregninger og formler fra litteraturen. Udregningerne tager hensyn til temperaturafhængigheden af isoleringsmaterialets varmeledningsevne. Det er blevet vist, at asymmetrisk isolering af dobbeltrør i lavtemperatursystemer fører til 4-8% mindre varmetab fra tilførende varmerør end med symmetrisk isolering. Samtidig kan varmetab fra fraførende varmerør holdes tæt på nul. Ved brug af optimerede dobbeltrørsystemer (et par rør af forskellig størrelse indpakket i samme isolering og yderrør) er det muligt at reducere varmetabet med 6-12% sammenlignet med almindelige dobbeltrør, uden at øge investeringsomkostningerne. Endelig beskrives en løsning med et optimeret tredobbelt rørsystem. Modelleringen af transient varmeoverførsel i fjernvarmeservicerør har vist sig at være nøjagtig, da den giver resultater som stemmer overens med tilbageløbstemperaturprofilen målt eksperimentelt med en afvigelse på mindre end 0.5°C. Der er desuden god overensstemmelse med detaljerede finite-volume simulationer for både trinvise og sinusformede grænsebetingelser mht. fremløbs-temperaturprofilen. Den foreslåede integrerede løsning som omfatter servicerør og varmevekslerenhed med en boosterpumpe opfylder kravene om fjernvarmeforsyning indenfor 10 sekunder og opnår varmebesparelser på 200 kWhth/år med ekstra elektricitetsforbrug på 58 kWhel/år. I Danmark kan optimerede lavtemperatur-fjernvarme netværk være omkostningseffektive i områder med lineær varmetæthed så lav som 0.20 MWh/(m.år). For de scenarier som er analyseret her, er de tilsvarende omkostninger for energiforbruget i intervallet 13.9–19.3 c€/kWh (ekskl. moms), hvilket er ca. 20% lavere end scenariet baseret på jordvarme. Netværksløsninger baseret på drift med lav temperatur er bedre end systemer baseret på drift med lavt flow. Det totale primære energiforbrug i det mest energi-effektive design er 14.3% lavere end forbruget i standardnetværk og varmetabet er halveret. Disse resultater antyder, at lavtemperaturfjernvarme konceptet passer ind i visionen for en fremtidig bæredygtig varmesektor. I undersøgelserne foretaget i Canada fandt man, at fjernvarmeforsyning af bebyggede områder med lineær varmetæthed højere end 3.0 MWh/(m.år) er konkurrencedygtig i forhold til den alternative naturgasforsyning, og det giver mulighed for implementering af brugen af vedvarende energi ressourcer og ringe varmeressourcer. I områder med lineær varmetæthed under 1.5 MWh/(m.år) er det dog ikke økonomisk rentabelt i den aktuelle situation på energimarkedet i Canada, men kunne overvejes ved fremtidige netværksudvidelser sammen med implementering af optimerede design- og planlægningskoncepter. Desuden kan middeltemperatur-fjernvarme netværk tilpasses de aktuelle varmebehov, imens fremadrettede muligheder for lavtemperatur-fjernvarme overvejes. ; PART I of this doctoral thesis consists of 6 chapters. Chapter 1 summarizes the main issues caused by the use of energy resources. They involve ecological, economic, demographical and socio-political topics that are linked together and define the background of the thesis. Chapter 2 describes the state-of-the-art of District Heating (DH) systems, with focus on the present and future situation in Denmark. The core of the thesis consists of the development of a new DH paradigm, the "Low- Temperature District Heating (LTDH)", the study of its potential, and investigations of technical options which improve its applicability in terms of energy performance and socio-economy. Chapter 3 describes the whole idea about LTDH. Chapter 4 presents the hypotheses of the studies, draws the boundaries between the focus area of the thesis and other relevant aspects of the subject, describes the limitations of the work and lists the methods which were used. Chapter 5 explains the results of the scientific content reported in the articles in PART II. Article I introduces the technical and organizational strategies that can facilitate the establishment of a successful energy planning in a community. It analyses the stateof- the art in community energy planning, discusses critical issues, and points at the role of DH in moving towards sustainable heat supply. The articles II and III aim at providing science-based knowledge for the development of improved solutions for the DH networks; they focus on the performance simulation of DH pipelines through models for assessing the energy performance of innovative pipe geometries, materials or system configurations. The models were validated against experimental measurements on real DH pipes. Article II considers the detailed steady-state modelling and analysis of heat losses in pre-insulated DH pipes. Article III focuses on the modelling and computation of the transient heat transfer in service pipes, which are important elements of LTDH networks, particularly when supplying low heat density building areas. The purpose of article IV was to perform simulations and analyses about low-energy DH networks supplying heat to energy-efficient building areas in countries – such as Denmark – with an extensive existing DH infrastructure, quantify their technical and economic feasibility, and suggest strategies for optimizing their design and operation. Article V deals with the potential and barriers of implementing DH in Canada, where the DH market share is low. Technical-economic feasibility studies for DH networks supplying an urban area in the city of Ottawa were carried out, with particular attention to developing the potential for supplying heat derived from Renewable Energy (RE). Chapter 6 summarises the conclusions. First of all, analysis of the case studies suggests that local authority energy plans should take the opportunities for DH implementation into account, because DH is an essential infrastructure for future, sustainable energy systems. Energy policy should aim at organizing and facilitating the synergy between energy conservation measures and the supply of heat based on RE energy and overcome the traditional competition between the two sectors. It is recommended that Finite Element Method (FEM) models and simulation should be used when designing new pipe geometries and systems. The reliability of the FEM models of DH pipes was validated by means of experimental data and comparison with analytical formulas and data from literature. The calculation method takes into account the temperature-dependency of the thermal conductivity of the insulation foam. It was demonstrated that the asymmetrical insulation of twin pipes in lowtemperature operations leads to 4% to 8% lower heat loss from the supply media pipe than a symmetrical configuration, and at the same time the heat loss from the return media pipe can be kept close to zero. With the use of optimized double-pipe systems (a pair of differently-sized media pipes, embedded in the same insulation and casing pipe), it is possible to cut heat losses by 6% to 12% in comparison to twin pipes without increasing investment costs. Finally, the development of an optimized triple pipe solution is described. The code modelling the transient heat transfer in DH service pipes is proven to be accurate, since it gives results that well represent the outlet temperature profile measured in the experiments with deviations of less than 0.5°C, and it is in good accordance with detailed, finite-volume simulations, for both stepwise and sinusoidal boundary conditions with regard to the inlet temperature profile. The proposed integrated solution consisting of service pipe and heat exchanger unit with a booster pump satisfies the requirement for DHW supply within l0 seconds and achieves heat savings for 200 kWhth/yr with an additional electricity use of approximately 58 kWhel/yr. In Denmark, optimally-designed LTDH networks can be cost-effective in areas with a linear heat density as low as 0.20 MWh/(m.yr). For the cases considered, the levelized cost of energy is between 13.9–19.3 c€/kWh (excl. VAT) and this is approximately 20% lower than the scenario based on ground-source heat pumps. The network designs based on low-temperature operation are superior to the design based on lowflow operation. The total primary energy use in the most energy-efficient design is 14.3% lower than in standard networks and the distribution heat losses are halved. The results indicate that the LTDH concept fits the vision of the future energysustainable heating sector in Denmark. In the investigations of the case studies in Canada, it was found that DH supply to building areas with linear heat density greater than 3.0 MWh/(m.yr) is competitive with the natural gas supply alternative and offers the opportunity to implement the use of RE and low-grade heat sources. The areas with linear heat density below 1.5 MWh/(m.yr) are not economically feasible with the current situation of the energy market in Canada, but could be considered for future network extensions together with the implementation of improved design and planning concepts. Moreover, medium-temperature DH networks can be designed for current heating loads while envisaging low-temperature operation in the future.
This PhD dissertation studies the impact of number of children and of social interactions on mothers' labour supply. To determine the extent to which the link between number of children and mothers' labour supply is causal, we use two random events that affect the number of children: having same sex eldest siblings and twin births at the second pregnancy. Results suggest that having more than two children reduces mothers' participation in the labour market by 20 percentage points and the number of hours worked by employed mothers by 2 hours per week. We then analyze how the institutional context alters the effect of the number of children on mothers 'participation in the labour market. First, we find that before 1994, when the Allocation parentale d'éducation was intended for parents of three children or more, having more than two children decreases significantly mothers' activity. After the extension of the benefit to mothers with two children, this is not the case anymore and the negative effect of having a second child on their activity is stronger. Second, our results indicate that in departments where the access of two-year-old children to pre-elementary public schools is low, having more than two children has a significant negative impact on mothers' activity. On the contrary, the effect is insignificant in departments where this access is high. We finally examine the effect of neighbourhood social interactions on mothers' activity. Mobilzing different exogenous sources of variation of close neighbours' activity, we find that neighbours' activity positively affects a mother's individual participation. ; Cette thèse porte sur l'impact du nombre d'enfants et des interactions sociales de voisinage sur l'offre de travail des mères de famille. Nous proposons d'abord une étude sur la nature du lien entre nombre d'enfants et offre de travail des mères. Pour déterminer si cette relation est causale, nous utilisons deux évènements qui affectent aléatoirement le nombre d'enfants : le fait d'avoir deux aînés de même sexe et les naissances gémellaires de rang deux. Les résultats suggèrent qu'avoir plus de deux enfants diminue la participation des mères au marché du travail d'environ 20 points et le nombre d'heures travaillées par semaine d'environ 2 heures lorsqu'elles sont en emploi. Nous trouvons également que l'effet négatif du nombre d'enfants sur l'activité des mères est particulièrement marqué pour les mères peu diplômées. Nous affinons ensuite cette étude en étudiant comment le contexte institutionnel altère l'effet du nombre d'enfants sur la participation des mères au marché du travail. Premièrement, nous testons l'impact de l'extension de l'Allocation parentale d'éducation aux parents de deux enfants en juillet 1994 sur les termes de l'arbitrage entre fécondité et activité. Nous trouvons que lorsque l'Allocation parentale d'éducation est destinée aux parents ayant au moins trois enfants (avant la réforme), le passage de deux à trois enfants réduit significativement la participation des mères au marché du travail. Lorsque les mères de deux enfants sont éligibles (après la réforme), l'effet négatif d'avoir un deuxième enfant sur la participation des mères au marché du travail est accru, tandis qu'avoir plus de deux enfants n'a plus d'effet négatif sur la probabilité d'activité des mères. Deuxièmement, nous utilisons la variabilité des taux de scolarisation à deux ans en maternelle entre les différents départements pour identifier l'impact des possibilités de garde gratuite pour les enfants de moins de trois ans sur l'élasticité de l'activité des mères au nombre d'enfants. Les résultats indiquent que dans les départements où l'accès des enfants de deux ans à la maternelle est faible, avoir plus de deux enfants a un effet significativement négatif sur la participation des mères au marché du travail. Au contraire, dans les départements où l'accès des enfants de deux ans à la maternelle est élevé, avoir plus de deux enfants a un effet non significatif sur la participation des mères au marché du travail. Nous examinons ensuite l'effet des interactions sociales de voisinage sur la participation des mères au marché du travail. Nous utilisons différentes sources de variation exogène de la participation des proches voisines au marché du travail : le sexe de leurs aînés, le trimestre de naissance de leur deuxième enfant et la différence d'âge entre leurs deux aînés. Nous trouvons que la participation des voisines au marché du travail a un effet positif et significatif sur la participation individuelle d'une mère.
Debates over the relationship between professional practice, professional standards and professional identity have been a feature of Australian and international educational and political discourse for the last two decades (Ball, 1997; Bodman, Taylor & Morris, 2012; Doecke, Howie & Sawyer, 2006; Power, 1994; Sachs 2001). The discourse is replete with neo-liberal claims about educational reform that supposedly benefits everyone. It invariably includes appealing rhetoric about greater transparency, democratic participation, individual choice, and the freedom for individuals within the system to express themselves openly. Much research has shown that these claims are belied by the increasingly dominant regimes of performativity (Ball, 2003) and audit cultures (Avis, 2003; Power, 1994) that seek to standardise and narrow educators' professional practice. In their quest for professional recognition, teachers and teaching communities are obliged to engage with the twin banner of standardisation and accountability as a measure of whether young Australians are meeting important educational outcomes. Yet, the literature shows that teachers in Australia have engaged with their working practices in different ways (see Gannon, 2012; Parr, 2010). This inquiry investigates how a small number of (mostly) experienced educators in Australia have engaged with this rhetoric and this neo-liberal policy making. It explores and reflects on the actions and professional choices they have made in their day to day professional lives, and the attitudes and emotions that have underpinned these actions. Adopting institutional ethnography (Smith, 2005, 2006) as an important dimension to this research, I map out how educators, individuals and groups act and are acted upon across time and space, drawing attention to the complex negotiations they undertake in their particular educational sites. The study involves interviews with twelve secondary school teachers (most of them with more than 20 years' experience, but some beginner teachers, too) and school leaders in Melbourne and overseas. A multifaceted narrative, this thesis is also informed by references to literature in the fields of philosophy, autobiography (Florio-Ruane, 200 I), poetry, and literary fiction as well as the expected literature in educational theory. One element that draws this perhaps disparate range of literature together is my interest, as both a literature teacher and a researcher, in language. Language, with its creative and educational possibilities, and also its power to control and contain, is centre-stage in this study. Through close attention to the language I use, I make explicit the impact on the research of my own professional and personal background (Mackenzie & Knipe, 2006) and this same close attention to language enables me to explore how my activities, feelings and experiences hooked me into "extended social relations" (Smith, 2004, p. 5) in my work in the classroom and in conducting this research. I explore these institutional relations and practices reflexively through journal entries and autobiographically as part of the "memory work" of this study (Haug et aI., 1987). 3 A key focus of this study is to explore the extent to which emotion is an important dimension of the intellectual, critical and relational practices of teachers. This exploration is underpinned by socio-cultural (e.g., Ball, 2003) and dialogic (e.g., Bakhtin, 1981) theory. I challenge traditional psychologistic studies that see emotion located in the individual, a 'natural' phenomenon that one must learn to 'control' (e.g., Boler, 1999; Rose, 1998). This study critically and reflexively teases out some ofthe consequences of practitioners engaging in their work, rather, with a degree of "emotionality" (Denzin, 1984). Expression of feelings may often be considered 'inappropriate' in neo-liberallandscapes and political agendas that are pre-occupied with standardised learning outcomes and professional performance (see Zembylas, 2003). When teachers repress their feeling, they learn - sometimes at great emotional cost - how to self-regulate emotions and know which ones may be expressed and which may not. While this study shows some examples of this, it also shows the potential for the relational and emotional dimensions of teaching to re-form subjectivities and 're-embody' professional practice. The research accentuates the diverse local, contextual and social factors that shape teachers' everyday work in ways that challenge neo-liberal politics of standardisation, regulation and technicism. It illustrates how in any open and democratic society the social world can be "a site of debate" (Smith, 2004, p. 27), opening up for engagement with all members of a professional community the mUltiple views and intellectual positions that exist in that community. As the narratives from the participants in this study reveal, in educational settings which understand and appreciate the complex interplay of intellectual, emotional and relational dimensions of teachers' work, teachers are best able to commit to a vision of participating, caring and learning. They can forge trusting professional relationships and collaboratively work together to create rich and robust professional practice and professional learning that ultimately benefit their students and the futures they hope to build.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. Acknowledgements: We especially thank all volunteers who participated in our study. This study made use of data generated by the 'Genome of the Netherlands' project, which is funded by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (grant no. 184021007). The data were made available as a Rainbow Project of BBMRI-NL. Samples were contributed by LifeLines (http://lifelines.nl/lifelines-research/general), the Leiden Longevity Study (http://www.healthy-ageing.nl; http://www.langleven.net), the Netherlands Twin Registry (NTR: http://www.tweelingenregister.org), the Rotterdam studies (http://www.erasmus-epidemiology.nl/rotterdamstudy) and the Genetic Research in Isolated Populations programme (http://www.epib.nl/research/geneticepi/research.html#gip). The sequencing was carried out in collaboration with the Beijing Institute for Genomics (BGI). Cardiovascular Health Study: This CHS research was supported by NHLBI contracts HHSN268201200036C, HHSN268200800007C, HHSN268200960009C, N01HC55222, N01HC85079, N01HC85080, N01HC85081, N01HC85082, N01HC85083, N01HC85086; and NHLBI grants HL080295, HL087652, HL105756 and HL103612 with additional contribution from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Additional support was provided through AG023629 from the National Institute on Aging (NIA). A full list of CHS investigators and institutions can be found at http://www.chs-nhlbi.org/pi.htm. The CROATIA cohorts would like to acknowledge the invaluable contributions of the recruitment teams in Vis, Korcula and Split (including those from the Institute of Anthropological Research in Zagreb and the Croatian Centre for Global Health at the University of Split), the administrative teams in Croatia and Edinburgh and the people of Vis, Korcula and Split. SNP genotyping was performed at the Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility in Edinburgh for CROATIA-Vis, by Helmholtz Zentrum München, GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany for CROATIA-Korcula and by AROS Applied Biotechnology, Aarhus, Denmark for CROATIA-Split. They would also like to thank Jared O'Connell for performing the pre-phasing for all cohorts before imputation. The ERF study as a part of EuroSPAN (European Special Populations Research Network) was supported by European Commission FP-6 STRP grant number 018947 (LSHG-CT-2006-01947) and also received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2007-201413 by the European Commission under the programme 'Quality of Life and Management of the Living Resources' of 5th Framework Programme (no. QLG2-CT-2002-01254). High-throughput analysis of the ERF data was supported by joint grant from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (NWO-RFBR 047.017.043). This research was financially supported by BBMRI-NL, a Research Infrastructure financed by the Dutch government (NWO 184.021.007). Statistical analyses for the ERF study were carried out on the Genetic Cluster Computer (http://www.geneticcluster.org), which is financially supported by the Netherlands Scientific Organization (NWO 480-05-003 PI: Posthuma) along with a supplement from the Dutch Brain Foundation and the VU University Amsterdam. We are grateful to all study participants and their relatives, general practitioners and neurologists for their contributions and to P. Veraart for her help in genealogy, J. Vergeer for the supervision of the laboratory work and P. Snijders for his help in data collection. The FamHS is funded by a NHLBI grant 5R01HL08770003, and NIDDK grants 5R01DK06833603 and 5R01DK07568102. The Framingham Heart Study SHARe Project for GWAS scan was supported by the NHLBI Framingham Heart Study (Contract No. N01-HC-25195) and its contract with Affymetrix Inc for genotyping services (Contract No. N02-HL-6-4278). DNA isolation and biochemistry were partly supported by NHLBI HL-54776. A portion of this research utilized the Linux Cluster for Genetic Analysis (LinGA-II) funded by the Robert Dawson Evans Endowment of the Department of Medicine at the Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center. We are grateful to Han Chen for conducting the 1000G imputation. The Family Heart Study was supported by the by grants R01-HL-087700 and R01-HL-088215 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). We would like to acknowledge the invaluable contributions of the families who took part in the Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study, the general practitioners and Scottish School of Primary Care for their help in recruiting them, and the whole Generation Scotland team, which includes academic researchers, IT staff, laboratory technicians, statisticians and research managers. SNP genotyping was performed at the Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility in Edinburgh. GS:SFHS is funded by the Scottish Executive Health Department, Chief Scientist Office, grant number CZD/16/6. SNP genotyping was funded by the Medical Research Council, United Kingdom. We wish to acknowledge the services of the LifeLines Cohort Study, the contributing research centres delivering data to LifeLines and all the study participants. MESA Whites and the MESA SHARe project are conducted and supported by contracts N01-HC-95159 through N01-HC-95169 and RR-024156 from the NHLBI. Funding for MESA SHARe genotyping was provided by NHLBI Contract N02.HL.6.4278. MESA Family is conducted and supported in collaboration with MESA investigators; support is provided by grants and contracts R01HL071051, R01HL071205, R01HL071250, R01HL071251, R01HL071252, R01HL071258 and R01HL071259. We thank the participants of the MESA study, the Coordinating Center, MESA investigators and study staff for their valuable contributions. A full list of participating MESA investigators and institutions can be found at http://www.mesa-nhlbi.org. Netherland Twin Register (NTR) and Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA): Funding was obtained from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) and MagW/ZonMW grants Middelgroot-911-09-032, Spinozapremie 56-464-14192, Geestkracht programme of the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (Zon-MW, grant number 10-000-1002), Center for Medical Systems Biology (CSMB, NWO Genomics), NBIC/BioAssist/RK(2008.024), Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI-NL, 184.021.007), VU University's Institute for Health and Care Research (EMGO+) and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA); the European Science Foundation (ESF, EU/QLRT-2001-01254), the European Community's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013), ENGAGE (HEALTH-F4-2007-201413); the European Science Council (ERC Advanced, 230374); and the European Research Council (ERC-284167). Part of the genotyping and analyses were funded by the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository (NIMH U24 MH068457-06), the Avera Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota (USA) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH R01 HD042157-01A1, MH081802, Grand Opportunity grants 1RC2 MH089951 and 1RC2 MH089995). PREVEND genetics is supported by the Dutch Kidney Foundation (Grant E033), the EU project grant GENECURE (FP-6 LSHM CT 2006 037697), the National Institutes of Health (grant 2R01LM010098), The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (NWO-Groot grant 175.010.2007.006, NWO VENI grant 916.761.70, ZonMw grant 90.700.441) and the Dutch Inter University Cardiology Institute Netherlands (ICIN). The PROSPER study was supported by an investigator-initiated grant obtained from Bristol-Myers Squibb. J.W.J is an Established Clinical Investigator of the Netherlands Heart Foundation (grant 2001 D 032). Genotyping was supported by the seventh framework programme of the European commission (grant 223004) and by the Netherlands Genomics Initiative (Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging grant 050-060-810). The Rotterdam Study is funded by Erasmus Medical Center and Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands Organization for the Health Research and Development (ZonMw), the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (RIDE), the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports, the European Commission (DG XII) and the Municipality of Rotterdam. We are grateful to the study participants, the staff from the Rotterdam Study and the participating general practitioners and pharmacists. The generation and management of GWAS genotype data for the Rotterdam Study is supported by the Netherlands Organisation of Scientific Research NWO Investments (nr. 175.010.2005.011, 911-03-012). This study is funded by the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (014-93-015; RIDE2), the Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)/Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) project no. 050-060-810. We thank Pascal Arp, Mila Jhamai, Marijn Verkerk, Lizbeth Herrera and Marjolein Peters for their help in creating the GWAS database. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF
학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :국제대학원 국제학과(국제협력전공),2019. 8. 김태균. ; 중국과 같은 신흥 원조 공여국의 등장은 전통적 국제원조체계에 도전을 제시해왔다. 이러한 가운데 중국은 석유 등 천연자원을 확보하고자 하는 의도를 가지고 대외원조를 실시한다는 이유로 비판을 받아오기도 했다. 그러나 본 논문은 이러한 비판에도 불구하고 중국 원조의 특징과 우선순위를 국제원조체계 내 현실주의 분업현상을 통해 수원국과 국제원조체계에 이익이 된다는 것을 주장한다. 분석을 위해 2000년부터 2014년에 걸친 AidData와 OECD의 자료를 활용하였으며, 구체적으로는 사회분업론, 자유주의적 국제주의, 현실주의와 같은 이론을 바탕으로 공여국(중국과 미국)과 수여국(에티오피아와 나이지리아)의 원조 형태를 살펴보았다. 본 논문의 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 중국의 대외원조정책은 평등호혜적인 공동 발전, 내정불간섭 원칙 고수와 자주적 발전능력 강화 지원으로 구성된다. 중국은 공동 발전 원칙에 따라 에티오피아와 나이지리아에 재정적 지원과 동시에 능력 개발 프로그램을 제공하여 해당 국가 프로젝트가 지속 가능할 수 있도록 유도하였다. 또한 대(對) 에티오피아와 나이지리아 원조 프로젝트들이 해당 국가에 해외투자유치 등을 통한 경제적 이익을 가져다줄 것으로 기대한 중국은 자원과 인프라 프로젝트를 맞바꾸는 앙골라 모드(Angola Mode)를 통해 상호 이익을 실현하였다. 즉, 중국은 자원과 인프라를 제공하는 대신에 석유 지분을 확보하였다. 특히 분석 중 한 가지 흥미로운 점이 발견되었는데, 이는 공여국이 국익을 추구함으로써 원조 부문에서 "현실주의 분업현상"이 발생한다는 것이다. 예를 들어 미국은 대외원조 시 수여국이 미국의 국가 안보를 보장하는 동맹국의 한 국가로서 의무를 수행할 수 있도록 교육, 정부 및 시민사회와 보건 분야에 주로 집중하여 원조를 실시하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 반면에 중국은 상호이익, 전략적 동반자 관계 및 윈윈(win-win)과 같은 원칙에 중점을 두어 대외원조를 실시한 결과 에너지 생산 및 공급, 산광업 및 건설과 운송 및 운반 분야에 주로 집중하고 있음을 발견할 수 있었다. 본 논문의 대(對) 아프리카 원조에 관해 두 가지 대조적인 접근 방식을 분석하고 중미(中美) 원조 원칙과 이들이 국익에 대처하며 나타나는 결과를 세부적으로 분석한 극소수의 연구에 해당된다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 더불어, 논문의 결과는 향후 중미(中美) 원조에 대한 토론 주제를 제시하고, 중국이 국제원조체계의 노력에 참여하고 기여할 수 있는 방법에 대한 견해를 제시한다. ; Emerging non-traditional donors like China being the "new kids on the block" challenge the global aid architecture because it is perceived that their ascendance creates tension within the architecture. However, this thesis claims that despite arguments that Chinese aid policies are centered on the country's desire to secure access to natural resources, its characteristics and priorities in fact lead to the realist division of labor which benefits the recipient countries and the global aid architecture. This study qualitatively utilizes the theories of the division of labor, liberal internationalism, and realism to address the question, together with AidData and OECD's database quantitatively. Moreover, this thesis covers the years 2000-2014 and identifies China and the U.S. as the donor countries and Ethiopia and Nigeria as the recipient countries. The results of this study are as follows: Chinese foreign aid policies are composed of common development, mutual benefit, no conditionality and interference, and self-reliance and independent economic development. For both Ethiopia and Nigeria, China provided capacity building programs under the principle of common development, to ensure that these countries were not only receiving financial support but are also conforming to the project's sustainability. With the Sino-Ethiopian and Sino-Nigerian projects expected to lure in foreign investments and bring economic benefit into the countries, China assured that it mutually benefitted from its projects under the "infrastructure-for-oil" or the "Angola mode," where it obtained a controlling stake of the oil blocks in exchange for Chinese finance and infrastructure. An interesting phenomenon of the realist division of labor was discovered in this study, where a division of labor into the aid sectors resulted from the donor countries adhering to their national interests. The U.S. focused on sectors that ensured that the recipient countries are capable of fulfilling their duties as one of the most reliable allies, assuring U.S. national security from foreign threats. Hence, it focused mostly on the Education, Government and Civil Society, and the Health sectors. For China, it made sure to mutually benefit from its projects, under its rhetoric of mutual benefit, strategic partnership, and win-win cooperation. Thus, the country involved itself in the Energy Generation and Supply, Industry, Mining, and Construction, and the Transport and Storage sectors. This research is unique as it is among the few to analyze the two different aid approaches to Africa, by illustrating Chinese and the U.S.'s aid principles and the outcomes that result from them addressing their national interests. Hence, it provides future discussions on Chinese and U.S. aid and offers a view as to how China can contribute and participate in the global aid architecture's efforts in addressing the recipient countries' needs. ; List of Abbreviations, Figures, and Tables I. Introduction 1 1. Background 1 2. Research Gap 2 3. Argument and Scope of Study 4 4. Structure of Study 6 II. Literature Review 8 1. Foreign Policy and Foreign Aid 8 2. Traditional Foreign Aid Norms 10 3. Chinese Aid 12 3.1. Chinese Aid Characteristics 12 3.2. Chinese Aid and International Norms 14 3.3. Accolades to Chinese Aid 16 III. Research Design 20 1. Theoretical Framework 20 1.1. Division of Labor 20 1.2. Realism 22 1.3. Liberal Internationalism 25 2. Introduction to Case Studies 26 2.1. Justification 26 2.2. Case Studies 27 3. Data Sources and Limitations 29 IV. Chinese Foreign Policy and Foreign Aid 33 1. Chinese Approach towards Foreign Policy and Foreign Aid 33 1.1. China's Foreign Policy towards Africa 33 1.2. China's Foreign Aid Policies 35 1.2.1. Eight Principles of Foreign Aid (1964) 35 1.2.2. White Paper on Foreign Aid (2011) 37 1.2.3. White Paper on Foreign Aid (2014) 43 2. Case Study 49 2.1. China and Ethiopia 49 2.1.1. Sino-Ethiopian Relations 49 2.1.2. Transport and Storage (210) 51 2.1.3. Energy Generation and Supply (230) 57 2.2. China and Nigeria 60 2.2.1. Sino-Nigerian Relations 60 2.2.2. Transport and Storage (210) 63 2.2.3. Industry, Mining, and Construction (320) 65 V. Analysis 69 1. A Realist Approach to Foreign Policy and Foreign Aid 69 1.1. China and Ethiopia 71 1.2. China and Nigeria 73 2. Realist Division of Labor between China and the U.S. 76 2.1. U.S. Foreign Aid Policies 76 2.2. China-U.S. and Ethiopia 78 2.3. China-U.S. and Nigeria 83 3. The Twin-Track Approach 87 VI. Limitations and Avenues for Further Research 92 VII. Conclusion 96 Bibliography 100 Appendix 108 Abstract (Korean) 113 ; Master
Korruptio on tyypillisesti merkittävä sosiaalinen ja taloudellinen ongelma vähemmän kehittyneissä maissa, mutta sen piirteet ja seuraukset ovat jo pitkään olleet tuttuja myös kehittyneissä maissa. Korruptio kasvattaa epätasa-arvoa ja köyhyyttä, heikentää instituutioita, johtaa resurssien väärinkäyttöön, vääristää politiikkaa ja vaarantaa yksityisen sektorin kehityksen. Lisäksi korruptio vaikuttaa julkiseen keskusteluun, mielipideilmastoon ja kansalaisten käyttäytymiseen. Korruptiota on siis suitsittava kaikin keinoin. Korruption taloudellisten vaikutusten empiirinen tutkimus käynnistyi 1990- luvulla. Tutkimusten mukaan korruptio on pääosin haitallista kansantaloudelle, mutta ei välttämättä kaikissa tapauksissa. Siitä voi olla jopa hyötyä, jos virallinen hallinto ja instituutiot ovat kelvottomia. Korruption vaikutus kansantalouden suorituskykyyn on hyvin monisyinen. Väitöskirjassa tarkastellaan korruption vaikutusta talouskasvuun maailman 99 maassa vuosina 2006–2014. Yleinen havainto on, että korruptio heikentää talouskasvua, kun maassa on poliittista epävakautta, väkivaltaa ja terrorismia. Korruptio myös voimistaa virallisen hallinnon heikkouden kielteisiä kasvuvaikutuksia. Väitöskirjassa osoitetaan kuitenkin myös, että korruptio saattaa joskus toimia toiseenkin suuntaan. Korruptiolla voi olla positiivisia vaikutuksia, jos hallinto on poliittisesti jyrkkää ja tehotonta, sääntely estää yksityisen sektorin kehityksen ja oikeusvaltioperiaate ei toimi. Tällaisissa tapauksissa korruptio saattaa lieventää hallinnon virheiden negatiivisia kasvuvaikutuksia. Niin sanottu "tehokkaan korruption hypoteesi" saa siis osittaista tukea. Väitöskirjassa paneudutaan huonon hallinnon ja korruption väliseen syy- seuraussuhteeseen. Huono hallinto mahdollistaa sinänsä korruption, mutta poliitikot ja byrokraatit saattavat myös tarkoituksellisesti vääristää hallintoaan synnyttääkseen itselleen hyödyllistä korruptiota. Asiaa tutkitaan 117 maan aineistolla ajanjaksolla 1996–2013. Syy-yhteys on yksisuuntainen, kun vastuu korruptioon puuttumisesta on heikosti määritelty. Kaksisuuntaista syy-yhteyttä esiintyy, kun maassa on poliittista epävakautta, väkivaltaa ja terrorismia, hallinto voimakaan poliittinen ja tehoton, sääntely estää yksityisen sektorin kehityksen ja oikeusvaltioperiaatteessa on vakavia puutteita. Aikaisemmassa tutkimuksessa on laajalti paneuduttu korruption kasvuvaikutuksiin, mutta sen kytkentää taloussuhdanteisiin on tutkittu vähän. Väitöskirjassa asiaa tutkitaan 110 maan aineistolla vuosina 1984– 2011. Tulokset antavat osittaista tukea hypoteesille, että korruptio vähenee noususuhdanteessa, mutta lisääntyy talouden taantumassa. Suhdannevaikutus on erityisen selvä korkean tulotason maissa ja maissa, joissa oikeusvaltioperiaate on vahva. Matalan tulotason maissa ja niissä, joissa oikeusvaltioperiaate on heikko, nousukausi ei välttämättä vähennä (yleensä runsasta) korruptiota eikä laskukausi lisää sitä. Väitöskirjassa tutkitaan myös korruption vaikutusta talouden kokonaistuottavuuteen. Ideana on, että korruptio voi vaikuttaa talouteen niin sanotun Solow-residuaalin kautta. Asiaa tarkastellaan 90 maan aineistolla vuosien 1996–2014 aikana. Havaintona on, että korruptio alentaa kokonaistuottavuutta, mutta kun verorasituksen vaikutus otetaan huomioon, korruption vaikutus kokonaistuottavuuden kääntyy positiiviseiksi. Toisin sanoen veronkorotukset voivat lieventää korruption tuottavuushaittoja. ; Corruption is a serious impediment to the prosperity and development of societies. It is typically a significant social and economic problem in less-developed countries, but its various aspects and consequences have long been recognised in more developed countries, too. Corruption significantly fosters inequalities and poverty by undermining institutions, leading to the misallocation of resources, the blurring of public policy and the hindering of private sector development. Strictly from the perspective of the Public Choice current, corruption must be monitored at all costs because the role of the public sector is gradually being privatised. Furthermore, corruption considerably affects any representative debate on public decisions. The first empirical studies on the economic consequences of corruption began in the 1990s, and these studies found that corruption damages the economic performance of countries. However, the negative effect of corruption has not proven systematic. Indeed, corruption may have virtues in the contexts of inefficient government policies and institutions. The underpinning of this dissertation lies in the problematic of the effect of corruption on economic performance. Using data from a total of 99 countries worldwide over 2006–2014, this dissertation concludes that the influence of corruption on the economy is mixed. In particular, corruption reduces per capita GDP growth in the presence of high political instability, violence and terrorism. Furthermore, corruption seems to exacerbate the negative consequences of such governance failures on growth. While underlining its detrimental aspects, the study at the same time argues that corruption may nevertheless have virtue. This therefore gives credit to the 'efficient' corruption hypothesis, albeit contradictory with collective morals. Indeed, corruption becomes beneficial to per capita GDP growth in the presence of (i.) poor public administration displaying strong political pressure and inefficient public policies; (ii.) a deficient regulatory framework to promote private sector development; and (iii.) weak rule of law, likely to question contracts and threaten private properties. In such cases, corruption rather seems to mitigate the costs of governance failures on economic growth. Furthermore, the dissertation tackles the recurring causality issue between bad governance and corruption. Although the mainstream line of economic research suggests that distorted bureaucracy provokes corruption, it is also well known that bureaucrats deliberately encourage distortive tediousness within the administration in order to raise motives for bribery. At this level, the dissertation examines a series data for 117 countries worldwide with a time span of 1996–2013. The empirical analysis yielded substantial evidence of causal effects à la Granger between poor governance and corruption. In particular, a unidirectional causal link was found between the absence of Voice and accountability to corruption. Meanwhile, the data indicate a bidirectional causal nexus between corruption and other aspects of institutional shortcomings, including (i.) political instability, violence and terrorism; (ii.) poor public administration with strong political pressure and inefficient public policy; (iii.) a deficient regulatory framework to promote private sector development; and (iv.) weak rule of law, likely to question contracts and threaten private properties. Moreover, another interesting topic debated in the dissertation relates to the cyclical behaviours of corruption. Although volumes of research have analysed the relationship between corruption and economic growth, few studies observed corruption from the angle of economic cycles. For instance, according to Galbraith (1997), embezzlement flourishes in business booms and withers in recessions. In this context, the dissertation tests the empirical validity of this hypothesis using data from 110 countries worldwide over the 1984–2011 period. The findings are rather contradictory regarding the benchmark hypothesis. Our data suggest that corruption shrinks when transitory income increases, which means that economic booms encourage integrity, while recessions make corruption bloom. In particular, our findings show that economic booms significantly help in reducing corruption habits in high-income countries, or in those with a good quality of rule of law. At the same time, economic depression constitutes a considerable risk for more corruption. On the other hand, our results indicate that integrity gains resulting from the growth in economic activities overall remain low in low-income countries, or in those with a poor rule of law. For these countries, expansion cycles do not necessarily mean a decline in corruption practices, nor do recessions mean further corruption. Note also that such a result does not mean that corruption is low in these countries – indeed it is quite the opposite. In the end, the dissertation examines total factor productivity (TFP) (also referred to as Solow residual in the economic literature) as a channel through which corruption might undermine the economic prosperity of countries. The rationale for such a study is that extensive research has shown that TFP also contributes significantly to the growth of output of countries, as does human or physical capital. In addition, economic growth is becoming increasingly sensitive to variance in TFP growth rather than to variance in twin growth factors. The study therefore assumes that corruption could channel TFP to affect economic growth. Using statistics from 90 countries worldwide over a time span of 1996–2014, the empirical survey tests the effect of corruption on such productivity. Then, it attempts to measure the influence of tax burden on the hypothetical relationship. Our findings unambiguously conclude that corruption and tax burden lower productivity. In particular, a one-unit increase in the corruption standard deviation is associated with a decrease in productivity of about 0.041 %. Moreover, when the effect of tax burden is considered, the overall effect of corruption on TFP becomes positive, which means that tax rate increases can alleviate the cost of corruption in terms of productivity.
Haiti's new Dictatorship: The Coup, the Earthquake and the UN Occupation.By JUSTIN PODUR. Pluto Press, 2012. $29.95Reviewed by Natali DownerThe controversial book Haiti's new Dictatorship: The Coup, the Earthquake and the UN Occupation is a significant contribution to current discussions around globalisation, political economy, development, post-colonialism, and human rights. Podur's work provides welcome insight and a critical perspective on the struggle for sovereignty in modern day Haiti. The author takes the reader through Haiti's political history, beginning with the slave revolution of 1804, which established Haiti as the world's first independent black Republic. The historical account grounds the reader in Haiti's reality—the ongoing battle for economic and political sovereignty within its borders. Since its independence, Podur argues, the successful slave revolt in Haiti has been an ontological challenge to those who would seek to impose colonialism; it is the challenge they posed in 1804 and today.Podur sections the book into historical eras, including the Duvalier dictatorship followed by Haiti's popular movement and Jean-Bertrand Aristide, which act as signposts for his study. In Podur's analysis of the second and pivotal coup against Aristide in 2004, he argues that the new dictatorship was imposed and solidified under the control of the U.S., Canada, France and later, the United Nations. Specifically, under the guise of the Responsibility to Protect doctrine (the new iteration of the "White Man's Burden",) western countries employed the old colonial pretext in order to "overthrow Haiti's elected government and replace it with an internationally constructed dictatorship." Drawing on Michel-Rolph Trouillot's concept of dictatorship, as the use of violence and centralization of power, Podur adds "impunity" to the description as it characterizes how violations by the regime and its supporters go unpunished. Podur categorises the new international variety of dictatorship as a "laboratory experiment in a new kind of imperialism."Podur discusses the contradictory role of the domestic and international media as contributing to the success of the coup. He argues that the media misrepresented the details surrounding the kidnapping and replacement of a democratically elected prime minister with the dictatorship of the United Nations. He describes the "media disinformation loop" as part of the coup infrastructure by shaping beliefs and actions. Podur's work is an attempt to publicize an alternative to corrupt mainstream reporting.The media did not question the legitimacy of the coup regime or the United Nations' Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). Podur argues that the occupation of Haiti by the MINUSTAH occurred under peculiar justifications. He reports that, "in Haiti an internationalized military solution is being offered for what even the UN admitted were problems of poverty and social crime that occur in many places." He argues that violence and murder rates are higher in other countries, including the Dominican Republic, Guyana, Trinidad, and Jamaica. The mainstream rationale for UN occupation in Haiti has evaded inquiry.Podur's analysis of the coup extends to the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the new dictatorship. In Haiti, Podur argues, NGOs perform tasks that belong in the hands of a functioning public service, accountable to the people. Instead, NGOs operate in the interests of their donor countries—"offering wealthy countries a morally responsible way of subcontracting the sovereignty of the nations they exploit." Making NGOs "less non-governmental and more 'over governmental'" and revealing the determinant role of external intervention in corrupting sovereignty.NGOs are responsible for the bulk of disaster response in Haiti. Podur's analysis of the earthquake of 2010 reveals a stunning account of how well-meaning donors are part of a feedback loop that (in part) finances a corrupt system. This system of local elites, international enterprises, and NGOs acts with impunity as they create and reinforce vulnerabilities because funds are controlled by western technocrats and corporations (particularly in times of crisis). Rather than geographic factors, Podur argues that social factors are the major cause of Haiti's horrific death toll following disasters. The decapitation of Haiti's government and the subsequent program cuts demobilizes the public service while it enables the rise of the "republic of NGOs" and the UN Dictatorship. As Haiti lacks the sovereignty to orchestrate its own disaster response, the failure to rebuild after the earthquake marks the failure of the new dictatorship and not the people of Haiti.Podur illustrates the character of the new dictatorship allowing readers to understand the truly gruesome nature of the post-coup occupiers. Podur's report leaves the reader spinning from accounts of murder and corruption; page after page the reader experiences Haiti's grim reality in the new imperialist regime. While the lists of events in the book become disorienting to read, they serve to demonstrate the brutality of actions performed by western nations, the Haitian elite, and armed factions.In this book Podur argues that Haiti is engaged in a historical struggle for democracy against external control. Podur's work on Haiti reveals how a multilateral violation of sovereignty is organized and carried out, and exposes the "new face of dictatorship in the twenty-first century global order." However, the larger project of this book suggests a call to action. Podur recounts the illegitimacy of the occupation and its atrocities so that widespread recognition can be achieved and policies changed. Podur challenges us to consider what it truly means to help Haiti, to face the consequences of our "do-good" attempts at aid and instead aim to assist Haitians to reclaim national sovereignty.Work CitedTrouillot, Michel-Rolph. Haiti, State Against Nation: The Origins and Legacy of Duvalierism. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1990. Print.~NATALI DOWNER is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Environmental Studies at York University. Her research explores the contradictions of capitalism as expressed in the twin crisis of peak oil and climate change.
In: Milburn , A , Shephard , G , Attwood , T , Carrie , A M , Cleal , P , Gregg , P , Johnston , D , Guy , C , Hamilton , D & Williams , C 2013 , State of the Nation 2013: social mobility and child poverty in Great Britain . Social Mobility & Child Poverty (SMCP) Commission .
The legally-binding goal of ending child poverty by 2020 is likely to be missed by a considerable margin, and progress on social mobility may be undermined by the twin problems of high youth unemployment and falling living standards. So finds the Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission in its first State of the Nation Annual Report. The Commission is a statutory body set up to monitor the progress of government and others in tackling child poverty and improving social mobility. Over the last 9 months, we have looked carefully at evidence on living standards and life chances in Britain. We believe the UK Government deserves credit for sticking to commitments to end child poverty by 2020 and for adding a new one of making social mobility the principal aim of its social policy. But while we see considerable efforts and a raft of initiatives to make Britain a fairer place, we do not believe the scale and effort is enough for progress to be likely. In particular: • since 2010 children in workless households have fallen 15% but recently there has been a 275,000 rise in the numbers of poor children in absolute poverty. Projections by the Institute for Fiscal Studies suggest that targets on poverty will be missed by 2 million children; • there are more people in work than ever before but the numbers of young people unemployed for two years or more are at a twenty-year high and Government has been too slow to act; • real median weekly earnings are now lower than they have been for more than a decade, putting many more families under pressure Entrenched poverty remains a priority for action but transient poverty, growing insecurity and stalling mobility are far more widespread than politicians, employers and educators have so far recognised. More low and middle-income families are being squeezed between falling earnings and rising house prices, university fees and youth unemployment. Many parents fear that when their children grow up they will have lower living standards than they have had. The nature of poverty has changed. Today child poverty is overwhelmingly a problem facing working families, not the workless or the work-shy. Two-thirds of Britain's poor children are now in households where an adult works. In three-quarters of those households someone already works full-time. The problem is that those working parents simply do not earn enough to escape poverty. We argue that the missing piece of the policy agenda is a comprehensive approach to tackling in-work poverty. Today the UK has one of the highest rates of low pay in the developed world. The 5 million workers, mainly women, who earn less than the Living Wage desperately need a new deal. The taxpayer alone can no longer afford to shoulder the burden of bridging the gap between earnings and the cost of living. We call for a new settlement in which Government will need to devise new ways of sharing the burden with employers. This includes making commitments to: • end long-term youth unemployment by increasing high quality learning and earning opportunities for young people who should be expected to take up those opportunities or face tougher benefit conditionality; • reduce in-work poverty by raising the minimum wage, incentivising Jobcentre Plus and paying Work Programme providers for the earnings people receive not just for getting people into work and reallocating Budget 2013 childcare funding from higher rate taxpayers to help those on Universal Credit meet more of their childcare costs; • better resource careers services, provide extra incentives for teachers who teach in the worst schools and provide more help for low-attainers from average income families as well as low-income children to succeed in making it to the top, not just get off the bottom. We call on employers more actively to step up to the plate. They will need to provide higher minimum levels of pay and better career prospects in a way that is consistent with growing levels of employment. Half of all firms should offer apprenticeships and work experience. And unpaid internships should be ended in the professions. Citizens should seize the opportunities on offer. The key influencers on children's life chances are not schools or governments. They are parents. So we urge Government to break one of the great taboos of public policy by doing far more to help parents to parent. A far bigger national effort will be needed if progress is to be made on reducing poverty and improving mobility. That will require leadership at every level. Government cannot do it alone. Chair of the Commission Rt. Hon. Alan Milburn said: It is part of Britain's DNA that everyone should have a fair chance in life. Yet compared to many other developed nations we have high levels of child poverty and low levels of social mobility. Over decades we have become a wealthier society but we have struggled to become a fairer one. Just as the UK government has focused on reducing the country's financial deficit it now needs to redouble its efforts to reduce our country's fairness deficit. If Britain is to avoid being a country where all too often birth determines fate we have to do far more to create more of a level playing field of opportunity. That has to become core business for our nation.
There have been almost fifty years since Harry Eckstein' s classic monograph, A Theory of Stable Democracy (Princeton, 1961), where he sketched out the basic tenets of the "congruence theory", which was to become one of the most important and innovative contributions to understanding democratic rule. His next work, Division and Cohesion in Democracy, (Princeton University Press: 1966) is designed to serve as a plausibility probe for this 'theory' (ftn.) and is a case study of a Northern democratic system, Norway. What is more, this line of his work best exemplifies the contribution Eckstein brought to the methodology of comparative politics through his seminal article, " "Case Study and Theory in Political Science" " (in Greenstein and Polsby, eds., Handbook of Political Science, 1975), on the importance of the case study as an approach to empirical theory. This article demonstrates the special utility of "crucial case studies" in testing theory, thereby undermining the accepted wisdom in comparative research that the larger the number of cases the better. Although not along the same lines, but shifting the case study unit of research, I intend to take up here the challenge and build upon an equally unique political system, the Swedish one. Bearing in mind the peculiarities of the Swedish political system, my unit of analysis is going to be further restricted to the Swedish Social Democratic Party, the Svenska Arbetare Partiet. However, my research stays within the methodological framework of the case study theory inasmuch as it focuses on a single political system and party. The Swedish SAP endurance in government office and its electoral success throughout half a century (ftn. As of the 1991 election, there were about 56 years - more than half century - of interrupted social democratic "reign" in Sweden.) are undeniably a performance no other Social Democrat party has yet achieved in democratic conditions. Therefore, it is legitimate to inquire about the exceptionality of this unique political power combination. Which were the different components of this dominance power position, which made possible for SAP's governmental office stamina? I will argue here that it was the end-product of a combination of multifarious factors such as a key position in the party system, strong party leadership and organization, a carefully designed strategy regarding class politics and welfare policy. My research is divided into three main parts, the historical incursion, the 'welfare' part and the 'environment' part. The first part is a historical account of the main political events and issues, which are relevant for my case study. Chapter 2 is devoted to the historical events unfolding in the 1920-1960 period: the Saltsjoebaden Agreement, the series of workers' strikes in the 1920s and SAP's inception. It exposes SAP's ascent to power in the mid 1930s and the party's ensuing strategies for winning and keeping political office, that is its economic program and key economic goals. The following chapter - chapter 3 - explores the next period, i.e. the period from 1960s to 1990s and covers the party's troubled political times, its peak and the beginnings of the decline. The 1960s are relevant for SAP's planning of a long term economic strategy - the Rehn Meidner model, a new way of macroeconomic steering, based on the Keynesian model, but adapted to the new economic realities of welfare capitalist societies. The second and third parts of this study develop several hypotheses related to SAP's 'dominant position' (endurance in politics and in office) and test them afterwards. Mainly, the twin issues of economics and environment are raised and their political relevance for the party analyzed. On one hand, globalization and its spillover effects over the Swedish welfare system are important causal factors in explaining the transformative social-economic challenges the party had to put up with. On the other hand, Europeanization and environmental change influenced to a great deal SAP's foreign policy choices and its domestic electoral strategies. The implications of globalization on the Swedish welfare system will make the subject of two chapters - chapters four and five, respectively, whereupon the Europeanization consequences will be treated at length in the third part of this work - chapters six and seven, respectively. Apparently, at first sight, the link between foreign policy and electoral strategy is difficult to prove and uncanny, in the least. However, in the SAP's case there is a bulk of literature and public opinion statistical data able to show that governmental domestic policy and party politics are in a tight dependence to foreign policy decisions and sovereignty issues. Again, these country characteristics and peculiar causal relationships are outlined in the first chapters and explained in the second and third parts. The sixth chapter explores the presupposed relationship between Europeanization and environmental policy, on one hand, and SAP's environmental policy formulation and simultaneous agenda-setting at the international level, on the other hand. This chapter describes Swedish leadership in environmental policy formulation on two simultaneous fronts and across two different time spans. The last chapter, chapter eight - while trying to develop a conclusion, explores the alternative theories plausible in explaining the outlined hypotheses and points out the reasons why these theories do not fit as valid alternative explanation to my systemic corporatism thesis as the main causal factor determining SAP's 'dominant position'. Among the alternative theories, I would consider Traedgaardh L. and Bo Rothstein's historical exceptionalism thesis and the public opinion thesis, which alone are not able to explain the half century social democratic endurance in government in the Swedish case.
This dissertation proposes, studies and experimentally demonstrates novel liquid crystal (LC) optics to solve challenging problems in RF and photonic signal processing, freespace and fiber optic communications and microscopic imaging. These include free-space optical scanners for military and optical wireless applications, variable fiber-optic attenuators for optical communications, photonic control techniques for phased array antennas and radar, and 3-D microscopic imaging. At the heart of the applications demonstrated in this thesis are LC devices that are non-pixelated and can be controlled either electrically or optically. Instead of the typical pixel-by-pixel control as is custom in LC devices, the phase profile across the aperture of these novel LC devices is varied through the use of high impedance layers. Due to the presence of the high impedance layer, there forms a voltage gradient across the aperture of such a device which results in a phase gradient across the LC layer which in turn is accumulated by the optical beam traversing through this LC device. The geometry of the electrical contacts that are used to apply the external voltage will define the nature of the phase gradient present across the optical beam. In order to steer a laser beam in one angular dimension, straight line electrical contacts are used to form a one dimensional phase gradient while an annular electrical contact results in a circularly symmetric phase profile across the optical beam making it suitable for focusing the optical beam. The geometry of the electrical contacts alone is not sufficient to form the linear and the quadratic phase profiles that are required to either deflect or focus an optical beam. Clever use of the phase response of a typical nematic liquid crystal (NLC) is made such that the linear response region is used for the angular beam deflection while the high voltage quadratic response region is used for focusing the beam. Employing an NLC deflector, a device that uses the linear angular deflection, laser beam steering is demonstrated in two orthogonal dimensions whereas an NLC lens is used to address the third dimension to complete a three dimensional (3-D) scanner. Such an NLC deflector was then used in a variable optical attenuator (VOA), whereby a laser beam coupled between two identical single mode fibers (SMF) was mis-aligned away from the output fiber causing the intensity of the output coupled light to decrease as a function of the angular deflection. Since the angular deflection is electrically controlled, hence the VOA operation is fairly simple and repeatable. An extension of this VOA for wavelength tunable operation is also shown in this dissertation. A LC spatial light modulator (SLM) that uses a photo-sensitive high impedance electrode whose impedance can be varied by controlling the light intensity incident on it, is used in a control system for a phased array antenna. Phase is controlled on the Write side of the SLM by controlling the intensity of the Write laser beam which then is accessed by the Read beam from the opposite side of this reflective SLM. Thus the phase of the Read beam is varied by controlling the intensity of the Write beam. A variable fiber-optic delay line is demonstrated in the thesis which uses wavelength sensitive and wavelength insensitive optics to get both analog as well as digital delays. It uses a chirped fiber Bragg grating (FBG), and a 1xN optical switch to achieve multiple time delays. The switch can be implemented using the 3-D optical scanner mentioned earlier. A technique is presented for ultra-low loss laser communication that uses a combination of strong and weak thin lens optics. As opposed to conventional laser communication systems, the Gaussian laser beam is prevented from diverging at the receiving station by using a weak thin lens that places the transmitted beam waist mid-way between a symmetrical transmitter-receiver link design thus saving prime optical power. LC device technology forms an excellent basis to realize such a large aperture weak lens. Using a 1-D array of LC deflectors, a broadband optical add-drop filter (OADF) is proposed for dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) applications. By binary control of the drive signal to the individual LC deflectors in the array, any optical channel can be selectively dropped and added. For demonstration purposes, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) digital micromirrors have been used to implement the OADF. Several key systems issues such as insertion loss, polarization dependent loss, wavelength resolution and response time are analyzed in detail for comparison with the LC deflector approach. A no-moving-parts axial scanning confocal microscope (ASCM) system is designed and demonstrated using a combination of a large diameter LC lens and a classical microscope objective lens. By electrically controlling the 5 mm diameter LC lens, the 633 nm wavelength focal spot is moved continuously over a 48 ƒÝm range with measured 3-dB axial resolution of 3.1 ƒÝm using a 0.65 numerical aperture (NA) micro-objective lens. The ASCM is successfully used to image an Indium Phosphide twin square optical waveguide sample with a 10.2 ƒÝm waveguide pitch and 2.3 ƒÝm height and width. Using fine analog electrical control of the LC lens, a super-fine sub-wavelength axial resolution of 270 nm is demonstrated. The proposed ASCM can be useful in various precision three dimensional imaging and profiling applications. ; 2005-12-01 ; Ph.D. ; Optics and Photonics, ; Doctorate ; This record was generated from author submitted information.
The city has been the political unit of organization in the international system for long periods of history. As actors in international society, cities have left irreplaceable classics: Athens, Imperial Rome, the Hanseatic League or Machiavelli's Florence. However, the dominant school of thought has diminished the role of the city on the international scene. The Westphalian model consolidated the nation-state as the axis and macro-political unit object and subject of study. Following this logic, cities' capacity for international action was limited and, as a field of study, was reduced to cultural activities or of little diplomatic relevance (e.g. twin cities). This state-centered approach, both in theory and practice, finds its place in the legal approach over the political one in the development of international society and international relations theories. However, the global dynamic has changed substantially, and it opens the door to new structures or vectors of transnational analysis. The Westphalian system loses weight in the face of the concatenation of phenomena and transformations of international society. Taking this to be the case, the current international structure opens avenues of research in the international political activity of the city, diplomatic practice, global and economic hub relations, or the rise of city brands as a marketing strategy. Of course, the nation-state will not disappear in the short term, but it does seem that new actors and dynamics are emerging in the construction of the post-liberal order. Above all, the city emerges as a new point of reference for solving globalization problems: climate change, migrations, diversity, or identity. The effect is relevant to the epistemological bases of a transversal discipline: the city is incorporated as a reference subject in the reformulation of the general theory of International Relations. The consensus around the liberal order, born after 1945, has been broken. The current theoretical doctrine only agrees on one element: there is no new consensus on the foundations of the international system. The global architecture of institutions, the effective capacities for the exercise of power, the decline of multilateral practices, or the difficulty in establishing a common economic agenda are symptoms of a change in global power structures. With or without legitimacy, cities act in the international sphere with the aim of influencing, modifying knowledge, behavior, or judgment. In this context, the institutionalization of the city as an actor in international relations is one of the most relevant fields for studying the new organizing principle of international society. The city lacks the normative and institutional instruments, but it does promote principles that later become public policy practices that affect the international order. The theoretical approach emphasizes the economic aspects of the global city, since the economic and industrial capacity has reinforced the ability to influence the transformation of the international system. From a methodological point of view, urban cosmopolitanism is not a theory closed by the very diversity of global cities. Therefore, the areas of interest of each city can vary from one to the other, as well as the global action repertoire. Working in collaborative networks and alliances of a political and economic nature is facilitated. In its relationship with the State, the global city poses agency problems that are relevant to the future of theory: will they be cooperative or competitive? In what disciplines? The asymmetry of interests can deepen dissonances and accelerate the theoretical basis of development. The proposed methodology affects the impact of climate change on the reformulation of the theoretical bases of international studies. It is theorized from practice. The institutionalization of urban diplomacy refers to the search for practical solutions of a collective nature. There are networks such as C40, the Clean Air Coalition or We are Still In that are led and organized from urban practice. The climate issue gives moral strength to the city as an international actor insofar as it does not deal with political borders, but with the consequences of climate change on the lives of residents. It fits in with the cosmopolitan tradition insofar as it affects all individuals, without discrimination of origin, gender, or nationality; and it is a matter of universal status, because it impacts all territories and human life conditions. There is no arbitrariness in Anthropocene reason. The article studies the succession of changes in the international political structure before the reconfiguration of the sources of power. It establishes three aspects in the theoretical bases of urban cosmopolitanism. The first indicates what the foundations of a theoretical elaboration should be. The international city contributes to the reconfiguration of the structure and the exercise of interstate power by occupying or creating new spaces that contribute to the plurality of international relations. The second aspect analyzed is the growth of the city as a unit of measurement in the global economy. Capital flows circulate and operate on a local basis with global destinations. It is the cities and their metropolitan areas that benefit from the economic system. Large pockets of internal inequality appear and, above all, with a rupture between cities within and outside the economic order, including the relational inequality that is generated in the least populated territories. Finally, anthropogenic reason is stressed, that is, the impact of human action on natural conditions and its consequences on the world order. Climate change changes the main substrate of international relations, which is the physical environment and geography. On these two tangible dimensions, the bases of power and the basic theory of international studies are ordered. By changing the strategic board, the city conquers positions of non-coercive power, facilitating collaboration through networks and structures. The military and security aspect are not relevant to urban diplomacy, which focuses on aspects of economic and social power. The results indicate that the new cosmopolitanism has urban bases and offers a framework for interpreting the tensions between the center and the periphery of foreign action, economic globalization, and new public policies in the fight against climate change. Urban cosmopolitanism emerges as a theoretical reference in the post-liberal order. The present work seeks to establish the foundations of urban cosmopolitanism, a theoretical approach to the current world organized around urban areas, be they cities, megacities, or metropolitan regions. Cities have become structural axes of international society with consequences in the political, economic, and social spheres. There is no closed conclusion, a kind of theory that replaces the previous ones. On the contrary, urban cosmopolitanism aspires to reflect a change in the paradigm of international relations. Thus, climate change is a transforming element of the global scene and opens new avenues for international politics, which can end with a substantial change in the modes of government, representation, and citizen participation. Be that as it may, this first paper addresses difficulties, raises research questions, and supports elements for change. ; El artículo estudia la sucesión de cambios en la estructura política internacional ante la reconfiguración de las fuentes de poder. Establece tres vertientes en las bases teóricas del cosmopolitismo urbano. La primera indica cuáles deberían ser los fundamentos de una elaboración teórica. La ciudad internacional contribuye a la reconfiguración de la estructura y el ejercicio del poder interestatal ocupando o creando nuevos espacios que contribuyen a la pluralidad de las Relaciones Internacionales. El segundo aspecto que se analiza es el crecimiento de la ciudad como unidad de medida en la economía global. Los flujos de capital circulan y operan sobre una base local con destinos globales. Son las ciudades y sus extensiones metropolitanas quienes se benefician del sistema económico. Aparecen grandes bolsas de desigualdad interna y, sobre todo, con una ruptura entre ciudades dentro y fuera del orden económico, incluyendo aquí la desigualdad relacional que se genera en los territorios menos poblados. Por último, se incide en la razón antropocénica, esto es, el impacto de la acción humana en las condiciones naturales y sus consecuencias en el orden mundial. El cambio climático cambia el sustrato principal de las Relaciones Internacionales, que es el medio físico y la geografía. Sobre estas dos dimensiones tangibles, se ordenan las bases del poder y la teoría básica de los estudios internacionales. Al cambiar el tablero estratégico, la ciudad conquista posiciones de poder no coercitivo, lo que facilita la colaboración mediante redes y estructuras. El aspecto militar y de seguridad no es relevante para la diplomacia urbana, que se centra en aspectos de poder económico y social. Los resultados indican que el nuevo cosmopolitismo tiene bases urbanas y ofrece un marco de interpretación de las tensiones entre centro y periferia de la acción exterior, la globalización económica y las nuevas políticas públicas en la lucha contra el cambio climático. El cosmopolitismo urbano emerge como referencia teórica en el orden postliberal.
