Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The land resource inventory of Daddegallu-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 514 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils, 150 cm) in soils.  Entire area of the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  About 80 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of all the soils is 337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 8 per cent area, 86 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 5 per cent.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 34 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 25 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 315 (61) 153 (30) Pomegranate - 358 (70) Maize - - Guava - - Bajra - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 357 (70) Jamun - 232 (45) Bengalgram 357 (70) 110 (21) Musambi 190 (37) 168 (33) Groundnut - - Lime 190 (37) 168 (33) Sunflower 190 (37) 168 (33) Cashew - - Cotton 357 (70) 110 (21) Custard apple 357 (70) 110 (21) Chilli - - Amla - 467 (91) Tomato - - Tamarind - 232 (45) Drumstick - 358 (70) Marigold - 468 (91) Mulberry - 265 (52) Chrysanthemum - 468 (91) Mango - - Jasmine - 110 (21) Sapota - - Crossandra - 233 (45) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 95 (57.23%) men and 71(42.77%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.6, marginal farmers' was 5.4, small farmers' was 4.5, semi medium farmers' was 3, medium farmers' was 6.6 and large farmers' were 3.  The data indicated that, 28 (16.87%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 73 (43.98%) were in 16-35 years of age, 53 (31.93%) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (7.23%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Daddegallu-2 had 22.89 per cent illiterates, 25.90 per cent of them had primary school education, 13.86 per cent of them had middle school education, 18.67 per cent of them had high school education, 7.83 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.60 per cent had ITI, 4.82 per cent had degree and 1.20 per cent had masters education.  The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture labour.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 32.53 per cent of the household members, 39.76 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.20 per cent were in private service, trade and business and housewives, 18.07 per cent were in students and 4.22 per cent were in children.  The results show that, 0.60 per cent of the population has participated in gram panchayat, sthree shakthi sangha and user group and 98.19 per cent of the population has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 5.71 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 65.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 8.57 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house and 20 per cent of them possess semi pacca house.  The results show that 91.43 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.86 per cent of them possess DVD/VCD player, 82.86 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder player, 8.57 per cent of them possess refrigerator, 20 per cent of them possess bicycle, 40 per cent o f the households possess motor cycle and 91.43 per cent of them possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,187, DVD/VCD player was Rs.1,500, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,172, refrigerator was 13,666, bicycle was 1,033, motor cycle was Rs. 29,235 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,053.  About 22.86 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 34.29 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess power tiller and earth 2 mover/duster, 8.57 per cent of them possess tractor, 17.14 per cent of them possess sprayer, 62.86 per cent of them possess weeder and 11.43 per cent of them possess chaff cutter.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 13,625, plough was Rs. 2,208, power tiller was Rs.6,000, tractor was Rs. 266,666, sprayer was Rs. 2,266, weeder was Rs.34, chaff cutter was Rs.1,575, and the average value of harvester was Rs. 9,000.  The results indicate that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 20 per cent of the households possess local cow and 8.57 per cent possess buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.64, average own labour (women) available was 1.44, average hired labour (men) available was 6.26 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.83.  The results indicate that, 37.14 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 65.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Daddegallu-2 micro-watershed possess 43.91 ha (89.15%) of dry land and 5.34 ha (10.85%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.70 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 114.31 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 19.35 ha (100%) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 4.55 ha (46.01%) of dry land and 5.34 ha (53.99%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 1 ha (100%).  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 293,641.14 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 168,409.09. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 658,950.09 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 286,478.08 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 201,442.91 for dry land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 219,555.56 for dry land and Rs. 168,409.09 for irrigated land. In case of large farmers, the average land value was Rs. 799,999.98 for dry land.  The results indicate that, there were 2 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 5.71 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 3.66 meters.  The results indicate that medium farmers had an irrigated area of 5.34 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (0.45 ha), Bengal gram (18.93 ha), maize (21.68 ha), red gram (0.83 ha), sugarcane (2.91 ha), sunflower (2.43 ha) and sorghum (1.58 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra, maize, red gram, and Bengal gram. Small farmers have grown maize, Bengal gram and 3 sorghum. Semi medium farmers have grown Bengal gram, maize and sunflower. Medium farmers have grown maize, sugarcane and Bengal gram. Large farmers have grown maize.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Daddegallu-2 micro-watershed was found to be 88.24 per cent.  The results indicate that, 25.71 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 25.71 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 33.33 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank and 11.11 per cent of the households borrowed from grameena bank.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 20,555.56.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 52976.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27566.96. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -25409.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.52.  The total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 31340.80. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 48747.50. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 17406.70. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.56.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 33306.05. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31811.29. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. -1494.76. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.96.  The total cost of cultivation for sugarcane was Rs. 23431.09. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 120069.45. The net income from sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 96638.36. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:5.12.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 33305.25. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 43032.89. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 9727.64. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.29.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 13117.18. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21660. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 8542.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.65. 4  The results indicate that, 20 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 2.86 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 47,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 62,800, for small farmers it was Rs. 80,880, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 166,400, for medium farmers it was Rs.309,533.33 and large farmers it was Rs. 50,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 13,197.07. For landless households it was Rs. 3,480, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 6,950, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,740, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 13,221.09, for medium farmers it was Rs. 66,666.67 and for large farmers Rs. 22,000.  The results indicate that, households have planted 36 neem trees in their field.  The results indicated that, bajra, sorghum, sugarcane and sunflower was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Bengal gram was sold to the extent of 111.03 per cent and maize was sold to the extent of 98.58 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 20 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders. 17.14 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant, 54.29 per cent of them sold their produce through regulated market and 2.86 per cent of them sold their produce through cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 11.43 per cent of the households used cart, 80 per cent of the households used tractor and 2.86 per cent of them used truck as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 20 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 48.57 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 37.14 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 45.71 per cent of the households and 17.14 per cent of the households used open well in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 51.43 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent of the sampled households not possessed PDS card.  The results indicated that, 60 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. 5  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 88.57 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 62.86 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 34.29 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 42.86 per cent, fruits were adequate for 48.57 per cent, milk were adequate for 51.43 per cent, egg were adequate for 28.57 per cent and meat was adequate for 25.71 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 11.43 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 37.14 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 62.86 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 57.14 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 37.14 per cent, milk were inadequate for 42.86 per cent, egg were inadequate for 60 per cent and meat were inadequate for 51.43 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 65.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field, frequent incidence of pest and diseases and high rate of interest on credit (48.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (42.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (57.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (28.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area and source of Agri-technology information (37.14%), inadequate extension services (34.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (40%) and less rainfall (60%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Allanagara microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 578 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 75 per cent is covered by soils, 20 per cent mining/industrial, two per cent by rock outcrops and three per cent waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and 3 Land Management Units .  The length of crop growing period is about 150 cm) soils.  About 2 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface and 73 per cent loamy soils.  About 5 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (0.75%) in organic carbon.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 25 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 13 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 72 per cent area, 3 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 61 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 103 (18) Pomegranate - 217 (37) Maize - 103 (18) Guava - 217 (37) Bajra - 313 (54) Jackfruit - 217 (37) Red gram - 7 (1) Jamun - 217 (37) Bengalgram - 103 (18) Musambi - 217 (37) Groundnut - 360 (62) Lime - 217 (37) Sunflower - 7 (1) Cashew - 242 (42) Cotton - 103 (18) Custard apple - 417 (72) Chilli - 103 (18) Amla - 417 (72) Tomato - 103 (18) Tamarind - 23 (4) Drumstick - 86 (15) Marigold - 103 (18) Mulbery - 321 (56) Chrysanthemum - 103 (18) Mango - 7 (1) Jasmine - 103 (18) Sapota - 217 (37) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 107 (52.45%) men and 97 (47.55%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers was 5.3, small farmer was 6.6, semi medium farmer was 7.75, medium farmers were 5.5 and for large farmers it was 6.2.  The data indicated that 36 (17.65%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 105 (51.47%) were in 16-35 years of age, 44 (21.57 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 19 (9.31%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Allanagara had 38.73 per cent illiterates, 2.94 per cent were functional literates, 24.51 per cent of the people had primary school education, 2.94 per cent of them had middle school education, 12.75 per cent of them had high school education, 7.84 per cent of them had PUC education, 4.41 per cent of them had degree education and 2.94 had studied ITI.  The results indicate that, 97.97 per cent of the households were practicing agriculture and 3.03 per cent of the household heads had household industry.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 32.84 per cent of the household members, 26.47 per cent were agricultural labourers, 24.02 per cent were students, 4.90 per cent were children, 2.45 per cent had household industry and another 2.45 per cent were in private service.  In the micro watershed 100 per cent of the population has not participated in any local institution.  The results indicate that 72.73 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 27.27 per cent of them possess semi pucca house. About 100.00 per cent of the households possess TV, 18.18 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 54.55 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 87.88 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 100 per cent of the households possess mobile phones and 3.03 per cent of the households possess auto.  The average value of television was Rs.6170, mixer grinder was Rs.3000, bicycle was Rs.3138, motor cycle was Rs. 36103, auto was Rs. 55000 and mobile phone was Rs.1695.  About 12.12 per cent of the households possess plough, 12.12 per cent of them possess bullock cart, 12.12 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 27.27 per cent of the households possess weeder, and 3.03 per cent of the households possess tractor, chaff cutter and power tiller.  The average value of plough was Rs.3250, bullock cart was Rs.21250, sprayer was Rs.3250, power tiller was Rs.200000, tractor was Rs.500000, chaff cutter was Rs.2000 and weeder was Rs.75.  The results indicate that, 12.12 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 30.30 per cent of the households possess local cow, 3.03 per cent of the households possess 2 crossbred cows, 6.06 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 3.03 per cent of the households possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.97, average own labour (women) available was 1.76, average hired labour (men) available was 3.03 and average hired labour (women) available was 2.88.  The results indicate that, 30.30 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 69.70 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate. About 43.75 per cent of the marginal farmers, 28.75 per cent of small, 12.50 per cent of semi medium and 0 medium farmers have opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Allanagara micro watershed possess 43.21 ha (93.72%) of dry land and 2.89 ha (6.28%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 11.04 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 11.49 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 12.58 ha (81.30%) of dry land and 2.89 ha (18.70%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 8.09 ha (100%) of dry land.  The average value of dry land was Rs. 414095.72 and average value of irrigated land was Rs.759999. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 905093 for dry land and. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 313098 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 278153 for dry land and Rs. 759999 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 98800 for dry land.  The results indicate that, there were 3 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. Bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed which was possessed by semi medium farmers. The depth of bore well was found to be 10.62 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal farmers had 2.56 ha, small farmers had 2.43 ha, semi medium farmers had 14.15 ha, medium farmers had 6.07 ha and large farmers had 2.83 ha of irrigated area.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown Maize (24.57 ha), Bajra (12.61 ha), Sunflower (4.59 ha), Redgram (1.62 ha), Sesamum (1.3 ha), Horsegram (1.21 ha), Bengal gram (0.88 ha), Cowpea (0.81 ha) and Sorghum (0.81 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown maize, bajra, sesamum and bengal gram. Small farmers have grown maize, bajra, sunflower, redgram and sesamum. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, bajra, sunflower, horsegram, sorghum and cow pea. Medium farmers have grown maize, bajra and sunflower.  The cropping intensity in Allanagara micro watershed was found to be 71.57 per cent. In case of Marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, for small farmers it was 62.84 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 64.63 per cent, and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 66.67 per cent. 3  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 34060.54. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40950.39. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 40950.39, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.2.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 32405.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23088.86. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs.- 9317.07. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.71.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 22855.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44613.03. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 21757.50, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.95.  The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 18952.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38285. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 19332.52. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.02.  The total cost of cultivation for sesamum was Rs. 38628.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28458.41. The net income from sesamum cultivation was Rs. -10170.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.74.  The total cost of cultivation for horsegram was Rs. 16968.62. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 19924.67. The net income from horsegram cultivation was Rs. 2956.05. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.17.  The total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 42991.61. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56969.35. The net income from bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 13977.74. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.33.  The total cost of cultivation for cowpea was Rs. 25594.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 14820.00. The net income from cowpea cultivation was Rs. - 10774.48. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.58.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 25766.74. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 18525.00. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. - 7241.74. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.72.  The results indicate that, 47 tonnes of dry fodder available among the sampled households and it is available 120 days in a year. About 28 tonnes of green fodder available among the households and it is available for 76 days in a year.  About 12.12 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate which includes 18.75 per cent of marginal farmers and 14.29 per cent of small farmers. Around 42.42 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The data revealed that 30.30 per cent of the farmers opined that dry fodder is inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income is Rs.81619. For marginal farmers it was Rs 71786, for small farmers it was Rs.134977, for semi medium farmers it was Rs.58125 and for medium farmers it was Rs.67500.  The average annual expenditure is Rs. 8,193.66. For marginal farmers it was Rs 3,934.03, for small farmers it was Rs. 23,367.35, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 2,109.38 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 13,500. 4  The results indicated that, bajra, Bengal gram, cowpea, horsegram, sorghum, redgram, sesamum and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  Around 36.36 per cent of the households have sold their produce to agents/traders, 78.79 per cent of the households have sold their produce in regulated markets and 21.21 per cent of the households have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that 9.09 per cent of the households have carried head load, 18.18 per cent have used cart and 109.09 per cent have used truck as a mode of transport for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 3.03 per cent of the households used dung cake as a source of fuel, 93.94 per cent used fire wood and another 3.03 per cent of the households used LPG.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 27.27 per cent of the households and bore well was the major source for 72.73 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Around 39.39 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 12.50 per cent of the marginal, 100 per cent of the small, 25 per cent of the semi medium, 100 per cent of the medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 54.55 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 39.39 per cent possessed APL card. Around 45.45 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 37.50 percent of the marginal, 100 per cent of the small, 12.50 per cent of the semi medium and 50 percent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 96.97 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 12.12 per cent of the households, oilseeds were adequate for 3.03 per cent of the households, vegetables were adequate for 27.27 per cent of the households, fruits were adequate for 24.24 per cent of the households, milk was adequate for 57.58 per cent of the households, eggs were adequate for 27.27 per cent of the households and meat was adequate for 12.12 per cent of the households.  Oilseeds and vegetables were market surplus for 72.73 per cent and 60.61 per cent of the households respectively.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 14.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (32.35%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (44.12%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.82%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (38.24%), high rate of interest on credit (14.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (14.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (17.65%), inadequate extension services (20.59%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (29.41%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chintalpalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 224 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 224 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 0.17 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 4 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 84 per cent area of soil is deep (100-150 cm) and 16 per cent area is very deep (>150 cm) in the microwatershed.  About 20 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 80 per cent soil clayey at the surface.  Entire area of the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 52 per cent area in the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 48 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 52 per cent is slightly (e1) eroded and 48 per cent area is moderately (e3) eroded.  An area of about 84 per cent is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) in soil reaction and 16 per cent area is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 - 7.8).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the entire soils of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.50-0.75%).  Entire area of the microwatershed is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus content.  About 13 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 87 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in an area of about 83 per cent and medium (10 -20 ppm) in 17 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in an area of about 3 per cent and 97 per cent is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm).  Available iron is deficient (<4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc content is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 180 (80) Guava - - Maize - 180 (80) Sapota - - Bajra - 180 (80) Pomegranate - 180 (80) Groundnut - - Musambi - 180 (80) Sunflower - 180 (80) Lime - 180 (80) Redgram - 180 (80) Amla - - Bengal gram - 180 (80) Cashew - - Cotton - 180 (80) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 180 (80) Jamun - - Tomato - - Custard apple - 180 (80) Brinjal - - Tamarind - - Onion - - Mulberry - - Bhendi - 180 (80) Marigold - 180 (80) Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - 180 (80) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 79 (57.25%) men and 59 (42.75%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.4, marginal farmers' was 3.8, small farmers' was 3 and semi medium farmers' was 4.  The data indicated that, 17 (12.32 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 71 (51.45 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 40 (28.99 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 10 (7.25 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Chintalpalli-2 had 64.49 per cent illiterates, 10.87 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.17 per cent of them had middle school education, 5.07 per cent of them had high school education, 6.52 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.72 per cent of them possess diploma, 4.35 per cent them possess degree and 1.45 per cent had masters education.  The results indicate that, 81.58 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 13.16 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborer and 2.63 per cent were general labour.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 67.39 per cent of the household members, 13.77 per cent were agricultural laborers, 2.90 per cent were general laborers, 0.72 per cent were in government service, 7.97 per cent were students, 2.90 per cent were in housewives and 4.35 per cent were children.  The results show that, 0.72 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in raitha sangha and 98.55 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 7.89 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 71.05 per cent of them possess Katcha house and 21.05 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 76.32 per cent of the households possess TV, 26.32 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder and motor cycle, 2.63 per cent of the households possess refrigerator and 92.11 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,775, mixer/grinder was Rs. 2,500, motor cycle was Rs. 54,100, refrigerator was Rs. 8,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,215.  About 15.79 per cent of the households possess plough, 10.53 per cent of them possess plough, 5.26 per cent of them possess tractor, 13.26 per cent of them possess sprayer and weeder and 7.89 per cent of them possess harvester and chaff cutter. 2  The result shows that, the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 16,000, plough was Rs. 1,285, Tractor was Rs. 625,000, sprayer was Rs. 4,400, weeder was Rs. 225, harvester was Rs. 142 and chaff cutter was Rs. 150.  The results indicate that, 15.79 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 5.26 per cent of the households possess local cow and 21.05 per cent of the households possess buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.36, average own labour (women) available was 1.29, average hired labour (men) available was 7.21 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.18.  The results indicate that, 86.84 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Chintalpalli-2 micro-watershed possess 27.02 ha (94.35%) of dry land and 1.62 ha (5.65%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 11.85 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 13.14 ha (100 %) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (55.56 %) of dry land and 1.62 ha (44.44 %) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 880,055.42 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 432,250. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,373,721.42 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 494,304.19 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 494,000 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 432,250 of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 2 functioning and de-functioning bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 5.56 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 2.57 meters.  The results indicate that marginal and semi-medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.81 ha, respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (6.16 ha), onion (1.62 ha), red gram (18.40 ha) and sorghum (0.40 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Chintalpalli-2 micro-watershed was found to be 97.04 per cent.  The results indicate that, 68.42 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 68.42 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 31781.27. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 86783.85. The net income from 3 cotton cultivation was Rs. 55002.59. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.73.  The total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 21936.32. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 839800. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. 817863.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:38.28.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 90283.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 162531.76. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 72248.23. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.8.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 58757.74. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 148200. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 89442.26. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.52.  The results indicate that, 44.74 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and 10.53 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 44,200 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 109,045.45, for small farmers it was Rs. 133,777.78 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 86,500.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 6,234.12. For landless households it was Rs. 18,400, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,010.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,618.83 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9,550.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 6 coconut and mango trees in their field and also 9 coconut and 2 mango trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 2 cashew, 7 teak, 71 neem, 5 tamarind,1 pongalmia and 4 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4,973.68 for land development.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 47.37 per cent for land development and soft loan was the source of additional investment for 5.26 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 83.75 per cent, onion was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, red gram was sold to the extent of 83.85 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 93.33 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 86.84 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 86.84 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 84.21 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 86.84 per cent have shown interest in soil test. 4  The results indicated that, 92.11 per cent of the households used firewood and 10.53 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 94.74 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 31.58 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 94.74 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses and oilseed were adequate for 97.37 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 76.32 per cent, milk was adequate for 92.11 per cent and eggs were adequate for 15.79 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses and oilseed were inadequate for 2.63 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 23.68 per cent, fruits was inadequate for 100 per cent, milk were inadequate for 5.26 per cent, egg were inadequate for 5.26 per cent and meat were inadequate for 97.37 per cent.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 94.74 per cent of the households and wild animal menace on farm field, frequent incidence of pest and diseases and high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (89.47%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (2.63%), high rate of interest on credit (86.84%), low price for the agricultural commodities (84.21%), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (81.58%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agril produce to the market (68.42%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Honageri-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 600 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 572 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, An area about 2 ha in the microwatershed is covered by rock outcrops and about 26 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area about 572 ha (95%) in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 85 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 10 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50 -75 cm).  About 4 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 26 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 65 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 95 per cent area in the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 8 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m), 12 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 4 per cent area very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 480(80) 40(7) Sapota - 34(6) Maize 3(<1) 517(87) Pomegranate - 512(85) Bajra 3(<1) 549(91) Musambi 313(52) 198 (32) Groundnut - 74(12) Lime 313(52) 198 (32) Sunflower 346(58) 135(21) Amla 66(11) 454(76) Redgram - 450(74) Cashew - 3(<1) Bengal gram 477(80) 43(7) Jackfruit - 3(<1) Cotton 349(58) 172(28) Jamun - 509(85) Chilli - 551(92) Custard apple 478(80) 43(7) Tomato 3(<1) 303(51) Tamarind - 509(85) Drumstick - 511(84) Mulberry - 3(<1) Mango - 35(6) Marigold - 551(92) Guava - 34(6) Chrysanthemum - 551(92) Brinjal 169(28) 382(63) Bhendi 284(47) 267(45) Onion 232(39) 106(18)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 112 (64.37%) men and 62 (35.63%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 4.8, small farmers' was 5.6, semi medium farmers' was 6 and medium farmers' was 2.  The data indicated that, 33 (18.97 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 74 (42.53%) were in 16-35 years of age, 54 (31.03 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 13 (7.47%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Honageri-2 had 63.79 per cent illiterates, 8.62 per cent of them had Primary School, 1.72 per cent of them had Middle School education, 12.07 per cent of them had High School education, 8.62 per cent of them had PUC education and 1.15 per cent had degree and masters education.  The results indicate that, 91.18 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 8.82 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborer and 2.94 per cent were Trade & Business.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 68.39 per cent of the household members, 2.87 per cent were agricultural laborers and children, 2.30 per cent were general laborers, 0.57 per cent were in government and private service, 1.15 per cent were trade and business, 16.09 per cent were students and 2.87 per cent were Housewives.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 8.82 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 64.71 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 26.47 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 91.18 per cent of the households possess TV, 41.18 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder and motor cycle and 88.24 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,387, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,957, motor cycle was Rs. 50,714 and mobile phone was Rs. 3,165.  About 23.53 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 20.59 per cent of the households plough, 2.94 per cent of the households possess seed/ fertilizer drill and Tractor, 11.76 per cent of the households possess Sprayer, 8.82 per cent of them possess weeder and harvester and 14.71 per cent of them possess chaff cutter.  The results indicate that, bullock cart it was Rs.22,125, plough it was Rs.909, seed/fertilizer drill it was Rs.500, tractor it was Rs. 300,000, Sprayer was Rs. 3,500, Weeder was Rs. 200, Harvester was Rs. 40 and Chaff Cutter was Rs. 314. 2  The results indicate that, 32.35 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 26.47 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.88 per cent of the households possess goat and 2.94 per cent of the households possess Poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2, average own labour (women) available was 1.38, average hired labour (men) available was 7.59 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.03.  The results indicate that, 91.18 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Honageri-2 micro-watershed possess 28.39 ha (86.34%) of dry land and 4.49 ha (13.66%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.36 ha (99.34%) of dry land and 0.05 ha (0.66%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 17.39 ha (94.31%) of dry land and 1.05 ha (5.69 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 3.64 ha (73.23%) of dry land and 1.33 ha (26.77%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.06 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 703,501.07 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 912,342.34. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,165,068.72 for dry land and the average value was Rs.18,525,000.41 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 597,951.58 for dry land and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 858,301.16. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 274,444.44 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 274,444.44 of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 7 functioning and De-functioning bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 20.59 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 10.76 meters.  The results indicate that small, semi-medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.47 ha, 3.43 ha and 0.45 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (23.14 ha), paddy (2.71 ha), red gram (1.79 ha), sorghum (1.76 ha) and groundnut (1.21ha). The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Honageri-2 micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, 76.47 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 76.47 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 27030.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 70387.69. The net 3 income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 43357.16. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.6.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 36266.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 90304.31. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 54037.97. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.49.  The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 163090.35. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 304132.32. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 141041.98. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.86.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 41086.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 63686.27. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 22599.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.55.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 29555.39. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 16466.67. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -13088.72. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.56.  The results indicate that, 29.41 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 20.59 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 20,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 115,744.62, for small farmers it was Rs. 126,758.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 111,000 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 122,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 6,328.99. For landless households it was Rs. 8,333.33, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 6,620.51, for small farmers it was Rs. 2,741.27, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 25,500 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 12,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 5 coconut in their field and 1 coconut in backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 27 teak, 31 neem, 7 tamarind and 1 peepul trees in their field and 1 teak and 3 tamarind in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4,588.24 for land development.  The results indicated that Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 41.18 per cent for land development and soft loan was the source of additional investment for 5.88 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 60 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 82.14 per cent, Red gram was sold to the extent of 76.92 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 59.18 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 91.18 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 2.94 per cent of them sold in regulated markets. 4  The results indicated that, 94.12 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 94.12 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 94.12 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 91.18 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel and 11.76 per cent of the households used LPG.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 97.06 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and Bore Well was the major source of drinking water for 2.94 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 26.47 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 61.76 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses and oilseed were adequate for 97.06 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 94.12 per cent, fruits was adequate for 2.94 per cent, Milk were adequate for 82.35 per cent and eggs were adequate for 23.53 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses and oilseed were inadequate for 2.94 per cent of the households, vegetables were inadequate for 5.88 per cent, fruits was inadequate for 94.12 per cent, milk were inadequate for 17.65 per cent, Meat were inadequate for 100 per cent and eggs were inadequate for 76.47 per cent.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 91.18 per cent, Wild animal menace on farm field and frequent incidence of pest and diseases (88.24%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (11.76%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals, high rate of interest on credit and Lack of marketing facilities in the area (85.29%), Low price for the agricultural commodities (100%), Inadequate extension services (5.88%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (82.35%), less rainfall and source of agri-technology information (2.94%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Honageri-1Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 574 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 501 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 25 ha by rock outcrops and 47 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 10 per cent area is moderately shallow (150 cm).  About 73 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 15 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area of 87 per cent in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 12 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m).  About 40 per cent area in the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 48 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 48 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 40 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 27 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 38 per cent soils is slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4) and 22 per cent soils are strongly to very strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 - >9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of entire soils of the microwatershed is dominantly 4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 432 (75) 65 (11) Guava - 14 (2) Maize - 496 (87) Sapota - 14(2) Bajra - 502 (87) Pomegranate - 446 (78) Groundnut - 14 (2) Musambi 431 (75) 15 (3) Sunflower 426 (74) 15 (3) Lime 431 (75) 14 (3) Redgram - 446 (78) Amla - 497 (87) Bengal gram 432 (75) 56(10) Cashew - - Cotton 426 (74) 62 (11) Jackfruit - 9(2) Chilli - 502 (88) Jamun - 437 (76) Tomato - 496 (87) Custard apple 441 (77) 56(10) Brinjal 142(25) 361(63) Tamarind - 437 (76) Onion 395 (69) 56(10) Mulberry - 9(2) Bhendi 201(35) 301(52) Marigold - 502 (88) Drumstick - 446(78) Chrysanthemum - 502 (88) Mango - 135(24)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 94 (59.12%) men and 65 (40.88%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 3.7, small farmers' was 3.8 and semi medium farmers' was 5.2.  The data indicated that, 31 (19.50 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 69 (43.40 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 45 (28.30 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (8.81 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Honageri-1 had 56.60 per cent illiterates, 0.63 per cent of them had functional literate and masters, 13.84 per cent of them had primary school education, 3.14 per cent of them had middle school education, 10.69 per cent of them had high school education, 2.52 per cent of them had PUC education and 6.29 per cent had degree education.  The results indicate that, 52.78 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 47.22 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourer and 2.78 per cent were general labour.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 41.51 per cent of the household members, 33.33 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.26 per cent were general laborers, 0.63 per cent were in private service, 16.98 per cent were students and 6.29 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 22.22 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 69.44 per centre of them possess Katcha house and 8.33 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 77.78 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.78 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder and tempo, 16.67 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 94.44 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 8,785, mixer/grinder was Rs. 2,000, motor cycle was Rs. 59,333, tempo was Rs. 180,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 3,002.  About 8.33 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.56 per cent of them possess weeder and 2.78 per cent of them possess chaff cutter. About 8.33 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.56 per cent of them possess weeder and 2.78 per cent of them possess chaff cutter.  The results indicate that, 19.44 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 13.89 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.78 per cent of the households possess buffalo. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.52, average own labour (women) available was 1.19, average hired labour (men) available was 8.52 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.70.  The results indicate that, 75 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Honageri-1 micro-watershed possess 39.98 ha (92.16 %) of dry land, 2.59 ha (5.97%) of irrigated land and 0.81 ha (1.87%) of permanent fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 6.12 ha (88.31 %) of dry land and 0.81 ha (11.69%) of Permanent Fallow. Small farmers possess 7.86 ha (100 %) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 26.01 ha (90.94 %) of dry land and 2.59 ha (9.06 %) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 632,750, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 1,157,812.48 and the average value of permanent fallow was Rs. 642,200. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,062,541.37 for dry land and Rs. 642,200 for permanent fallow. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 662,310.86 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 522,751.33 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 1,157,812.48 of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 2 functioning bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 5.56 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 5.93 meters.  The results indicate that semi-medium farmers had an irrigated area of 2.59 ha, respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (17.43 ha), groundnut (15.48 ha), cotton (3.87ha), sorghum (3.72 ha) and bajra (0.4 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Honageri-1 micro-watershed was found to be 96.03 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 37189.90. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 69834.81. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 32644.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.88.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 33175.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 51960.12. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 18784.20. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.57.  The total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 44384.27. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 110787.87. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 66403.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.5. 3  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 42476.37. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 95269.99. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 52793.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.24.  The total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs. 66871.31. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 78926.34. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. 12055.03. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.18.  The results indicate that, 25 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 62,500 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 78,500, for small farmers it was Rs. 104,666.67 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 89,105. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 6,851.39. For landless households it was Rs. 6,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,615, for small farmers it was Rs. 11,805.56 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 5,972.22.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 1 mango trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 114 neem trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5,694.44 for land development.  The results indicated that own funds was the source of additional investment for 33.33 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 71.43 per cent, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 68.22 per cent, red gram was sold to the extent of 86.49 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 60.94 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 2.78 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/ traders, 66.67 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 6.67 per cent of them sold in regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 2.78 per cent of the households have used head load and 72.22 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 33.33 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 72.22 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 97.22 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. 4  The results indicated that, 69.44 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.78 per cent of the sampled households has not possessed PDS card.  The results indicated that, 88.89 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses and meat were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, oilseed were adequate for 2.78 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 50 per cent, fruits was adequate for 8.33 per cent and eggs and meat were adequate for 97.22 per cent.  The results indicated that, oilseed were inadequate for 97.22 per cent of the households, vegetables were inadequate for 50 per cent, fruits was inadequate for 91.67 per cent, milk and eggs were inadequate for 2.78 per cent.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil, frequent incidence of pest and diseases, high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals and high rate of interest on credit was the constraint experienced by 75 per cent of the households and wild animal menace on farm field (77.78 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gajarakot-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 479 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 436 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 43 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 65 per cent area are very shallow to shallow (0.75%) in 87 per cent area.  9 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, 58 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 25 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium, 76 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 11 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  About 82 per cent area is deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 73 (15) Guava - 22(4) Maize - 126(26) Sapota - 22(4) Bajra - 73(15) Pomegranate - 22(4) Groundnut - 55(11) Musambi - 22(4) Sunflower - 22(4) Lime - 22(4) Redgram - 22(4) Amla - 73(15) Bengal gram - 72(15) Cashew - - Cotton - 72(15) Jackfruit - 22(4) Chilli - 73(15) Jamun - - Tomato - 73(15) Custard apple 22(4) 51(11) Brinjal - 73(15) Tamarind - 22(4) Onion 0.02(<1) 72(15) Mulberry - - Bhendi 0.02(<1) 72(15) Marigold - 73(15) Drumstick - 22(4) Chrysanthemum - 73(15) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 95 (56.55%) men and 73 (43.45%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 4.8, small farmers' was 4.6, semi medium farmers' was 5.7 and medium farmers' was 6.  The data indicated that, 27 (16.07%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 69 (41.07%) were in 16-35 years of age, 54 (32.14%) were in 36-60 years of age and 18 (10.71%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Gajarakot-1 had 45.24 per cent illiterates, 17.26 per cent of them had primary school, 6.55 per cent of them had middle school, 15.48 per cent of them had high school education, 4.17 per cent of them had PUC and 4.76 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 11.43 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 18.45 per cent of the household members, 59.52 per cent were agricultural labourers, 20.24 per cent were in student, 0.60 per cent were housewives and 1 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 11.43 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 71.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 17.14 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 80 per cent of the households possess TV, 17.14 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 20 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess auto and tempo and 88.57 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,428, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,916, motor cycle was Rs. 40,428, auto was Rs. 30,000, tempo was Rs. 300,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,542.  About 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullock cart and weeder, 8.57 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, tractor and chaff cutter, 5.71 per cent of them possess sparyer and harvester.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 23,750, plough was Rs. 9,000, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 20,000, tractor was Rs. 5000,000, sprayer was Rs. 5,000, weeder was Rs. 410, harvester was Rs. 266 and the average value of chaff cutter was Rs. 3,000. 2  The results indicate that, 22.86 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 8.57 per cent of the households possess local cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.43, average own labour (women) available was 1.26, average hired labour (men) available was 6.37 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.80.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Gajarakot-1 micro-watershed possess 30.28 ha (87.06 %) of dry land and 4.50 ha (12.94%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 9.48 ha (95.44%) of dry land and 0.45 ha (4.56%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 11.34 ha (93.34%) of dry land and 0.81 ha (6.66%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 9.45 ha (100%) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 3.24 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 399,505.41 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 444,244.60. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 759,350.99 for dry land and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 882,142.85. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 290,795.57 for dry land and Rs. 1,235,000 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 169,178.08 for dry land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 185,250 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 3 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 8.57 per cent of the farmers and 2.86 per cent of the households used open well.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 5.57 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.45 ha, 0.81 ha and 3.24 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (23.34 ha), cotton (6.24 ha), paddy (2.88 ha) and groundnut (2.1 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram, cotton, paddy and groundnut. Small farmers have grown red gram, cotton and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown red gram and cotton. Medium farmers have grown red gram and paddy.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Gajarakot-1 micro-watershed was found to be 90.70 per cent. 3  The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the households have bank account and savings. The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 7.14 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank, 3.57 per cent of the households have cooperative bank and money lender and 14.29 per cent of the households have borrowed from grameena bank.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 29,000.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households unpaid their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from private sources.  The results indicate that, around 16.67 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount was high rate of interest.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 39960.78. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 54048.62. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 14087.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.35.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 53471.45. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 89194.59. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 35723.14. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.67.  The total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 35900.64. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 68864.55. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 32963.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.92.  The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 48228.58. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50750.66. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 2522.08. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.05.  The results indicate that, 5.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 58,500 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 104,993.75, for small farmers it was Rs. 134,750, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 198,750 and medium farmers it was Rs. 618,800. 4  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 13,393.10. For landless households it was Rs. 4,055.56, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,833.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 12,192.71, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 21,687.50 and medium farmers it was Rs. 198,800.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 45 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 7 eucalyptus, 37 neem, 5 tamarind and 3 acacia trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 171.43 for land development and improved crop production.  The results indicated that soft loan was the source of additional investment for 8.57 per cent for land development and 5.71 per cent for improved crop production.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 81.63 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 84.21 per cent and red gram to the extent of 87.38 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 17.14 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 68.57 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households used firewood and 11.43 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 77.14 per cent and 22.86 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 97.14 per cent of the households, oilseed were adequate for 40 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 48.57 per cent, fruits were adequate for 37.14 per cent, milk were adequate for 5 8.57 per cent, egg were adequate for 20 per cent and meat were adequate for 25.71 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 5.71 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 8.57 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 54.29 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 51.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 62.86 per cent, milk were inadequate for 74.29 per cent, egg were inadequate for 77.14 per cent and meat were inadequate for 71.43 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and wild animal menace on farm field was the constraint experienced by 80 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (31.43%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (40%), high rate of interest on credit (11.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (20%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (17.14%), inadequate extension service (14.29%), lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (34.29%), less rainfall (14.29%), and source of Agri-technology information (45.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Virapura-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 581 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 96 per cent is covered by soils and 4 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 6 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  An area of about 64 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 24 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 72 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1- 3% slope) lands.  An area of about 48 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 48 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An entire cultivated area of the microwatershed falls under strongly alkaline to very strongly alkaline (pH 8.4->9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in 17 per cent area, medium (0.5-0.75%) in 67 per cent area and low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in 29 per cent area and low (4.5 ppm) and 73 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 95 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 125(21) 325(56) Sapota - - Maize - 450(78) Pomegranate - 366(63) Bajra - 450(78) Guava - - Groundnut - - Jackfruit - - Sunflower 77(13) 289(50) Jamun - 230(40) Cotton 125(21) 325(56) Musambi 77(13) 289(50) Red gram - 288(49) Lime 77(13) 289(50) Bengalgram 125(21) 326(56) Cashew - - Chilli - 72(12) Custard apple 125(21) 325(56) Tomato - 7(1) Amla 7(1) 443(76) Brinjal - 449(78) Tamarind - 230(40) Onion - - Marigold - 449(78) Bhendi - 449(78) Chrysanthemum - 449(78) Drumstick - 366(63) Jasmine - 83(14) Mulberry - 194(33) Crossandra - 150(26) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 111 (54.95%) men and 91 (45.05%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.4, marginal farmers' and small farmers' was 4.5, semi medium farmers' was 4.75 and medium farmers' was 6.  The data indicated that, 40 (20.79%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 78 (38.61%) were in 16-35 years of age, 63 (31.19%) were in 36-60 years of age and 19 (9.41%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Virapura-2 had 17.82 per cent illiterates, 26.73 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.49 per cent of them had middle school education, 28.22 per cent of them had high school education, 10.89 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.99 per cent had diploma education, 0.50 per cent of them did ITI and 10.40 per cent of them had degree level education.  The results indicate that, 76.74 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 23.26 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 33.66 per cent of the household members, 39.11 per cent were agricultural labourers, 20.79 per cent were students, 2.48 per cent were housewives and 2.97 per cent were children.  The results show that, 0.50 per cent were in cooperative bank and 99.50 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 95.35 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 4.65 per cent of the households possess semi pacca house.  The results show that 79.07 per cent of the households possess TV, 55.81 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 2.33 per cent of them possess refrigerator and computer/laptop, 32.56 per cent of them possess bicycle, 51.16 per cent of them possess motor cycle and 93.02 per cent of them possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,600, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,231, refrigerator was Rs. 13,000, bicycle was 764, motor cycle was Rs. 31,043, mobile phones was 31,043 and computer/laptop was Rs. 32,000.  About 16.28 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 41.86 per cent of them possess plough, 11.63 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill and tractor, 2.33 per cent of them possess irrigation pump and harvester, 4.65 per cent of them possess power tiller, 13.95 per cent of them possess sprayer, 69.77 per cent of them possess weeder, 18.60 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 9.30 of them possess earth remover.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 13,428, plough was Rs. 4,338, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 2,900, irrigation pump was Rs. 15,000, power tiller was Rs.75,000, tractor was Rs. 280,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,283, weeder was 2 Rs.41, harvester was Rs.100, chaff cutter was Rs. 2,012 and earth remover/ duster was Rs. 11,000.  The results indicate that, 16.28 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 13.95 per cent of the households possess local cow, 9.30 per cent possess crossbreed cow and 2.33 per cent of them possess buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.63, average own labour (women) available was 1.18, average hired labour (men) available was 21.18 and average hired labour (women) available was 21.32.  The results indicate that 44.19 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Virapura-2 micro-watershed possess 50.03 ha (79.67 %) of dry land and 12.77 ha (20.33 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.51 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 28.13 ha (97.20%) of dry land and 0.81 ha (2.80%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 10.71 ha (72.28%) of dry land and 4.11 (27.72%) for irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 5.68 ha (41.97%) for dry land and 7.85 ha (58.03 %) for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 311,697.20 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 328,811.42. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 852,975.77 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 266,470.19 for dry land and Rs. 1,235,000 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 289,380.20 for dry land and Rs. 413,694.59 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 52,815.40 for dry land and Rs. 190,979.39 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 3 functioning and 1 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro watershed for 6.98 per cent of the farmers and canal was the irrigation source for 2.333 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 6.75 meters.  The results indicate that small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.81 ha, 5 ha, 6.60 ha and 7.85 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (4.19 ha), bengal gram (11.72 ha), green gram (9.13 ha), sorghum (5.7 ha), maize (25.15 ha), paddy (5.44 ha), red gram (2.18 ha), sunflower (14.92ha) and onion (0.89ha). Marginal farmers had grown Bengal gram, green gram, maize, and sunflower. Small farmers had bajra, Bengal gram, green gram, sorghum, maize, red gram and sunflower. Semi medium farmers had grown Bengal gram, green gram, sorghum, maize and paddy; Medium farmers had grown bajra, Bengal gram, maize, paddy, red gram and sunflower. 3  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Virapura-2 micro-watershed was found to be 76.55 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 16061.72. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 16880.12. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 818.40. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.05.  The total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 36704.16. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47286.72. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 10582.56. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.29.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 25898.32. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46103.12. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 20204.80. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.78.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 54260.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31863.00. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. -22397.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.59.  The total cost of cultivation for Maize was Rs. 27769.24. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46789.16. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 19019.92. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.68.  The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 50929.31. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 89645.05. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 38715.74. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.76.  The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 25709.83. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32750.60. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 7040.77. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.27.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 22835.52. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55494.51. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 32658.99. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.43.  The total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 45678.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 85327.27. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. 39648.49. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.87.  The results indicate that, 9.30 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 30.23 green fodders was adequate and 20.93 per cent was inadequate of the households.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 49,600 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 72,985.71, for small farmers it was Rs. 109,237.37, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 123,500 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 355,462.50.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 10,583.65. For landless households it was Rs. 3,760, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 9,061.22, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,861.50, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 11,812.50 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 46,500. 4  The results indicate that, households have planted 5 tamarind and banyan 35 neem trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2,209.3 for land development and Rs. 1,046.51 for improved crop production.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 20 per cent for land development and improved crop production.  The results indicated that, bajra, Bengal gram, green gram, sorghum, maize, onion, paddy, red gram and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. The results indicated that, about 6.98 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/ traders and contract marketing arrangement and 39.53 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, regulated market and cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 127.91 per cent of the households used tractor and 4.65 per cent of them used truck as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 32.56 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 39.53 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 90.7 per cent of the households used firewood, 2.33 per cent of the households used kerosene and 6.98 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 51.16 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 48.84 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 44.19 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 6.98 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL and 76.74 per cent of the sample households possessed BPL card and 16.28 per cent of the households did not possess any PDS card.  The results indicated that, 37.21 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 58.14 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 4.65 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 11.63 per cent, milk and egg were adequate for 53.49 per cent and meat were adequate for 51.16 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses and milk were inadequate for 41.86 per cent, oilseeds and fruits were inadequate for 62.79 per cent, vegetables were inadequate 5 for 51.16 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 69.77 per cent, milk were inadequate for 41.86 per cent and egg were inadequate were 44.19 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 30.23 per cent; vegetables were market surplus for 37.21 per cent and meat were market surplus for 18.60 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil and high rate of interest on credit was the constraint experienced by 46.51 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (55.81%),inadequacy of irrigation water (41.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals and less rainfall (48.84%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (4.65%), low price for the agricultural commodities(2.33%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market and Source of Agri-technology information (44.19%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Tigari-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 635 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 84 per cent is covered by soils, 14 per cent by rock outcrops and 2 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 14 soil series and 22 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 61 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface and 32 per cent loamy soils at the surface.  About 55 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area of about 94 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 44 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 50 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 17 per cent are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 8.4), 26 per cent are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 51 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Entire area in about 94 percent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  Entire area in about 94 per cent of the soils are medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (0.6 ppm) in the entire area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 235 (37) 155 (24) Sapota 101 (16) 146 (23) Maize 88 (14) 302 (47) Pomegranate 101 (16) 147 (23) Bajra 244 (38) 176 (28) Musambi 101 (16) 146 (23) Groundnut 10 (2) 341 (54) Lime 101 (16) 146 (23) Sunflower 101 (16) 146 (23) Amla 244 (38) 176 (28) Red gram 101 (16) 147 (23) Cashew 62 (10) 182 (29) Bengalgram 1 (<1) 363 (57) Jackfruit 101 (16) 146 (23) Cotton 39 (6) 350 (55) Jamun 38 (6) 207 (32) Chilli 222 (35) 167 (26) Custard apple 245 (39) 175 (28) Tomato 222 (35) 167 (26) Tamarind 38 (6) 63 (10) Brinjal 206 (32) 156 (24) Mulberry 88 (14) 158 (25) Onion 72 (11) 289 (45) Marigold 88 (14) 302 (47) Bhendi 72 (11) 290 (46) Chrysanthemum 88 (14) 302 (32) Drumstick 101 (16) 147 (23) Jasmine 88 (14) 301 (47) Mango 38 (6) 62 (10) Crossandra 101 (16) 289 (45) Guava 101 (16) 146 (23) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 91 (62.33%) men and 55 (37.67%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers was 3.5, small farmer was 4.3, semi medium farmer was 5.0, medium farmers were 6.3 and for large farmers it was 7.7.  The data indicated that 10 (6.85%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 68 (46.58%) were in 16-35 years of age, 47 (32.19 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 21 (14.38%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that micro watershed had 22.60 per cent illiterates, 40.41 per cent of the people had primary school education, 22.60 per cent of them had high school education, 9.59 per cent of them had PUC education, 2.05 per cent of them had degree education and another 2.05 per cent of them had done masters.  The results indicate that, 96.77 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 3.23 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 3.23 per cent were in government service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 36.99 per cent of the household members, 50 per cent were agricultural labourers, 10.96 per cent were students, 0.68 per cent were in government service and private service.  The results show that only 2 (1.37%) households have participated in self help groups, 1 household each has participated in NGO and dairy cooperative and remaining 97.26 per cent of the sampled households have not participated in any local institution.  The results indicate that 100 per cent of the households possess Katcha house in the micro watershed.  The results shows that 90.32 per cent of the households possess TV, 64.52 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 12.9 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 64.52 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 103.23 per cent of the households possess mobile phones and 6.45 per cent of the households possess computer/laptop.  The results shows that the average value of television was Rs. 4107, mixer grinder was Rs.1636, bicycle was Rs.1125, motor cycle was Rs. 33750, mobile phone was Rs.1818 and computer/laptop was Rs.27500.  About 51.61 per cent of the households possess plough, 25.81 per cent of them possess bullock cart and 61.29 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 9.68 per cent of the households possess tractor, 6.45 per cent of them possess sprinkler, 16.13 per cent of them possess chaff cutter, 9.68 per cent of them possess earth remover/duster and 90.32 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.1428, bullock cart was Rs.23750, sprayer was 2 Rs.2575, tractor was Rs. 300000, sprinkler was Rs. 8000, weeder was Rs.27, chaff cutter was Rs.2000 and earth remover or duster was Rs.26000.  The results indicate that, 38.71 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 12.9 per cent of the households possess local cow and 9.68 per cent of the households possess crossbred cows.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.71, average own labour (women) available was 1.42, average hired labour (men) available was 22.35 and average hired labour (women) available was 0.68.  The results indicate that, 16.13 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate and 80.65 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Tigari-2 micro watershed possess 4.66 ha (9.06%) of dry land and 46.77 ha (90.94%) of irrigated land. The average value of dry land was Rs. 364813 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 262902.  There were 21 functioning and 2 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. There was also one live open well reported among the sampled households in the micro watershed which belonged to a small farmer.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 74.19 per cent of the farmers and open well was the source of irrigation for 3.23 per cent of the farmers. The average depth of bore well was found to be 124.87 meters and the depth of open well was 0.98 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal farmers had 2.97 ha, small farmers had 7.38 ha, semi medium farmers had 8.23 ha, medium farmers had 7.94 ha and large farmers had 11.30 ha of irrigated area.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown Maize (16.98 ha), Bajra (14.37 ha), Sugarcane (4.94 ha), Cow pea (2.52 ha), Cotton (1.42 ha), Kharif-Bengal gram (0.91 ha), Jowar (0.81 ha), Brinjal (0.81 ha), Black gram (0.43 ha), Water melon (0.4 ha), Rabi-Bengal gram (0.15 ha), Onion (0.12 ha), Summer-Bengal gram (0.12 ha).  The cropping intensity in Tigari-2 micro watershed was found to be 79.22per cent. In case of Marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, for small farmers it was 58.47 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 99.70 per cent, for medium farmers it was 99.49 per cent and for large farmers it was 73.04 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 36020.59. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42939.81. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 6919.22, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.19. 3  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 35575.11. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22847.50. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs.-12727.61. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.64.  The total cost of cultivation for sugarcane was Rs. 519317.15. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 343571.96. The net income from sugarcane cultivation was Rs. -175745.20, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.66.  The total cost of cultivation for cowpea was Rs. 26044.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 55702.06. The net income from cowpea cultivation was Rs. 29657.07. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.14.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 27808.78. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 69865.71. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 42056.93. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.51.  The total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 89544.80. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 173584.96. The net income from bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 84040.16. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.94.  The total cost of cultivation for jowar was Rs. 31467.29. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 18543.42. The net income from jowar cultivation was Rs. -12923.86. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.59.  The total cost of cultivation for brinjal was Rs. 18391.83. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39396.50. The net income from brinjal cultivation was Rs. 21004.67. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.14.  The total cost of cultivation for blackgram was Rs. 41872.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 192007.56. The net income from blackgram cultivation was Rs. 150135.36. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.59.  The total cost of cultivation for watermelon was Rs. 73118.51. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 2119260. The net income from watermelon cultivation was Rs. 2046141.49. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:28.98.  The total cost of cultivation for onion was Rs. 269811.70. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs.2119260. The net income from onion cultivation was Rs. 2046141.49. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:28.98.  The results indicate that, 135 tonnes of dry fodder available among the sampled households and it is available 71 days in a year. About 87 tonnes of green fodder available among the households and it is available for 57 days in a year.  No households opined that dry fodder was adequate in the micro watershed. Around 48.39 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. Around 58.06 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and 3.23 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 209233. For marginal farmers it was Rs 154274, for small farmers it was Rs.136733, for semi 4 medium farmers it was Rs.177216, for medium farmers it was Rs. 227000 and for large farmers it was Rs. 656196.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 36111.11. For marginal farmers it was Rs.23700, for small farmers it was Rs.10956, for semi medium farmers it was Rs.25694.44, for medium farmers it was Rs.58222.22 and for large farmers it was Rs. 151666.67.  The results indicated that, Bengal gram, brinjal, cotton, jowar, onion and water melon were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Around 96.77 per cent of the farmers sold their produce in regulated markets, 16.13 per cent of the farmers have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society and 6.45 per cent of the farmers have sold their produce through contract marketing arrangement.  Around 96.77 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transport and 25.81 per cent have used truck as a mode of transport for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 48.39 per cent of the households used fire wood as a source of fuel, 41.94 per cent of the households used LPG and another 9.68 per cent of the households used biogas as a source of domestic fuel.  Bore well was the major source for drinking water for 96.77 per cent of the households and open well was the source of drinking water for 3.23 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Around 45.16 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 10 per cent of the marginal, 11.11 per cent of the small, 100 per cent of the semi medium, 100 per cent of the medium and 100 per cent of the large farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 70.97 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 29.03 per cent possessed APL card.  Around 48.39 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 40 percent of the marginal, 22.22 per cent of the small, 66.67 per cent of the semi medium, 100 percent of the medium and 66.67 per cent large farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 25.81 per cent of the households, vegetables were adequate for 6.45 per cent of the households, milk was adequate for 32.26 per cent of the households and egg was adequate for 6.45 per cent of the households, meat was adequate for 9.68 per cent of the households.  Oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, milk, egg and meat were market surplus for 70.97 per cent, 54.84 per cent, 22.58 per cent, 6.45 per cent, 12.90 per cent and 35.48 per cent respectively. 5  The results indicated that, wild animal menace on farm field was the constraint experienced by 3.23 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases (41.94%), inadequacy of irrigation water (6.45%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (32.26%), high rate of interest on credit (6.45%), low price for the agricultural commodities (9.68%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (29.03%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (38.71%), less rainfall (100%) and source of agri-technology information was a constraint for 83.87 per cent of the people. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chellari microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 575 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 95 per cent is covered by soils, 3 per cent by rock outcrops and 1 per cent is by water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 16 soil series and 31 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 85 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 10 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands.  An area of about 66 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and about 29 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 14 per cent soils are moderately acid to slightly acid (pH 5.5-6.5), 48 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 33 per cent soil are slightly to strongly alkaline (pH 7.3-9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in 87 per cent area.  Entire area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 35 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 18 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in available iron content.  Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 37 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 61(11) 253(44) Sapota 18(3) 211(37) Maize 46(8) 268(46) Pomegranate 18(3) 227(39) Bajra 92(16) 325(56) Guava 18(3) 211(37) Groundnut 64(11) 151(36) Jackfruit 18(3) 211(37) Sunflower 33(6) 182(32) Jamun - 212(37) Cotton 15(3) 294(51) Musambi 33(6) 211(37) Red gram 18(3) 194(34) Lime 33(6) 211(37) Bengalgram 43(8) 339(59) Cashew - 183(32) Chilli 18(3) 260(45) Custard apple 79(14) 360(63) Tomato 46(8) 232(40) Amla 77(13) 362(63) Brinjal 155 (27) 121(21) Tamarind - 137(24) Onion 155 (27) 71(12) Marigold 18(3) 296(51) Bhendi 155 (27) 121(21) Chrysanthemum 18(3) 296(51) Drumstick 18(3) 222(38) Jasmine 18(3) 280(49) Mulberry 18(3) 237(41) Crossandra 18(3) 242(42) Mango - 122(21) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 84 (56%) men and 66 (44%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.4, marginal farmers' was 4.89, small farmers' was 4, semi medium farmers' was 4.40 and medium farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 22 (14.67%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 54 (36%) were in 16-35 years of age, 58 (38.67%) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (10.67%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Chellari had 40.67 per cent illiterates, 44 per cent of them had primary school education, 6 per cent of them had middle school education, 3.33 per cent of them had high school education, 2 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.67 per cent of them did ITI and 2.67 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of households were practicing agriculture and 14.29 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 20 per cent of the household members, 61.33 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.67 per cent were in private service, 16.67 per cent were students and 0.67 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 2.86 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 91.43 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 2.86 per cent of them possess pucca house and another 2.86 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results show that 60 per cent of the households possess TV, 40 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 25.71 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 31.43 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 91.43 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.2904, mixer grinder was Rs.1321, bicycle was Rs. 1000, motor cycle was Rs.29000 and mobile phone was Rs.1769.  About 14.29 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 42.86 per cent of them possess plough, 2.86 per cent of the households possess tractor, 20 per cent of them possess sprayer, 60 per cent of them possess weeder and 22.86 per cent of them possess chaff cutter.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.20800, plough was Rs.763, the average value of tractor was Rs.300000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.3571, the average value of chaff cutter was Rs.1687 and the average value of weeder was Rs.19. 2  The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 11.43 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess crossbred cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.71, average own labour (women) available was 1.35, average hired labour (men) available was 10.39 and average hired labour (women) available was 13.03.  The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Chellari micro-watershed possess 22.04 ha (55.43%) of dry land and 17.72 ha (44.57%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.20 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 14.84 ha (85.04%) of dry land and 2.61 ha (14.96%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 7.62 ha (100%) and medium farmers possess 7.49 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 253984.57 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 360995.66. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 333033.70 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 215602.84 for dry land and Rs. 612713.20 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 406422.50 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 226972.97 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 13 functioning and 12 defunctioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 37.14 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 24.12 meters.  The results indicate that, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 2.02 ha, 6.24 ha and 12.32 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (18.1 ha), bajra (8.33 ha), groundnut (4.84 ha), sunflower (2.83 ha), cotton (1.68) redgram (0.81 ha), paddy (0.4 ha) Marginal farmers have grown maize, bajra, groundnut, redgram and sunflower. Small farmers have grown bajra, groundnut, maize, sunflower and cotton. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, bajra and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown maize only.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Chellari micro-watershed was found to be 92.88 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 100 per cent, small farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 81.58 and medium farmers it was 78.57 per cent.  The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the households have bank account and savings. 3  The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 51185.89. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50417.84. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. -768.05, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.98.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 28709.80. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 34991.67. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 6281.86. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.22.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 65797.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58539. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. - 7258.01. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.89.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 26021.49. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31397.27. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 5375.78. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.21.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 26650.77. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28448.31. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 1797.54. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.07.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 43854.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 73891.76. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 30037.48. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.68.  The results indicate that, 2.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 14.29 per cent opined that it was inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 74,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 55,544.44, for small farmers it was Rs. 86,388.46, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 115,000 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 95,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 4,881.23. For landless households it was Rs. 4,100, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,753.09, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,242.21, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 10,950 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 9,555.56.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 7 coconut and 3 mango tree in their fields.  The results indicate that, households have planted 82 neem trees in their field and 1 tree in their backyard.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 4,142.86 and for irrigation facility it was Rs. 285.71. 4  The results indicate that, government subsidy was the source of additional investment capacity for 42.86 per cent for land development and 7.5 per cent for irrigation facility. Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 11.43 per cent of the households for land development. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 17.14 per cent for land development and for 5.71 per cent for irrigation facility. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, all crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 62.86 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets and 31.43 per cent have sold their produce to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 91.43 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce and 2.86 per cent have used truck as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 71.43 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 88.89 per cent of the marginal farmers, 84.62 per cent of the small farmers, 80 per cent of semi medium and 66.67 per cent of medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent have shown interest in soil test which accounts for 88.89 per cent of marginal farmers and 100 per cent of the small, semi medium and medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used dung cake.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 94.29 per cent of the households and piped supply was the source of drinking water for 5.71 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of the landless, 100 per cent of the marginal, 15.38 per cent of the small, 100 per cent of the semi medium and 66.67 per cent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent of the households possessed APL card.  The results indicated that, 34.29 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 91.43 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 45.71 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 25.71 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 40 per cent, fruits were adequate for 37.14 per cent, milk was adequate for 20 per cent and eggs were adequate for 14.29 per cent. 5  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 8.57 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 54.29 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 65.71 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 54.29 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 45.71 per cent, milk was inadequate for 42.86 per cent and eggs were inadequate for 80 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (54.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (37.14%), inadequacy of irrigation water (17.14%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (37.14%), high rate of interest on credit (8.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (8.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (5.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (40%), inadequate extension services (11.43%), less rainfall (65.71%) and source of agri technology information (14.29%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Tatalageri-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 573 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 444 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 103 ha by forest and about 27 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 62 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100 - >150 cm) and 16 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 11 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 66 per cent clayey soils.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 23 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 5 per cent area very low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 34 per cent and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in 44 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 269(47) 74(13) Guava - - Maize - 344(60) Sapota - - Bajra - 343(60) Pomegranate - 282(49) Groundnut - 60(10) Musambi 178(31) 104(18) Sunflower 165(29) 116(20) Lime 178(31) 104(18) Redgram - 281(49) Amla - 344(60) Bengal gram 282(49) 62(11) Cashew - - Cotton 176(31) 168(29) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 333(58) Jamun - 282(49) Tomato - 229(40) Custard apple 282(49) 62(11) Brinjal 109(19) 234(41) Tamarind - 282(49) Onion 104(18) 64(11) Mulberry - - Bhendi 111(19) 232(41) Marigold - 344(60) Drumstick - 282(49) Chrysanthemum - 344(60) Mango - 5(1)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 107 (57.84%) men and 78 (42.16%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.3, marginal farmers' was 4.9, small farmers' was 6.5, semi medium farmers' was 5.8 and medium farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 23 (12.43%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 86 (46.49%) were in 16-35 years of age, 55 (29.73%) were in 36-60 years of age and 21 (11.35%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Tatalageri-2 had 64.32 per cent illiterates, 12.43 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.32 per cent of them had middle school education, 10.27 per cent of them had high school education, 3.78 per cent of them had PUC and degree, education and 0.54per cent of them had ITI and masters education.  The results indicate that, 88.24 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 5.88 per cent of the household heads were general laborers and 2.94 per cent were retired and housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 62.16 per cent of the household members, 6.49 per cent were general laborers, 1.62 per cent were government service, 5.41 per cent were private service,0.54 per cent were trade and business and retired, 16.22 per cent were students and 7.03 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions  The results indicate that 8.82 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 55.88 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 35.29 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 85.29 per cent of the households possess TV, 20.59 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 11.76 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 35.29 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.94 per cent of the households possess tempo and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 4,948, mixer/grinder was Rs.680, bicycle was Rs. 1,125, motor cycle was Rs. 51,833, tempo was Rs.150,000 and mobile phone was Rs.2,078.  About 8.82 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 44.12 per cent of them possess plough, 26.47 per cent possess seed/fertilizer drill, 8.82 per cent of them possess tractor, 35.29 per cent of them possess sprayer, 38.24 per cent of them possess weeder and 11.43 per cent of them possess chaff cutter.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 13,666, plough was Rs.2,710, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs.2,966, tractor was Rs. 600,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,691, weeder was Rs.37 and the average value of chaff cutter was was Rs.3,000. 2  The results indicate that, 44.12 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 35.29 per cent of the households possess local cow, 17.65 per cent of the households possess buffalo, 2.95 per cent of the possess sheep, 11.76 per cent of them possess goat and 14.71 per cent of the households possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.97, average own labour (women) available was 1.81, average hired labour (men) available was 9.03 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.47.  The results indicate that, 94.12 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Tatalageri-2 micro-watershed possess 21.42 ha (64.69%) of dry land and 11.69 ha (35.31%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 11.06 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 7.12 ha (75.85%) of dry land and 2.27 ha (24.15%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 3.24 ha (33.09%) of dry land and 6.55 ha (66.91%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.87 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 546,088.44 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 641,447.37. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 736,571.53 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 400,198.98 for dry land and Rs. 1,058,571.42 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 216,125 for dry land and the average land value was Rs 656,427.69 of irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 278,309.86 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 6 functioning bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, 17.65 per cent bore well and 2.94 per cent open well was the major irrigation source in the micro watershed for per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 10.53 meters and depth of the open well was found to be 0.27 meters.  The results indicate that small and semi-medium farmers had an irrigated area of 2.27 ha and 5.34 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (9.75 ha), sorghum (9.57 ha), paddy (6.65 ha), cotton (5.1 ha) and green gram (0.87 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram, cotton, green gram, sunflower and sorghum. Small farmers possess red gram, green gram, paddy, cotton and sorghum. Semi medium farmers have grown red gram, sorghum, cotton and paddy. Medium farmers have grown only paddy.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Tatalageri-2 micro-watershed was found to be 68.21 per cent.  The results indicate that, 67.65 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 67.65 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. 3  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 31131.18. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49674.77. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 18543.59. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.6.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 36909.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 52794.64. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 15884.78. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.43.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 37360.96. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74998.63. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 37637.67. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.01.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 27263.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26815.79. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. - 447.95. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.98.  The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 41351.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 76165.91. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 34814.24. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.84.  The total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 29326.58. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28393.46. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. -933.13. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.97.  The results indicate that, 50 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.94 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 151,666.67 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 108,076.25, for small farmers it was Rs. 151,942.50, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 206,950 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 330,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 18,020.50. For landless households it was Rs. 42,777.78, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,861.15, for small farmers it was Rs. 19,625, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 14,930.72 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 160,001.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 13 mango and 1 coconut trees in their field and 1 coconut tree in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 55 neem and 3 tamarind trees in their field and 2 teak trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,147.06 for land development, Rs.1,264.71 for irrigation facility, Rs. 294.12 for improved crop production, Rs.117.65 for improved livestock management and Rs.58.82 for subsidiary enterprises.  The results indicated that government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.95 per cent for land development and irrigation facility. Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 14.71 per cent for land development, 2.94 per cent for irrigation facility, improved livestock management and subsidiary enterprises and 8.82 per cent for improved crop production. Own funds was the source of additional 4 investment for 2.94 per cent for improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.94 per cent of the households for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 92.78 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 88.46 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 94.93 per cent, red gram to the extent of 92.11 per cent, sorghum to the extent of 25 per cent and sunflower to the extent of 100 per cent. The results indicated that, about 88.24 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 14.71 per cent of them sold in regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 5.88 per cent of the households have used cart and 94.12 per cent have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 94.12 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 91.18 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 79.41 per cent of the households used firewood and 23.53 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 61.76 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 85.29 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, oilseeds were adequate for 23.53 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 76.47 per cent, milk was adequate for 91.18 per cent and eggs were adequate for 14.71 per cent.  The results indicated that oilseeds were inadequate for 76.47 per cent of the households, vegetables were inadequate for 20.59 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 100 per cent, milk was inadequate for 8.82 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 85.29 per cent and meat was inadequate for 100 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 94.12 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field and frequent incidence of pest and diseases (91.18%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.82%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals and high rate of interest on credit (88.24%), low price for the agricultural commodities (82.35%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (91.18%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (35.29%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belur-6 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 621 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent is covered by soil and 2 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 10 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  Entire area in the microwatershed is clayey at the surface.  About 72 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 10 per cent is nearly level (0-1%) and 88 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 32 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 66 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 9.0) in reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are 337 kg/ha) in 69 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (<10 ppm) in 79 per cent and medium (10-20 ppm) in 20 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (<0.5 ppm) in 4 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 94 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is deficient (<4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 300(48) 313(50) Sapota - - Maize - 613(98) Pomegranate - 493(79) Bajra - 613(98) Musambi 300(48) 193(31) Groundnut - - Lime 300(48) 193(31) Sunflower 300(48) 193(31) Amla - 613(98) Redgram - 364(58) Cashew - - Bengal gram 300(48) 313(50) Jackfruit - - Cotton 300(48) 313(50) Jamun - 364(58) Chilli - - Custard apple 300(48) 313(50) Tomato - - Tamarind - 364(58) Brinjal - 612(98) Mulberry - 436(70) Onion - - Marigold - 613(98) Bhendi - 612(98) Chrysanthemum - 613(98) Drumstick - 493(79) Jasmine - 120(19) Mango - 64(10) Crossandra - 236(38) Guava - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 2 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey in Belur-6 microwatershed indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Belur-6 micro-watershed among them 5 (14.29 %) were landless farmers, 11 (31.43 %) were marginal farmers, 8 (22.86 %) were small farmers, 8 (22.86 %) were semi medium farmer and 3 (8.57 %) were medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 72 (50.70 %) men and 70 (49.30 %) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless' was 4, marginal farmers' was 4, small farmers' was 3.25, semi medium farmers' was 4.8 and medium farmers' was 4.3.  The data indicated that, 19 (13.38 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 65 (45.77 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 39 (27.46 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 19 (13.38 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Belur-6 had 21.83 per cent illiterates, 26.76 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.93 per cent of them had middle school education, 8.45 per cent of them had high school education, 9.86 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.70 per cent of them had Diploma, 4.23 per cent of them had ITI and 19.72 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 77.14 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 17.14 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were Student.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 19.72 per cent of the household members, 68.31 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.78 per cent were in government service, 5.33 per cent were in private service, 9.86 per cent were students, 2.96 per cent were housewives and 2.11 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any of the institution.  The results indicate that 82.86 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 17.14 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 85.71 per cent of the households possess TV, 8.57 per cent of the households possess DVD/VCD Player, 25.71 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 14.29 per cent of the households possess Refrigerator, 11.43 per cent of them possess bicycle, 57.14 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 5.71 per cent of the households possess Computer/Laptop, 5.71 per cent of the households possess Landline Phone and Car/Four Wheeler and 82.86 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs 6,376, DVD/VCD Player mixer was Rs 1,400, grinder was Rs 695, Refrigerator was Rs 11,400, bicycle was Rs 650, motor cycle was Rs. 34,142 mobile phone was Rs. 3,400, Car/Four 2 Wheeler was Rs. 200,000, Landline Phone was Rs. 1,150 and Computer/Laptop was Rs. 32,000.  About 5.71 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 8.57 per cent of them possess plough, 8.57 per cent possess tractor, 8.57 per cent of them possess sprayer, 22.86 per cent of them possess weeder, 5.71 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 2.86 per cent of them possess Cultivator.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 22,500, plough was Rs. 5,666, tractor was Rs 233,333, sprayer was Rs. 1,933, average value of weeder was Rs. 20, average value of chaff cutter was 1,500 and the average value of Cultivator was Rs. 16.  The results indicate that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 14.29 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Crossbred cow and 2.86 per cent of the households possess Buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.77, average own labour (women) available was 1.40, average hired labour (men) available was 10.11 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.31.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Belur-6 micro-watershed possess 36.56 ha (78.71%) of dry land and 9.89 ha (21.29 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.58 ha (94.74 %) of dry land and 0.42 ha (5.26 %) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 6.77 ha (73.94 %) of dry land and 2.39 ha (26.06 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 17.67 ha (85.36 %) of dry land and 3.03 ha (14.64 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.53 ha (52.83 %) of dry land and 4.05 ha (47.17 %) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 215,995.13 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 394,310.28. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 487,673.43 for dry land and Rs. 1,187,500.04. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 295,101.56 for dry land and Rs. 586,101.71 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 107,489.69 for dry land and Rs. 329,773.03 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 66,160.72 for dry land and Rs. 247,000 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 14 functioning and 4 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 40 per cent of the farmers and tank was for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 4.27 meters and tank was found to be 2.18 meters. 3  The results indicate that small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 2.39 ha, 1.30 ha and 2.02 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown Bajra (1.66 ha), Bengal gram (6.98 ha), Jowar (6.48 ha), maize (18.59 ha), Sorghum (2.11 ha), Onion (2.02 ha), Sunflower (5.36 ha) and Wheat (3.34 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Belur-6 micro-watershed was found to be 68.79 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 14668.66. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29519.51. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 14850.85. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.01.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bengal gram was Rs. 38810.60. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44061.69. The net income from bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 5251.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.14.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Wheat was Rs. 26294.51. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41706.90. The net income from Wheat cultivation was Rs. -240248.31. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.59.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Onion was Rs. 113731.40. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 195184.89. The net income from Onion cultivation was Rs. 81453.49. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.72.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 31309.90. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45272.88. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 13962.97. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.45.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 29439.21. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41629.79. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 12190.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.41.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 15508.99. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38039.60. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 22530.61. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.45.  The results indicate that, 8.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 11.43 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and dry fodder was inadequate for 11.43 per cent of the households.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 28,200 for landless households, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 62,875.45, for small farmers it was Rs. 4 81,625, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 130,562.50 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 276,966.67.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 9,940.26. For landless households it was Rs. 2,880, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,682.64, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,609.38, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 11,911.46 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 53,611.11.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 51 coconut trees in their field and1 in backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 20 neem and 2 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicated that, Bajra, Bengalgram, Jowar, Onion, Sorghum, Sunflower and Wheat were sold to the extent of 100 per cent and Maize was sold to the extent of 94.18 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 11.43 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 85.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market and 5.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to Cooperative marketing Society.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 82.86 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households used firewood, 2.86 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel and 2.86 per cent of the households used Kerosene.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent of the households and bore well was the major source of drinking water for 94.29 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL card, 94.29 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 91.43 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 65.71 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 8.57 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 20 per cent, milk was adequate for 28.57 5 per cent, Fruits was adequate for 60 per cent, eggs were adequate for 31.43 per cent and meat was adequate for 17.14 per cent.  The results indicated that, Cereals were inadequate for 8.57 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 31.43 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 88.57 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 20 per cent, milk was inadequate for 60 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 68.57 per cent and meat was inadequate for 54.29 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (65.71 %), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (22.86 %), inadequacy of irrigation water (37.14 %), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (17.14 %), high rate of interest on credit (17.14 %), low price for the agricultural commodities (14.29 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.43 %), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (25.71 %), less rainfall (57.14 %) and source of agri-technology information (25.71 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Raghunathanahalli West-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 238 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 97 per cent is covered by soils and 2 per cent is by water bodies and less than one per cent by rock outcrops. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 6 Land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 55 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface and an area of 42 per cent has loamy soils.  About 42 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 84 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands and 14 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) lands.  About 80 per cent area is slightly eroded (e1) and about 18 per cent area is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  Major area of about 81 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) to very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) and 16 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 38 per cent area.  An area of about 57 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 30 per cent area.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 3 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in 25 per cent area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 52 per cent area.  Available copper and manganese are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 194 (82) Pomegranate - 89 (38) Maize - 104 (44) Guava - - Bajra - 113 (47) Jackfruit - - Groundnut - 104 (44) Jamun - 89 (38) Sunflower - 89 (38) Musambi - 89 (38) Cotton 27 (11) 167 (70) Lime - 89 (38) Red gram - 89 (38) Cashew - 4 (2) Bengalgram 27 (11) 114 (48) Custard apple 27 (11) 171 (72) Chilli - 113 (47) Amla - 198 (83) Tomato - 104 (44) Tamarind - 89 (38) Drumstick - 89 (38) Marigold - 194 (82) Mulberry - 31 (13) Chrysanthemum - 194 (82) Mango - - Jasmine - 105 (44) Sapota - - Crossandra - 140 (59) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 105 (58.99%) men and 73 (41.01%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of marginal farmers' was 5.2, small farmers' was 5.15, semi medium farmers' was 4.6, medium farmers' was 10 and large farmers' was 3.  The data indicated that, 23 (12.92%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 75 (42.13%) were in 16-35 years of age, 64 (35.96%) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (8.99%) were above 61 years  The results indicated that Raghunathanahalli West-2 had 22.47 per cent illiterates, 34.83 per cent of them had primary school education, 5.62 per cent of them had middle school education, 19.10 per cent of them had high school education, 4.49 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.69 per cent had diploma and masters, 0.56 per cent did ITI and 5.06 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 94.29 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers and private service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 66.29 per cent of the household members, 8.99 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.12 per cent were in general labour and government service, 0.56 per cent were in artisans, trade and business and housewives, 3.93 per cent were in private service, 15.17 per cent were student and 1.69 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 5.71 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 71.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 11.43 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house and semi pacca house.  The results show that 77.14 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.86 per cent of them possess DVD/VCD player, refrigerator, land line and computer/ laptop, 68.57 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 57.14 per cent of them possess bicycle, 51.43 per cent of them possess motor cycle, 5.71 per cent of them possess auto and 97.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 3151, DVD/VCD player was Rs.1300, mixer grinder was Rs. 1383, refrigerator was Rs.12000, bicycle was Rs.1033, motor cycle was Rs. 28,485, auto was Rs. 21,000, land line was Rs. 1,200, mobile phone was Rs. 802 and computer/laptop was Rs. 30,000.  About 14.29 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, plough and tractor, 2.86 per cent possess seed/ fertilizer drill, 28.57 per cent of them possess sprayer, 2 88.57 per cent of them possess weeder 11.43 per cent possess chaff cutter and 5.71 per cent possess earth remover/ duster.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 12,800, plough was Rs. 2,360, seed/ fertilizer drill was Rs. 35,000, tractor was Rs. 240,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,650, weeder was Rs.62, Chaff cutter was Rs. 1,650 and the average value of earth remover/ duster was Rs.10,000.  The results indicate that, 5.71 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 20.00 per cent of the households possess local cow, 8.57 per cent possess buffalo and 2.86 per cent of the households possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.11, average own labour (women) available was 1.60, average hired labour (men) available was 11.11 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.26. The results indicate that, 888.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 11.43 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Raghunathanahalli West-2 microwatershed possess 82.57 ha (92.87%) of dry land and 6.34 ha (7.13%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.60 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 17.50 ha (96.93%) of dry land and 0.55 ha (3.07%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 22.67 ha (88.79%) of dry land and 2.86 ha (11.21%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.92 ha (100%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 34.80 ha (100%) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 108,954.57 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 378,544.07. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 328,982.42 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 191,362.16 for dry land and Rs. 360,583.94 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 121,251.34 for dry land and Rs. 489,108.92 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 273,684.22 for irrigated land. In case of large farmers it was Rs. 11,488.37 for dry land.  The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning and 1 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 2.61 meters.  The results indicate that semi medium farmers had an irrigated area of 2.49 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (7.27 ha), bengal gram (12.96 ha), green gram (4.59 ha), groundnut (2.83 ha), maize (5.57 ha), navane (0.55 ha), red gram (2.43 ha), sorghum (11.91 ha) and sunflower (18.61 ha). Marginal 3 farmers have grown bajra groundnut, red gram, sorghum and sunflower. While small farmers have grown bajra, Bengal gram, navane, sorghum, sunflower and maize. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, Bengal gram, green gram, groundnut, maize, red gram, sorghum and sunflower. Medium farmers have grown sunflower and Bengal gram. Large farmers have grown Bengal gram and sorghum.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Raghunathanahalli West-2 micro-watershed was found to be 75.10 per cent.  The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 20534.76. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24896.58. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 4361.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.21.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 29001.41. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 43669.40. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 14668.00. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.51.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 17450.25. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30372.61. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 12922.36. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.74.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 35453.60. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41303.89. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 5850.29. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.17.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for jowar was Rs. 18725.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27559.83. The net income from jowar cultivation was Rs. 8834.00. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.47.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 31548.18. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 48720.69. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 17172.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.54.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 30370.30. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56251.09. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 25880.80. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.85. 4  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 20232.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28960.75. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 8728.56. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.43.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 20948.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23650.01. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 2701.03. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.13.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 23157.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35766.20. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 12608.34. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.54.  The results indicate that, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and green fodder was adequate for 25.71 per cent of the households.  The results indicate that the annual gross income for marginal farmers it was Rs. 98,350, for small farmers it was Rs. 92,320.77, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 132,700, for medium farmers it was Rs. 488,000 and for large farmers it was Rs115,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 16,211.77. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,363.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 8,565.02, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 152,433.33, for medium farmers it was Rs. 170,000 and for large farmers it was Rs. 100,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 44 coconut trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 6 yeak, 44 neem and 15 tamarind trees in their field.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 96.3 per cent, Bengal gram, green gram, groundnut, jowar, maize, red gram and sunflower was sold to the extent 100 per cent, Navane was sold to the extent of 83.33 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 98.25 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 34.29 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 80 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 20 per cent of them sold their produce through contract marketing arrangement.  The results indicated that, 14 per cent of the households used cart and 120 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. 5  The results indicated that, 54.29 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 74.29 per cent of the households used firewood and 28.57 per cent of the household used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 48.57 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 40 per cent, open well and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 34.29 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL, 88.57 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 8.57 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 94.29 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 65.71 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 34.29 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 68.57 per cent, milk was adequate for 62.86 per cent and meat were adequate for 2.86.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 31.43 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 45.71 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 17.14 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 51.43 per cent, milk was inadequate for 31.43 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 65.71 per cent and meat was inadequate for 57.14 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 17.14 per cent of the households and vegetables was market surplus for 11.43 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 57.14 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (71.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (88.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (22.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (74.29%), high rate of interest on credit (62.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (60%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (65.71%), inadequate extension services (2.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (54.29%) , less rainfall (45.71%) and source of agritechnology information (22.86%) ; Not Available

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Naregallu-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 551 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 99 per cent is covered by soils and 1 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and 4 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface.  About 89 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 8 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 90 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 51 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 48 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 37 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 61 per cent soil are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Entire cultivated area in the microwatershed is low (1.0 ppm) in available boron content.  An area of about 22 per cent is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) and 76 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 207(38) 284(52) Sapota 34(6) - Maize 33(6) 459(83) Pomegranate 34(6) 400(73) Bajra 34(6) 457(83) Guava 34(6) - Groundnut 34(6) - Jackfruit 34(6) - Sunflower 172(31) 262(48) Jamun 34(6) 310(56) Cotton 175(32) 318(57) Musambi 172(31) 262(48) Red gram 34(6) 345(63) Lime 172(31) 262(48) Bengalgram 206(37) 286(52) Cashew 34(6) - Chilli 34(6) - Custard apple 207(38) 285(52) Tomato 34(6) - Amla 34(6) 458(83) Brinjal 33(6) 459(83) Tamarind 34(6) 310(56) Onion 33(6) 2(<1) Marigold 34(6) 458(83) Bhendi 33(6) 459(83) Chrysanthemum 34(6) 458(83) Drumstick 34(6) 400(73) Jasmine 34(6) 57(10) Mulberry 34(6) 345(62) Crossandra 34(6) 166(30) Mango 34(6) 116(21)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 94 (56.29%) men and 73 (43.71%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3, marginal farmers' was 4.2, small farmers' was 3.83, semi medium farmers' was 5 and medium farmers' was 4.  The data indicated that, 18 (10.78%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 69 (41.32%) were in 16-35 years of age, 64 (38.32%) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (9.58%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Naregallu-3 had 36.53 per cent illiterates, 35.33 per cent of them had primary school education, 4.19 per cent of them had middle school education, 13.77 per cent of them had high school education, 7.19 per cent of them had PUC education and 1.20 per cent had diploma and ITI.  The results indicate that, 97.5 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 2.5 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 23.95 per cent of the household members, 61.68 per cent were agricultural labourers and 14.37 per cent were student.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 5 per cent of the households possess thatched house and 95 per cent of the households possess katcha houses.  The results show that 70 per cent of the households possess TV, 17.5 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 7.50 per cent of them possess bicycle, 35 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.50 per cent of them possess auto and landline phone and 90 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,732, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,700, bicycle was 1,175, motor cycle was Rs. 32,357, auto was 300,000, landline was 4,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,492.  About 12.50 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 17.50 per cent of them possess plough, 5 per cent of them possess seed/ fertilizer drill,2.5 per cent of them possess sprayer, 12.50 per cent of them possess weeder, and 17.50 per cent of them possess chaff cutter. T  he results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 17,060, plough was Rs. 2800, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 8,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,000, weeder was Rs. 21 and the average value of chaff cutter was Rs. 441.  The results indicate that, 22.50 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 7.50 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.50 per cent possess buffalo and goat. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.40, average own labour (women) available was 1.85, average hired labour (men) available was 6.25 and average hired labour (women) available was 6.4.  The results indicate that 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Naregallu-3 micro-watershed possess 29.15 ha (59.87%) of dry land and 19.54 ha (40.13%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.84 ha (86.61%) of dry land and 0.90 ha (13.39%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 14.26 ha (84.63%) of dry land and 2.59 ha (15.37%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 9.05 ha (40.66%) of dry land and 13.21 ha (59.34%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.83 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 264,006.11 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 450,207.13. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 530,630.63 for dry land and Rs. 1,218,385.64 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 238,308.74 for dry land and Rs. 694,687.49 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 132,498.88 for dry land and Rs. 400,949.47 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 211,714.29 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 11 functioning and 6 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there was 1 functioning open well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 27.50 per cent of the farmers and open well was the major source of irrigation for 2.50 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 13.72 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 3.05 meters.  The results indicate that marginal, small and semi medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.78 ha, 2.55 ha and 11.92 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (31.79 ha), sunflower (4.91 ha), sorghum (4.61 ha), Bengal gram (2.14 ha), paddy (1.62 ha), chilly and jowar (1.21 ha). Marginal farmers have grown maize and Bengal gram, while small farmers have grown maize, sunflower, sorghum, Bengal gram paddy and jowar. Semi medium farmers have grown maize, sunflower, sorghum, paddy and chilly. Medium farmers have grown maize.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Naregallu-3 micro-watershed was found to be 88.20 per cent.  The results indicate that, 55 per cent of the households have bank account and savings. 3  The results indicate that, 55 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 81.82 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank, 4,55 per cent of them borrowed from friends/relatives, grameena bank and money lender, 9.09 per cent of the households borrowed from SHGs and CBOs. The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 59,409.09.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the household's availed credit for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from private sources.  The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the credit borrowed from private credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 33037.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45231.00. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 12193.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.37.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 57632.23. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 89969.75. The net income from chilly cultivation was Rs. 32337.52. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.56.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 57632.23. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 89969.75. The net income from chilly cultivation was Rs. 32337.52. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.56.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 57632.23. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 89969.75. The net income from chilly cultivation was Rs. 32337.52. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.56.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 28263.78. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 88272.38. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 60008.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.12. 4  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 28263.78. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 88272.38. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 60008.60. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.12.  The results indicate that, 7.50 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, green fodder was adequate for 2.50 per cent of the households and 20 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was in adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 68,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 64,250, for small farmers it was Rs. 79,483.33, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 98,566.67 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 160,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 5,928.42. For landless households it was Rs. 4,200, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 4,682, for small farmers it was Rs. 5,366.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 5,409.72 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 40,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 37 coconut tree trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 1 teak 14 neem, 6 tamarind, 9 acacia and 4 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicated that, Bengal gram was sold to the extent 52.63 per cent, chilly was sold to the extent of 90 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 96.01 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 52 per cent, sorghum was sold to the extent of 54.55 per cent and sunflower were sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 2.50 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 82.50 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market and 12.50 per cent of them sold their produce through contract marketing arrangement.  The results indicated that, 95 per cent of the households used tractor and 2.50 per cent of them used flight as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 20 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 67.50 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 95 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.5 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 45 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 55 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 42.50 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. 5  The results indicated that, 2.50 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL card and 95 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 62.50 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 90 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 72.50 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 17.50 per cent, vegetables and egg were adequate for 7.50 per cent, fruits were adequate for 12.50 per cent, milk was adequate for 5 per cent and meat were adequate for 2.50 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were in adequate for 10 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 27.50 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 65 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 70 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 67.50 per cent, milk was inadequate for 82.50 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 90 per cent and meat was inadequate for 75 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 15 per cent of the households,vegetables were market surplus for 20 per cent of the households, fruits were market surplus for 7.50 per cent of the households and meat were market surplus for 2.50 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 72.50 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (75%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (57.50%), inadequacy of irrigation water (45%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (30%), high rate of interest on credit and lack of marketing facilities in the area (20%), low price for the agricultural commodities (22.5%), inadequate extension services (10%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (25%), less rainfall (60%) and Source of Agri-technology information (37.5%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Budar Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 646 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 634 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and 11 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 3 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 69 per cent area are very shallow to shallow (150 cm).  About 6 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy, 25 per cent area loamy and 66 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  Maximum of 63 per cent area in the microwatershed is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 2 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 69 per cent area very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  14 per cent area is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, 34 per area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 50 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium and 53 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (0.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  About 71 per cent area is deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 187(29) Guava - - Maize - 187(29) Sapota - - Bajra - 187(29) Pomegranate - 172(27) Groundnut - 15(2) Musambi - 172(27) Sunflower - 172(27) Lime - 172(27) Redgram - 172(27) Amla - 15(2) Bengal gram - 172(27) Cashew - - Cotton - 172(27) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 187(29) Jamun - - Tomato - 15(2) Custard apple - 187(29) Brinjal - 15(2) Tamarind - - Onion - 15(2) Mulberry - - Bhendi - 187(29) Marigold - 187(29) Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - 187(29) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 44 farmers were sampled in Budar micro-watershed among them 6 (13.64 %) were landless, 16 (36.36 %) were marginal farmers, 11 (25 %) were small farmers, 10 (22.73 %) were semi medium farmers and 1 (2.27 %) were medium farmers.  The data indicated that there were 122 (54.46 %) men and 102 (45.54 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.16, marginal farmers' was 5.06, small farmers' was 5.81, semi medium farmers' was 5.1 and medium farmers' was 3.  The data indicated that, 48 (21.43 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 92 (41.07 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 68 (30.36 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (7.14 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Budar had 49.55 per cent illiterates, 15.18 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.23 per cent of them had middle school education, 12.95 per cent of them had high school education, 6.25 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.45 per cent had diploma education, 0.89 per cent had ITI education, 6.70 per cent of them had degree education and 0.45 per cent of them had Masters education.  The results indicate that, 72.73 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 27.27 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourer.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 39.29 per cent of the household members, 22.77 per cent were agricultural laborers, 3.57 per cent were general laborers, 0.45 per cent were Household industry, 0.45 per cent were Government Service, 3.57 per cent were in private service, 19.20 per cent were students, 5.36 per cent were housewives and 5.36 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the households have not participated in any institutions.  The results indicate that 88.64 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 11.36 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 97.73 per cent of the households possess TV, 38.64 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 2.27 per cent of them possess Bicycle, 36.36 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.27 per cent of them possess Landline Phone and 95.45 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,879, mixer/grinder was Rs.2,352, Bicycle was Rs. 3,000, motor cycle was Rs. 39,125, Landline Phone was Rs. 2,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,349.  About 22.73 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 22.73 per cent of them possess plough, 2.27 per cent each of them possess Transplanter/Grinder and 2 sprayer, 20.45 per cent of them possess Weeder, 2.27 per cent of them possess Harvester and 4.55 per cent of them possess Chaff Cutter.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 32,000, plough was Rs. 3,153, Transplanter/Grinder was Rs. 15,000, Sprayer was Rs. 4,000, Weeder was Rs. 40, Harvester was Rs. 100 and Chaff Cutter Rs. 150.  The results indicate that, 18.18 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 6.82 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.27per cent of the households possess buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.45, average own labour (women) available was 1.58, average hired labour (men) available was 9.11 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.42.  The results indicate that, 86.11 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 20.45 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Budar micro-watershed possess 49.59 ha (95.15 %) of dry land and 2.53 ha (4.85 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 10.62 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 13.67 ha (96.43 %) of dry land and 0.51 ha (3.57 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 25.29 ha (100 %) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (100 %) of irrigated.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 334,829.84 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 474,240. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 715,123.81 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 373,644.17 for dry land and Rs. 1,383,200 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 154,128 for dry land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for Irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 2 functioning and 1 De-functioning bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 4.55 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 1.25 meters.  The data regarding the irrigated area (ha) in Budar micro-watershed is presented in Table 21. The results indicate that small and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.51 ha and 2.02 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (2.02 ha), sorghum (6.07 ha), paddy (2.02 ha), Bengal gram (2.11 ha), Greengram (0.15 ha) and red gram (39.58 ha). Marginal farmers have grown Greengram, red gram and sorghum. Small farmers have grown cotton, red gram and sorghum. Semi medium farmers have grown Bengal gram, red gram and sorghum. Medium farmers have grown paddy. 3  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Budar micro-watershed was found to be 93.04 per cent.  The results indicate that, 56.82 per cent of the households have bank account and 27.27 per cent of the households have Savings.  The results indicate that, 56.82 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 29827.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 58228.97. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 28401.06. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.95.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 28970.32. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40755. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 11784.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.41.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 21637.48. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50388. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 28750.52. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.33.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 16155.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 13199.06. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. -2956.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 0.82.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Green gram was Rs. 78421.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 233648.65. The net income from Green gram cultivation was Rs. 155226.85. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.98.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 14664.73. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23750. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 9085.27. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.62.  The results indicate that, 22.73 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 4.55 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 70,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 68,068.75, for small farmers it was Rs. 94,045.45, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 162,850 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 142,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 8,387.31. For landless households it was Rs. 12,333.33, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,605.21, 4 for small farmers it was Rs. 4,490.36, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9,596.43 and medium farmers it was Rs. 60,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 2 Coconut, 30 Custard apple and 18 mango trees in their field and also 2 coconut trees in their back yard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 200 banyan, 40 tamarind, 20 Eucalyptus, 6 Teak and 55 neem trees in their field and also 1 each of neem and tamarind trees in their back yard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3,568.18 for land development, Rs. 2,727.27 for irrigation facility, Rs. 68.18 for improved livestock management, Rs. 886.36 for improved crop production and Rs. 22.73 for Subsidiary enterprises.  The results indicated that government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 17.78 per cent for land development. Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 22.22 per cent for land development, for 22.22 per cent for improved crop production, for 2.22 per cent each for irrigation facility and subsidiary enterprises. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 2.22 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, Bengalgram, cotton and Greengram was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Paddy was sold to the extent of 90 per cent, red gram was sold to the extent of 95.21 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 87.5 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 2.27 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to Agent/Traders, 61.36 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 25 per cent of them sold in regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 86.36 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce and 2.27 per cent of the households have used Truck as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 81.82 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 84.09 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 88.64 per cent of the households used firewood and 11.36 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 93.18 per cent of the households in the micro watershed, Bore Well was the major source of drinking water for 6.82 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and Canal/Nala was the major source of drinking water for 2.27 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. 5  The results indicated that, 34.09 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 81.82 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 86.36 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 97.73 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 86.36 per cent, Fruits were adequate for 15.91 per cent, milk was adequate for 81.82 per cent and eggs were adequate for 50 per cent  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 13.64 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 2.27 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 11.36 per cent, Fruits were inadequate for 81.82 per cent, milk was inadequate for 4.55 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 52.27 per cent and Meat were inadequate for 79.55 per cent of the households,  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 86.36 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (79.55 %), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (75 %), inadequacy of irrigation water (2.27 %), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (75 %), High rate of interest on credit(65.91 %), low price for the agricultural commodities (59.09 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (63.64 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (75 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hatti-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 555 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils and 1 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 25 soil phases (management units) and 6 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in about 51 per cent and high (>320 ppm) in 48 per cent soils.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 78 per cent area and 22 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm).  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 60 per cent and 39 per cent area is deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 75 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 71 (13) 247 (44) Sapota 68 (12) 31 (6) Maize 58 (10) 260 (47) Pomegranate 68 (12) 49 (9) Bajra 70 (13) 267 (48) Musambi 68 (12) 49 (9) Groundnut 55 (10) 323 (58) Lime 68 (12) 49 (9) Sunflower 55 (10) 62 (11) Amla 99 (18) 427 (77) Red gram 55 (10) 99 (18) Cashew 2 (<1) 143 (26) Bengalgram 13 (2) 309 (56) Jackfruit 68 (12) 31 (6) Cotton 13 (2) 340 (61) Jamun - 97 (17) Chilli 58 (10) 242 (44) Custard apple 113 (20) 414 (75) Tomato 58 (10) 242 (44) Tamarind - 68 (12) Brinjal 44 (8) 428 (77) Mulberry 68 (12) 270 (49) Onion - 440 (80) Marigold 58 (10) 260 (47) Bhendi - 458 (83) Chrysanthemum 58 (10) 260 (47) Drumstick 68 (12) 137 (25) Jasmine 58 (10) 242 (44) Mango - 68 (12) Crossandra 58 (10) 278 (50) Guava 55 (10) 44 (8)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 104 (57.46%) men and 77 (42.54%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of marginal farmers' was 4, small farmers' was 4.8, semi medium farmers' was 5, medium farmers' was 5.5 and large farmers' was 6.  The data indicated that, 31 (17.13%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 78 (43.09%) were in 16-35 years of age, 48 (26.52%) were in 36-60 years of age and 24 (13.26%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hatti-1 had 33.15 per cent illiterates, 1.66 per cent functional literates, 32.04 per cent of them had primary school education, 11.60 per cent of them had middle school education, 13.26 per cent of them had high school education, 2.21 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.55 per cent did ITI and 3.31 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 94.74 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 5.26 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 2.63 per cent were in private service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 60.22 per cent of the household members, 12.71 per cent were agricultural laborers, 3.31 per cent were general labourers, 3.31 per cent were in private service, 16.02 per cent were students and 2.76 per cent were children.  The results show that, 0.55 per cent of the households participated in raitha sangha and 99.45 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 89.47 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 2.63 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house and 7.89 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results show that 2.63 per cent of the households possess radio, 84.21 per cent of the households possess TV, 36.84 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 2.63 per cent of them possess refrigerator, 47.37 per cent possess bicycle, 34.21 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 89.47 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of radio was Rs.1,000, television was Rs.6,125, mixer grinder was Rs.1,583, refrigerator was Rs.6,000, bicycle was Rs.1,080, motor cycle was Rs. 36,428 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,511.  About 18.42 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 18.42 per cent of them possess plough, 7.89 per cent of them possess tractor, 2.63 per cent possess thresher, 10.53 per cent of them possess sprayer, 2.63 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 18.42 per cent of them possess weeder. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 20,000, plough was Rs. 1,337, tractor was Rs. 500,000, sprayer was Rs. 3,000, thresher was Rs.5,000, chaff cutter was Rs.3,000 and the average value of weeder was Rs.50.  The results indicate that, 23.68 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 23.68 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.63 per cent possess crossbred cow, 13.16 per cent possess buffalo, 13.16 per cent of the households possess sheep and 10.53 per cent possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.87, average own labour (women) available was 1.50, average hired labour (men) available was 4.86 and average hired labour (women) available was 4.77.  The results indicate that, 89.47 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hatti-1 micro-watershed possess 44.23 ha (72.31%) of dry land and 16.93 ha (27.69%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 5.91 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 15.57 ha (90.58%) of dry land and 1.62 ha (9.42%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 8.09 ha (77.40%) of dry land and 2.36 ha (22.60%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 14.65 ha (75.10%) of dry land and 4.86 ha (24.90%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 8.09 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 363,222.02 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 413,240.92. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 743,874.04 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 327,450.03 for dry land and Rs. 555,750 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 255,645 for dry land and Rs. 422,945.19 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 266,104.97 for dry land and Rs. 267,583.33 for irrigated land. In case of large farmers, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 469,300.  The results indicate that, there were 4 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 10.53 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 3.63 meters.  The results indicate that semi medium farmers had an irrigated area of 1.27 ha.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (4.17 ha), bengalgram (5.02 ha), chilly (0.81 ha), cotton (1.26 ha), Greengram (30.74 ha), groundnut (0.81 ha), jowar (2.12 ha), maize (5.85 ha), onion (2.83 ha) and sunflower (1.72 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra, Greengram, groundnut, jowar, maize and sunflower. Small farmers have grown bajra, chilly, cotton, groundnut, maize and 3 onion. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, Bengalgram, groundnut and maize. Medium farmers have grown bajra, Bengalgram, Greengram, groundnut and maize. Large farmers have grown maize and sunflower.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hatti-1 micro-watershed was found to be 75.38 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 33255.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28782.57. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -4472.81. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.87.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 38493.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 11121.88. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -27371.96. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.29.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 27554.68. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21962.28. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. -5592.41. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.8.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 28703.17. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37050. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 8346.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.29.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 31782.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28208.89. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. -3573.95. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.89.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 15212.54. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 8910.30. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. -6302.24. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.59.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for greengram was Rs. 30106.44. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32110. The net income from greengram cultivation was Rs. 2003.56. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.07.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 30562.47. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22641.67. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. -7920.81. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.74.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 19418.43. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37050. The net income from 4 chilly cultivation was Rs. 17631.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.91.  The results indicate that, 31.58 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and green fodder was adequate for 36.84 per cent of the households.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 24,325 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 81,992.31, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 65,016.67, for medium farmers it was Rs. 20,775 and for large farmers it was Rs. 126,430.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 11,398.17. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,179.86, for small farmers it was Rs. 17,940.17, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 14,111.11, for medium farmers it was Rs. 12,250 and for large farmers it was Rs. 13,361.11.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 81 coconut trees, 6 mango trees and 5 lime trees in their field. Also, farmers have grown 6 coconut trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 50 eucalyptus trees, 50 teak trees, 172 neem trees, 7 tamarind trees, 1 acacia tree, 11 banyan trees and 1 peepul tree in their field. Also, 1 neem tree in their backyard.  The results indicated that, all crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent except cotton, groundnut and maize which were sold to the extent of 90 per cent, 95 per cent and 98.58 per cent respectively.  The results indicated that, about 13.16 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 2.63 per cent of the farmers sold in regulated markets and 115.79 per cent of them sold their produce through local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 89.47 per cent of the households used cart, 39.47 per cent of the households used tractor and 2.63 per cent of them used head load as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 10.53 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 42.11 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel and 5.26 per cent have also used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 68.42 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 7.89 per cent, open well was the source of drinking water for 7.89 per cent and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 15.79 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. 5  The results indicated that, 44.74 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.37 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 2.63 per cent of them possess APL card and 2.63 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 39.47 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.37 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 94.74 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 34.21 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 23.68 per cent, fruits were adequate for 13.16 per cent, milk was adequate for 50 per cent, eggs were adequate for 50 per cent and meat was adequate for 34.21 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 2.63 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 5.26 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 57.89 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 76.32 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 81.58 per cent, milk was inadequate for 44.74 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 44.74 per cent and meat was inadequate for 50 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 7.89 per cent of the households and milk was market surplus for 2.63 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 68.42 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (81.58%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (68.42%), inadequacy of irrigation water (44.74%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (52.63%), high rate of interest on credit (44.74%), low price for the agricultural commodities (44.74%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (39.47%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (36.84%), inadequate extension services (15.79%), less rainfall (50%) and source of agritechnology information (18.42%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project