Suchergebnisse

Globalization, trade and labour institutions have implications on the labour market affecting the regular nature of jobs and increasing dependence on contract labour. Using worker-level data for India's manufacturing sector, this paper evaluates the influence of outward orientation of the worker's industry on the informal nature of employment. We find that higher import penetration and export orientation of the manufacturing industries of workers promote employment of regular nature. However, the regular jobs come tied up with lack of job contracts in industries facing higher import competition. Export-oriented industries increase the chances of regular jobs with a written job contract.

Artículo de revista ; The trade exposure of Spanish firms to the United Kingdom is significant, albeit lower than that to the main euro area countries. In 2017 the growth in Spanish firms' goods exports to the UK market that dated back to 2012 came to an end, against a background of sterling depreciation against the euro. The potential vulnerability of Spanish firms with a presence in the UK market to Brexit is somewhat limited by their distinctive characteristics ; these companies are on average larger, more productive and more geographically diversified than those that export to the main euro area countries. In any event, the ultimate impact of this process on Spanish firms with a presence in the United Kingdom or with the potential to gain access to this market will largely depend on the terms eventually established for trade relations between the United Kingdom and the European Union

AbstractThis paper deals with globalisation and urban agglomeration effects on regional employment growth in the agricultural, mining and manufacturing industries. Globalisation's impacts are estimated via import and export exposure measures considering trade with those former Comecon members which accessed the EU, as well as China, the observation period is 1991–2011. Results show that trade exposure with former Comecon members affects regional employment growth in Austria negatively despite a considerable trade surplus. Concerning China, the impacts of import exposure are surprisingly weak while export exposure displays strong positive effects. Population density shows a U‐shaped pattern, suggesting that large urban agglomerations offer some advantages for employment growth in the considered industries.

Although the determinants of wage militancy and moderation have been studied extensively by comparative political economists, so far the literature has focused on the macro level of analysis. As a result, there has been no attempt to analyze the determinants of individual-level attitudes towards wages. Based on two waves of the International Social Survey Programme, in this paper we fill this gap. We examine to what extent workers internalize the imperatives of competitiveness, and whether wage bargaining institutions facilitate this internalization, as suggested by a large literature on neocorporatism. Surprisingly, we find that the structure of wage bargaining (more or less coordinated or centralized) has no relationship with wage satisfaction or dissatisfaction at the individual level. Instead, wage dissatisfaction decreases strongly when workers are individually exposed to trade and countries rely heavily on export-led growth. Our results point to the need to rethink the determinants of wage moderation. ; In der Vergleichenden Politischen Ökonomie wurden die Bestimmungsfaktoren von Lohnzurückhaltung und Arbeitskämpfen für die Durchsetzung von Lohnforderungen umfassend untersucht. Diese Forschung bewegte sich jedoch bislang auf der Makroebene, sodass es keine Versuche gab, Einstellungen zu Löhnen auf der individuellen Ebene zu untersuchen. Unter Verwendung von zwei Erhebungen des International Social Survey Programme adressieren wir in diesem Beitrag diese bestehende Forschungslücke. Wir untersuchen, in welchem Maße Arbeitnehmende die Erfordernisse von internationaler Wettbewerbsfähigkeit internalisieren und ob, wie die umfassende neokorporatistische Forschung suggeriert, stärker koordinierte und zentralisierte Institutionen von Lohnverhandlungen diese Internalisierung befördern. Überraschenderweise zeigen sich keine Zusammenhänge zwischen der Struktur der Lohnverhandlungen und individueller Lohnzufriedenheit und -unzufriedenheit. Stattdessen zeigt sich jedoch eine geringe Unzufriedenheit mit dem eigenen Lohn, wenn die eigene Beschäftigung vom Außenhandel abhängt und wenn Exporte ein starker Wachstumstreiber des jeweiligen Landes sind. Unsere Ergebnisse weisen auf die Notwendigkeit hin, die Bestimmungsfaktoren von Lohnzurückhaltung neu zu überdenken.

Although the determinants of wage militancy and moderation have been studied extensively by comparative political economists, so far the literature has focused on the macro level of analysis. As a result, there has been no attempt to analyze the determinants of individual-level attitudes towards wages. Based on two waves of the International Social Survey Programme, in this paper we fill this gap. We examine to what extent workers internalize the imperatives of competitiveness, and whether wage bargaining institutions facilitate this internalization, as suggested by a large literature on neocorporatism. Surprisingly, we find that the structure of wage bargaining (more or less coordinated or centralized) has no relationship with wage satisfaction or dissatisfaction at the individual level. Instead, wage dissatisfaction decreases strongly when workers are individually exposed to trade and countries rely heavily on export-led growth. Our results point to the need to rethink the determinants of wage moderation.

Im Rahmen eines Kooperationsprojekts haben das Institut für Arbeitsschutz der DGUV (IFA), das Institut für Arbeit und Gesundheit der DGUV (IAG) sowie die Berufsgenossenschaft Handel und Warenlogistik (BGHW) die Lärmbelastung von Beschäftigten im Einzelhandel umfassend untersucht. Neben der Erfassung personenbezogener und ortsfester Schalldruckpegel sowie von Parametern der Raumakustik kamen validierte Fragebögen zum Einsatz, um die psychische Belastung und Beanspruchung der Beschäftigten sowie deren Lärmempfindlichkeit zu ermitteln. Über insgesamt etwa 87 Stunden Messdauer und 16 Filialen ergab sich aus den personenbezogenen Messungen eine mittlere Lärmbelastung von LAeq = (73¡4) dB. Dabei unterschieden sich die untersuchten Tätigkeiten nicht signifikant im Pegel. Eine Beurteilung nach den Technischen Regeln für Arbeitsstätten ASR A3.7 "Lärm" [1] war nur vereinzelt möglich. Dagegen lieferte die Befragung der Beschäftigten objektive Erkenntnisse über vorliegende psychische Belastungen, während die resultierende Beanspruchung von der individuellen Lärmempfindlichkeit abhing. Die von den Angestellten angegebenen Belastungen korrelierten nicht mit den ermittelten physikalischen Messwerten und daraus abgeleiteten Beurteilungsgrößen. Die eingesetzte Methodik der kombinierten Messung und Befragung bewährte sich als eine Möglichkeit zur Durchführung einer differenzierten und zielführenden Gefährdungsbeurteilung.
 
Summary As part of a cooperation project, the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the DGUV (IFA), the Institute for Work and Health of the DGUV (IAG) and the Trade Association for Trade and Goods Logistics (BGHW) have extensively investigated the noise exposure of employees in retail. In addition to the recording of person-related and fixed sound pressure levels as well as parameters of the room acoustics, validated questionnaires were used to determine the psychological stress and strain on employees as well as their sensitivity to noise. Over a total of around 87 hours of measurement and 16 branches, the personal measurements resulted in a mean noise exposure of LAeq = (73¡4) dB. The activities examined did not differ significantly in terms of level. An assessment according to the technical rules for workplaces ASR A3.7 "Noise" [1] was only possible in isolated cases. On the other hand, the questioning of the employees provided objective knowledge about the existing psychological stress, while the resulting stress depended on the individual sensitivity to noise. The stresses indicated by the employees did not correlate with the physical measured values determined and the assessment parameters derived from them. The combined measurement and survey methodology used proved to be an option for carrying out a differentiated and targeted risk assessment.