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This research aims to analyze the chain-mediated effect of the different types of psychological distances (social, temporal, spatial, and probability) and the variables of the Social Identity Model of Collective Action (SIMCA) on the relationship between the use of social media and violent environmental collective action. The study sample consisted of 650 university students ( M = 20.8, SD = 2.74) aged 18–35 years from Lima. Analyses were conducted by means of structural equation modeling (SEM) using the AMOS SPSS software, where a statistical model was performed for each type of psychological distance. The findings revealed two statistically significant paths that go from social media to violent environmental collective action, mediated, first, by each of the psychological distances and, second, by social identity and negative emotions (anger and fear). In addition, it was observed that only probability distance on its own acted as a mediator in the relationship between social media and violent environmental collective action. It was also observed that a path from social media to violent environmental collective action was mediated, first, by three types of distances (probability, spatial, and temporal) and, second, by participative efficacy.

Sustainable development has been an important policy goal for the international community for over three decades. Still, the state of the planet continues to worsen. This conceptual article considers the failure largely a result of structural obstacles and the so-called weak sustainability discourse, popularized by the Brundtland report and manifested today in The 2030 Agenda. The article adopts a strong sustainability perspective for examining structural distances between actors and the consequences of their acts. We argue that these impede responsible action and that policy should aim to reduce or eliminate distances in the four dimensions of space, time, functions and relations. The article concludes by suggesting Strongly Sustainable Development Goals, which could help transitioning humanity towards sustainability, lower the anthropogenic environmental impact on the planet, and enable the continuity of diverse life on Earth.

Sustainable development has been an important policy goal for the international community for over three decades. Still, the state of the planet continues to worsen. This conceptual article considers the failure largely a result of structural obstacles and the so-called weak sustainability discourse, popularized by the Brundtland report and manifested today in The 2030 Agenda. The article adopts a strong sustainability perspective for examining structural distances between actors and the consequences of their acts. We argue that these impede responsible action and that policy should aim to reduce or eliminate distances in the four dimensions of space, time, functions and relations. The article concludes by suggesting Strongly Sustainable Development Goals, which could help transitioning humanity towards sustainability, lower the anthropogenic environmental impact on the planet, and enable the continuity of diverse life on Earth. ; Peer reviewed

Sustainable development has been an important policy goal for the international community for over threedecades. Still, the state of the planet continues to worsen. This conceptual article considers the failure largely aresult of structural obstacles and the so-called weak sustainability discourse, popularized by the Brundtlandreport and manifested today in The 2030 Agenda. The article adopts a strong sustainability perspective forexamining structural distances between actors and the consequences of their acts. We argue that these impederesponsible action and that policy should aim to reduce or eliminate distances in the four dimensions of space,time, functions and relations. The article concludes by suggesting Strongly Sustainable Development Goals,which could help transitioning humanity towards sustainability, lower the anthropogenic environmental impacton the planet, and enable the continuity of diverse life on Earth.

Social sciences, caught in binarism and embedded in moral considerations for a short but founding period, stressed sets of dual oppositions in which one party was right and the other wrong. When, for instance, institutions are considered in opposition to individuals, identity and belonging appear either to be enforced or to enforce, but in all events to carry the compulsion to `fit in'. This bias leads to using identification categories to qualify processes of avoiding identification. Alternatively, the authors consider clandestine tactics and strategies as a theory of attitudes, most of which are invisible, aimed at defying the identification process. We argue for an `aggiornamento', not so as to build a meta-theory, but in order to grasp an underestimated aspect of reality: the avoidance of belonging and preset identity as a mere enactment of natural-born liberty.

Das Konzept der psychischen Distanz ist von zentraler Bedeutung für die International Management Forschung. Es beschreibt, wie nah oder ähnlich wir uns fremden Nationen und deren Bewohnern fühlen oder auch wie stark wir uns von ihnen unterscheiden, ob in realen oder nur subjektiv wahrgenommenen Unterschieden (Sousa & Bradley, 2006; Håkanson & Ambos, 2010). Psychische Distanz bewirkt, dass wir uns schwerer tun, mit Menschen aus fremden Ländern zu kommunizieren, zusammenzuarbeiten oder zu verhandeln. Das etwas unscharfe Konzept, das in der International Management Forschung schon seit langem verwendet wird, besitzt großes ungenutztes Potential und zieht in letzter Zeit verstärkt Interesse auf sich (Dow & Karunaratna, 2006; Nebus & Chai, 2013). In meiner Dissertation widme ich mich einigen bisher wenig beachteten Aspekten der psychischen Distanz. Meine Erkenntnisse sollen unser Verständnis des Konzeptes verbessern und zukünftige Forschungsarbeit bereichern. Der erste Artikel behandelt das sogenannte Paradox der psychischen Distanz. Das Paradox bezieht sich auf die positive Performancewirkung psychischer Distanz, die entgegen der Erwartung der Forschungsliteratur in empirischen Studien belegt werden konnte (O'Grady & Lane, 1996). Durch die Integration von Prozessvariablen zeigen wir, wie psychische Distanz zum Erfolg eines Teams beitragen kann. Der zweite Artikel untersucht, warum psychische Distanzen zwischen zwei Ländern asymmetrisch sein können. Er unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit, psychische Distanz als zweiseitiges Konzept zu verstehen um mögliche Richtungseffekte zu erkennen. Wir identifizieren das Zusammenspiel von objektive Faktoren auf Länderebene und kognitiver Prozesse auf individueller Ebene, das zu Wahrnehmungsunterschieden bezüglich der psychischen Distanz führen kann. Der dritte Artikel ist eine konzeptionelle Arbeit, welche Definitionen, Operationalisierung und theoretische Grundlagen der psychischen Dis

AbstractTo expand the toolbox available to network science, we study the isomorphism between distance and Fuzzy (proximity or strength) graphs. Distinct transitive closures in Fuzzy graphs lead to closures of their isomorphic distance graphs with widely different structural properties. For instance, the All Pairs Shortest Paths (APSP) problem, based on the Dijkstra algorithm, is equivalent to a metric closure, which is only one of the possible ways to calculate shortest paths in weighted graphs. We show that different closures lead to different distortions of the original topology of weighted graphs. Therefore, complex network analyses that depend on the calculation of shortest paths on weighted graphs should take into account the closure choice and associated topological distortion. We characterize the isomorphism using the max-min and Dombi disjunction/conjunction pairs. This allows us to: (1) study alternative distance closures, such as those based on diffusion, metric, and ultra-metric distances; (2) identify the operators closest to the metric closure of distance graphs (the APSP), but which are logically consistent; and (3) propose a simple method to compute alternative path length measures and corresponding distance closures using existing algorithms for the APSP. In particular, we show that a specific diffusion distance is promising for community detection in complex networks, and is based on desirable axioms for logical inference or approximate reasoning on networks; it also provides a simple algebraic means to compute diffusion processes on networks. Based on these results, we argue that choosing different distance closures can lead to different conclusions about indirect associations on network data, as well as the structure of complex networks, and are thus important to consider.

Prior studies have separately suggested the importance of physical distance or social distance effects for the creation of neighborhood ties. This project adopts a case study approach and simultaneously tests for propinquity and homophily effects on neighborhood ties by employing a full–network sample from a recently developed New Urbanist neighborhood within a mid–sized southern city. the authors find that physical distance reduces the likelihood of weak or strong ties forming, suggesting the importance of accounting for propinquity when estimating social tie formation. the authors simultaneously find that social distance along wealth reduces the likelihood of weak ties forming. Social distance on life course markers—age, marital status, and the presence of children—reduces the formation of weak ties. Consistent with the systemic model, each additional month of shared residence in the neighborhood increases both weak and strong ties. An important innovation is this study's ability to directly compare the effects of physical distance and social distance, placing them into equivalent units: a 10 percent increase in home value difference is equivalent to a 5.6 percent increase in physical distance.

I propose the psychological proximity hypothesis to shed additional light on ourunderstanding of the motivation behind political participation. When people directlyexperience a political issue, that is, when the political issue is psychologically proximate, they are more likely to become involved. There are two mechanisms containedwithin this hypothesis. First, psychological proximity leads to higher levels of issuepublic membership, which in turn leads to activism. Second, because psychologicalproximity often leads to thinking of the issue in concrete terms, people are betterable to match specific political activities to address the problem. I develop the psychological proximity hypothesis in relation to issue-based activism across a variety ofpolitical domains in chapter two by using a combination of representative survey datafrom the American National Election Studies and the General Social Survey alongwith original data and a survey-experiment collected through Mechanical Turk. Inchapter 4, I apply the hypothesis to the environment and climate change in order toexamine the mechanisms more closely. In both chapters, the two mechanisms linkingproximity to activism are empirically supported.In addition to the psychological proximity hypothesis, in this dissertation I presenta novel measure of environmental attitudes that does not suffer from a confoundwith liberal ideology as existing scales do. The Moral Environmentalism Scale isconstructed by incorporating a mix of liberal and conservative moral language. The viiMES is the only scale analyzed that is able to predict Republican environmentalbehavior. Furthermore, the MES is psychometrically valid. All items load on a singlefactor, the scale detects low and high levels of moral environmentalism, and the MESdiscriminates between someone who is at the low end of the scale from someone whois very pro-environment.