Suchergebnisse

Economic security for children : from means testing and bifurcation to universality / Irwin Garfinkel -- Somebody's children : educational opportunity for all American children / Diane Ravitch -- Child care : the key to ending child poverty / Barbara R. Bergmann -- Building hope, skills, and careers : creating a youth apprenticeship system / Robert I. Lerman -- Health care goes to school : an untidy strategy to improve the well-being of school-age children / Julia Graham Lear -- Saving the children : crime and social policy / John J. DiIulio Jr. -- Child abuse reporting : the need to shift priorities from more reports to better reports / Douglas J. Besharov with Lisa A. Laumann

Frontmatter -- PREFACE -- CONTENTS -- 1. FEMALE DESIGNS REFLECTED: An Introduction / Renoù, Marieke / Singer, Elly -- 2. LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN A MALE-DOMINATED SOCIETY / Doorne-Huiskes, Anneke van -- 3. THE TRANSITION TO PARENTHOOD AND PARENTAL LEAVE FACILITIES / Andersen, Ingerlise -- 4. DUTCH WOMEN AND PROFESSIONAUSATION OF CHILDCARE / Singer, Elly -- 5. A BUILT ENVIRONMENT OF FEMALE DESIGN, OUT OF THE QUESTION? / Renoù, Marieke -- 6. FEMALE DESIGNS AND ADULT EDUCATION / Heiligers, Phil -- 7. DILEMMAS OF PARENT EDUCATION FOR SEXUAL EQUALITY / David, Miriam -- 8. GROUP 7152, A SUBCULTURE OF LESBIAN AND BISEXUAL WOMEN / Schreurs, Karlein -- 9. FEMALE DESIGNED MENTAL HEALTH CARE / Mens-Verhulst, Janneke van -- 10. SOME DESIGNS OF WOMEN'S STUDIES EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS FOR DUTCH UNIVERSITIES: DILEMMAS AND PERSPECTIVES / Roos, Ank -- LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

This paper aims at analyzing the contribution of social policies to declining rates of income inequalities in Brazil since the 1990s. Based on a framework of historical institutionalism, Brazil is characterised as a traditionally patrimonial society, marked by the institution of slavery. Important ruptures occurred during democratization in the 1980 s, when social movements successfully fought for social rights which featured prominently in the democratic constitution of 1988. During the 1990s a contradictory confluence of these achievements and neoliberal reforms led to the promotion of "inclusive liberalism". From the mid-2000s onwards policies began to shift in the direction of "evelopmental welfare" combining active state interventionism in economic and social policies with targeted cash transfers. This combination avoided the pitfalls of "inclusive liberalism"and promoted a considerable reduction of social inequalities.

THE PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO PRESENT A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE PERFORMANCE OF SOCIAL POLICIES IN CHILE DURING THE PRESENT CENTURY. CHILE WAS ONE OF THE PIONEERS IN LATIN AMERICA IN THE SEARCH FOR GREATER EQUALITY OF INCOME AND OPPORTUNITY. RECENTLY, THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT HAS MADE ONE OF ITS CENTRAL POLICY OBJECTIVES. THE PRIVATIZATION OF SOCIAL SERVICES. A MAIN CHALLENGE CHILE FACES IS TO INCORPORATE MORE OF ITS PEOPLE INTO THE RANKS OF BENEFICIARIES OF THESE SERVICES, AND TO ACHIEVE MORE EQUITABLE AND EFFICIENT COVERAGE OF THESE BENEFICIARIES.

This paper was presented at the Workshop in "Models and Cases in Administrative Decision Making," Joint Sessions of Workshops of the European Consortium for Political Research, Strasbourgh, France, 28 Mar-2 Apr, 1974. A crucial distinction in any field is that between solvable & unsolvable problems; the notion that any social problem can be solved given sufficient ingenuity & resources has led to many failures & frustrations in social policy. A key effort of policy science should be to measure feasibility for policy alternatives. Reliance on optimal decision rules & the logic of choice, such as is typically found in welfare economics & related fields, often obscures the severe constraints on feasibility in actual social policy questions. Most bad choices are not only suboptimal, but were not feasible at the start. Understanding feasibility limits is a crucial path to gaining better knowledge of social processes. Just as scientific method relies on testing theories as harshly as possible, rather than simply accumulating evidence for them, policy analysis needs to rely on the most stringent tests of feasibility. The history of the British National Health Service illustrates the need for such tests, & the analytic value of searching for unidentified constraints, eg, the necessity of pricing, to avoid infinite demand for a service. Modified HA.

The 2008 global crisis impacted western societies in a number of ways, especially the way in which we understand the welfare state and social policies. In this context, examining the conceptual basis of social policies is needed. This review essay puts forward questions and data that analyse our difficult times of turbulence and uncertainty by considering two authors and their books. They offer two ways of thinking from different Anglo-Saxon perspectives about the question of social policies. These discussions are transferable to other contexts. That is because the economic crisis has been used to justify the mutation of social policies that had been in effect until less than a decade ago.

It is argued that the striking differences across Europe in the labor force participation rates of women with children cannot be explained by differences in social policy or welfare system alone. This volume, resulting from research conducted 1998-2001 by the European Commission, explores the interaction of individual motivations & sociopolitical factors that prompt some mothers to enter the workforce & other to remain at home, highlighting the intersection of social policies & practices across different welfare regimes. The current work situation of mothers -- & all women -- is considered against the backdrop of gender-equality policies developed since the late 1950s, along with treaties that have provided the legal basis for such policies; laws against sexual discrimination, guarantees of "equal pay for equal work," & provision of childcare services are highlighted. The continued "gender coding" of certain activities, eg, child care & household maintenance, as "women's work" is discussed & sociopolitical factors in individual EU member states that impact gender-equality policies are considered. K. Hyatt Stewart

The ways that social spending policies are run by fiscal welfare through the tax system remain relatively neglected, while the costs and impact of public expenditure are constantly under scrutiny. Mostly means-enhancing in contrast to much means-tested public spending, the costs of social tax reliefs are little examined, their distributional impact even less so. This article considers what is needed to provide a better basis for the development of robust and flexible policies for establishing, managing and evaluating fiscal welfare that can contribute to building a more open and equal society. Particular attention is given to increasing accountability and assessing tax and public spending activities together when they benefit the same target group; and to reducing inconsistencies of treatment in comparable tax and public schemes.

The fallout from the global economic downturn of 2008-09 is a continuing source of stress on families and a constraint on government policies. How can social policies contribute to a quick and equitable recovery from the crisis and how can they best respond to the difficulties that households continue to face? What role can and should social policy budgets play in improving the budget outlook of countries facing unsustainable government debt? And how should governments prioritise different areas of social spending when faced with heightened demand for support but, often, much reduced fiscal space? This paper addresses these questions in light of countries' experiences during the most recent and earlier economic downturns.