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Not Available ; The establishment of National Seeds Corporation (NSC) in 1963 marked the begining of formal seed sector in India and the Indian seed industry has come a long way since then. The seed industry was dominated by the public sector during the first 25 years, ie till 1988. The growth drivers in this period were the ushering of green revolution and special government schemes to increase SRR through programmes like National Seed Project. The liberalisation of seed policy in the form of New Policy on Seed Development (NPSD) 1988 opened the doors for private domestic and multinational seed companies for import of seeds and technologies as well as investment in research and development. The laws and policies thereafter have encouraged private participation, benefitted private seed companies and provided better market access to foreign seed companies. The fact that from 1984 to 1995, around 50-60% of the seed requirement was met by the private sector and in 2010 it was estimated that 80% of turnover in seed business came from private companies establishes the dominance of private seed companies at present. The seed production has quadrupled from 1991 to 2011. The growth was more spectacular in the last decade (2001 to 2011) when seed production tripled with a robust Compound Growth Rate (CAGR) of 15% pa. The growth drivers in this period were the rapid growth of innovations (improved varieties, hybrids and proprietary technologies) and seed markets (especially for Bt cotton, single-cross maize hybrids, hybrid rice, vegetables and few self-pollinated crops), strengthening of IPRs coupled with liberalised seed policies. The future growth drivers of Indian seed industry would be technological breakthroughs to mitigate biotic and abiotic stresses including climate change, favourable regulatory environment for GM crops, government policies to promote investment in seed R&D and infrastructure (both in public and private sector) and providing access to international markets. ; Not Available

The synthesis report is part of a series of papers on Integrated Seed Sector Development (ISSD) in Africa's thematic working group on Matching national realities with global commitments. The thematic working group addressed the main question on how African governments implement their global commitments while fostering a viable pluralistic sector. The main hypothesis was that making these commitments more coherent with the practices and realities of farmers and creating an enabling environment for strengthening multiple seed systems will increase farmers' access to quality seed. Three main topics were discussed under this theme: access and benefit sharing for climate resilient seed systems; national and regional seed laws that support the development of a robust, integrated seed sector that supports smallholder farmers' needs; and creating room for informal and intermediary seed systems in a UPOV '91 informed Plant Variety Protection system. The study was conducted to answer a key question on how the various national and regional seed laws relate to the diversity of seed systems that exist in a given country. More specifically how current seed laws affect informal (farmer-based) seed systems and in what manner seed laws can be adapted to support these seed systems. Policies, laws and regulations of 32 African countries were carefully reviewed to identify some best practices and key issues and challenges in regulation. Findings from the study indicate that the main challenge for many African countries is that their seed regulations don't include provisions that support farmer -led seed systems. As a way forward, there is need for revision of existing regulatory frameworks to takes into account the needs and characteristics of the various seed systems in order to increase the availability of quality seed of preferred varieties for all farmers.

Beninese rice production has a major challenge: produce quality rice in sufficient quantity to meet national needs and thus reduce the quantity of imported rice. There are two weaknesses in achieving these objectives: low productivity and low quality of finished products. Both of these weaknesses are closely linked to the use of quality seeds. Seed is a productivity factor that alone could contribute to 40% of yield improvements (FAO 2008). Seed carries the genetic potential of the variety and largely determines the effectiveness of other inputs and production conditions. Therefore, the seed is one of the essential factors for any plant production system. Other factors such as: adaptation of the variety to the production ecosystem, respect of the production schedule, quality of inputs, production conditions, etc. also largely influence production results. After more than fifty years of extension of certified seed, 'the adoption rate of these seeds remained generally low in Benin, with only 22%' (Kinkingninhoun-Medagbe, 2013). Benin has a significant potential in terms of natural resources that can enable it to ensure its self-sufficiency in rice. Benin's rice production has experienced a significant quantitative increase over the last two decades, from 13 686 tonnes of paddy in 1994 to 281 428 tonnes in 2016 (FAOSTAT, 2018) This significant increase in rice production by more than 20 times in 22 years, is largely due to an increase in cultivated area (8 736 ha to 82 351 ha). The devaluation of the CFA franc in 1994 and the 2008 food crisis were the triggers. Average yields have also increased, but to a lesser extent. They rose from 1.7 t/ha in 1994 to 3.4 t/ha in 2016. This level of yield, however, remains below the world average, which now exceeds 4.6 t/ha but above the average of West Africa which is at 2.09 t/h in 2016, Senegal at 3.9 t/ha and Mali at 3.3 t/ha (FAOSTAT, 2018). There is still room for improvement. The varietal mixture that is observed from the production fields is the main problem that arises through the accessibility of small producers (less than 1 ha) to quality seeds. «96% of rice farmers in Benin have areas of less than one hectare» (Allodehou et al., 2013). This thesis carried out an integrated analysis of seed issues in the value chains of finished products. The general objective of this thesis is to analyze the dynamics within the existing seed systems and to identify improvement options that will facilitate access to quality seeds by small producers. More specifically, this thesis has: i- carried out an analytical inventory of the rice sector of Benin; ii make a thorough diagnosis of the formal seed system of rice; iii- identified seed production and distribution mechanisms in the informal system and the reasons for their persistence; iv- proposed an integrated model for improving the efficiency of the rice seed system in Benin. This research was conducted using a participatory and transdisciplinary approach. It also used a systemic approach based on a holistic analysis approach. Data collection took place in several phases and according to the main objectives of the research. It began with the document overview phase which continued throughout the hall research. An exploratory study of the whole rice sector led us to a diagnosis of the main difficulties or constraints to the development of the different value chains of local rice in Benin. This exploratory study was carried out in 2013 in all the rice-growing basins in Benin. It shows that seed quality (germination rate, varietal purity, adaptation to ecological conditions, drought, disease and yield) is mentioned by producers as one of the main factors of productivity. Processors also identified mixed paddy, including several varieties, as a factor in low milling yield (high break rate). The traders judge the quality of the hulled grain through a visual observation, based on the homogeneity and coloring of the grains, which according to them is largely determined by varietal purity. The varietal mixture gives a bad result in cooking and an unpleasant taste to consumers. Thus, the quality of rice seed affects the entire local rice sector. The participatory diagnosis was conducted in 15 communes distributed in the various rice-growing areas in Benin with the aim of better understanding the functioning of local rice value chains. The results of these investigations show that the measures that have been taken by the government, including the subsidy on seeds, fertilizers and the development of production perimeters, in response to the 2008 food crisis, have boosted paddy production. (73,000 tons in 2008 to 220,000 tons in 2012) and the development of local rice value chains. Several local rice labels have thus emerged. Since 2014, government measures aiming production increase have run out of steam and production is stagnating again. The in-depth studies focused on the operational modes of the seed systems in force and also on specific themes with well-targeted groups of actors in the three departments where research focused on Collines, Zou and Couffo departments. It is the government structures that dominate the formal seed system (SSF) in Benin. Private companies are struggling to establish themselves and prosper in a policy-interventionist environment that subsidizes seeds and creates non-competitive conditions. However, financial analyzes have shown that seed production is twice as profitable as paddy production in lowland and irrigated rice systems, and three times as much in the rainfall system. Seed producers are generally responsible for rice producers organizations. The low use of quality seed continues to find its reasons under conditions of low accessibility. The costs of disposal, the physical availability of seeds, the delay and flow of information on new varieties are often the factors involved. The formal seed system does not adequately meet the expectations of small-scale rice producers in Benin, whereas small-scale producers account for the bulk of domestic production. The modes and conditions of access to informal seeds are more varied (donation, exchanges, loans, purchases) and more adapted to the situations of smallholders. The quality of the peasant varieties meets local social and cultural norms, on the understanding that production is often used for self-consumption. The type of seed used in rice production should, in fact, be determined by the objectives pursued by the consumer rice producer and hence according to the requirements of the target market. The point is that the seed sector does not function as a real value chain serving the key players, the paddy producers and processors, as well as consumers or end users of grain. The development of the contract farming of rice production by rice mills is a condition that evolves towards a seed system integrated into value chains. The integration of seed systems into value chains is the approach that improves the use of quality seed by small producers. The proposed seed model is based on the strengths of the informal seed system, which is supported by a dynamic action-research service that regularly feeds good quality genetic material. This material will be reused for a few years (2 to 3) according to the rules of informal systems before being renewed. ; La riziculture béninoise a un défi majeur : produire du riz de qualité en quantité suffisante pour couvrir les besoins nationaux et réduire ainsi les importations. Deux faiblesses s'opposent à l'atteinte de ces objectifs : la faible productivité et la faible qualité des produits finis. Ces deux faiblesses ont un lien étroit avec l'utilisation des semences de qualité. La semence constitue un facteur de productivité qui à lui seul pourrait contribuer à 40% des améliorations des rendements (FAO, 2008). La semence porte le potentiel génétique de la variété et détermine en grande partie l'efficacité des autres intrants et conditions de production. Par conséquent, la graine est un des facteurs essentiels pour tout système de production végétale. D'autres facteurs comme l'adaptation de la variété à l'écosystème de production, le respect du calendrier de production, la qualité des intrants, les conditions de production, etc. influencent aussi largement les résultats de la production. Après plus de cinquante années de vulgarisation des semences certifiées, « le taux d'adoption de ces semences est resté en général très faible en Afrique, avec seulement 22% au Bénin » (Kinkingninhoun- Medagbe, 2013). Le Bénin dispose d'un potentiel non négligeable en ressources naturelles pouvant lui permettre d'assurer son autosuffisance en riz. La production rizicole béninoise connaît depuis ces vingt dernières années une progression quantitative sensible passant de 13 686 tonnes de paddy en 1994 à 281 428 tonnes en 2016 (FAOSTAT, 2018) Cette importante augmentation de la production rizicole de plus de 20 fois en vingt-deux ans, s'est faite en grande partie grâce à une augmentation des superficies (8 736ha à 82 351 ha). La dévaluation du franc CFA en 1994 et la crise alimentaire de 2008 ont été les déclics. Les rendements moyens ont aussi progressé mais dans une moindre mesure. Ils sont passés de 1,7 t/ha en 1994 à 3,4 t/ha en 2016. Ce niveau de rendement reste cependant inférieur à la moyenne mondiale qui dépasse aujourd'hui 4,6 t/ha mais supérieur à la moyenne de l'Afrique de l'Ouest qui est à 2,09t/h en 2016, Sénégal 3,9 t/ha et Mali 3,3 t/ha (FAOSTAT, 2018). Une réelle marge de progression existe encore. Le mélange variétal qui s'observe depuis les champs de production est la problématique principale qui se pose à travers l'accessibilité des petits producteurs (moins d'1ha) aux semences de qualité. «96% des riziculteurs du Bénin ont des emblavures de moins d'un hectare » (Allodehou et al., 2013). Cette thèse a réalisé une analyse intégrée des questions semencières dans les chaînes de valeur des produits finis. L'objectif général de cette thèse est d'analyser les dynamiques au sein des systèmes semenciers existants et d'identifier des options d'amélioration pour faciliter l'accès des petits producteurs aux semences de qualité. Plus spécifiquement, cette thèse a : i- réalisé un état des lieux analytique de la filière rizicole du Bénin ; ii- fait un diagnostic approfondi du système semencier formel du riz ; iii- identifié les mécanismes de production et de distribution des semences dans le système informel et les raisons de leur persistance et ; iv- proposé un modèle intégré pour une amélioration de l'efficacité du système semencier du riz au Bénin. Cette recherche a été conduite suivant une approche participative et transdisciplinaire. Elle a suivi une démarche systémique fondée sur une approche d'analyse holistique. La collecte des données s'est déroulée en plusieurs phases et suivant les principaux objectifs de la recherche. Elle a commencé par la phase de revue documentaire qui s'est poursuivi tout au long de cette recherche. Une étude exploratoire de toute la filière rizicole nous a conduit à un diagnostic des principales difficultés ou contraintes au développement des différentes chaînes de valeur du riz local au Bénin. Cette étude exploratoire a été menée en 2013 dans tous les bassins rizicoles au Bénin. Il en ressort que la qualité des semences (taux de germination, pureté variétale, adaptation aux conditions écologiques, sécheresse, maladies et rendement) est évoquée par les producteurs comme un des principaux facteurs de productivité. Les transformateurs ont aussi identifié le paddy mélangé, comprenant plusieurs variétés, comme facteur de faible rendement à l'usinage (taux de brisure élevé). Les commerçants, jugent la qualité du grain décortiqué à travers une observation visuelle, basée sur l'homogénéité et la coloration des grains, qui selon eux est en grande partie déterminée par la pureté variétale. Le mélange variétal donne un mauvais résultat à la cuisson et un goût désagréable aux consommateurs. Ainsi, la qualité des semences de riz influe sur tout le secteur de la riziculture locale. Le diagnostic participatif a été conduit dans 15 communes réparties dans les divers bassins rizicoles au Bénin dans le but de mieux appréhender le fonctionnement des chaînes de valeur du riz local. Les résultats de ces investigations montrent que les mesures qui ont été prises par le gouvernement, notamment la subvention sur les semences, les engrais et l'aménagement de périmètres de production, en réponse à la crise alimentaire de 2008, ont stimulé la production du paddy (73.000 Tonnes en 2008 à 220.000 Tonnes en 2012) et le développement des chaînes de valeur du riz local. Plusieurs labels de riz local ont ainsi vu le jour. Depuis 2014, les mesures gouvernementales destinées à booster la production se sont essoufflées et la production stagne à nouveau. Les études approfondies ont porté sur les modes opérationnels des systèmes semenciers en vigueur et aussi sur des thématiques spécifiques avec des groupes d'acteurs bien ciblés dans les trois départements où la recherche s'est focalisée à savoir les Collines, le Zou et le Couffo. Ce sont les structures étatiques qui dominent le système semencier formel (SSF) au Bénin. Les entreprises privées ont du mal à s'établir et à prospérer durablement dans un environnement de politique interventionniste qui subventionne les semences et qui crée de ce fait des conditions non-compétitives. Cependant, les analyses financières ont révélé que la production de semences est deux fois plus rentable que la production du paddy dans les systèmes de riz de bas-fond et de riz irrigué, et l'est trois fois plus dans le système pluvial. Les producteurs semenciers sont généralement des responsables des organisations de producteurs du riz. La faible utilisation des semences de qualité, continue de trouver ses raisons dans les conditions de faible accessibilité. Les coûts de cession, la disponibilité physique des semences, le délai et la circulation des informations sur les nouvelles variétés sont les facteurs souvent mis en cause. Le système semencier formel ne répond pas convenablement aux attentes des petits producteurs de riz du Bénin, alors que ce sont les petits producteurs qui assurent l'essentiel de la production nationale. Les modes et conditions d'accès aux semences informelles sont plus variés (don, échanges, emprunts, achats) et plus adaptés aux situations des petits producteurs de riz. La qualité des variétés paysannes obéit à des normes sociales et culturelles locales étant entendu que la production sert souvent à l'autoconsommation. Le type de semences utilisé dans la production rizicole devrait, en effet, être déterminé par les objectifs poursuivis par le producteur de riz de consommation, et donc selon les exigences du marché visé. Le constat est que le secteur semencier ne fonctionne pas comme une véritable chaîne de valeur au service des acteurs clés, c'est-à-dire les producteurs et transformateurs de paddy, ainsi que les consommateurs ou utilisateurs finaux des grains. Le développement de la contractualisation de la production du riz par les rizeries est une condition qui fait évoluer vers un système semencier intégré aux chaînes de valeur. L'intégration des systèmes semenciers aux chaînes de valeur est l'approche qui améliora l'utilisation des semences de qualité par les petits producteurs. Le modèle semencier proposé se fonde sur les points forts du système semencier informel qui reçoivent l'appui d'un service recherche-action dynamique qui réinjecte régulièrement du matériel génétique de bonne qualité. Ce matériel sera réutilisé pendant quelques années (2à3) suivant les règles des systèmes informels avant de se faire renouveler.

Good quality seed is almost universally considered a requirement for high productivity in all potato production systems. Much of the yield gap currently constraining productivity in low-income countries is attributed to the poor quality of seed. Potato seed sector development is thus a major concern of governments, researchers, development agencies, and civil society organizations. Potato seed systems are often characterized as formal or informal, although the informal seed system is complex and particularly in low income countries there are many linkages between the two systems. Informal seed potato systems in the Andes have existed for centuries, and for a number of reasons often produce seed of relatively high quality. In other low-income countries, informal systems produce seed of variable and frequently poor quality, contributing to very large yield gaps, characteristic of those areas. In regions of high potato productivity (e.g., the USA and Europe), formal systems, with seed of certified high quality, are dominant, although some productions subsectors (e.g., organic producers) often use seed that is not certified. Efforts to implement formal seed systems in low-income countries have been largely unsuccessful; consequently the vast majority of low-resource potato farmers source their seed via the informal system. Sectors of the development community are pushing for alternative solutions, which generally involve some form of integrating formal and informal seed systems or semi-formal systems such as quality declared seed, and a policy structure that preserves farmers' rights to save and trade seed. Given the role that seed quality is currently playing in the low yields of potato in low-income countries, which is not the case in wealthier parts of the world, the review focuses primarily on seed sector development in resource-poor areas.

The case studies from nine African countries presented in this book provide an overview of the current status of the African seed sector, and associated challenges and opportunities. They form a solid basis for a broad-based discussion on how to strengthen the sector to the benefit of food security across the continent. Case studies of seed enterprises are arranged by country, and each chapter includes a profile of the agricultural and policy environment that surrounds these enterprises and affects their development. Each case is unique and presents its own set of lessons, and as a whole, this wide range of experiences is a rich source of data and ideas for future enterprise, offering valuable insights for policy makers, academics and non-governmental organizations throughout the world. The book has 12 chapters, a glossary of terms and a subject index.

The seed value chain analysis study on rice and potato was conducted during August to December 2019 to assess the composition, distinctiveness, strengths and weaknesses of Vietnam's seed sector. The study examines relevant secondary sources of information and primary data obtained through field surveys using focus group discussion and key informant interviews in four provinces, namely: Bac Ninh and Thai Binh in the north; Quang Binh in the center and Can Tho in the south. The study results indicate that Vietnam has developed a robust seed sector with the involvement of diverse stakeholders throughout the seed value chain of rice and potato. The seed sector has contributed significantly to the success of Vietnam crop production over the past three decades. However, the existing seed sector has also shown many weak areas that need to be addressed for growth of crop production with increased efficiency, innovation, diversification and value addition. To support this goal, the study suggests several interventions and technological improvements in crop breeding, seed production and seed use especially for inbred rice, hybrid rice and potato. The study also proposes a detailed survey and analysis of Vietnam seed legislation to help make the seed sector more dynamic.

This paper examines factors related to the supply of hybrid maize seed in Ghana and lays the groundwork for research on the demand side. There are a number of public maize hybrids, but most are recently released and only a few are readily available to farmers. There has also been importation of hybrid maize seed, but this is now severely restricted. The current system for variety release is undergoing modification and has proven particularly unsatisfactory for imported hybrids. One of the major challenges in promoting the public hybrids has been an inef-ficient source seed system, and this has affected the prospects of the relatively few emerging domestic seed companies that are attempting to produce and market local hybrids. There are also serious deficiencies in mar-keting local hybrids. Problems in local hybrid production and marketing and small quantities of imported seed mean that only a small minority of farmers have experience with maize hybrids. The paper also looks at the regu-latory and policy issues affecting hybrid maize promotion and examines the interplay between the substantial portfolio of donor projects supporting the seed sector and government stances and priorities. The paper con-cludes with a consideration of priorities for seed system development and a preliminary assessment of the imme-diate prospects for hybrid maize seed supply in Ghana. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; GSSP; D Transforming Agriculture; F Strengthening institutions and governance ; DSGD; PIM ; CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)

Supported by the CGIAR System-wide Livestock Programme ; A seed supply system can be defined in general terms as that combination of components, processes and their organisation, along with the interactions and support involved in the production and marketing of seeds of one or more species to a particular user–client grouping in an ongoing way. Seed supply systems come in a variety of forms, and operate at a range of levels (national, regional and local) and with different plant materials used for different purposes. In all cases, however, the public and the private sectors have complementary roles in ensuring that there is an effective seed supply system, which can meet consumer needs in terms of the range of plant materials available and the quantities and quality of seed required at an affordable price. Nationally, it is the government that sets the policy framework within which seed supply systems must operate, and also provides some supporting infrastructure. The private sector then is responsible for the timely and cost-effective production and delivery of seed to end users/clients within the policy framework that has been set by government. The balance in terms of public–private sector roles and responsibilities differs from place to place and changes over time. This paper discusses the factors that help shape what is an effective seed supply system under a particular set of circumstances, but one that may not necessarily be as effective in other countries/regions or with a different product mix. It also considers the forces that lead to a gradual evolution of the system over time and to recent and more radical changes in major developed countries. The latter shift has been brought about by the commercial opportunities presented by genetic engineering and legal protection of the intellectual property (IP) in new plant varieties, coupled with a shift in government policy towards deregulation of the economy (and so greater industry self-regulation in areas like quality assurance). These factors have led to far-reaching structural changes in relation to commercial seed production and delivery in the developed world over the past decade. The recent changes in seed supply arrangements were focused initially on high volume arable food crops in the larger developed economies of North America and western Europe. However, they are now gradually moving through to lower volume seed markets and to smaller, less developed economies where they will have different implications for the development of effective country-specific seed supply policies. ; Department for International Development, United Kingdom ; CGIAR Systemwide Livestock Programme

The synthesis report is part of a series of papers on Integrated Seed Sector Development (ISSD) in Africa's thematic working group on Matching national realities with global commitments. The thematic working group addressed the main question on how African governments implement their global commitments while fostering a viable pluralistic sector. The main hypothesis was that making these commitments more coherent with the practices and realities of farmers and creating an enabling environment for strengthening multiple seed systems will increase farmers' access to quality seed. Three main topics were discussed under this theme: access and benefit sharing for climate resilient seed systems; national and regional seed laws that support the development of a robust, integrated seed sector that supports smallholder farmers' needs; and creating room for informal and intermediary seed systems in a UPOV '91 informed Plant Variety Protection system. This study provides an overview of climate related changes in past, present and future and the challenges to access to and exchange of genetic resources for climate change adaptation through different access and benefit sharing regimes in 4 countries – Zambia, Zimbabwe, Rwanda and Uganda. Findings from the studies indicate that most African countries face challenges in accessing required PGR for climate change adaptation because they do not have online accession-level documentation; they have not fully implemented international commitments related to ABS and national and regional seed laws hamper the flow of seeds and genetic resources. As a way forward the paper proposes capacity development for mutually supportive implementation of the ITPGRFA, Nagoya protocol and seed laws in ways which reflect the reality and diversity of different seed systems.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Seed Policy, Legislation and Law: Widening a Narrow Focus -- SEED POLICY -- The Importance of the Farmers' Seed Systems in a Functional National Seed Sector -- Seed Sectors in Transition: From Centrally Planned to Free Market -- Policy Measures for Stimulating Indigenous Seed Enterprises -- Challenges and Limitations of the Market -- The Role of International Seed Associations in International Policy Development -- Policy Response to Technological Developments: The Case of GURTs -- SEED LEGISLATION AND COUNTRY CASES -- Seed Regulatory Reform: An Overview -- Seed Quality Control in Developing Countries -- Variety Controls -- The Rules for International Seed Trade -- Progresses in the Turkish Seed Industry -- Seed Industry Development and Seed Legislation in Uganda -- Seed Regulatory Frameworks in a Small Farmer Environment: The Case of Bangladesh -- UPCOMING ISSUES -- Property Rights on Plant Varieties: An Overview -- Regulating Genetically-Modified Seeds in Emerging Economies -- An Agrobiodiversity Perspective on Seed Policies -- Index