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Children's participation rights have been considered as one of the most radical and democratic rights of children that not only aim at protecting children's rights but also enhance children's competence and thus, giving children a higher position in the society. The aim of the study is to explore social and cultural factors that influence the practice of children's participation rights in Vietnamese families in Vietnam and Sweden so as to contribute to a better understanding of the meaning of children's participation rights in different contexts. Hence, qualitative method and semi-structure interviews have been employed for gathering parents' experiences and opinions in relation to children's participation rights. Ecological Theory has been employed in order to study children's participation rights from macro level to micro level. Especially, The Family Change Theory and Family Change Model has been applied to explore the interrelationship between parents and children in the family so as to understand how parenting orientations influence the participation rights of children. The findings show that factors influencing children's participation are embedded in a broad system from macro level to micro level. From macro level, cultural values are one of the constraining factors to the implementation of children's participations rights. Besides, parents' perspectives towards children's competence are one of the factors creating the barriers to children's participation rights practice. On the other hand, welfare policies for children and families in Sweden are considered as enabling conditions to support children's participation rights practices whereas the lack of welfare policies for Vietnamese families in Vietnam may become a constraining condition. More importantly, it appears from the data that Vietnamese parents in both Vietnam and Sweden showed positive views toward children's participation in decision-making process. Children's voices have been listened and taken into consideration with due weight. Nevertheless, the age and experiences of the child contribute to the variations in practicing participation rights considerably. Furthermore, the Family Change Model provided insights on how the interrelationship between parents and children affect children's participation and children's autonomy. The study finds that the Interdependent Family Model is more common among Vietnamese parents in Vietnam with the childrearing orientation towards obedience and family loyalties. On the other hand, Vietnamese families in Sweden have the patterns of the Emotional Interdependence Family Model with higher level of autonomy and focus more on emotional bonds. Lastly, the Vietnamese parents living in Sweden show a sense of ambivalence towards the roles of adult children for the elderly care in the future.

2006/2007 ; La tesi esamina il tema dei diritti di partecipazione del pubblico ("public participation rights") nel diritto internazionale e nell'ordinamento giuridico comunitario, con specifico riferimento al settore ambientale, ove gli stessi hanno incontrato un particolare sviluppo. Lo spunto per la ricerca è stato offerto dalla conclusione della Convenzione di Aarhus del 1998, sull'accesso all'informazione, sulla partecipazione del pubblico al processo decisionale e sull'accesso alla giustizia in materia ambientale, che rappresenta la più compiuta codificazione dei diritti di partecipazione a livello internazionale. La prima parte della ricerca è dedicata all'evoluzione dei public participation rights nel diritto internazionale dell'ambiente e, in particolare, all'analisi delle novità introdotte dalla Convenzione di Aarhus, la quale si è inserita nel processo di codificazione del diritto all'ambiente come diritto umano di carattere "procedurale". Si tenta, quindi, di ricostruire le origini e le motivazioni di tale approccio e di verificare se in che misura l'ambiente possa ritenersi oggi tutelato, a livello internazionale, come oggetto di un diritto umano. La seconda parte si focalizza sull'analisi dell'impatto della Convenzione (che è stata conclusa dalla Comunità Europea e dagli Stati membri nella forma di accordo misto) sull'ordinamento giuridico comunitario, analisi che ha costituito, però, l'occasione per una riflessione più ampia sulla rispondenza dello stesso ai principi di democraticità ed apertura. A livello comunitario in questi anni il dibattito sulla democratizzazione del sistema istituzionale si è concentrato, più che sullo sviluppo di singoli diritti di partecipazione, sul complesso tema della governance. L'analisi ha quindi tentato di evidenziare il legame fra i principi della good governance e i diritti sanciti dalla convenzione di Aarhus, indicando in quale misura i diritti di partecipazione democratica fossero già garantiti, in base alle previsioni dei Trattati e del diritto derivato, così come interpretati dalla giurisprudenza della Corte di giustizia. Vengono quindi analizzate le modifiche che l'attuazione della Convenzione di Aarhus ha reso necessarie nell'ordinamento comunitario. In primo luogo vengono evidenziati i problemi legati all'applicazione della Convenzione alle istituzioni comunitarie, disciplinata dal nuovo regolamento 1367/2006/CE. Inoltre, poiché nel diritto comunitario dell'ambiente i diritti di partecipazione erano già disciplinati da diversi atti di diritto derivato, la Comunità Europea ha predisposto un pacchetto normativo per il loro adattamento alle previsioni della Convenzione. Vengono, quindi, analizzate le direttive che già codificavano i diritti di partecipazione in materia ambientale, la loro congruità rispetto alle previsioni della Convenzione e le modifiche apportate dalla Comunità Europea per renderle coerenti con le previsioni internazionali. La ricerca prova, infine, a verificare, attraverso l'analisi delle elaborazioni dottrinali e giurisprudenziali sul tema degli accordi misti (e, in particolare, della recente sentenza sul caso dell'impianto MOX di Sellafield) la coerenza di tale modalità di attuazione, basata sull'adozione di atti di diritto derivato, rispetto al principio di sussidiarietà, che forse avrebbe consigliato di affidare l'attuazione dell'accordo internazionale agli Stati membri. ; XX CICLO ; 1976

This article begins by identifying some of the reasons why children are marginalised in adult social and theoretical contexts. Western styles of thinking, whether of a liberal or post-structuralist persuasion, install what the anthropologist Tim Ingold refers to as a 'logic of inversion' that variously complicates, translates and blocks possibilities for the actualisation of children's participation rights. A key strategy to redress the child's social exclusion has been attending to 'the child's voice' in both political and research contexts. Whilst this has led to children's voices becoming heard and innovations in research methods, the extent to which the definition of 'the child's voice' steers clear of the difficulties identified in the first part of this article is questionable. A significant concern is the extent to which researchers, as authors of texts, reinscribe adult interests in the crafting of 'the child's voice' as it appears in their writing. Having problematised some of the ways in which 'the child's voice' has been mobilised in research, the article then addresses some of the ethical responsibilities for adults in moving beyond these limitations. Taking up such responsibility, it is argued, involves new forms of ethical practice that acknowledge the other's subjectivity and the limits of knowing that this implies, together with writing practices that interrupt the appropriation and colonisation of the child's experience.

Victims' rights have proliferated rapidly over the past decades. However, the development of rights in the post-sentencing phase has lagged behind. In this article, we argue that victims' rights may contribute to the acknowledgement of victims, something that victimological research suggests is important for victims' well-being at every stage of criminal proceedings. We review a new Dutch law and a legislative proposal aiming to improve victims' rights in the post-sentencing phase in relation to conditional release from prison and conditional discharge from forensic psychiatric hospital. More specifically, we compare these (proposed) victims' participatory rights with those existing in the Canadian, Belgian and German framework. We argue for a strengthened position of the victim in the post-sentencing phase. We close by showing that the practical effectiveness of these proposed rights is put at risk by COVID-19 and states' response to the same.

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child has catalysed numerous jurisdictions to introduce new legal provisions to support children's participation rights when child contact is contested. Despite this, children's participation is frequently limited in practice, especially in contexts where children are perceived as vulnerable to a parent's manipulation, even if there are allegations of domestic abuse. While "resist and refusal dynamics" have yet to become mainstream terms in Scottish family law, "manipulation" has become a common concern in cases of contested contact. Drawing on a Scottish empirical study on contested child contact in circumstances of domestic abuse, we interrogate the implications that the concept of manipulation has for children's participation rights. The study involved separate in‐depth interviews with 18 children and their 16 mothers. Findings point to concerns about upholding children's participation rights, particularly in cases where children were depicted as "influenced" or "manipulated." Through our analysis, we disentangle the problems professionals have when concerns about child manipulation and domestic abuse intersect. We argue that, when combined, allegations of manipulation and domestic abuse present a significant and serious risk to children's participation rights. We find the legal construction of the child's views as separate from the parental dispute to have unintended and serious consequences for children's participation rights. We offer ways in which law and practice may evolve to ensure children's participation rights in these contexts are both implemented and upheld.Practitioner's Key Points
The combination of allegations of manipulation and domestic abuse present a significant and serious risk to children's participation rights in contested child contact
A legal construction of the child's views as separate to the parental dispute to have unintended and serious consequences for children's participation rights
Radical reform in family law and practice is necessary to make disputes about child contact centered around the child, rather than on parental responsibilities and rights.

In this article, we will present our research findings and argue that whilst a focus on the rights of young children to participate has helped to influence the development of participatory approaches in a range of children's settings, aimed at enabling their opinions to not only be heard but be acted upon, this does not seem have spread into areas of children's everyday life. Thus, in their everyday life interactions children's rights continue to be denied or given entitlement in the basis of assumptions about the social category to which they belong. Furthermore opportunities continue to be missed to make links between the everyday and the societal, political and legal contexts by those wishing to further children's participation rights. This has implications for children's developing citizenship and their ability to participate in wider society. Drawing on the sociology of Norbert Elias, we will argue that some of the barriers to children's participation in and control over their everyday lives are attributable to their positioning as 'children' in opposition to 'adults' and the concomitant assumptions about their capacities, or lack thereof. These assumptions are evident in a variety of formal discourses underpinned by developmentalism and protectionism, including law and policy, but they are also internalised and perpetuated in what Elias called the 'habitus'; unconscious and embodied behaviours and dispositions that have been shaped by wider social structures.