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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how modularity manifests in the design of services. The study brings new insights on the organization of service firms by empirically exploring and theoretically advancing the intersection of modularity and service design.Design/methodology/approachThe paper compares two companies that offer similar services in the same geographical region but represent polar case types. A framework grounded on extant literature is constructed and applied to the two cases to assess its practicality and provide theoretical insights.FindingsThe paper demonstrates the effects of modularity and integrality on a range of different analytical levels in service architectures. Taking a holistic approach, the authors synthesize and empirically deploy a framework comprised of the three most prevalent themes in modularity and service design literature: Offering (service concept), intra-firm organization (service delivery system), and inter-firm relationships (service network). They posit that service architectures require the examination of different analytical levels due to the complex and dynamic nature of service business. Additionally, the analysis provides new insights on the mirroring hypothesis of modularity theory to services.Originality/valueThe paper provides a conceptualization of service architectures drawing on service design, modularity, and market relationships. The study enriches service design literature with elements from modularity theory and elaborates on the theoretical implications of service modularity in general.

AbstractModularity maximization has been one of the most widely used approaches in the last decade for discovering community structure in networks of practical interest in biology, computing, social science, statistical mechanics, and more. Modularity is a quality function that measures the difference between the number of edges found within clusters minus the number of edges one would statistically expect to find based on some equivalent random graph model. We explore a natural generalization of modularity based on the difference between the actual and expected number of walks within clusters, which we refer to as walk-modularity. Walk-modularity can be expressed in matrix form, and community detection can be performed by finding the leading eigenvector of the walk-modularity matrix. We demonstrate community detection on both synthetic and real-world networks and find that walk-modularity maximization returns significantly improved results compared to traditional modularity maximization.

AbstractNumerous works have been proposed to generate random graphs preserving the same properties as real-life large-scale networks. However, many real networks are better represented by hypergraphs. Few models for generating random hypergraphs exist, and also, just a few models allow to both preserve a power-law degree distribution and a high modularity indicating the presence of communities. We present a dynamic preferential attachment hypergraph model which features partition into communities. We prove that its degree distribution follows a power-law, and we give theoretical lower bounds for its modularity. We compare its characteristics with a real-life co-authorship network and show that our model achieves good performances. We believe that our hypergraph model will be an interesting tool that may be used in many research domains in order to reflect better real-life phenomena.

Design Rules -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: Artifacts, Designs, and the Structure of Industries -- The Microstructure of Designs -- What Is Modularity? -- The Economic System Surrounding Artifacts and Designs -- The Modular Operators -- The Origins of Modularity in Early Computer Designs -- Creating System/360, the First Modular Computer Family -- Enterprise Design: A Task Structure plus a Contract Structure -- Design Options and Design Evolution -- The Value of Modularity- Splitting and Substitution -- All Modules Are Not Created Equal -- The Value of Augmenting and Excluding -- The Value of Inverting and Porting -- The Emergence of Modular Clusters -- Competition among Hidden Modules and Industry Evolution -- Afterword -- Bibliography -- Index.

This paper outlines the range and depth of the series of NATO Industry Advisory Group (NIAG) modularity studies conducted by industry over the past ten years that examined the operational benefits, capabilities and costs of modular fleets for naval forces and makes comparisons with traditionally designed organic vessels. Commencing in May 2010 NATO has commissioned five MissionModularity studies. This work drew together over 50 defence contractors from 14 countries in the Alliance. In total 78 representatives attended working meetings to contribute expertise in all branches of engineering and science for the design, procurement, operation and support of naval ships and systems. The main sponsor for these studies was the NATO Ship Design Capability Group SDCG (formerly Maritime Capability Group MCG-6) with guidance of members of the United States Department of Defence (DoD NAVSEA), United Kingdom Ministry of Defence (D Ships) and the Netherlands Ministry of Defence (DMO). The ubiquity and cheapness of the ISO (International Standards Organisation) container suggested wide application for transportation and pre-outfitting to form a Mission Module and for the first NIAG study SG- 150 (Reference 1) the standard ISO Twenty foot Equivalent Unit container (TEU) was considered for Civil- Military Co-Operation (CIMIC) operations, specifically Humanitarian Aid and Disaster Relief (HADR), Harbour Protection (HP) and Counter Piracy (CP). The base vessel types considered were Landing Platform Dock/ Joint Support Ship (LPD/JSS) which provided necessary space and loading/unloading facilities without major design modifications. Subsequently it was realised that a prepared package of equipment (a module), designed to be self-contained with suitable ship-to-module interfaces (space, power, communication links etc.) that could be quickly installed in a host ship, could provide an alternative means of enhancing the organic (i.e. built-in) capability of naval vessels for other types of missions. Where a threat exists, ISO TEUs need ...