Suchergebnisse

The interesting thing that can result in criminal penalties is that the director can be held accountable for all company operations in carrying out the business of producing and/or trading goods and/or services that do not correspond to the promises stated in labels, etiquette, descriptions, advertisements, or sales promotions of goods and/or services. The Republic of Indonesia Law No. 19 of 2016 (RI Law No. 19/2016), as amended by Law No. 11 of 2008 Concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (RI Law No. 19/2016), states that anyone who intentionally and without authorization or in a way that is against the law modifies, reduces, transmits, destroys, deletes, transfers, or hides electronic information and/or documents that belong to another person or to the public domain is still in violation of Chapter 32 (1). Article 32 paragraph (1) of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 19 of 2016 which was last amended by Law Number 11 of 2008 Concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (RI Law No.19/2016) which confirms that every person intentionally and without rights or in a way against the law in all ways to change, add, reduce, transmit, destroy, delete, transfer, hide an Electronic Information and/or Electronic Document belonging to another person or public property.

Issued in the series of documents of the Legislature. ; Description based on: 1913. ; Mode of access: Internet.

In 2002 the World Bank issued a US $300 million loan to Mexico to finance an education reform project. The loan is the second phase of a three-part Adaptable Program Loan (APL). A brief description of the 136-page World Bank reform project is initially detailed & contrasted with a historical perspective. The Multiple Streams Model is used to determine why this education reform has come to fruition. Finally, the Frank Model is used to assess viability of this phase of the APL. It is concluded that this loan takes great national steps toward modernization, decentralization, & democratization. The adaptability of the loan is quite evident & proactive. Success of this project is promising, but the World Bank must not forget the cultural needs of the indigenous peoples. 15 References. Adapted from the source document.

AbstractIn 2002 the World Bank issued a US$300 million loan to Mexico to finance an education reform project. The loan is the second phase of a three‐part Adaptable Program Loan (APL). A brief description of the 136‐page World Bank reform project is initially detailed and contrasted with a historical perspective. The Multiple Streams Model is used to determine why this education reform has come to fruition. Finally, the Frank Model is used to assess viability of this phase of the APL. It is concluded that this loan takes great national steps toward modernization, decentralization, and democratization. The adaptability of the loan is quite evident and proactive. Success of this project is promising, but the World Bank must not forget the cultural needs of the indigenous peoples.

Purpose – Start-up business has developed significantly in the last decade. The development follows the digital technology ownership. Online loan service (pinjaman online; pinjol) is one of the start-up products based on the online credit. But it has problems relating to human rights violations and Islamic Jurisprudence. This study aims to investigate the possibility of violence of online loan service (pinjol) and the view of Islamic jurisprudence of Shafi'i school on online loan service.Method – This paper uses description and analysis methods.Result – The result of this study is that one of the problem sources is the high amount of bank interest in online loan. Moreover, the debt terms are so easy, and the disbursement process is so fast, so that it causes bad credit among debtors. According to Shafi'i scholars, the high bank interest is part of the mudha'afah usury, although both parties have agreed the contract. However, the sanctions for bad debtors are not accordance with Islamic sharia that prioritize the debt (qardh) to help other people. In addition, this credit business causes so many harms (mudharat). Implication – This study will help government, business player, and consumers to understand online loan service according to Islamic jurisprudence.Originality – This study is among few other studies who investigate the current trend of online loan service in Indonesia.

Malaysia's National Higher Education Fund Corporation (Perbadanan Tabung Pendidikan Tinggi Nasional) is a statutory body responsible for providing study loans to tertiary students, as well as managing education saving schemes. Better known by its Malay language acronym PTPTN, it is also a heavily politicized entity with successive administrations continuously using it as an election sweetener to woo voters. This essay is an attempt to document PTPTN's history, successes, challenges and future plans. It provides a critical assessment of the student loan body, while at the same time being a distinctive study since this author has access to data on various aspects of the organization's performance by virtue of his position as the current Chairman of PTPTN's Board of Directors, tasked by the Malaysian government to reform the entity. Following this introduction, the essay will describe the background behind the establishment of PTPTN. The subsequent section will provide some key data to help readers understand the importance of PTPTN, before delving into the problems and challenges faced by the entity, both from the financial and political perspective. The final two sections contain a description of some ideas on PTPTN's future.

This paper makes an empirical analysis of the role of student loan by commercial banks in financing the estimated budgetary subsidy to general collegiate education by Government and Private Aided colleges in Karnataka State (India). A major estimation result shows that the maximum total fee collectable, as a percentage of total estimated subsidy, is equal to 4.22 (or 4.74) percent in Government (or Private Aided) Colleges in 2000-01. Consequently, student fee revision, as a single instrument for total reduction of the budgetary subsidy is found to be inappropriate, even if it is entirely financed by student loan. The policy framework for analysis of linkage between student loan and regional fiscal policy in this paper is of special relevance for other states within India as well as for other developing countries, where the regional governments face the problem of reducing budgetary support to higher education through student loan scheme. In addition, the description of Indian model of student loan is useful for comparative studies in international education.

Abstract
The brothel and the local yamen are the two main institutions around which life revolves in the 1848 novel Fengyue meng 風月夢 (Seductive Dreams) by an anonymous author. Loan-sharking, squeeze, and extortion are the most prominent ways besides prostitution of making a living in this milieu, which features an array of characters rarely described before in fiction in such detail: yamen functionaries and other working or idle underlings, including clerks, runners, servants, entertainers, laborers, and beggars. The most down-and-out characters resemble the subject of one of the deepest instances of self-expression in the novel, a song about an opium addict, whose lament addresses a key aspect of the life of underlings like him, that he has left village and family to enter the broad mix of people living in Yangzhou, the city of opium, prostitution, and corruption. The novel is about the raw and practical interactions of that world and the new types of relations that take place there. My focus is on the terminology and descriptions used to identify these people and the ways in which the novel narrates the transactions of their brothel-dominated, usury-prone, and squeeze-driven society in terms of both money and that money's equivalent in terms of a character's survival.

Summary  (Evaluation of a regression by means of orthogonal polynomials).In our mathematical‐statistical literature the use of orthogonal polynomials in evaluating a regression is scarcely known. The authors give a brief description of this method, which reduces the labour of calculation involved in economical‐ or biological‐statistical investigations. Orthogonal polynomials are so constructed, that the terms are independent from? each other, so that each coefficient of regression can be computed independently from the others. The method is illustrated by an example of price‐statistics (apples), published by M. D. Woodin in Bulletin 761, 1941 of the Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Station. It must be emphasized that evaluation is relevant only for values lying within the range of observation, so that extrapolation is most speculative; moreover the evaluation is only possible if the independent variables are equally spaced. In other cases interpolation is necessary.

This book analyzes a neglected but fascinating chapter in Anglo-Latin American relations, the disastrous 1822-25 investment boom. During this brief period, British investors lost £21 million in defaulted Latin America as an area for capital investment for a generation. Today Latin America owes its banking and other anxious international creditors over $400 billion, and amount that is unlikely to be repaid. Valuable lessons can be learned by studying the nineteenth-century antecedents of the current situation.Frank Griffith Dawson explores in depth the origins and consequences of the first Latin American debt crisis, interweaving economic details with the broader historical context of society, government, and diplomacy of the period. His wide-ranging discussion includes descriptions of the vicissitudes of the loans, bond issues, and speculative ventures in mining and agriculture, life styles of the various Latin American agents who were empowered to negotiate loans for the new states, the sometimes dishonest British banking and stock broking figured involved in the transactions, and the unfailing gullibility of the investing public. Dawson's saga sheds light not only capital-exporting nation, but also on a London, when its institutions first began wholeheartedly to adapt themselves to their roles as the financial arbiters of the world.This readable and entertaining book will be of interest to students of Latin American and European economic history. It will also be instructive reading to politicians, stockbrokers, bankers, and lawyers who are attempting to deal with the consequences of the latest Latin American lending boom

The well-known subprime mortgage crisis, which began to manifest in early 2007, since when the effects of the speculative bubble begin to become evident from the increase in default rates in residential mortgages, has triggered a global crisis that has pushed various legislations over time to implement a series of financial reforms with the specific objective of avoiding that similar phenomena could be repeated over time. The ability to repay a loan is strongly influenced by the amortization algorithm that the bank has decided to adopt. This appears even more evident in variable interest rate loans since, as the economic conditions of the indexation parameter change, the definition of the loan balance and the related portion of interest will be decisive in relation to the borrower's ability to repay the loaned capital. A study of the main amortization algorithms and the related descriptions in the bank contracts will allow us to show which are the main issues due to an information asymmetry that, unfortunately, characterizes this type of contract and would seem to be one of the main reasons that lie at the root of the aforementioned crisis of subprime mortgages in the USA. Moreover, the authors will provide a clear analysis of the financial indicators usually reported in loan contracts and how often these indications are insufficient to characterize the actual cost of the loan. Furthermore, by highlighting the discretionary choice that banks often obtain following the contractual loan schemes commonly offered to retail and corporate clients, we will show how this often translates into greater cost to the borrower. Finally, we will propose two possible solutions to the problems highlighted, thus allowing us to reduce this information gap, which unfortunately translates into greater costs for customers with the associated increase in default rates, or the so-called nonperforming loan (NPLs) contracts. Therefore, the objective of this contribution is to show which are the most critical aspects of the bank contracts ...

The well-known subprime mortgage crisis, which began to manifest in early 2007, since when the effects of the speculative bubble begin to become evident from the increase in default rates in residential mortgages, has triggered a global crisis that has pushed various legislations over time to implement a series of financial reforms with the specific objective of avoiding that similar phenomena could be repeated over time. The ability to repay a loan is strongly influenced by the amortization algorithm that the bank has decided to adopt. This appears even more evident in variable interest rate loans since, as the economic conditions of the indexation parameter change, the definition of the loan balance and the related portion of interest will be decisive in relation to the borrower&rsquo ; s ability to repay the loaned capital. A study of the main amortization algorithms and the related descriptions in the bank contracts will allow us to show which are the main issues due to an information asymmetry that, unfortunately, characterizes this type of contract and would seem to be one of the main reasons that lie at the root of the aforementioned crisis of subprime mortgages in the USA. Moreover, the authors will provide a clear analysis of the financial indicators usually reported in loan contracts and how often these indications are insufficient to characterize the actual cost of the loan. Furthermore, by highlighting the discretionary choice that banks often obtain following the contractual loan schemes commonly offered to retail and corporate clients, we will show how this often translates into greater cost to the borrower. Finally, we will propose two possible solutions to the problems highlighted, thus allowing us to reduce this information gap, which unfortunately translates into greater costs for customers with the associated increase in default rates, or the so-called nonperforming loan (NPLs) contracts. Therefore, the objective of this contribution is to show which are the most critical aspects of the bank contracts related to contractual transparency and to the presence or otherwise of hidden costs, i.e., not expressly shown in the contract. Specifically, we refer to the loan contracts issued in Italy both with reference to the local banking legislation and to the European one to which Italy must often refer.

Issued in the series of documents of the Legislature. ; Description based on: 1915. ; Mode of access: Internet.

This book, first published in 1978, treats methods of describing the total and special vocabularies of a given text and demonstrates a procedure of description of the vocabulary of the Sufi Mathnavi poem ?ari?q-ut-ta?qi?q, composed in the middle of the fourteenth century. The book gives a complete concordance, also indicating inflexional forms, and a complete frequency word-list of this New Persian text. The word-lists are followed by a statistical survey of the general vocabulary, the Arabic loan-words and the Sufi-religious terminology.

Description based on: Fiscal year 1998; title from cover. ; Mode of access: Internet.