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Occupation of Enemy Territory — Rights and Duties of Occupant — Orders of Occupying Power — Whether Subject to Scrutiny of Local Courts — Requisitioning of Property — General Order by Occupying Power — Formalities in Discretion of Authorities of Occupied Country — Requirement of Observance of Local Law — Whether Subject to Scrutiny of Local Courts.

Interspecific interactions are deeply affected by the current scenario of climate change. This is because interactions are sensitive to many traits of interacting species as phenology, distribution, behavior, and relative abundances which may be differently influenced by climate change in each species. In this scenario, positive interactions, which require temporal coordination of events of life history of interacting species, could be particularly altered due to differential effects of climate change on phenology, apart from by the effects on abundance and distribution. Hitherto, studies focusing on the effects of climate change on positive biotic interactions are scarce and mainly focused on plant-pollinator interactions. Here I propose that, by inducing informational mismatches, climate change may lead to individuals from competing species relying on heterospecific social information to making mis- or un-informed decisions. The idea is that competing species are valuable sources of social information to each other provided overlap of their activities occurs. However, whenever coordination of events fails, competing species will co-occur at the wrong moment, co-occur only in small numbers or even not co-occur at all and thus they will not be able to access useful or any social information from heterospecifics. In that scenario, interacting species would be mis- or un- informed, and, consequently, decision taking will be impaired, leading to disequilibrium in the community. Throughout the manuscript, I will develop the idea of mismatches of information and illustrate it with some case studies. ; The research of the author was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science/FEDER through the projects CGL2011-27561/BOS and CGL2014-56769-P. The contract of the author was supported by the Government of Extremadura by the TA13002 while writing. ; Peer reviewed ; Peer Reviewed

[Background]: Monilinia spp. are responsible for brown rot, one of the most significant stone fruit diseases. Planting resistant cultivars seems a promising alternative, although most commercial cultivars are susceptible to brown rot. The aim of this study was to explore resistance to Monilinia fructicola over two seasons in a backcross one interspecific population between almond 'Texas' and peach 'Earlygold' (named T1E). ; [Results]: 'Texas' almond was resistant to brown rot inoculation, whereas peach was highly susceptible. Phenotypic data from the T1E population indicated wide differences in response to M. fructicola. Additionally, several non‐wounded individuals exhibited resistance to brown rot. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified in several linkage groups, but only two proximal QTLs in G4 were detected over both seasons and accounted for 11.3–16.2% of the phenotypic variation. ; [Conclusion]: Analysis of the progeny allowed the identification of resistant genotypes that could serve as a source of resistance in peach breeding programs. The finding of loci associated with brown rot resistance would shed light on implementing a strategy based on marker‐assisted selection (MAS) for introgression of this trait into elite peach materials. New peach cultivars resistant to brown rot may contribute to the implementation of more sustainable crop protection strategies. ; This study was supported by national projects AGL2014‐55287‐C02‐02‐R and RTA2015‐00050‐00‐00 from the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MINECO), by a PhD grant 2017FI_B1_00153 (Baró‐Montel, N.) from the Catalan Government (Generalitat de Catalunya) and by funding received from the CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya and the Severo Ochoa Program for Centres of Excellence in R&D 2016‐2019 (SEV‐2015‐0533). ; Peer reviewed

"Spatial Ecology addresses the fundamental effects of space on the dynamics of individual species and on the structure, dynamics, diversity, and stability of multispecies communities. Although the ecological world is unavoidably spatial, there have been surprisingly few attempts to determine how explicit considerations of space may alter the predictions of ecological models, or what insights they may give into the causes of broad-scale ecological patterns. As the chapters in this book demonstrate, the spatial structure of a habitat can fundamentally alter both the qualitative and quantitative dynamics and outcomes of ecological processes." "Spatial Ecology is designed to highlight the importance of space to five topical areas: stability, patterns of diversity, invasions, coexistence, and pattern generation. Its aim is to illustrate both the diversity of approaches used to study spatial ecology and the underlying similarities of these approaches."--Jacket

Tactical voting primarily takes place under single-member district plurality electoral institutions and takes the form of third-party supporters voting for one of the major parties. Although much has been written about tactical voting, few studies have attempted to show its impact on seat distribution within the parliament or on the makeup of the subsequent government, in countries with single-member plurality systems. In this article, we assess the magnitude and impact of tactical voting in0 the Canadian general elections between 1988 and 2000. We build a model of tactical voting by identifying factors that are known to affect the level of tactical voting that we can measure using available data. Based on this model, we generate predicted levels of tactical voting for all parties within each district, and then use these predicted values to adjust the actual election data to produce a new set of data containing a would-be election outcome in the absence of tactical voting. By comparing actual election data, adjusted election data, and the seat share of political parties in the parliament after these elections, we discuss the political impact of tactical voting in Canada. The results of our study affirm that, in some cases, tactical voting does lead to election outcomes different from those in its absence and that arguments based on voter rationality are to some degree valid in the real world. At the same time, our results demonstrate that the impact of tactical voting on election outcomes, and thus on the actual distribution of seats within the parliament, has been minimal in Canada. It had no impact on the partisan composition of the government in any of the four elections studied.

У статті обґрунтований підхід щодо розрахунку енерготехнічного потенціалу підрозділів для визначення його впливу на бойові можливості міжвидової тактичної групи. ; В статье обоснован подход к расчету энерготехнического потенциала подразделений для определения его влияния на боевые возможности межвидовой тактической группы. ; In the article the approach to the calculation energetic potential of equipment subdivisions to determine its effect on the combat capabilities of the interspecific tactical group.

Ancient events of polyploidy have been linked to huge evolutionary leaps in the tree of life, while increasing evidence shows that newly established polyploids have adaptive advantages in certain stress conditions compared to their relatives with a lower ploidy. The genus Saccharomyces is a good model for studying such events, as it contains an ancient whole-genome duplication event and many sequenced Saccharomyces cerevisiae are, evolutionary speaking, newly formed polyploids. Many polyploids have unstable genomes and go through large genome erosions; however, it is still unknown what mechanisms govern this reduction. Here, we sequenced and studied the natural S. cerevisiae × Saccharomyces kudriavzevii hybrid strain, VIN7, which was selected for its commercial use in the wine industry. The most singular observation is that its nuclear genome is highly unstable and drastic genomic alterations were observed in only a few generations, leading to a widening of its phenotypic landscape. To better understand what leads to the loss of certain chromosomes in the VIN7 cell population, we looked for genetic features of the genes, such as physical interactions, complex formation, epistatic interactions and stress responding genes, which could have beneficial or detrimental effects on the cell if their dosage is altered by a chromosomal copy number variation. The three chromosomes lost in our VIN7 population showed different patterns, indicating that multiple factors could explain the mechanisms behind the chromosomal loss. However, one common feature for two out of the three chromosomes is that they are among the smallest ones. We hypothesize that small chromosomes alter their copy numbers more frequently as a low number of genes is affected, meaning that it is a by-product of genome instability, which might be the chief driving force of the adaptability and genome architecture of this hybrid. ; This work was supported by grants RTI2018-093744-B-C31 and -C32 from the Spanish Government and European Union ERDF-FEDER to A.Q. and E.B., respectively. M.M. was supported by a Ph.D. student contract (ACIF/2015/194) from the Regional Government of Valencia. C.I. acknowledges the Spanish Government for its Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación studentship (FPI). C.T. was supported by an EMBO long-term fellowship (ALTF 730–2011) and a 'Juan de la Cierva' postdoctoral contract (JCI-2012–14056) from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. ; Peer reviewed