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Globalization, understood as a process that has reduced the barriers that separate local contexts from international contexts, has increased and accelerated the economic, cultural, and political interactions among countries, organizations, and citizens (Giddens, 2000). From the business side, firms are increasingly involved in foreign ventures such as outsourcing, off-shoring, exporting, importing and investing in foreign countries that require the correct adaptation of managers to cultural differences. In fact, the inability of managers to face the cultural challenges of doing business abroad is one of the causes of business failures (Johnson, Lenartowicz, & Apud 2006; Black, Mendenhall, & Oddou, 1991). Rather than a lack of ability in the technical aspects of their job, a major factor in business failures (e.g., early return of an expatriate, poor choice of an export market, or problems running a foreign

Preface -- Communication and intercultural competence -- Introduction to intercultural competence -- Culture and intercultural communication -- Intercultural communication competence -- Cultural differences in communication -- Cultural patterns and communication: foundations -- Cultural patterns and communication: taxonomies -- Cultural identity and cultural biases -- Coding intercultural communication -- Verbal intercultural communication -- Nonverbal intercultural communication -- The effects of code usage in intercultural communication -- Intercultural competence in interpersonal relationships -- Episodes, contexts, and intercultural interactions -- The potential for intercultural competence -- For further reading -- Notes -- Text credits -- Name index -- Subject index

Bringing together leading experts and scholars from around the world, this Handbook provides a comprehensive overview of the latest theories and research on intercultural competence. It will be a useful and invaluable resource to administrators, faculty, researchers, and students.

The article suggests that translation can be a suitable activity to explore and develop aspects of foreign language students' intercultural competence. This point is illustrated with a study into the translation processes of British university students of German. As the study indicates, cultural knowledge problems impinged on the students' translation performance in various ways. Thus, frequently students did not seem to be sufficiently familiar with concepts of their native culture and with German standard terminology for British concepts. Furthermore, decisions as to whether German readers would comprehend transferred English terms were regularly based on a bilingual dictionary. This led to the transference of items which would probably be obscure for a fair proportion of German readers. Based on a discussion of these problems some suggestions for foreign language teaching practice are made.

Cultural competence, as the ability to interact effectively with the culturally diverse others, is a key component to your success in the globalized world. Developing cultural competence gives us an insight how to benefit from the diversity within intercultural interactions. Everyone may misinterpret the cultural differences due to the low level of cultural competence. That can influence further cooperation with different cultures. Therefore, it is very important to foster students' intercultural skills, in particular by using different learning techniques and implementing new ideas into the traditional teaching methods. One of them is design thinking as a practice that encourages collaboration and can help students to manage intercultural challenges. Hence, the research problem for this study is to reveal the correlation between the development of students' intercultural competence and design thinking method application. The purpose of the study is to summarize and synthesize the research on cross-cultural interactions and design thinking to build a framework that shows how the implementation of the design thinking method into the learning process facilitates the development of students' intercultural competence. The tasks of the research are:a) to review the main contributions to the field of design thinking by analysing multidisciplinary studies on how design thinking fosters development of variety competences including intercultural competence;b) to design the framework to reveal the correlation between the components of intercultural competence and the stages of design thinking process;c) to observe the changes in the students' intercultural competence level by analysing learners' responses to the case of intercultural misunderstanding at the beginning of studying the cross-cultural communication classes and after finishing the course.d) The study uses mixed approaches such as quantitative and qualitative methods, scientific literature studies, intercultural competence assessment, grouping, comparative analysis, synthesis, inductive and deductive methods.The key results are presented in the framework that demonstrates the ways how design thinking method supports the development of intercultural competence. This framework can be used by educators to teach intercultural competence and everyone involved in cross-cultural interactions, and who would like to benefit from the diversity.

Abstract
Intercultural competence is an increasingly debated subject, at least in foreign specialized literature, not in the national one, especially in the context of university education where most exchanges of experience take place between universities from various European countries and not only. The purpose of this article is to identify and clarify from a theoretical point of view the concept of intercultural competence and the importance of its formation at the level of university education. The article analyzes aspects and opinions regarding the term intercultural competence and the components that make up this competence. It also presents some of the development models of competence, which have the role of strengthening the characteristics of intercultural competence. The theoretical aspects analyzed regarding intercultural competence demonstrate the importance of this competence and the necessity of its training at the university level, which should arouse the interest of actors in the university system towards a thorough training of intercultural competence for their students and giving it special importance.

Abstract
This study used interviews to explore how 10 Taiwanese college students' intercultural competence was developed after participating in an intercultural extracurricular activity designed with a purpose to facilitate foreign students' study in Taiwan and to promote meaningful home-foreign student contacts. In-depth information and narratives from the interviews were collected as evidence of intercultural competence development. The results showed all the interviewees appreciated the experience and felt it to have been of value to them in terms of building international friendships, heightening their intercultural awareness and the benefits of intercultural competence, and having more appreciation and better understanding of Taiwanese culture. Students also realized that a lack of understanding of Taiwanese culture could exacerbate communication difficulties. Students thus became aware of the importance of describing Taiwanese cultural practices in English and realized that more language practice was necessary for smoother communication. Suggestions for both extracurricular activities and language programs improvement in the future were also provided in the conclusion.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to introduce the special issue which brings together six papers exploring aspects of intercultural competence in the international business arena.Design/methodology/approachThis overarching paper contextualizes the theme and introduces the selected papers which offer both theoretical and empirical insights.FindingsThe findings in this paper vary according to the core theme of each of the six contributions.Practical implicationsThe papers in the special issue call attention to competences required for operating in the intercultural arena and offer a potential platform for developmental interventions.Originality/valueThe paper highlights how, combined, the papers explore new avenues of enquiry in the intercultural competence domain and showcase cross national theoretical and empirical work.

Bernaciak Elżbieta, Farbicka Paulina, Jaworska-Czerwińska Aleksandra, Szotkiewicz Renata. Intercultural Competences in Health Care - Jehovah's Witnesses. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2019;9(3):301-320. eISNN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/zenodo.2597466 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/6714 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/907966 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part b item 1223 (26/01/2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eissn 2391-8306 7 © The Authors 2019; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 18.02.2019. Revised: 18.02.2019. Accepted: 18.03.2019. Intercultural Competences in Health Care - Jehovah's Witnesses Kompetencje Międzykulturowe w Ochronie Zdrowia – Świadek Jehowy 1. Elżbieta Bernaciak, Department of Emergency Medicine and Catastrophes, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 10th Militaty Research Hospital and Polyclinic in Bydgoszcz, Poland 2. Paulina Farbicka, State Higher Vocational School in Koszalin, 10th Military Research Hospital and Polyclinic in Bydgoszcz, Poland 3. Aleksandra Jaworska-Czerwińska, Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition Disorders, Collegium ...

Der Aufsatz thematisiert die Problematik von Schulungen interkultureller Kompetenz in der freien Wirtschaft. Solche Schulungen finden oft im Kontext eines wirtschaftlichen Machgefälles zwischen dem Investor und der Tochtergesellschaft statt, was in akademischen Erwägungen außer Acht gelassen wird. Ein kultureller Relativismus ist von den Teilnehmern nicht zu erwarten. Stattdessen wird die Machtasymmetrie von der stärkeren Partei als die Konsequenz der kulturellen Unterschiede interpretiert, d.h. als ein sichtbarer Beweis für den höheren Nutzwert der eigenen Kultur. Asymmetrische sprachliche Anpassung von der Tochtergesellschaft an den Investor wird ebenfalls unreflektiert akzeptiert. Der Aufsatz deutet an, wie ethnozentrische Interpretation von kulturellen Unterschieden gemildert und eine sprachbezogenen Reflexion herbeigeführt werden kann. Dabei muss stets beachtet werden, dass dies potentiell in Opposition zu den pragmatischen Interessen des Dozenten steht und sein professionelles Image gefährden kann.