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Waste management is always a serious problem in developing country like Nepal, Medicalwaste has become a matter of major concern at present with the growth of health facilities inboth public and private sectors of Nepal, It is a serious concern, as most of its waste goes tomunicipal waste management system, There is no proper or separate waste handling, dumpingor incinerating practice for hazardous or hospital waste in Nepal, This study aimed to evaluatethe characterization, quantification and management situation of various health care centers inNepal, A study on the waste characterization and quantification as well as existing wastemanagement system was conducted in six different hospitals and nursing homes of Nepalduring 2004 to 2007, These hospitals has been serving about 0,25 million patients in averageevery year, The methodology involved in the study is the collection of the waste from eachward, segregation, characterization into infectious, non-infectious waste groups andquantification. In each hospital investigation was conducted for 7-15 days, Existingmanagement practice were directly observed and documented, Necessary infonnation wasalso collected through fonnal and infonnal consultations with different stakeholders of theconcern hospitals, This study found that the average daily waste generation in surveyedhospitals is 69,35 kg, The average per capita waste generation in these hospitals is 0.66 kg inwhich infectious waste was 0, 13 kg/day/person and non-infectious waste was 0,53kg/day/person, The average infectious waste was almost 22,07% and non- infectious wastewas 77.93% in the surveyed hospitals, Application of strong policies and legislation measuresfor proper management of the medical waste is highly needed ; Waste management is always a serious problem in developing country like Nepal, Medicalwaste has become a matter of major concern at present with the growth of health facilities inboth public and private sectors of Nepal, It is a serious concern, as most of its waste goes tomunicipal waste management system, There is no proper or separate waste handling, dumpingor incinerating practice for hazardous or hospital waste in Nepal, This study aimed to evaluatethe characterization, quantification and management situation of various health care centers inNepal, A study on the waste characterization and quantification as well as existing wastemanagement system was conducted in six different hospitals and nursing homes of Nepalduring 2004 to 2007, These hospitals has been serving about 0,25 million patients in averageevery year, The methodology involved in the study is the collection of the waste from eachward, segregation, characterization into infectious, non-infectious waste groups andquantification. In each hospital investigation was conducted for 7-15 days, Existingmanagement practice were directly observed and documented, Necessary infonnation wasalso collected through fonnal and infonnal consultations with different stakeholders of theconcern hospitals, This study found that the average daily waste generation in surveyedhospitals is 69,35 kg, The average per capita waste generation in these hospitals is 0.66 kg inwhich infectious waste was 0, 13 kg/day/person and non-infectious waste was 0,53kg/day/person, The average infectious waste was almost 22,07% and non- infectious wastewas 77.93% in the surveyed hospitals, Application of strong policies and legislation measuresfor proper management of the medical waste is highly needed

Preface -- Contents -- About the Author -- 1 Integrated Waste Management System Overview -- 1.1 Overview of the Book -- 1.2 Challenges in Managing Solid Wastes -- 1.3 What Is Waste? -- 1.4 Waste Management Systems -- 1.5 Integrated Sustainable Waste Management (ISWM) Framework -- References -- 2 Waste Characteristics and Practices -- 2.1 Waste Generation Rate -- 2.2 Waste Composition -- 2.3 Waste Management Practices -- 2.4 Formal and Informal MSW Recycling -- 2.5 Waste Management Cost -- References -- 3 Municipal Waste Management in Thailand -- 3.1 Waste Management Situation -- 3.2 Waste Generation -- 3.3 Situation of MSW in Bangkok (Thailand) -- 3.4 Waste Management Policies in Thailand -- 3.5 Waste Management in Thailand -- 3.6 Thailand Environmental Quality Management Plan (2012-2016) -- 3.7 Recommendations for MSWM in the Future -- References -- 4 Community-Based Waste Management in Thailand -- 4.1 Community-Based MSWM -- 4.2 Waste Banks in Thailand -- 4.3 Lessons Learned from Sakon Nakhon Province (Thailand) -- 4.4 Key Factors for Case Study Success -- 4.5 Incentives from CBM Programs -- References -- 5 Household Hazardous Waste Management in Thailand -- 5.1 Household Hazardous Waste -- 5.2 Household Hazardous Waste Generation -- 5.3 HHW Impact and Treatment -- 5.4 Case Study: Household Hazardous Waste Management in Bangkok -- 5.4.1 Background -- 5.4.2 Current Practice on HHW Management in Bangkok -- 5.5 Suggestion for Future Management Improvement -- References -- 6 Infectious Waste Management in Thailand -- 6.1 Definition and Types of Infectious Waste -- 6.2 Situation of Infectious Waste Management -- 6.3 Infectious Waste Treatment Technologies -- 6.4 Processes of Infectious Waste Management -- 6.5 Impacts of Infectious Waste -- 6.6 Case Study: Infectious Waste Generation and Management in Bangkok

During the COVID-19 outbreak in Hubei Province, People's Republic of China (PRC), infectious medical waste increased by 600% from 40 tons per day to 240 tons per day. This quickly overwhelmed existing medical transport and disposal infrastructure around hospitals. Other countries will face similar challenges. It is critical that additional waste management systems are put in place to help reduce the further spread of COVID-19 and the emergence of other diseases. To support its developing member countries, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) has compiled the following list of considerations and recommendations to enable governments to rapidly respond to these unprecedented challenges.

Introduction: Medical waste generation during the Covid19 pandemic increased by around 30%. Sources of medical waste generation are health care activities. If medical waste is not appropriately managed, it can pollute the environment and disturb health. The purpose of the review is to identify the potential of medical waste in health-care facilities in Indonesia when the Covid19 pandemic and to review medical waste management in Indonesia. The analysis uses a systematic literature review. Discussion: The potential of medical waste during the Covid19 epidemic is infectious waste (PPE wastes), sharps waste (syringes), chemical waste (expired medicines), and pharmaceutical waste (the used alcohol bottles when rapid tests). The hazardous waste management system refers to Government Regulation No. 101 year 2014 about Management of Hazardous and Toxic Waste and and Regulation of Minister of Environment and Forestry of Republic Indonesia No. P.56/MenlhkSetjen/2015 about Procedures and Technical Requirements for Waste Management Hazardous and Toxic From the Health Service Facilities. Infectious waste, sharps waste, chemical waste, and pharmaceutical waste are destroyed with incinerators. Syringe residues were damaged with a needle shredder. Residue and incineration ashes are processed using solidification. If the heavy metal content under the quality standards, then the waste can be landfill. Conclusion: The potential of medical waste during the Covid19 pandemic is infectious waste, sharps waste, chemical waste, and pharmaceutical waste. Medical waste generated must be appropriately managed. Proper medical waste management can prevent environmental pollution and the spread of disease. One of the processing of potential medical waste is incineration. The incineration system produces residue and ash waste that must further be handled so that it does not pollute the environment and disturb health.

This third edition updates and expands the material presented in the best-selling first and second editions of Basic Hazardous Waste Management. It covers health and safety issues affecting hazardous waste workers, management and regulation of radioactive and biomedical/infectious wastes, as well as current trends in technologies. While the topics have been completely revised, the author employs the same practical approach that made the previous editions so popular. Chapters are structured to first outline the issue, subject, or technology, then to describe generic practice, and then to conclu

To maximize healthcare efforts toward environmental sustainability while ensuring patient and community safety, a comprehensive understanding regarding solid waste properties and disposal practices of care for infectious patients is needed. This observational study quantified the solid waste generated from two patientrooms in contact isolation for infection with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus for 168 hours (7 days). A total of 3,322 solid waste items amounting to approximately 65 kilograms (kg) of solid waste was generated. Of this, 43% of the solid waste were attributed to personal protective equipment (PPE) used with infectious isolation procedures (e.g., gowns, packaging, non-latex gloves). In one year, total waste accumulation for one isolated patient could total approximately 1,690kg. Further study is needed to support updated isolation and solid waste disposal practices that preserve the safety of patients and healthcare personnel while considering environmental sustainability. In this article the authors review the background and significance of current, solid waste practices and the study method used to begin to inform isolation protocol changes. After presenting and discussing their findings, they note the study limitations, and offer nursing implications and solutions to promote environmental stewardship. They conclude by identifying the need for further study of unregulated solid waste disposal generated in caring for infectious patients so as to promote environmental sustainability.

The number of dentists providing mobile care is increasing. One of the challenges the mobile dentist faces is proper handling and disposal of infectious medical waste generated during patient care. Mobile dentists must concern themselves with meeting Federal, state, and local regulations. Federal agencies that have jurisdiction over this issue are the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). EPA guidelines are summarized and clarified with respect to pre‐transportation and transportation issues. Compliance with OSHA standards are addressed through presentation of a sample protocol for handling infectious medical waste. It is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss in detail the policies of each municipality, and practitioners are advised to consult with state and local authorities regarding proper handling and transportation of this material. Using the information presented in this paper, the mobile dentist can approach this complex issue in an organized manner.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been having a strong impact throughout the world, changing the way we live our lives. This is due to the threat that the virus poses to human health, but also to the impact it has on waste management and consequently the environment. In this dissertation it was intended to study the way that the pandemic has been affecting waste management. With the elaboration of two interviews, it was intended to understand the role that the municipal governments of Lisbon (Portugal) and Salto (Brazil) had on waste management during the pandemic and if the management process has been adequate. It was also intended, with the elaboration of two questionnaires, to understand how the population of both these countries has been affected and which possible impacts can the citizens behavior have in this waste management process. The results showed that both these municipal governments and their respective countries are subject to factors like geographic limitations, population density and social diversity, which directly affect the process of waste management, however there are similarities in the approaches followed. It was also noted that the way to obtain positive results in this waste management process does not depend unilaterally on the intervention of the government nor the social behavior, but the cooperation between both parts. Lastly it was also noted that all the countries must invest in environmental education and conscientization, so the citizens can understand from early on, the impacts that their habits can have on the environment. ; A pandemia do COVID-19 tem vindo a ter um forte impacto por todo o mundo, mudando o modo como vivemos as nossas vidas. Tal deve-se à ameaça que o vírus apresenta para a saúde humana, mas também ao impacto que tem na gestão de resíduos e consequentemente no meio ambiente. Nesta dissertação procurou-se estudar os impactos que a pandemia tem vindo a ter na gestão de resíduos. Procurou-se, através de duas entrevistas elaboradas, compreender o papel que os governos municipais de Lisboa (Portugal) e Salto (Brasil) tiveram na gestão de resíduos durante a pandemia e se o processo de gestão tem sido adequado. Procurou-se ainda, através de dois questionários elaborados, compreender como a população destes dois países tem sido afetada e que possíveis impactos podem os comportamentos dos cidadãos ter neste processo de gestão de resíduos. Os resultados mostram que ambos os municípios estudados e os respetivos países estão sujeitos a fatores como limitações geográficas, densidade populacional e diversidade social, que afetam diretamente o processo de gestão de resíduos, no entanto encontram-se semelhanças nas abordagens seguidas. Notou-se ainda que o modo de obter resultados positivos no processo de gestão de resíduos não depende unilateralmente da intervenção do governo nem do comportamento social, mas sim de uma cooperação entre ambas as partes. Por fim notou-se também que todos os países devem investir em planos de educação e consciencialização ambiental, de modo a que os cidadãos compreendam desde cedo o impacto que os seus hábitos podem ter no meio ambiente.

Introduction: Growth of urbanization has led to changes in production and components of nosocomial wastes and proper management of repelling solid wastes is an issue that has direct relationship to health and infection's control in society. Although the numbers of these materials are low, but can cause lots of dangers. This study has been done with the aim of determining quantity and quality and also condition of management of wastes at medical and hygienic centers in year 94. Methodology: In this descriptive-sectional study that performed at governmental hygienic and medical centers of Farash Band, productive wastes divided into 3 main groups and the condition of wastes management was also investigated on the basis of prepared check list from management's regulation of nosocomial wastes. By using panel regression, the effect of various variables on rate of infectious wastes and all the productive and nosocomial wastes was analyzed. Results: Findings of study showed that productive wastes are related to the numbers of referred people and are more than other hygienic and medical centers in hospitals. Although a meaningful relation between the rate of productive and infectious wastes and the numbers of referred people has not been observed, but the rate of productive and infectious waste in hospitals was more than other centers and it was statistically meaningful. Conclusion: Daily productions of thousands tons of waste in different areas (of country) and all kinds that they have according to pollution, are an issues that considering population's growth and development of industry and technology should be placed at up to hygiene and environment's plans of the country. According to the importance of this issue, at first items about hygienic dangers, type and the rate of waste and then collection and excretion systems should be noticed.

The paper presents and discusses the issues of medical waste (including hazardous ones) and the problems regarding their proper management in Poland. Inappropriate handling of infectious medical waste directly endangers human health and the environment. Infectious waste must be properly disposed of&mdash ; in practice, the only method of their disposal available in Poland is a thermal treatment in the incinerators tailored for this purpose. This causes many problems to smaller entities such as the local health centers, but also to the beauty and tattoo salons. As a solution to these problems, the mobile medical waste incinerator was proposed. During designing an incinerator unit, a diverse morphological composition of the medical waste should be taken into account, however, there are no inspection reports available in Poland. Based on a few data concerning the composition of the medical waste, the article presents designing considerations in regard to the incinerator&rsquo ; s chamber dimensions. The calculations were carried out for several variants of the waste morphological composition. The own construction of a mobile medical waste incinerator, which conforms to the regulations in Poland and the European Union, was presented. It should be emphasized that it is a novelty on the Polish market, due to the automatic waste feeder into the combustion chamber, adapted to a mobile unit.