Suchergebnisse

Mathematical linguistics is the result of the development of structural linguistics, foundations of mathematics, & cybernetics There are in mathematical linguistics 3 directions of res: algebraic linguistics, statistical linguistics & applied mathematical linguistics. Algebraic models of language are of 2 types: analytical & generative. Mathematical, linguistic & philosophical aspects of these models are discussed & some tendencies of the development of mathematical linguistics are pointed out. A systematic & technical treatment of these problems can be found in the author's books on ALGEBRAIC LINGUISTICS; ANALYTI- CAL MODELS, Academic Press, New York & London, 1967; IN- TRODUCTION MATHEMATIQUE A LA LINGUISTIQUE STRUC- TURALE, (Mathematical Introduction to Structural Linguistics) Dunod, Paris, 1967, &INTRODUCTION TO MATHEMATICAL LINQUISTICS, in Rumanian (in collaboration with E. Nicolau & S. Stati), Editura Stiintifica, Budapest, 1966. AA.

1. Einleitung -- 1.1 Was ist generative Grammatik? -- 1.2 Theoretische Zugänge zur Sprache -- 1.3 Argumente für das Sprachvermögen -- 1.4 Grammatik und Sprache -- 1.5 Beschreibung und Erklärung -- 2. Universale Grammatik -- 2.1 Universalgrammatik versus deskriptive Grammatik -- 2.2 UG und Spracherwerb: Ein Gedankenexperiment -- 2.3 Kern und Peripherie -- +2.4 Beschränkungen -- 2.5 Strategien zur Erforschung der UG -- 3. Architektur der Grammatik -- 3.1 Das Gesamtmodell -- 3.2 Die drei syntaktischen Ebenen -- 3.3 Verbindungen zwischen den syntaktischen Ebenen -- 3.4 Die Transformationstypologie -- +3.5 Analyse eines Satzes -- 4. Phrasenstruktur -- 4.1 Die Suche nach Prinzipien -- 4.2 Kriterien für Konstituenz -- 4.3 Der Kopf -- 4.4 Komplexitätsebenen: X?-Theorie -- 4.5 Weitere Beschränkungen: Spezifikatoren, Adjunkte, Objekte, Peripherität des Kopfes -- 4.6 Ein verallgemeinertes X?-Schema -- 4.7 Syntaktische Merkmale -- 4.8 Kongruenz -- 5. Kasus und Rektion -- 5.1 Begriffliches -- 5.2 Kasusregeln des Englischen -- +5.3 Kasuszuweisung versus Kasusüberprüfung -- 5.4 Kasustheorie und NP-Bewegung -- 5.5 Accusativus cum Infinitivo (A.c.I.) -- +5.6 Expletives it, S?-Tilgung und Projektionsprinzip, Burzios Generalisierung -- +5.7 of-Einsetzung -- +5.8 Verben mit for-Komplementierer -- ++5.9 Verben mit zwei Objekten -- 5.10 Kasusvererbung bei Wh-Bewegung -- 6. Bindungstheorie -- 6.1 Intuitiv zulässige Bindung -- 6.2 Das ABC der Bindungstheorie -- 6.3 Zugängliche SUBJEKTE -- 6.4 Leere Kategorien -- +6.5 Regierende Kategorien -- +6.6 Bindungsvererbung bei 'Bewege-?' -- +6.7 Weitere Problemfälle -- 7. Theta-Theorie -- 7.1 Intuitive Vorüberlegungen -- 7.2 Ketten -- 7.3 Theta-Rollen und Kasuszuweisung an Ketten -- 7.4 Das Theta-Kriterium -- 7.5 Theta-Kriterium und Kasustheorie -- +7.6 Das Theta-Kriterium im Verhältnis zu anderen Prinzipien -- +7.7 Das Theta-Kriterium auf weiteren Strukturebenen -- 8. ECP und Pro-Drop -- 8.1 Das ECP -- 8.2 K-Herrschaft und Rektion -- 8.3 Der Pro-drop Parameter -- 8.4 Kasusvererbung bei Inversion -- 9. Kontrolltheorie -- 9.1 PRO und Anaphern -- 9.2 Lexikalische Kontrolle -- 9.3 Zur Reichweite der Kontrollbeziehung -- 9.4 Eine strukturelle Kontrolltheorie? -- 10. Pfadbedingungen -- 10.1 Überkreuzungs-Effekte -- 10.2 ECP-Effekte -- 10.3 Die Subjektbedingung -- 10.4 Schmarotzerlücken -- 10.5 Mehrfachfragen -- 11. Die Satzkategorie(n) -- 11.1 Wh-Bewegung und Skopus -- 11.2 Grenzknoten -- 11.3 Zur Struktur von COMP -- 11.4 Domänen und Domänenerweiterungen -- 11.5 Die Positionen SpecC und C -- 11.6 Der Doppel-COMP-Filter -- 11.7 Uniformitäts- und Differenzthese -- 11.8 Anhang: Zur sogenannten komplementären Verteilung von Komplementierer und Finitum -- 12. Reanalyse -- 12.1 Kriterien für Satzwertigkeit und Kohärenz -- 12.2 Evers' Regel -- 12.3 Von der Verbanhebung zur Reanalyse -- 12.4 Projektionsprinzip und Kohärenz -- 12.5 Statusrektion und Repräsentationsebenen -- 12.6 Scrambling -- Abkürzungsverzeichnis -- Literatur.

Austronesian languages have long raised interesting questions for generative theories of syntax and morphology. The papers in this volume encompass some of these traditional questions and place them in newer theoretical contexts. Some of the papers also address new issues which add to our understanding of members of this language family on one side and the nature of linguistic theories on the other. There are three broad issues that re-occur throughout the volume - the role and analysis of verbal morphology, the nature of the subject or the topic in these languages, and the interaction of syntax and specificity. The papers in this volume show that as formal theories become more precise, a wider range of language data can be captured, and as the inventory of language data grows, the accuracy of formal linguistic theories improves

This article focuses on Persian linguistics with the emphasis on grammar and word formation in the twentieth century. After presenting a brief overview of the history of the study of grammar in Iran, I discuss the recent trends in linguistics from diachronic to synchronic aspects. In Persian diachronic linguistics, we will see that most works focus on the reading, and deciphering of the old texts. In synchronic studies, there are three main stages: 1) traditional linguistics, 2) structural linguistics, and 3) generative or formal linguistics. I show how each one of these stages affects Persian linguistics in the twentieth century. Finally, I conclude the article by looking at the current state of Persian linguistics and the future prospects for the field.

The topic that this paper seeks to touch on is: "A look at today's language of politics (Lexical-grammatical functions in particular)". We have focused on some of its most essential features, some of its key functions, and a broader look at the real, tangible values, new and latest semantic developments of the political lexicon. Initially, the paper aims to present some theoretical definitions on the concept of political lexicon in foreign and Albanian linguistics, mainly based on German, American and Albanian literature, such as: Orwell, Lucas or Samara, Duro, Kostallari, Lloshi, Thomai, etc. A broad overview is given to the main linguistic figure operating in politics, to the metaphor and also "contradicto in adiecto", as a linguistic tool with the value of a micro text, i.e. a first formal contradiction in terminis, when expressed simultaneously and for the same two concepts and two judgments that exclude each other, which is extremely used by politicians. The aim of the paper is to discover the real function and that of appearance that permeates speeches and slogans of politics, otherwise known as the element of their indeterminacy. In this paper we have tried to raise as a problem the need for a scientific and fair conception of the political lexicon. The role of the masters of the Albanian word (including politicians, writers, linguists, orators, statesmen, journalists, analysts, etc.) who with their works and writings, have delivered and enriched the political lexicon should be properly appreciated. They have special merits in the semantic elaboration of the content and nuances of the political lexicon of literary Albanian. They have used the words of this lexicon in certain syntagmatic and paradigmatic connections (polysemous, synonymous and antonymous), constructing beautiful figures with expressive-emotional character. Some of the problems of semasiological character are treated in this paper, such as the origin (derivation) of new meanings and nuances in the present time, as well as its types, can be ...

This study describes the formation of Indonesian words based on generative morphology theory. Data sourced from oral and written data. The data collection method used is the documentation and observation methods, while the data analysis method uses the distributional and matching methods. The results of data analysis are presented using informal methods. The results of this study indicate that the affixes that form verbs consist of {meN-], {-an}, {ber-}, {ter-}, {meN-kan}, and {meN-i}. The meaning of these affixes is 'activities concerned with'; 'process'; 'each other'; 'to be in a state'; 'own'; 'can be in'; 'already in'; 'causative'; 'resultative'; 'intensive; and 'continuative'. The noun-forming affixes consist of {se-}, {-in}, {-at}, {pen-an}, {ke-an}, and {per-an} affixes. The meaning conveyed by these affixes is 'equal'; 'The same'; 'in a state of'; 'plural (feminine) actors'; 'plural (masculine) actors'; 'method'; and 'hal'. Adjective-forming affixes consist of affixes {-i}, {-iah}, {-ah}, and {wi-}. The meaning generated by these affixes is 'related to'; 'frequency'; 'tool'; and the 'perpetrator'. In terms of morphological typology, in general, Indonesian word formation is a mixed-type language because at the level of affixation and reduplication, Indonesian words are of the agglutination type and at the level of compounding, it behaves as an incorporation type language and tends to collect several lexical morphemes and combine them be a single word. The process of forming Indonesian words in terms of generative morphology consists of components: 1) a list of morphemes that contains free basic morphemes, bound basic morphemes, affixes, reduplications and compound words; 2) rules for forming words that process all the contents of the morpheme list, to produce acceptable and unacceptable forms; 3) filters in charge of attaching phonological idiosyncrasy,

The present paper proposes a fractal-like approach to the parametric flow problem, derived from the rules and recursion of generative linguistics. In the same manner in which any sentence can be analysed in terms of "theme" of the sentence (that which is spoken about in the sentence) and "rheme" of the sentence (that which is said about the theme in the sentence), in the proposed parametric preflow-push algorithm, a "partitioning push" (a non-cancelling push of flow in the parametric residual network) might leave the node unbalanced for only a subinterval of the range of parameter values. This will lead to separating the problem for the two disjoints subintervals, which allows the algorithm to continue after the same rules, independently, on each of the partitioned subintervals. The algorithm runs as the template-like structure of a dialogue act which reveals a design where information about the items (part-of-speech) is a two sections vector with one segment for each of the used part of speech categories. The article also proposes a possible application of the algorithm in assessing legal information and in semantic evaluation of legislation.

I.O. The work under consideration1was originally a doctoral dissertation at the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, Department of Linguistics, under the supervision of the former head of that department, Professor Robert B. Lees, now at the University of Tel Aviv. The book deals with an interesting subject, to be sure. The basic theses and conclusions presented are worth considering and worth testing, though in my opinion they are wrong. The work as a whole is marred by typographic, stylistic and scholastic infelicities, the latter in the form of erroneous bibliographical citations, for the most part. First, I shall address myself to the main theme in terms of general linguistic theory, and Arabic linguistics and dialectology. Then I shall proceed to list some of the typographic, stylistic and scholastic infelicities, more to help the author should he revise the work than to inform the reader who would, of course, see them for himself.

This article examines the ideas of W. von Humboldt on language and their simi­larities and differences with the fundamental ideas about the nature of natural languages within the generative framework founded by N. Chomsky. Chomsky famously argued that von Humboldt expressed and defended some of the key ideas of the generative approach. This paper relates Chomsky's idea of the innate universal grammar and idea of generative rules as the underlying basis of the lan­guage creativity to the similar ideas of W. von Humboldt. The paper also dis­cusses Humboldt's problematic from the generative perspective view that natural languages can have a primitive or an advance grammar. The paper considers a possible explanation for the fact that this idea seemed consistent to Humboldt with the idea of the innate universal grammar. The contemporary linguistics views all grammars of all languages as equal because a natural language is con­sidered to be a biological feature of our species developed in the process of evo­lution. This idea was not present in Humboldt's philosophy, which made it possi­ble for him to think that some natural languages have not fully developed a potential hidden in its speakers. In this regard, the author considers the ques­tion of the social mission of the linguist; emphasizes that this is a fight against prejudices based on unscientific understanding of languages and dialects.

In recent years concepts drawn from linguistics have been used increasingly in social and political theory. Such concepts as deep structure, surface structure, transformation rules, etc., are borrowed from Chomsky's theory of transformational‐generative grammar. This paper examines two instances of this "linguistic drift" in action theory‐the work of Marshall Edelson on personality and Terrence Turner on kinship and socialization. Analysis shows that in these instances the analogies with the linguistic concepts are not very rigorous. The author makes some tentative statements about the current status and prospects of such research programs.

The paper provides a historiographic review of the problem of using the theory and methods of generative linguistics to study the mechanisms of form making in stone working technologies associated with flaking of various isotropic rocks. The authors come to the conclusion that both the theory itself and its methods are insufficient for adequate analysis and description of these form making mechanisms.

Abstract
Alan Barnard's Language in Prehistory attempts to find an accommodation between linguistic and evolutionary theory and apply insights from archeology and anthropology to the origins and purposes of language. Rudolph Botha's Language Evolution: The Windows Approach is a critique of employing evidence from other fields. Botha also critiques conclusions drawn from pidgins and creoles, homesign, motherese, grammaticalization, language acquisition, protolanguage, and comparative animal behavior. This review attempts in turn to bring into question the appropriateness of applying the framework of generative linguistics, and its style of argumentation, to prehistory.

هذه الدراسة هي دراسة وصفية وتحليلية وتجريبية. تناولت أحد الموضوعات في نطاق علم الأصوات التوليدي وهو التنوع الصوتي. التنوع الصوتي هو أحد الصور الصوتية التي تسبب اختلافات في نطق الكلام في لهجات اللغة العربية العراقية كما هو الحال في اللغات الأخرى. تحاول هذه الدراسة إعطاء شرح كامل للتنوع الصوتي للهجة الكوت بمحافظة واسط وسط العراق. تتناول الدراسة عملية الابدال بوصفه أبرز ظاهرة صوتية تسبب الاختلاف الصوتي والتي اقتصرت على الحروف الساكنة فقط. هي دراسة لغوية وتطبيقية لأنها تنص على وصف لغوي دقيق للاختلافات الصوتية من حيث لهجة الكوت العراقية العربية. سيتم دراسة هذا النوع من التنوع وتحليله في إطار انموذج الملامح الهندسي التعميمي؛ إذ انه نظرية في علم الأصوات التوليدي. وفيما يتعلق ببيان المشكلة ، يجد الباحث صعوبة في التعامل مع مثل هذا الموضوع؛ لأنه لم يتم التطرق إليه من قبل. وبالتحديد لم يقم أحد بإجراء دراسة للتحقيق في التنوع الصوتي في لهجة الكوت العربية العراقية، إذ ان هناك العديد من الجوانب الصوتية في هذا التنوع والتي تستحق الدراسة الصوتية التوليدية. لذلك تسعى هذه الدراسة الى أن تسد هذه الثغرات البحثية. وهناك بعض الفرضيات لتحقيق أهدافها. الأولى : يوجد التنوع الصوتي في لهجة الكوت في الحروف الساكنة، والثانية: هي أن المتغيرات اللغوية للجنس والتعليم والعمر لها تأثير واضح في التنوع الصوتي في هذه اللهجة ولكن مدى تأثير متغيرات التعليم والعمر ، لها تأثير أكثر مقارنة بالجنس.

Modularity is a fundamental doctrine in the cognitive sciences. It holds a preeminent position in cognitive psychology and generative linguistics, as well as a long history in neurophysiology, with roots going all the way back to the early nineteenth century. But a mature field of neuroscience is a comparatively recent phenomenon and has challenged orthodox conceptions of the modular mind. One way of accommodating modularity within the new framework suggested by these developments is to go for increasingly soft versions of modularity. One such version, which I call the "system" view, is so soft that it promises to meet practically any challenge neuroscience can throw at it. In this paper, I reconsider afresh what we ought to regard as the sine qua non of modularity and offer a few arguments against the view that an insipid "system" module could be the legitimate successor of the traditional notion. ; This research was supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship.

Peter Albin is known for his seminal work in applying the concepts of adaptive dynamical systems, first developed by biologists and physicists, to the study of economic systems. This book is a collection of his pathbreaking articles on the application of cellular automata and complexity theory to economic problems. Duncan Foley provides a thoughtful introduction in which he reviews the disparate analytical sources of Albin's work in the theories of nonlinear dynamical systems, economic dynamics, cellular automata, linguistic and computational complexity, and bounded rationality. Albin has analyzed economic systems as interactions of highly complex components (i.e., intelligent human beings). He uses the theories of generative linguistics and cellular automata to establish that the complexity level of economic systems is, in principle at least, that of a Turing machine or general-purpose computer, establishing that classic economic approaches to the problems of household and firm choice, macroeconomic prediction, and policy evaluation may give rise to undecidable propositions and uncomputable functions. He develops simple models of dynamic economic interaction based on cellular automata which illustrate the inherent complexity of economic interactions and the resulting challenge they pose to traditional theories of rational economic behavior. These models explore the dynamics of the business cycle, decentralized market trading, and the emergence of cooperation in a novel local-interaction version of the repeated prisoners' dilemma game. Albin's work provides a unique and important perspective on economic systems