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PurposeThis study examines the connection between different digital-twin characteristics and organizational control. Specifically, the study aims to examine whether the digital-twin characteristics exploration, guidance and gamification will affect formal and social control.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on an analysis of survey results from 139 respondents comprising applied university students who use digital twins.FindingsThe results offer an interesting contribution to the literature. The authors consider the digital-twin characteristics exploration, guidance and gamification and investigate their contribution to two types of organizational controls: formal and social. The results show that two characteristics, exploration and gamification, affect the extent to which digital twins can be utilized for social control. Exploration and guidance's role is significant concerning the extent to which digital twins can be utilized for formal control.Originality/valueThis study contributes to literature by considering multiple digital-twin characteristics and their contribution to two different control outcomes. First, it diverges from previous technical-oriented research by investigating digital twins in a human context. Second, the study is the first to examine digital twins' effects from an organizational control perspective systematically.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of retailers' organizational controls and controls of their boundary personnel on manufacturers' outsourcing performance. It further assesses the moderating impact of information symmetry in this context.


Design/methodology/approach
Data were collected from 230 Indian apparel manufacturers engaged in outsourcing activities with two international retailers. Organizational control is scrutinized as formal and informal controls, and outsourcing performance is studied in terms of efficiency and effectiveness. The partial least squares approach is used to test the proposed research model.


Findings
First, the retailers' and the boundary person's formal controls have a direct, positive effect on outsourcing efficiency. Second, although no significant effect of the boundary person's formal controls on outsourcing effectiveness is identified, a significant effect of retailers' formal controls on effectiveness is seen. Third, the boundary person's informal controls are associated with a decrease in efficiency, whereas they have a positive effect on effectiveness. Fourth, although the retailers' informal controls enhance outsourcing effectiveness, they negatively affect efficiency. Fifth, information symmetry is statistically significant in enhancing outsourcing efficiency and effectiveness.


Practical implications
The results have important implications for retailers and retailers' boundary persons who are keen to improve their relations with manufacturers. This paper offers practical insights into the ways that manufacturers, boundary personnel and retailers can exercise control mechanisms in order to achieve effective and efficient outsourcing outcomes.


Originality/value
The effect of organizational control and information symmetry on outsourcing performance in typical outsourcing practices in manufacturer‒retailer relationships is shown.

One of the most important theories in the study of environmental governance and policy is the pathology of command and control, which describes the negative consequences of top-down, technocratic governance of social and ecological systems. However, to date, this theory has been expressed somewhat inconsistently and informally in the literature, even by the seminal works that have established its importance and popularized it. This presents a problem for the sustainability science community if it cannot be sure of the precise details of one of its most important theories. Without such precision, applications and tests of various elements of the theory cannot be conducted reliably to advance the knowledge of environmental governance. I address this problem by synthesizing several seminal works to formalize this theory. The formalization involves the identification of the individual elements of the theory and a diagrammatic description of their relationships with each other that unfold in a series of semi-independent causal paths. Ideally, with such a formalization, scholars can use this theory more reliably and more meaningfully in their future work. I conclude by discussing the implications this theory has for the governance of natural resources.

A company's ability to best exploit performance potentials within buyer-supplier relationships has become a critical success factor in securing competition and improving a company's overall performance. Implementation of suitable mechanisms and execution of control activities across company boundaries - commonly executed by both partners - is often insufficient because actual improvement potentials are not identified correctly. Embedded in a contingency-based research framework, the author combines several statistical methods to empirically analyze causal relationships between performance and contingent performance-determinants. Resulting in a control process-oriented guideline, findings support companies in the design and use of performance control systems in buyer-supplier relationships and open the field for further research. Contents n A contingency-based model to better understand conditions under which managerial control in an inter-organizational context is effective n Implications for performance evaluation processes to systemize and quantify the impact of contingent external factors on performance n Assessment of the mediating effect of control on the relationship's performance Target Groups · Researchers and students of business with a focus on administration supply chain management and management accounting · Supply chain managers The Author: Dr. Konstantin Gebert received his doctor's degree in business administration from the University of St. Gallen at the chair of Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Stölzle. Following his doctorate, he moved to industry working in project management. The Editors: The series Supply Chain Management is edited by Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Stölzle and Prof. Dr. Michael Essig.

Lo sfondo entro il quale si colloca il lavoro di ricerca è da riferirsi allo studio dei processi di formazione dello spazio urbano da parte di attori organizzati (formali ed informali) capaci di esercitare controllo (sociale, economico, comportamentale, ecc.) e di influenzare processi decisionali sugli usi dello spazio. La ricerca analizza come alcuni gruppi dominanti possano influenzare le scelte di governo territoriale, muovendosi in un mutevole spazio liminale tra formale e informale. Partendo dal presupposto che formale ed informale non siano due ambiti nettamente distinti, ma in continua relazione fra loro, e che pertanto generino degli spazi di limite indefiniti e dinamici, la ricerca si pone l'obiettivo di comprendere la diversa "forma" e "composizione" di questi spazi decisionali in relazione al sistema di pianificazione formale in cui insistono, quali siano i soggetti che "abitano" questi spazi privilegiati e di quali strumenti "formali" si servano. Per tale motivo si è scelto di confrontare due modelli di pianificazione (italiana e americana) molto diversi fra loro in relazione all'apprendimento e alla gestione delle pratiche informali. Questi diversi sistemi di pianificazione danno vita a modelli diversi di informalità, a seconda della loro strutturazione e degli strumenti e norme di cui si servono. Il sistema informale si adatta mutualmente alle pratiche formali, definendo spazi liminali diversi. Dall'analisi dei due sistemi si desumono considerazioni di carattere generale sulle possibili interazioni instaurabili tra formale ed informale in relazione alle caratteristiche dei sistemi di pianificazione, sull'effettivo utilizzo degli strumenti urbanistici esistenti e sulle modalità di manipolazione della rendita fondiaria. L'analisi consente, in tal modo, di riconsiderare l'adeguatezza dei diversi sistemi analizzati, rispetto ad obiettivi prestazionali enunciati, rispetto alla valutazione degli interessi in gioco e all'equità delle politiche distributive.