Suchergebnisse

Trigonella foenum-graecum is an important leguminous plant used in medicine and human health since ancient times, and the various civilizations of the world, as the Egyptian, Greek, and Indian civilizations, have been used in traditional medicine. Trigonella foenum-graecum contains a wide range of pharmacological effects because of the presence of several beneficial plant secondary metabolites. However, the resistant nature of this plant causes major challenges in in vitro multiplication, emphasizing the need to assess novel approaches for the propagation of this plant. As a result, this study reports on the effects of BAP, NAA, and 2,4-D on T. foenum graecum seed germination in vitro. The germination percentage recorded every week for 4 weeks, the parameter's last mean was calculated. The results showed that 2.0 mg/L BAP created the best effect in the parameter studied. The results revealed that 2.0 mg/l BAP provided the greatest response germination percentage (86 ±2.357%). These results highlight the optimum value of growth hormones producing T. foenum graecum plant with a minimum germination rate in a large scale.

AbstractNicotine is the most abundant ingredient in cigarette smoking and has serious side effects on the lung, heart, reproductive system, and many other human organs. Saponins extracted from many plants exhibit multiple biological actions such as anti-cancer effects. Therefore, the possible protective effect of fenugreek saponin (FS) and nanofenugreek saponin (NFS) against nicotine-induced toxicity in male rats was investigated in this study. Animals were divided into a control group and the nicotine (1.5 mg/kg/day), FS (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day), or/and NFS (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg/day) administered groups. Micronucleus assay, histopathological, and sperm abnormality examinations as well as measurement of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) gene expression were conducted. Our findings revealed that nicotine treatment induced significant increases in the incidence of micronucleus, sperm abnormalities, and expression levels of AChE in addition to inducing histopathological changes in rat testis. On the other hand, administration of FS or NFS with nicotine significantly decreased the incidence of micronuclei and the percentage of sperm abnormalities as well as the expression levels of AChE gene. Moreover, nicotine-induced histological alterations were reduced by given FS or NFS with nicotine. In conclusion, nicotine-induced sperm abnormalities, chromosomal damage, and histological injuries were mitigated by administration of FS or NFS with nicotine, and thus, FS and NFS could be used as ameliorating agents against nicotine toxicity.
Graphical abstract

Since 2006, hormones and sub-therapeutic antibiotics have been prohibited in the European Union. However, they were the most efficient feed additives promoting growth and nutrient utilization. Saponins, naturally occurring plant metabolites, could possibly fill the role of alternative feed additives. These compounds were previously known only as anti-nutritional factors that had to be inactivated before plant meals like soybean meal could be fed to fish, but in several experiments it was shown that low levels of Quillaja saponaria (South American soap bark tree) saponins had various positive effects on common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. and Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L). Improved growth and reduced oxygen consumption per unit protein gain have been observed in both species. In Nile tilapia, a sex ratio skewed towards a higher percentage of males, and a tendency for females to produce fewer eggs, have been found. Experiments have been conducted to evaluate the effects of fractionated saponins from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), and from the South American soap bark tree (Quillaja saponaria), on growth, feed, and nutrient utilization, GH and IGF-1 gene expression, oxygen consumption, sex ratio, gonad development, and reproduction. Saponin fractions from fenugreek did not improve growth, feed, or nutrient utilization, or oxygen consumption significantly. In all experiments examining a single fraction, eluted with 40% methanol, produced poorer results compared to the control. In a preliminary study, the results of the effects of saponin fractions on sex ratio were encouraging but in a larger scale repetition, the observed effects could not be confirmed. No effect on sex ratio was observed during the long term experiment in Jericho, where, due to limited amounts of available fractionated saponins, commercially available Q. saponaria saponins were used. Data from these experiments do not support the application of the tested saponins and saponin fractions to promote growth, improve metabolism, or as a substitute for methyltestosterone to produce male monosex tilapia. The observed effects on growth and nutrient utilization support use of saponins or their fractions in animal nutrition. However, more research on the specific nature, and effects of saponins in fish, both at a molecular and at a macro level, is imperative.

Trigonella foenum-graecum (TFG) is a significant leguminous plant with diverse pharmacological effects. However, the resistant character of this plant accounts for significant difficulties in vitro multiplication, justifying the necessity to try new techniques for in vitro propagation of this plant. Hence, this study reports the effects of BAP, NAA, and 2,4-D on in vitro callus formation of seeds. The toxicity properties of seeds, plant, and callus aqueous extracts of TFG were measured by brine shrimp assay (BSA). Callus index, frequency of callus, callus weight, and morphology of callus were recorded after 30 days of culture. No callus formation was observed in the absence of plant growth regulators. The maximum callus formation observed in the MS media containing 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D, the highest mean of the callus index (52±9.5) with 100% frequency and callus yield (0.52±0.08 g) in 30 days of culture. The highest mean of callus index (37±0 4.05) for combination hormones with 100% callusing and yield (0.37±0.02 g) in 30 days of culture by 1.0 mg/l BAA with 0.5 mg/l NAA. Seeds extract of TFG showed the highest toxicity (954.99 µg/ml), aqueous plant extract (1237.98 µg/ml), and aqueous callus extract (1801 µg/ml) from BSA. Comparing individual hormones, the highest amount of callus in TFG can be yielded 2,4-D hormone alone, and a combination of BAP and NAA can yield 100% callus.