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Legal documents concerning the "Save the Peaks" controversy, 1972-1977, over the Hart Prairie development and Snow Bowl expansion by Summit Properties. Includes an article from the Arizona Daily Sun, 1977. Articles reprinted with permission from the Arizona Daily Sun. NOTE: The "Save the Peaks" fight was a decade-long struggle, originally pitting local citizens against Summit Properties and its parent corporation, the Post Company. The object of the controversy was a 350 acre parcel of land in the Hart Prairie area of the San Francisco Peaks. In the early 1970's, local Flagstaff citizens united to prevent the company's proposed development of the Hart Prairie acreage. During the course of the controversy, the citizens of Flagstaff and Summit Properties became allies against the United States Forest Service (USFS). Both groups felt the USFS, guardians of American public forest lands, extended the "Save the Peaks" controversy for many years by neither cooperating nor negotiating in good faith with either the citizens of Flagstaff or Summit Properties.

[EN] Accessibility to historical documents is mostly limited to scholars. This is due to the language barrier inherent in human language and the linguistic properties of these documents. Given a historical document, modernization aims to generate a new version of it, written in the modern version of the document's language. Its goal is to tackle the language barrier, decreasing the comprehension difficulty and making historical documents accessible to a broader audience. In this work, we proposed a new neural machine translation approach that profits from modern documents to enrich its systems. We tested this approach with both automatic and human evaluation, and conducted a user study. Results showed that modernization is successfully reaching its goal, although it still has room for improvement. ; The authors wish to thank the anonymous reviewers for their careful reading and in-depth criticisms and suggestions. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union through Programa Operativo del Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) from Comunitat Valenciana (2014-2020) under project Sistemas de frabricacion inteligentes para la industria 4.0 (grant agreement IDIFEDER/2018/025); from Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) under project MISMIS-FAKEnHATE (grant agreement PGC2018-096212-B-C31); from Fundacion BBVA under project Carabela (grant agreement CARABELA); and from Generalitat Valenciana (GVA) under project DeepPattern (grant agreement PROMETEO/2019/121). We gratefully acknowledge the support of NVIDIA Corporation with the donation of a GPU used for part of this research, and Andres Trapiello and Ediciones Destino for granting us permission to use their book in our research. Additionally, we would like to thank all the volunteers that took part in the user study, and the scholars from Prolope that took part in the human evaluation. ; Domingo-Ballester, M.; Casacuberta Nolla, F. (2020). Modernizing historical documents: A user Study. Pattern Recognition ...

This paper considers general classes of tax & benefit policies. The properties of these classes are studied, & some mathematical properties are established. Every policy generates a transformed income distribution & consequently, a transformed Lorenz curve & transformed Gini & welfare indices. We measure the broadness of the class of policies by determining the extremes of the transformed Lorenz curves & the ranges of the transformed indices. The obtained bounds indicate the attainable redistributive effects of the tax policies & the transfer policies. The economic interpretations of the inequality & welfare effects of these policies are also considered. 2 Figures, 7 References. Adapted from the source document.

This article reinforces our 2007 Political Analysis publication in demonstrating that the fixed-effects vector decomposition (FEVD) procedure outperforms any other estimator in estimating models that suffer from the simultaneous presence of time-varying variables correlated with unobserved unit effects and time-invariant variables. We compare the finite-sample properties of FEVD not only to the Hausman-Taylor estimator but also to the pretest estimator and the shrinkage estimator suggested by Breusch, Ward, Nguyen and Kompas (BWNK), and Greene in this symposium. Moreover, we correct the discussion of Greene and BWNK of FEVD's asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Adapted from the source document.

Thermophysical, physical-mechanical and acoustic characteristics of a rough continuous basalt fiber under the influence of operating factors and a corrosive environment are studied. It is shown that the production of protective materials with high thermophysical and acoustic properties is possible when creating a porous system with a known texture characteristic of pores of different classes, purposes and connections. An influence of the porous system of rough continuous basalt fiber on the operational properties of flexible heat and sound insulation products and materials is studied. The requirements of normative documents on thermal protection of buildings and structures have caused a constant tendency from the creation of new materials that ensure reliable operation of structures and equipment in the conditions of intensive influence of destructive factors of external influence. This led to an increase in requirements for walling wall materials that are used to fill openings in frame construction, or as an independent structural and thermal insulation material when building buildings with load-bearing walls. They are presented with a set of requirements that combines: physical and mechanical, chemical, hygienic, thermophysical, decorative and finishing, and other properties of the material. In this connection, there is a need to create materials that, having a small average density and high strength, are able to withstand the temperature loads, and the influence of an aggressive environment. It is determined that the performance characteristics of flexible heat and sound insulation materials are directly proportional to the degree of porosity of the composite materials and their structural characteristics. It is shown that the increase in the operating temperature of these materials, sound and thermal resistance is determined by the chemical and mineralogical composition of the initial materials and their structural characteristics. The influence of the mechanism of selective leaching of coarse continuous basalt fibers on their texture characteristics and the operating temperature zone is studied. The resulting material is produced from environmentally friendly raw materials using a one-stage technology without harmful effects on the environment and, unlike thermal insulation materials based on polymers or asbestos, has no harmful effect on the human body, meets the requirements of the European Union for the protection of the environment and sanitary and hygienic standards.

Legal documents concerning the "Save the Peaks" controversy, 1972-1977, over the Hart Prairie development and Snow Bowl expansion by Summit Properties. NOTE: The "Save the Peaks" fight was a decade-long struggle, originally pitting local citizens against

Legal documents concerning the "Save the Peaks" controversy, 1972-1977, over the Hart Prairie development and Snow Bowl expansion by Summit Properties. NOTE: The "Save the Peaks" fight was a decade-long struggle, originally pitting local citizens against Summit Properties and its parent corporation, the Post Company. The object of the controversy was a 350 acre parcel of land in the Hart Prairie area of the San Francisco Peaks. In the early 1970's, local Flagstaff citizens united to prevent the company's proposed development of the Hart Prairie acreage. During the course of the controversy, the citizens of Flagstaff and Summit Properties became allies against the United States Forest Service (USFS). Both groups felt the USFS, guardians of American public forest lands, extended the "Save the Peaks" controversy for many years by neither cooperating nor negotiating in good faith with either the citizens of Flagstaff or Summit Properties.

The purpose of the article is to determine the general and specific features of Ukrainian embroidery as a type of carrier of documented information.
The methodology. We chose the most adequate among the existing general scientific approaches and methods: informational and communicative, sociocultural, comparative, classificational, and terminological. The information and communicative approach made it possible to consider Ukrainian embroidery as a carrier of social information, a channel of communication that ensures the transmission of information encoded in the symbols of embroidery in time and space. It helped prove that each element of an embroidered document carries a certain information load; to substantiate that Ukrainian embroidery has an informative and communicative function: colourful ornaments are not just patterns, but also meaningful signs-symbols that preserve and transmit national cultural traditions for a long time. The sociocultural approach made it possible to investigate the embroidered document as a means of connecting a person to the spiritual ideals and values of the Ukrainian nation; to understand one's historical roots, national and cultural identity. Its cognitive abilities contributed to the deepening of ideas about Ukrainian embroidery as a unique artistic product, a phenomenon of the spiritual and material culture of the Ukrainian people. The application of the comparative approach made it possible to carry out a comparative analysis of the main modern concepts of the general classification of the document; determine the essential features of the embroidered document; to reveal the specific features of embroidery in different regions of Ukraine by type of ornament, embroidery technique, colour scheme, origin, distribution and residence. The classification approach made it possible to find out a set of general signs of the division of documents into types; detect their presence or absence in the embroidered document; to enrich the modern classification with specific distinguishing features of the embroidered document. The application of the cognitive potential of the specified methodological approaches made it possible to consider Ukrainian embroidery as a whole, to give it the status of one of the types of the document.
The results. The study of Ukrainian embroidery in the paradigm of documentology significantly enriches the theoretical and methodological foundations of this science, allows to expand the class of authentic documents, to prove the correctness of the definition of the concept of document in the ISO 5127.2017 "Information and documentation" international standard in its broadest sense as "recorded information or a material object, which can be used as a unit in the documentation process".
For the first time, the concept of "embroidered document" was introduced into scientific circulation, the genetic feature of which was recognized as embroidery as a way of recording information on a material carrier. On the basis of the basic characteristics of the document classification, the specific features and properties of the embroidered document are determined: on the material basis, it is a fabric document; according to the origin of the material basis — natural, artificial, combined; according to the features of recording information on the carrier — manual, mechanical, technetronic, combined; according to the material structure of the information carrier — tape, card, sheet and non-traditional form; according to the nature of the symbolic forms of information recording and transmission — analog (iconic), symbolic (ideographic), textual, combined; according to the technique of applying signs-images — embroidered. The given arguments seem to be sufficient for the conclusion that Ukrainian embroidery fully meets all the basic features of an authentic document as a carrier of important social information, which should take its proper place in the scientific discourse as an object of documentology and cultural studies.
The scientific novelty. The innovation of the research results is that, based on the application of the general document classification, Ukrainian embroidery is presented for the first time as a type of document. A new concept of "embroidered document" was introduced into scientific circulation, its scope and content were defined, common and distinctive features of an embroidered document as a specific means of communication were studied. A new promising scientific direction of documentology has been created, which investigates the patterns of development and functioning of the embroidered document as a type of authentic information carrier.
The practical significance. The results of the research will be useful in practical and educational activities; in fields related to information and documentation; for specialists in decorative and applied art and exhibition activities, museum workers, librarians, etc. The identified specific features of the embroidered document will contribute to the arrangement of its varieties and the establishment of qualitatively new properties.

The choice of the topic of this work is determined by the high social importance and importance of the sphere of housing and communal services for the development of the domestic economy in the face of sanctions restrictions. As a subject of research, a modern complex of housing and communal services, provided to owners and tenants of housing by economic entities in the sphere of housing and communal services, was chosen. The main purpose of this work was to substantiate the economic essence of housing and communal services in relation to the activities of economic entities in the sphere of housing and communal services, aimed at providing them to owners and tenants of housing. The methodology of the work was based on an analysis of the main provisions of the current regulatory and legislative documents, as well as a systematic analysis of the general and specific properties of housing and communal services. During the research a number of scientifically significant results were obtained, namely: importance and significance of the sphere of housing and communal services at the present stage of the development of the Russian economy have been determined; brief analysis of the changes in the current procedure for providing housing and communal services to owners and tenants of housing; revealed fundamental differences between the general and specific properties of housing and communal services; substantiated the economic essence of housing and communal services, which is associated with their provision to owners and tenants of housing by economic entities in the sphere of housing and communal services. The obtained results can be used in the activities of economic entities in the sphere of housing and communal services, directly related to the provision of a complex of housing and communal services to owners and tenants of housing. The rationale for the economic essence of housing and communal services will allow economic entities in the sphere of housing and communal services to improve the quality of their ...

Voting rights litigation requires ecological inference to estimate the voting preferences of minority and nonminority groups within the electorate. Double regression has been the procedure most commonly employed for this purpose. This article presents the first formal examination of this procedure. The underlying structural model reveals that double regression estimators are neither unbiased nor consistent estimators of true within-group vote preferences or polarization. Simulations demonstrate that they can substantially exaggerate the differences between minority and nonminority vote choices when none are present, and dramatically understate them when differences exist. In sum, double regression cannot meet conventional statistical standards for reliability. Consequently, it should be abandoned.