Through Education,one has to be better adaptand adjust oneselfin order to change oneself and the society at large. In such stable and sustainable situation one can develop with individuals possessing the best mental and moral qualities. As a result, education enables an individual to face all kinds of challenges in life.The main purpose of the study was to investigate the playingof Player Unknowns Battle Grounds(PubG)of Secondary school students. The objectives of the study wereto study playing of PubG of Secondary school students on the basis of gender, standard of the students, boards of study, type of school and medium of study of secondary school students. The researcher employed survey method by executing Self-constructed and validated tool on 135secondary school students ofPatna in Bihar to assess the objectives of the study.The scholar used mean, Median, S.D. and t testfor the calculation of the collected data. The result revealed that there is no significant difference between the mean scores of male and female, IX and X standard students, CBSE and ICSE students intheir playing of PubG of Secondary School students whereas there is a significant difference between the mean scores of ICSE and BSEB, CBSE and BSEB, Private and Government,English and Hindi mediumsecondary school students in their playing of PubG.
In this autoethnography, I explore my experiences with sport-related concussion. I portray the challenges that the symptoms presented, but I also provide a wider social, cultural and political context that includes the normalisation of pain and injury in collision sports and the discourses that contribute to a culture where players minimise the severity of, and play through, concussion. Following my career, this article showcases a 'culture of knocks', highlighting how these discourses are learned and reproduced, the complex relationship between teams and medical staff, and anxiety over long-term consequences.
In the structure of wounds on the Russian-Ukrainian war, traumatic brain injury takes 33 percent. And more than 80 percent is a mild TBI. Open clinical trial was provided by a multidisciplinary team in the National Military Medical Center (the Main military clinical hospital), Kyiv,Ukraine, under the leadership of the Military Medical Academy of Ukraine. 286 veterans, male, age 27,38±9,67 y.o with history of mTBI were observed for post-concussion syndrome. Causes of concussion were: isolated blast injury-69,3%, combine blast + shrapnel injury- 18,5% , car accidences - 6,1%, falls-7,1%/ Spectrum of PCS symptoms included all manifestations – as a physical , as mental heals problems, but dynamic in time of manifestations show the decreasing of physical signs and increasing of intensity of mental symptoms. Many patients with post-concussion syndrome also have symptoms of PTSD. In the studied group near the 40% of patients have PCL-m score more than 50.Our study shown that post-concussion syndrome, as a result of traumatic brain morphological and functional changes, powered with combat psycho trauma, lead to functional disorders: physical, emotional and cognitive.
In the structure of wounds on the Russian-Ukrainian war, traumatic brain injury takes 33 percent. And more than 80 percent is a mild TBI. Open clinical trial was provided by a multidisciplinary team in the National Military Medical Center (the Main military clinical hospital), Kyiv,Ukraine, under the leadership of the Military Medical Academy of Ukraine. 286 veterans, male, age 27,38±9,67 y.o with history of mTBI were observed for post-concussion syndrome. Causes of concussion were: isolated blast injury-69,3%, combine blast + shrapnel injury- 18,5% , car accidences - 6,1%, falls-7,1%/ Spectrum of PCS symptoms included all manifestations – as a physical , as mental heals problems, but dynamic in time of manifestations show the decreasing of physical signs and increasing of intensity of mental symptoms. Many patients with post-concussion syndrome also have symptoms of PTSD. In the studied group near the 40% of patients have PCL-m score more than 50.Our study shown that post-concussion syndrome, as a result of traumatic brain morphological and functional changes, powered with combat psycho trauma, lead to functional disorders: physical, emotional and cognitive.
AbstractWe make two main contributions to the literature on work-related injury risk and economic outcomes in the context of American professional football. One is to examine an increasingly important specific injury, concussions, and compare its subsequent economic effects to those of other types of football injuries. Our other contribution is to study the role of race in understanding injury risk and severity and their resulting economic consequences, which has been overlooked in previous sports injury research. Using a specific position, tight ends, which allows conditioning on fine-grained relevant measures of player demographics, playing time, and performance, we find that whether a player continues to play NFL football from year to year is affected by type of injury and the player's race. We calculate that the average ex post loss in annual compensation from a concussion is about 7%. Moreover, the effect of games missed due to concussion on continued employment is triple that of other injuries. Being white positively affects length of playing career independent of the measured productivity of the players involved. The racial gap in career length is approximately equal to the effect of an additional game missed from concussion. With respect to heterogeneity in the effects of injuries, both concussions and other injury types affect ex post economic outcomes equally for white and nonwhite players. Both injuries and race affect compensation solely through their effects on career length.
The study of heart rate variability (HRV) has emerged as an essential component of cardiovascular health, as well as a physiological mechanism by which one can increase the interactive communication between the cardiac and the neurocognitive systems (i.e., the body and the brain). It is well-established that lack of HRV implies cardiopathology, morbidity, reduced quality-of-life, and precipitous mortality. On the positive, optimal HRV has been associated with good cardiovascular health, autonomic nervous system (ANS) control, emotional regulation, and enhanced neurocognitive processing. In addition to health benefits, optimal HRV has been shown to improve neurocognitive performance by enhancing focus, visual acuity and readiness, and by promoting emotional regulation needed for peak performance. In concussed athletes and soldiers, concussions not only alter brain connectivity, but also alter cardiac functioning and impair cardiovascular performance upon exertion. Altered sympathetic and parasympathetic balance in the ANS has been postulated as a critical factor in refractory post concussive syndrome (PCS). This article will review both the pathological aspects of reduced HRV on athletic performance, as well as the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular components of concussion and PCS. Additionally, this article will review interventions with HRV biofeedback (HRV BFB) training as a promising and underutilized treatment for sports and military-related concussion. Finally, this article will review research and promising case studies pertaining to use of HRV BFB for enhancement of cognition and performance, with applicability to concussion rehabilitation.
This research examines the effects that concussion legislation has had on how Certified Athletic Trainers practice medicine in the state of Ohio. In the spring of 2009, the state of Washington passed a bill that would change how concussions are handled in youth sports. According to the legislation, all athletes who display any signs and symptoms of a concussion are to be removed immediately from play and are not able to return to play until cleared by a licensed professional health care provider. Since then, concussion legislation of some form has been passed in every state, with Ohio passing its own law in the spring of 2013. However, the Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA) made a unique amendment to it by giving sporting officials the power to remove an athlete they deem is "concussed" without having to confirm a diagnosis with a licensed professional health care provider such as the Certified Athletic Trainers (ATCs) who are normally present during sporting competitions. The purpose of this study was to determine how Athletic Trainers who work in high schools in the state of Ohio feel about this law and its various stipulations. A 20-question survey was sent to Athletic Trainers who work in a high school setting in the state of Ohio asking for their opinion and views on various components of law. Of the 302 ATCs who received the survey, 49 (16%) submitted it completed. Results of the survey yielded a mix of positive and negative emotions related to various aspects of the legislation, and though there was some disagreement, responding ATCs agreed with the main purpose of the legislation, which was to raise awareness of concussions and prevent mishandling of cases involving concussed athletes. What it came down to was whether ATCs feel that their knowledge and expertise in recognizing and treating concussions is not being utilized to its fullest potential.
Head injuries are a particular concern in Hawai'i given the large military population, the presence of many land and water sports such as football and surfing, and the lenient helmet laws for motorcycle and bicycle riders. Physical, psychological, and cognitive symptoms from single or repeated concussions can affect an individual's reentry to society and activity. Current literature indicates that repeated head injuries are associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) which is thought to lead to dementia. This paper reviews literature discussing causes of concussion including its incidence and prevalence in Hawai'i. Furthermore, the neurophysiological and neurobiological etiologies are discussed followed by an overview of methods for identification and management of concussion. The paper serves as information for professionals in the community such as educators, military personnel, and healthcare workers to identify risks of concussion, management of symptoms, and to connect with resources and programs available in Hawai'i.
Introduction The prevalence and possible long-term consequences of concussion remain an increasing concern to the U.S. military, particularly as it pertains to maintaining a medically ready force. Baseline testing is being used both in the civilian and military domains to assess concussion injury and recovery. Accurate interpretation of these baseline assessments requires one to consider other influencing factors not related to concussion. To date, there is limited understanding, especially within the military, of what factors influence normative test performance. Given the significant physical and mental demands placed on service academy members (SAM), and their relatively high risk for concussion, it is important to describe demographics and normative profile of SAMs. Furthermore, the absence of available baseline normative data on female and non-varsity SAMs makes interpretation of post-injury assessments challenging. Understanding how individuals perform at baseline, given their unique individual characteristics (e.g., concussion history, sex, competition level), will inform post-concussion assessment and management. Thus, the primary aim of this manuscript is to characterize the SAM population and determine normative values on a concussion baseline testing battery. Materials and Methods All data were collected as part of the Concussion Assessment, Research and Education (CARE) Consortium. The baseline test battery included a post-concussion symptom checklist (Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT), psychological health screening inventory (Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18) and neurocognitive evaluation (ImPACT), Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), and Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC). Linear regression models were used to examine differences across sexes, competition levels, and varsity contact levels while controlling for academy, freshman status, race, and previous concussion. Zero inflated negative binomial models estimated symptom scores due to the high frequency of zero scores. Results Significant, but small, sex effects were observed on the ImPACT visual memory task. While, females performed worse than males (p < 0.0001, pη2 = 0.01), these differences were small and not larger than the effects of the covariates. A similar pattern was observed for competition level on the SAC. There was a small, but significant difference across competition level. SAMs participating in varsity athletics did significantly worse on the SAC compared to SAMs participating in club or intramural athletics (all p's < 0.001, η2 = 0.01). When examining symptom reporting, males were more than two times as likely to report zero symptoms on the SCAT or BSI-18. Intramural SAMs had the highest number of symptoms and severity compared to varsity SAMs (p < 0.0001, Cohen's d < 0.2). Contact level was not associated with SCAT or BSI-18 symptoms among varsity SAMs. Notably, the significant differences across competition level on SCAT and BSI-18 were sub-clinical and had small effect sizes. Conclusion The current analyses provide the first baseline concussion battery normative data among SAMs. While statistically significant differences may be observed on baseline tests, the effect sizes for competition and contact levels are very small, indicating that differences are likely not clinically meaningful at baseline. Identifying baseline differences and significant covariates is important for future concussion-related analyses to inform concussion evaluations for all athlete levels.
Purpose: To investigate concussion education implementation methods in NCAA member institutions. Methods: Of the 1,078 athletic trainers across all NCAA Divisions that were contacted, 355 were included in this study. Participants were asked to complete the Current Concussion Education Practices Questionnaire (CCEPQ). The CCEPQ consisted of four sections: demographics, concussion education questionnaire, perceived effectiveness of concussion education, and limitations/barrier to providing concussion education. Outcome frequencies were used to report survey results. Respondent division-level categorical differences across survey items were assessed with a 2X3 chi-square test of independence. Results: Providing concussion education occurs in 98.9% of NCAA member institutions. Educating student athletes on concussion annually occurs in 85.1% of NCAA member institutions. Among those institutions who provide concussion education, 5.1% report only providing concussion education to contact/collision sports. Utilization of the NCAA concussion facts sheet, and NCAA concussion education video occurs in 50.1% of NCAA member institutions. Only 70.7% of NCAA member institutions report providing information on the long-term consequences. Educating one team (65.4%) or multiple teams (46.8%) at a time regarding concussion had the greatest outcome frequencies when asked about the environment concussion education is provided. Conclusions: The majority of NCAA member institutions are providing concussion education to student-athletes. However, adherence to the NCAA Concussion Education Policy and Legislation appears to still be a concerning issue. Substantial heterogeneity with content and delivery method of concussion education among member institutions was not unexpected, due to the limited requirements and guidelines set by the NCAA Concussion Education Policy. NCAA member institutions whom provide concussion education appear to use material created by the NCAA. Future research should evaluate the current concussion education practices reviled in the present study for effectiveness. After evaluation of current concussion education practices, the creation of improved concussion education policies can commence.
AbstractCTE, or chronic traumatic encephalopathy, is caused by repetitive head trauma and detected by a distinctive stain for a protein called 'tau' in autopsied brain tissue. While the number of diagnosed patients is only in the hundreds, the cultural footprint of the disease in North America is huge, both because those diagnosed are often celebrity-athletes and because millions of children, adolescents and young men and women play collision sports like football and hockey. We argue that the widespread attention to CTE provides a useful wedge to crack open another, heretofore neglected public health concern: repetitive acts of violence in and around hypermasculine sports create subjects whose brains—and characters—are materially shaped by that violence. Brains change materially when delivering blows as well as receiving them, when participating in degrading hazing rituals as victim or assailant, when belittled or assaulted by a coach, when approaching an upcoming game riddled with fear. We adopt a biosocial model of the brain's becoming to intervene in a linear discourse around CTE that medicalizes and oversimplifies violence, a story that prematurely dissects one slice of the problem from a noxious whole.
While concussions have long been linked to brain and central nervous system issues, a new study suggests that repeated hits to the head—mild or otherwise—can lead to memory loss, depression, and dementia. This postmortem brain study, conducted at the Boston University Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy, provides new and troubling evidence about chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a long-term degenerative and incurable brain disease. Although military personnel and others are vulnerable to the disease, the highest risk is among athletes involved in contact sports in which hits to the head are considered "part of the game."
