Suchergebnisse

This study evaluates whether the education, environmental expertise, & nationality of firms' chief executive officers (CEOs) are associated with greater participation & environmental performance in a voluntary environmental program implemented in a developing nation. Specifically, we collected data from the Certification for Sustainable Tourism (CST) program, a voluntary initiative aimed at promoting beyond-compliance environmental performance by hotels operating in Costa Rica. Our findings suggest that CEOs' level of formal education & environmental expertise appear to be significantly associated with higher corporate participation in voluntary programs & also with higher beyond-compliance environmental performance ratings. Contrary to conventional expectations, CEOs from industrialized countries (as opposed to developing countries) do not appear to show a statistically significant association with participation in the CST program & with higher beyond-compliance environmental performance. Tables, References. Adapted from the source document.

Since the early 1970s, policy scholars have paid great attention to issues of policy implementation, treating it as the "missing link" between policy formulation and results. Most often, policy problems have been seen as static phenomena that can be corrected by carefully specified programs. This paper, drawing upon examples from Swedish energy policy, argues that this is not the case, that political and social conditions are so prone to change that implementation must be a dynamic process if it is to be effective. This has distinct conceptual and practical implications for the study and design of policy implementation.

This study focuses on two basic questions: Are voluntary programs effective in promoting higher environmental performance by participant firms? If so, which distinct areas of environmental performance are more likely to be improved by firms joining a voluntary environmental program? We address these questions by assessing the environmental effectiveness of the ski industry's Sustainable Slopes Program in the western United States between 2001 and 2005. We found no evidence in our five‐year analysis to conclude that ski areas adopting the SSP displayed superior performance levels than nonparticipants for the following areas of environmental protection: overall environmental performance, expansion management, pollution management, and wildlife and habitat management. SSP participants only appear to show a statistically significant correlation with higher natural resource conservation performance rates. For policymakers, these results suggest that caution is needed before a priori assuming that strictly voluntary programs can be effective in promoting comprehensive superior environmental performance.

Schell, Jonathan: The fate of the earth. - New York/N.Y. : Knopf, 1982. + Molander, Roger: Nuclear war: what's in it for You? - New York/N.Y. : Pocket Books, 1982 + Russett, Bruce: The prisoners of insecurity: deterrence arms races, and arms control. - San Francisco/Cal. : Freeman, 1983 + Katz, Arthur M.: Life after nuclear war. - Cambridge/Ma. : Ballinger Pr., 1982