Suchergebnisse

"The school city is an organization of the pupils of a school into the city form of government . The teachers or principals . supervise this pupil self-government, and it thus becomes a method of moral and civic training." cf. The school city, issued by the National school city league [1905?] p. 4. ; Mode of access: Internet.

AbstractCohen (1992) discusses in detail the problem of 'Kenyanization' of positions filled by expatriate advisors in the Kenyan civil service. He outlines six possible solutions to the problem, four of which involve the funding by donors of higher than civil service level salaries to attract Kenyan staff to the donors' particular projects. While Cohen is critical of these options he does not discuss the most serious danger in their use, the danger that resources will be seriously misallocated. In this article the traditional approach of supplying new resources to Kenya is compared with this new alternative of using donor funds to induce the reallocation of existing Kenyan staff. It suggests that donors must be extremely careful in using their funds to entice workers to their own projects without consideration of where these resources are drawn from. An alternative explanation to those discussed by Cohen for the lack of success with 'Kenyanization' is also proposed.

Diskutiert werden die bisher wenig erfolgreichen Erklärungs- und Lösungsversuche für das sattsam bekannte Problem, daß bei Übergabe von Entwicklungsprojekten an die Träger, d.h. den kenianischen Staat bzw. die kenianische Wirtschaft nicht annähernd genügend einheimische Fachleute für Führungsaufgaben vorhanden sind. Besonders wird auf die Ausführungen von J.M. Cohen (1992) in dieser Zeitschrift eingegangen. Der Kern des Problems ist nicht ein Mangel an qualifizierten Kenianern, sondern an Geld auf kenianischer Seite, um diesen Fachkräften die Gehälter zu bezahlen, die sie anderswo z.B. im Ausland oder auf Geberseite erhalten. Der Verfasser rät, auf frühere Versuche zurückzugreifen, nämlich daß Geber Kenia zusätzliche Mittel zur Verfügung stellen. Dagegen wird gemäß neueren Auffassungen, so auch von Cohen, gefordert, über Gebermittel den wirkungsvolleren Einsatz von vorhandenem kenianischem Personal zu erreichen. Der Verfasser weist auf den großen Unterschied hin zwischen Spitzeneinkommen für Ausländer und für einheimische Experten, zwischen Erhöhung der Finanzmittel und bloß verändertem Einsatz gleichbleibender, zu geringer, Mittel sowie auf den Aspekt, woher diese stammen. (APAF-Glz)

MOST CONVENTIONAL THEORIES OF BUDGETARY DECISION MAKING TEND TO ASSUME A GIVEN STATE OF REVENUE CONDITIONS. AN EXCEPTION MAY BE FOUND IN THE DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY OF BUDGETING WHICH SUGGESTS THAT FLUCTUATIONS IN REVENUE CONDITIONS CAN AFFECT DECISION PROCESSES. IN THIS PAPER, THE AUTHORS TEST THE IMPACT OF BOTH WINDFALL PROFITS AND REVENUE SHORTFALL ON BUDGETARY DECISION MAKING IN THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA BETWEEN 1979 AND 1985. THEY FOUND THAT FLUCTUATING REVENUE CONDITIONS AFFECTED SHORT-TERM DECISION PROCESSES IN THE HYPOTHESIZED MANNER, BUT THAT EXPANSIONARY PROCESSES TENDED TO REMAIN RELATIVELY STABLE OVER TIME.

AbstractThe Replenishment at Sea Planner (RASP) is saving the U.S. Navy millions of dollars a year by reducing fuel consumption of its Combat Logistics Force (CLF). CLF shuttle supply ships deploy from ports to rendezvous with underway U.S. combatants and those of coalition partners. The overwhelming commodity transferred is fuel, ship‐to‐ship by hoses, while other important packaged goods and spare parts are high‐lined, or helicoptered between ships. The U.S. Navy is organized in large areas of responsibility called numbered fleets, and within each of these a scheduler must promulgate a daily forecast of CLF shuttle operations. The operational planning horizon extends out several weeks, or as far into the future as we can forecast demand. We solve RASP with integer linear optimization and a purpose‐built heuristic. RASP plans Replenishment‐at‐Sea (RAS) events with 4‐hour (Navy watch) time fidelity. For five years, RASP has served two purposes: (1) it helps schedulers generate a daily schedule and animates it using Google Earth, and (2) it automates reports command‐to‐ship messages that are essential to keep this complex logistics system operating.

The article of record as published may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nav.21780 ; The Replenishment at Sea Planner (RASP) is saving the U.S. Navy millions of dollars a year by reducing fuel consumption of its Combat Logistics Force (CLF). CLF shuttle supply ships deploy from ports to rendezvous with underway U.S. combatants and those of coalition partners. The overwhelming commodity transferred is fuel, ship-to-ship by hoses, while other important packaged goods and spare parts are high-lined, or helicoptered between ships. The U.S. Navy is organized in large areas of responsibility called numbered fleets, and within each of these a scheduler must promulgate a daily forecast of CLF shuttle operations. The operational planning horizon extends out several weeks, or as far into the future as we can forecast demand. We solve RASP with integer linear optimization and a purpose-built heuristic. RASP plans Replenishment-at-Sea (RAS) events with 4-hour (Navy watch) time fidelity. For five years, RASP has served two purposes: (1) it helps schedulers generate a daily schedule and animates it using Google Earth, and (2) it automates reports command-to-ship messages that are essential to keep this complex logistics system operating. ; Office of Naval Research; Military Sealift Command