Suchergebnisse

The article is devoted to the analysis of the constitutional principles and practice of the decentralization reform's implementation in states that are members of EU. For the study purposes France, Portugal and Poland were chosen as EU countries that are part of the group of unitary states that are at the stage of implementing reform of decentralization. However, it is noted that each of them has different results of the decentralization policy's implementation at present. It was determined that, regardless of the effectiveness of the manifestations, decentralization in EU countries is based on shared ideas and values. At the same time, it is established by the authors that the nature of the decentralization process reflects the national characteristics of each state provided for by the legislation of countries in EU. However, it is noted that in the constitutions of EU member states, decentralization of power is secured as the basis of the constitutional order. It is emphasized that each of the analyzed states has secured strategic issues of state's power decentralization in its law, and supplementing the existing legislation with additional legal acts related to the decentralization process contributes to more effective implementation of its key provisions in practice. It is accentuated that the nature of constitutional consolidation's manifestations of the decentralization process was influenced by the legal tradition, national-historical features, the past experience of public authorities' functioning and features of the administrative-territorial organization of states. The processes that are universal for the decentralization policy in the EU member states and that influenced the development of local government in them are identified. The multidimensionality of the decentralization process is emphasized. The characteristic features of political, administrative and fiscal decentralization are specified. The practical aspects of the decentralization reform in France, Portugal and Poland were analyzed using the Decentralization Index, developed by the European Committee of the Regions as part of the analysis of the separation of powers. It was established that the specified measurements of decentralization in each studied country develop asymmetrically, universal factors are the reluctance of central state authorities to transfer part of their powers to local authorities, the desire to maintain influence on the regional level of government, financial limitations of local budgets and the lack of independence in matters of making decisions by local government.

The Romanian-Hungarian border is a facilitator for the various NUTS forms, which, through the wide range of instruments and forms of cross-border cooperation facilitated by the European Union's programs and policies, develops various forms of cross-border cooperation with beneficial results on both sides of the border. In this direction we will carry out an evaluation of the Romanian-Hungarian border regions, trying to identify the various forms of cooperation, such as Euroregions or cross-border cooperation programs which are instruments that can add value to this region and provide sustainable development in the target region.

Regions have very different economic performances (among themselves) compared to states, induced by a number of determinants, such as: geography, demography, degree of specialization, economic productivity, physical and human capital, infrastructure, capacity for innovation. In this context, some regions are taking greater advantage of the benefits and opportunities of globalization and interconnection, being better connected to global markets. Thus, there are significant differences in the global regional landscape, related to production capacity, comparative advantage, economic indicators (GDP, GDP / capita, annual growth rate), income level, employment rate, labour productivity, demographic characteristics, institutions, policies, resources.
The paradigm in which these structures operate no longer focuses on achieving convergent or equal levels of development, but on identifying regional models that allow sustainable development for prosperous regions and provide opportunities, in the short and medium term, aimed at eliminating disparities persistent in less prosperous regions. For the latter category of areas, there has recently been a major concern in Central and Eastern Europe, driven by the need to find solutions to the new difficulties posed by the restructuring and reform processes experienced by the Member States that joined after 2004.

The Bihor and Hajdú-Bihar counties, from both sides of the Romanian – Hungarian
border, are, in different degrees, monocentric administrative units, as it is shown in this paper. Each one has an administrative centre that is demographically and economically dominant. They were important urban centres in most of their history and have remained important during the communist era that has dominated Eastern Europe for almost half a century. In that period, polycentrism was a debated concept revolving around political autonomy and control (citation). In this century, Polycentricity is another debated concept, promoted by the European Union as a means of achieving territorial cohesion throughout the EU. In this paper, the main question revolves around how much the permeable borders of the EU, though sometimes confronted with the national interest, can pave the way to polycentric areas. After a look at the speciality literature to explain the concept and to identify ways to measure it, empirical research will
provide an answer to the question of whether the Bihor - Hajdú-Bihar Euro-region is or can be a polycentric urban area.

At the level of border regions operate a series of models and structures of
cross-border cooperation, all these being built on the basis of levels of relationships between
various public, private or non-governmental actors. The construction of cross-border
regions is thus closely linked to cross-border cooperation, which must be understood as
cooperation between at least two entities located along a common border. The European
Commission has advocated a long time for "cooperation for development" to support
disadvantaged border regions, in the Centre and Eastern part of the continent. Despite the
progress made, there are still some obstacles created by existing national legal and
administrative frameworks that have a direct impact on the lives of border area residents.
The new approach to regional development creates the promotion of networks between
different urban centres and favours the complementarity and individualisation of each
region, placing them at the centre of European strategies. In this context, the study aims to
analyse the intensity of different types of cross-border relations and the involvement of
regional actors in the deep integration of regions corresponding to NUTS III administrative
territorial units, Bihor (RO), Hajdu-Bihar (HU), based on cross-border integration models
and indicators developed by Castañer, Jańczak and Martín-Uceda.

According to The Copenhagen Declaration, the strategies for training and
mobility are essential for promoting the capacity of employment, social integration and
personal development and one of the priorities of this declaration is intensifying the
support for developing the competences and sectorial qualifications. Dealing
professionally with the differences between the amount of theory and practice in law
enforcement agencies / border police training we can say that both knowledge and
experience have a real chance to develop only while being settled in a mixture that gives
the community they are functioning in better results. Cadets must learn to combine theory
with practice through their own actions. Geared towards the EU situation, the concept of
authority and responsibility, which is anchored in training and practice, provides a better
orientation towards practicability in the police / border police work. The paper argues for
a comprehensive understanding of young officer duties from the perspective of training,
which impacts the goal of situational awareness and integrated training. We provide the
argument, that one of the important police / border police officer' duty is authority and
responsibility and we focus on the specific nature of the activities for a better
understanding of this context-dependent complexity.

The Romanian-Hungarian border has evolved in time from a closed, guarded
border to an open one after 1989, a period when the success of cross-border cooperation
models in Europe were taken on by the two nations, either as an Eurometropolis, or as
Euroregion, operating with a series of instruments and institutions that facilitated
cooperation within various areas of cross-border interest; these instruments have been
gradually adapted until the present days when new ones replaced the old ones, the latest
instrument being the EGTC.