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This paper examines family and household structure in a Japanese pioneer community in eastern Bolivia. The emphasis is upon the effects of the ecological shift from intensive irrigation agriculture and the nucleated rural settlement pattern of the homeland to extensive shifting agriculture and a dispersed settlement pattern in Bolivia on family and household organization The "traditional" Japanese family system, which is apparently rapidly breaking down in Japan itself as a result of urbanization and industrialization, is briefly described, and data are presented on the structure of household units in the pioneer community. These data indicate a rather surprising persistence of the traditional system, and it is conluded that this system is proving remarkably adaptive to the exigencies of the frontier situation.

Robert Chambers is one of the most influential and prolific scholars to write about participation, poverty, and knowledge in development studies. His books, chapters, and papers have revolutionised the discipline, inspiring both participatory processes and more inclusive practice. Perhaps not as well known are the articles he authored for the IDS Bulletin. This Archive Collection explores Robert's contributions to the journal across five decades with a view to resurfacing buried gems of development studies theory and reinvigorating debates about how the sector can improve: it collates his most important articles and presents a new introduction reflecting on key ideas and offering a critical analysis of the common themes throughout Robert's work. New perspectives discuss how theories have changed over time, and the continued relevance of key ideas. The articles reproduced here show not only how Robert's thinking evolved but also hint at broader changes in strategic focus for the Institute of Development Studies itself, as well as development theory in general.

This research investigates how COVID-19 has affected experiences of people with disabilities in low- and middle-income contexts. A qualitative approach was used to collect data as the pandemic progressed from 75 participants in Nigeria, Bangladesh, Nepal, Kenya, and Uganda. The research aimed to be inclusive of people with disabilities by asking the participants directly about their perspectives with a narrative interview method being employed to gain each person's unique insights. A participatory thematic analysis of the data, followed by a spatial analysis process, produced rich and highly individualized accounts of the spatiocultural experiences relating to how people with disabilities had occupied both private and public space during the pandemic. Differing factors, such as the dominant culture, gender, a person's impairments, and the social environment, are shown to shape people's experiences. Across cultures, COVID-19 is shown to have presented new challenges for people with disabilities while preexisting disadvantages have been exacerbated.

BACKGROUND Optometric education and resources are drastically deficient in most of Africa, more so in Lusophone Africa where the problem is compounded by language barriers which isolate these countries from related developments in Africa and/or the developed world. The Mozambique Eyecare Programme is a multi-partner collaboration between The International Centre for Eyecare Education (ICEE), Universidade Lúrio in Mozambique, Technological University Dublin, and the University of Ulster in Ireland, designed to address the need for optometric education in Lusophone Africa. AIM This paper aims to document the current situation with regards to human resource development in eyecare in Mozambique and offer analysis of the status and challenges facing the only programme addressing the problem of uncorrected refractive error and low vision in Lusophone Africa through education. METHODS The extent of uncorrected refractive error and existing optometric services in Nampula Province will be extrapolated from the results from a Rapid Assessment of Refractive Error and a situational analysis. The challenges faced by the Mozambique Eyecare Programme will be analysed using results from a baseline survey of students, key informant interviews and analysis of optometric resources available that are published in Portuguese. RESULTS The research into the implementation of the Mozambique Eyecare Programme is ongoing. Results are currently unavailable, but relevant data and analyses emerging from current research within the next 6 months will be presented at the conference. CONCLUSION Human resource development for refractive service delivery in Lusophone Africa is key to the achievement of VISION 2020 goals in this region. Innovative models of education need to take into account the local need, legislative boundaries and situational constraints in order to successfully achieve desired outcomes within specified timeframes.

Chapter 1: History of the Corporatization of American Medicine: The Market Paradigm Reigns -- Chapter 2: Pharmaceuticals, Hospitals, Nursing Homes, Drug Store Chains, and Pharmacy Benefit Manager/Insurer Integration -- Chapter 3: Medical Practice: From Cottage Industry to Corporate Practice -- Chapter 4: Medical Malpractice Crisis: Oversight of the Practice of Medicine -- Chapter 5: Big Data: Information Technology as Control over the Profession of Medicine -- Chapter 6: Physician Employment Status: Collective Bargaining and Strikes -- Chapter 7: Conclusion: Progressive Directions.

Few industries are buffeted from as many strong forces as healthcare. The industry is highly regulated, thus dramatically increasing costs and sometimes even interfering with the ability to deliver healthcare. New drugs, treatments, and medical technologies are so common that keeping track of them can be overwhelming, and incorporating them into patient care or administration can be costly and complicated. This book lays a stakeholder foundation for managing a healthcare organization strategically. It contains step-by-step tactics as well as examples of HCOs that are having success with variou

Despite the existence of national and international laws and conventions to avoid discrimination in India, exclusion due to an intersection of disability, gender, and religious identity continues, resulting in marginalisation from society. This article investigates the lived experiences of people by exploring how aspects of their identity intersect to influence their inclusion or exclusion within society. Narrative interviews were undertaken with 25 participants with disabilities in the states of Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. This qualitative methodology was employed to allow the participants to recount their experiences (both positive and negative) in their own words. A thematic analysis of the data provided rich evidence of the complex social structure in India, manifested by the multifaceted intersectional nature of social inclusion and exclusion. Our research found that for our participants disability was the main factor upon which discrimination was based, but that this discrimination is often compounded for people with disabilities due to their minority religious status, or gender. Marginalisation of people with disabilities is shown to be exacerbated when these identities intersect. Action is needed to ensure the human rights of people with disabilities are realised and that discrimination and marginalisation are avoided for those who have different identities compared to the majority of the population.

This is the Glossary for IDS Bulletin 54.1A: Power, Poverty, and Knowledge – Reflecting on 50 Years of Learning with Robert Chambers.

This is the Notes on Contributors for IDS Bulletin 54.1A: Power, Poverty, and Knowledge – Reflecting on 50 Years of Learning with Robert Chambers.

AbstractDiverse approaches to promoting disability inclusive employment aim to transform workplaces into truly inclusive environments, usually with intervention strategies targeting two main groups: employers and jobseekers with disabilities. However, they do not always consider other relevant stakeholders or address the relationships and interactions between diverse actors in the wider social ecosystem. These approaches often neglect deeper 'vexing' difficulties which block progress towards disability inclusive work environments. Most interventions rightly embrace hegemonic 'social models of disability' and use human rights arguments but may neglect entrenched structural factors. Disability inclusive employment is complex, with unaddressed invisible aspects that continue to limit progress. We explore some key relevant disability concepts and then interrogate evidence from the 'Inclusion Works' programme working in four middle‐ and low‐income countries, considering some intractable barriers underlying the slow movement towards inclusive employment. Finally, we propose that a more participatory action orientated approach involving disabled people and others is needed to both generate deeper understanding and provide pathways towards new solutions to obstinate problems through progressive action learning processes in context. Programmatic interventions that work across the levels of the ecosystem and address power relations and interactions between stakeholders could lead to more substantial forms of disability inclusive employment.