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International audience ; This ethnographic research, conducted in 2015, aimed at understanding how farmers in the Beqaa plain in Lebanon constructed their tenure of irrigation water in relation to land tenure, and what were the modalities of their appropriation of water and their use of it, as a function of the origin of the water (source, river or well) and of the ways it was distributed (gravity, pumps, or drip). The field research has been conducted in Qubb Elias, where the two sources of Qubb Elias and Kheyrazat flow, and in the village of Anjar, in the central Beqaa, in a comparative perspective in eight other locations across the world. We were inspired by the theory of critical political ecology which casts light on the way social and political factors structure the agents' understanding of their relationship with natural resources and of the options that are offered to them. Beyond the now classical statement that economic and geostrategic factors are responsible for leading farmers into changing the ways they access water and land, we have identified four typical cases which illustrate how economic, social and geographical factors interact to produce various modalities of dealing with technical means (pumps, wells or flood or drip irrigation). ; Cette enquête ethnographique conduite en 2015 vise à comprendre comment les agriculteurs de la Beqaa construisent leur tenure de l'eau d'irrigation en lien avec la tenure de la terre, et quelles sont les modalités d'appropriation et d'utilisation de cette eau en fonction de son origine (source, rivière, ou puits) et des moyens de sa distribution (gravité, pompes, goutte-à-goutte). Elle s'est déroulée dans le village de Qoubb Elias, où coulent les sources de Qoubb Elias et de Kherayzat, ainsi que dans le village d'Anjar, toutes localités situées au centre de la plaine de la Beqaa, et cela dans une perspective comparative avec huit autres terrains différents à travers le monde. Nous nous sommes inspirés de la théorie de la critical political ecologyqui éclaire la ...

International audience ; This ethnographic research, conducted in 2015, aimed at understanding how farmers in the Beqaa plain in Lebanon constructed their tenure of irrigation water in relation to land tenure, and what were the modalities of their appropriation of water and their use of it, as a function of the origin of the water (source, river or well) and of the ways it was distributed (gravity, pumps, or drip). The field research has been conducted in Qubb Elias, where the two sources of Qubb Elias and Kheyrazat flow, and in the village of Anjar, in the central Beqaa, in a comparative perspective in eight other locations across the world. We were inspired by the theory of critical political ecology which casts light on the way social and political factors structure the agents' understanding of their relationship with natural resources and of the options that are offered to them. Beyond the now classical statement that economic and geostrategic factors are responsible for leading farmers into changing the ways they access water and land, we have identified four typical cases which illustrate how economic, social and geographical factors interact to produce various modalities of dealing with technical means (pumps, wells or flood or drip irrigation). ; Cette enquête ethnographique conduite en 2015 vise à comprendre comment les agriculteurs de la Beqaa construisent leur tenure de l'eau d'irrigation en lien avec la tenure de la terre, et quelles sont les modalités d'appropriation et d'utilisation de cette eau en fonction de son origine (source, rivière, ou puits) et des moyens de sa distribution (gravité, pompes, goutte-à-goutte). Elle s'est déroulée dans le village de Qoubb Elias, où coulent les sources de Qoubb Elias et de Kherayzat, ainsi que dans le village d'Anjar, toutes localités situées au centre de la plaine de la Beqaa, et cela dans une perspective comparative avec huit autres terrains différents à travers le monde. Nous nous sommes inspirés de la théorie de la critical political ecologyqui éclaire la ...

International audience ; Differences about fresh water rarely if ever lead to war between neighbouring nations. However, lack of agreement about equitable water use will sooner or later disrupt water management systems. Similarly, unless fresh water is managed sustainably by both nations, their social and economic development will lag, with ultimate effects on any peace agreement. This Viewpoint describes an existing proposal for joint approaches by Israel and Palestine to managing their transboundary water, as well as current unilateral actions by the two governments that work against equitable and sustainable water management.

International audience ; This ethnographic research, conducted in 2015, aimed at understanding how farmers in the Beqaa plain in Lebanon constructed their tenure of irrigation water in relation to land tenure, and what were the modalities of their appropriation of water and their use of it, as a function of the origin of the water (source, river or well) and of the ways it was distributed (gravity, pumps, or drip). The field research has been conducted in Qubb Elias, where the two sources of Qubb Elias and Kheyrazat flow, and in the village of Anjar, in the central Beqaa, in a comparative perspective in eight other locations across the world. We were inspired by the theory of critical political ecology which casts light on the way social and political factors structure the agents' understanding of their relationship with natural resources and of the options that are offered to them. Beyond the now classical statement that economic and geostrategic factors are responsible for leading farmers into changing the ways they access water and land, we have identified four typical cases which illustrate how economic, social and geographical factors interact to produce various modalities of dealing with technical means (pumps, wells or flood or drip irrigation). ; Cette enquête ethnographique conduite en 2015 vise à comprendre comment les agriculteurs de la Beqaa construisent leur tenure de l'eau d'irrigation en lien avec la tenure de la terre, et quelles sont les modalités d'appropriation et d'utilisation de cette eau en fonction de son origine (source, rivière, ou puits) et des moyens de sa distribution (gravité, pompes, goutte-à-goutte). Elle s'est déroulée dans le village de Qoubb Elias, où coulent les sources de Qoubb Elias et de Kherayzat, ainsi que dans le village d'Anjar, toutes localités situées au centre de la plaine de la Beqaa, et cela dans une perspective comparative avec huit autres terrains différents à travers le monde. Nous nous sommes inspirés de la théorie de la critical political ecologyqui éclaire la ...

International audience ; Differences about fresh water rarely if ever lead to war between neighbouring nations. However, lack of agreement about equitable water use will sooner or later disrupt water management systems. Similarly, unless fresh water is managed sustainably by both nations, their social and economic development will lag, with ultimate effects on any peace agreement. This Viewpoint describes an existing proposal for joint approaches by Israel and Palestine to managing their transboundary water, as well as current unilateral actions by the two governments that work against equitable and sustainable water management.

International audience ; Differences about fresh water rarely if ever lead to war between neighbouring nations. However, lack of agreement about equitable water use will sooner or later disrupt water management systems. Similarly, unless fresh water is managed sustainably by both nations, their social and economic development will lag, with ultimate effects on any peace agreement. This Viewpoint describes an existing proposal for joint approaches by Israel and Palestine to managing their transboundary water, as well as current unilateral actions by the two governments that work against equitable and sustainable water management.

International audience ; This ethnographic research, conducted in 2015, aimed at understanding how farmers in the Beqaa plain in Lebanon constructed their tenure of irrigation water in relation to land tenure, and what were the modalities of their appropriation of water and their use of it, as a function of the origin of the water (source, river or well) and of the ways it was distributed (gravity, pumps, or drip). The field research has been conducted in Qubb Elias, where the two sources of Qubb Elias and Kheyrazat flow, and in the village of Anjar, in the central Beqaa, in a comparative perspective in eight other locations across the world. We were inspired by the theory of critical political ecology which casts light on the way social and political factors structure the agents' understanding of their relationship with natural resources and of the options that are offered to them. Beyond the now classical statement that economic and geostrategic factors are responsible for leading farmers into changing the ways they access water and land, we have identified four typical cases which illustrate how economic, social and geographical factors interact to produce various modalities of dealing with technical means (pumps, wells or flood or drip irrigation). ; Cette enquête ethnographique conduite en 2015 vise à comprendre comment les agriculteurs de la Beqaa construisent leur tenure de l'eau d'irrigation en lien avec la tenure de la terre, et quelles sont les modalités d'appropriation et d'utilisation de cette eau en fonction de son origine (source, rivière, ou puits) et des moyens de sa distribution (gravité, pompes, goutte-à-goutte). Elle s'est déroulée dans le village de Qoubb Elias, où coulent les sources de Qoubb Elias et de Kherayzat, ainsi que dans le village d'Anjar, toutes localités situées au centre de la plaine de la Beqaa, et cela dans une perspective comparative avec huit autres terrains différents à travers le monde. Nous nous sommes inspirés de la théorie de la critical political ecologyqui éclaire la façon dont les facteurs sociaux et politiques structurent le rapport des acteurs aux ressources naturelles et orientent les options qui s'offrent à eux. Au-delà du constat désormais classique que les facteurs économiques et géostratégiques amènent les agriculteurs à modifier les modalités de leur accès à l'eau et à la terre, nous dégageons quatre cas de figure qui illustrent comment ces divers facteurs interagissent pour façonner différents usages des moyens techniques (pompes, puits, irrigation par immersion ou par goutte-à-goutte).

International audience ; This ethnographic research, conducted in 2015, aimed at understanding how farmers in the Beqaa plain in Lebanon constructed their tenure of irrigation water in relation to land tenure, and what were the modalities of their appropriation of water and their use of it, as a function of the origin of the water (source, river or well) and of the ways it was distributed (gravity, pumps, or drip). The field research has been conducted in Qubb Elias, where the two sources of Qubb Elias and Kheyrazat flow, and in the village of Anjar, in the central Beqaa, in a comparative perspective in eight other locations across the world. We were inspired by the theory of critical political ecology which casts light on the way social and political factors structure the agents' understanding of their relationship with natural resources and of the options that are offered to them. Beyond the now classical statement that economic and geostrategic factors are responsible for leading farmers into changing the ways they access water and land, we have identified four typical cases which illustrate how economic, social and geographical factors interact to produce various modalities of dealing with technical means (pumps, wells or flood or drip irrigation). ; Cette enquête ethnographique conduite en 2015 vise à comprendre comment les agriculteurs de la Beqaa construisent leur tenure de l'eau d'irrigation en lien avec la tenure de la terre, et quelles sont les modalités d'appropriation et d'utilisation de cette eau en fonction de son origine (source, rivière, ou puits) et des moyens de sa distribution (gravité, pompes, goutte-à-goutte). Elle s'est déroulée dans le village de Qoubb Elias, où coulent les sources de Qoubb Elias et de Kherayzat, ainsi que dans le village d'Anjar, toutes localités situées au centre de la plaine de la Beqaa, et cela dans une perspective comparative avec huit autres terrains différents à travers le monde. Nous nous sommes inspirés de la théorie de la critical political ecologyqui éclaire la ...

International audience ; Differences about fresh water rarely if ever lead to war between neighbouring nations. However, lack of agreement about equitable water use will sooner or later disrupt water management systems. Similarly, unless fresh water is managed sustainably by both nations, their social and economic development will lag, with ultimate effects on any peace agreement. This Viewpoint describes an existing proposal for joint approaches by Israel and Palestine to managing their transboundary water, as well as current unilateral actions by the two governments that work against equitable and sustainable water management.

International audience ; Differences about fresh water rarely if ever lead to war between neighbouring nations. However, lack of agreement about equitable water use will sooner or later disrupt water management systems. Similarly, unless fresh water is managed sustainably by both nations, their social and economic development will lag, with ultimate effects on any peace agreement. This Viewpoint describes an existing proposal for joint approaches by Israel and Palestine to managing their transboundary water, as well as current unilateral actions by the two governments that work against equitable and sustainable water management.

In agricultural transformations, small scale farmer driven processes interact with globally driven processes. Donor-led or foreign investor-led irrigation development systematically interacts with local, farmer-led irrigation development. This article harnesses Kopytoff's concept of 'interstitial frontier' to study such interactions. It discusses the shape an agricultural frontier may have and its interactions with local forms of water and land tenure. It discusses the manner in which changing access to water may spur the development of agricultural pioneer fronts. It distinguishes surface water driven, groundwater driven and wastewater driven agricultural frontiers. It then explores the manner such frontiers are transforming water tenure in the West Bank. This is an important aspect of the globalization of Palestinian society. The method this article develops is applicable elsewhere. Within interstitial frontiers, investors, whether local farmers or outsiders, enroll a globally maintained scientific discourse of efficient water use to secure donor funding. Meanwhile, they try developing clientelist ties with the authorities to secure their new access to water. The impacts on neighbouring, peasant-run irrigated systems, food security, housing security and many other mechanisms that sustain a society, are important and too often neglected.

International audience ; The idiom of virtual water feeds a prolific literature now shaping the policies of national administrations and international organizations, including donors. This article explores the manner in which Palestinian agriculture and the concept of virtual water shed light on each other's coproduction. It opens the black box of virtual water to identify the underlying hypotheses. It invalidates these hypotheses using empirical research. Integrating structuration theory to an STS approach, it explores the manner the coproduction of an interpretive scheme, virtual water, is linked to the construction of a structure of power. Within the idiom of virtual water, flows exist only through the international trade of commodities while states are endowed with an annually renewed stock of water. We focus on the real flow of water from its emergence from the earth to its evapotranspiration by a cultivated plant. We demonstrate that social and political variables within water governance determine the volumes of virtual water flows far more than climatic or agronomic variables. The idiom of virtual water por- trays Palestinian smallholders as inefficient water users while ignoring the manner they sustain food security and environmental sustainability. It legitimizes export oriented agribusinesses as their mode of production corre- sponds to the coproduction of the idea of efficiency underlying the concept of virtual water. These results allow us to reconsider smallholder agriculture as it exists in the Palestinian territories and what sort of policies can support it.

International audience ; The idiom of virtual water feeds a prolific literature now shaping the policies of national administrations and international organizations, including donors. This article explores the manner in which Palestinian agriculture and the concept of virtual water shed light on each other's coproduction. It opens the black box of virtual water to identify the underlying hypotheses. It invalidates these hypotheses using empirical research. Integrating structuration theory to an STS approach, it explores the manner the coproduction of an interpretive scheme, virtual water, is linked to the construction of a structure of power. Within the idiom of virtual water, flows exist only through the international trade of commodities while states are endowed with an annually renewed stock of water. We focus on the real flow of water from its emergence from the earth to its evapotranspiration by a cultivated plant. We demonstrate that social and political variables within water governance determine the volumes of virtual water flows far more than climatic or agronomic variables. The idiom of virtual water por- trays Palestinian smallholders as inefficient water users while ignoring the manner they sustain food security and environmental sustainability. It legitimizes export oriented agribusinesses as their mode of production corre- sponds to the coproduction of the idea of efficiency underlying the concept of virtual water. These results allow us to reconsider smallholder agriculture as it exists in the Palestinian territories and what sort of policies can support it.

International audience ; The idiom of virtual water feeds a prolific literature now shaping the policies of national administrations and international organizations, including donors. This article explores the manner in which Palestinian agriculture and the concept of virtual water shed light on each other's coproduction. It opens the black box of virtual water to identify the underlying hypotheses. It invalidates these hypotheses using empirical research. Integrating structuration theory to an STS approach, it explores the manner the coproduction of an interpretive scheme, virtual water, is linked to the construction of a structure of power. Within the idiom of virtual water, flows exist only through the international trade of commodities while states are endowed with an annually renewed stock of water. We focus on the real flow of water from its emergence from the earth to its evapotranspiration by a cultivated plant. We demonstrate that social and political variables within water governance determine the volumes of virtual water flows far more than climatic or agronomic variables. The idiom of virtual water por- trays Palestinian smallholders as inefficient water users while ignoring the manner they sustain food security and environmental sustainability. It legitimizes export oriented agribusinesses as their mode of production corre- sponds to the coproduction of the idea of efficiency underlying the concept of virtual water. These results allow us to reconsider smallholder agriculture as it exists in the Palestinian territories and what sort of policies can support it.