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Abstract
In this paper, we connect two research directions concerning numeral symbol systems and their epistemological significance. The first direction concerns the cognitive processes involved in acquiring and applying different numeral symbols, e.g. the Indo-Arabic or Roman numeral systems. The second direction is a semiotic one, with focus on Charles Peirce's Philosophy of Notation. Peirce's work on logical formalism is well known, but he also wrote extensively on numeral systems. Here we take Peirce's considerations on central notions like iconicity and simplicity and examine their relevance for comparing different numeral symbol systems. We argue that simplicity and iconicity, for example, cannot be understood as single notions. Instead, they should be connected to different aims of numeral symbols that different systems fulfill to different degrees. Consequently, we focus on the kind of trade-offs that different symbol systems imply in acquiring and applying numeral symbol systems.

Abstract
This review argues that The Human Use of Signs (Deely, 1994) is both pivotal and exceptional in the oeuvre of John Deely. It argues that the volume is exceptional because of its unusual explicatory structure and that it is pivotal because of its extended focus on issues arising from the distinction of 'sign', 'object', and 'thing'. Among these issues are the idea of the postmodern, objectivity, relation, and the semiotic animal.

Preface -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. What is Freedom of Speech? -- Chapter 2. The Free Networks of the Enlightenment -- Chapter 3. A New Golden Age of Enlightenment? -- Chapter 4. The Digital Enlightenment Project Facing Challenges -- Chapter 5. The Internet 3.0 -- Chapter 6. Attention and Dopamine Hits -- Chapter 7. Tech Companies as Ad-Brokers -- Chapter 8. Improving the World or Capitalizing on it? -- Chapter 9. Free Speech Under Pressure -- Chapter 10. Nudity and the Digital Community -- Chapter 11. Facebook's Content Removal Manual -- Chapter 12. Facebook and Google as Offices of Censorship -- Chapter 13. Entrusting Government Control to Private Tech Giants -- Chapter 14. The First Digital Losers -- Chapter 15. Distortion of the Public Sphere -- Chapter 16. Trust Busting the Tech Giants? -- Chapter 17. The Role of Civil Society -- Chapter 18. A Digital Hangover

This open access monograph argues established democratic norms for freedom of expression should be implemented on the internet. Moderating policies of tech companies as Facebook, Twitter and Google have resulted in posts being removed on an industrial scale. While this moderation is often encouraged by governments - on the pretext that terrorism, bullying, pornography, "hate speech" and "fake news" will slowly disappear from the internet - it enables tech companies to censure our society. It is the social media companies who define what is blacklisted in their community standards. And given the dominance of social media in our information society, we run the risk of outsourcing the definition of our principles for discussion in the public domain to private companies. Instead of leaving it to social media companies only to take action, the authors argue democratic institutions should take an active role in moderating criminal content on the internet. To make this possible, tech companies should be analyzed whether they are approaching a monopoly. Antitrust legislation should be applied to bring those monopolies within democratic governmental oversight. Despite being in different stages in their lives, Anne Mette is in the startup phase of her research career, while Frederik is one of the most prolific philosophers in Denmark, the authors found each other in their concern about Free Speech on the internet. The book was originally published in Danish as Dit opslag er blevet fjernet - techgiganter & ytringsfrihed. Praise for 'Your Post has been Removed' "From my perspective both as a politician and as private book collector, this is the most important non-fiction book of the 21st Century. It should be disseminated to all European citizens. The learnings of this book and the use we make of them today are crucial for every man, woman and child on earth. Now and in the future." Jens Rohde, member of the European Parliament for the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe "This timely book compellingly presents an impressive array of information and analysis about the urgent threats the tech giants pose to the robust freedom of speech and access to information that are essential for individual liberty and democratic self-government. It constructively explores potential strategies for restoring individual control over information flows to and about us. Policymakers worldwide should take heed!" Nadine Strossen, Professor, New York Law School. Author, HATE: Why We Should Resist It with Free Speech, Not Censorship

Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- References -- Temporal Aspects of Literary Reading -- 1 Introduction -- 2 No Habituation -- 3 Intentionality Deferred -- 4 Thwarting of Prototypical Feeling -- 5 Bodily Alertness Underlies Representation -- 6 Animacy of Events and Objects -- 7 Sequence Issues -- References -- Memory and Mental States in the Appreciation of Literature -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literary Studies -- 3 Evidence on Memory for Text -- 4 Text Processing in Context -- 5 Evidence on Mind Wandering and Engagement -- 5.1 Method -- 5.2 Results -- 5.3 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Temporal Conflict in the Reading Experience -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Presentation of Literary Artworks and the Reader's Temporal Perspective -- 3 Temporal Perspective in Memory -- 4 Temporal Perspective in Literature -- 5 Temporal Conflict in the Reading Experience: The Example of the Pseudo-Iterative -- 5.1 Flaubert's Éternel Imparfait -- 5.2 Kafka's Eternal Present -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- The Aesthetic Experience with Visual Art "At First Glance" -- 1 The Painting Gist -- 2 Early Investigations of the Nature of the Painting Gist -- 3 Pre-attentive Detection of the Collative Properties of Paintings -- 4 Pictorial Balance-A Perceptual Primitive -- 5 Meaningfulness Is Detectable in Painting Gist Perception -- 6 Categorization of a Painting's Content and Style at First Glance -- 7 Perceptual Processing of Paintings Across the Time-Course of an Aesthetic Experience -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- What Is a Surface? In the Real World? And Pictures? -- 1 Real Surfaces -- 2 Information and Surfaces -- 3 The Surface in the History of Perception Science -- 4 Perception and Elevation and Azimuth -- 5 Perception's Biases and Far Surfaces -- 6 Theories of Biases -- 7 Bias on a Picture Surface -- 8 Conclusion -- References.

A key terrain of political controversy remains the concept of multiculturalism. Here, Eriksen and Stjernfelt critically examine its impact, both in Malaysia and in Europe, in The Democratic Contradictions of Multiculturalism, published by Telos Press in 2012. Part of their argument involved an examination of a specifically leftist variant. Their rebuttal, challenging the left to face up to its own Jacobin legacies: given the checkered history of more than two centuries of leftism, there is no reason not to see multicultis on the left as the current heirs of a strong and immanent tradition within the left, going all the way back to Robespierre's populism and anti-individualism. The tendency on the left to identify, if not reduce, individuals to simplistic collective categories, such as class, economic position, culture, and ethnicity, has simply been there all the time, and it has been able to merge seamlessly, in different combinations, with other classical leftist ideas such as substantial equality, paternalism, anti-capitalism, anti-Americanism, anti-bourgeois lifestyle recommendations, etc. In other words, multiculturalism is definitively a left-wing phenomenon, when it inherits the worst of the left tradition. The current return to politics will therefore have to address a legacy of repressive behavior, or else it will repeat it. Adapted from the source document.

"The classical sciences were organised around academic disciplines but knowledge production today is burgeoning and increasingly interdisciplinary, specialised; it is also distributed across a variety of societal sectors and increasingly involves interactions with extra-academic fields and transdisciplinary methods which focus on solving societal challenges. As a result, the notion of liberal arts and humanities within Western research universities is undergoing profound transformations. In Mapping Frontier Research in the Humanities, the contributors explore this transformative process. What are the implications, both for the modes of research and for intellectual leadership in higher education? Based on multidimensional methodologies for mapping knowledge diversity, the volume outlines reasons for optimism on the potentials as well as concerns regarding imbalances in the current hybrid university system. Drawing on a number of case studies and conceptual-empirical mappings of the humanities, the perceived divide between the classical humanities and 'post-academic' modes of research is critically discussed. Avoiding simple mechanical metrics, the contributors suggest a heuristic appreciation of different types of impact and styles of reasoning in the humanities. From this perspective, a more composite picture of human culture, language and history emerges from humanities research. It goes beyond the picture of rational agents, and situates human interaction in more complex landscapes of collective identities, networks, and constraints that open for new forms of intellectual leadership in the 21st century"--