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The Shintoist wedding ceremony in Japan is a typical invented tradition. It began in the 20th century and, in its early years, it seemed to the Japanese a phenomenon of modernization and the anti-traditional. The truly traditional Japanese wedding ceremony took a long time and involved many steps of complicated rituals, involved high expense to both families, and often finished in a vulgar or unsophisticated manner. However, the invented ceremony involved none of these things. It was short and simple, economical and solemn. The intentions of its inventors were modernistic and nationalistic, but the ceremony was accepted because of its convenience. As long as it seemed new and anti-traditional, it was supported by the urban salaried workers and government officials, including military officers, who were the constructors of modern Japan but who hadn't changed the traditional wedding ceremony. The development of the Shintoist wedding ceremony came after the Second World War. High economic growth changed the industrial structure, many people moved from farming areas to the big cities to become salaried workers. The organizations and networks which had maintained local traditional wedding ceremonies fragmented, and the Shintoist ceremony together with the bridal industry took their place. Then the popularity encouraged by the bridal industry, plus the lack of choice, made the Shintoist ceremony a real tradition. At the same time, the Japanese style of wedding reception, newly put together and advertised by the industry, became another tradition.

Shida Kiani untersucht den Prozess der "Wiedererfindung" der deutschen Nation nach dem Nationalsozialismus. Der Blick richtet sich dabei auf die westdeutsche Nachkriegspolitik, insbesondere auf die von den Parteien während der Ära Adenauer (1949 - 1963) im Deutschen Bundestag ausgetragenen zentralen Kontroversen über die Westintegration/europäische Integration der Bundesrepublik, das Verhältnis zur DDR und zur Oder-Neiße-Grenze sowie den Umgang mit der NS-Vergangenheit. Verfolgt wird, welche Vorstellungen von Nation zur damaligen Zeit miteinander konkurrierten und wie sich in den politischen Auseinandersetzungen der frühen Bundesrepublik abermals eine vorstaatliche bzw. vorkonstitutionelle Vorstellung von der deutschen Nation gegenüber einer staatsbezogenen, die Nation als subjektiv konstituierte politische Willensgemeinschaft verstehenden Vorstellung durchsetzen konnte. Der Inhalt · Von der Diskontinuitäts- zur Kontinuitätskrise · Supranationaler Aufbruch im nationalen Interesse · Einheit im Zwiespalt · Zur Beständigkeit des "Wir" · Zwischen Abgrenzung und Integration Die Zielgruppen · Dozierende und Studierende der Sozialwissenschaften sowie der Geschichte Die Autorin Shida Kiani ist Redakteurin mit Schwerpunkt Politikwissenschaft

AbstractThis study measures the informal economy and shortages of consumer goods in the Soviet republics from 1965 to 1989 to estimate the relationships between these two variables. Using estimation methods, including a fixed‐effect model and the instrumental variable approach, we find that the informal economy and shortages reinforced each other. Results indicate that the Soviet central planning system was difficult to sustain. Substantial heterogeneities across the Soviet republics exist not only in the extent of the informal economy and shortages, but also in the associations between the two variables.